36:
201:
656:
between arguments of monotransitive and ditransitive verbs is explained below. If the three arguments of a typical ditransitive verb are labeled D (for Donor; the subject of a verb like "to give" in
English), T (for Theme; normally the direct object of ditransitive verb in English) and R (for
547:) do not allow the indirect object of a ditransitive verb to be promoted to subject by passivization, as English does. In others like Dutch a passivization is possible but requires a different auxiliary: "krijgen" instead of "worden".
657:
Recipient, normally the indirect object in
English), these can be aligned with the Agent and Patient of monotransitive verbs and the Subject of intransitive verbs in several ways, which are not predicted by whether the language is
593:
Another category of ditransitive verb is the attributive ditransitive verb in which the two objects are semantically an entity and a quality, a source and a result, etc. These verbs attribute one object to the other. In
English,
309:
for the indirect object (but this morphological alignment is not unique; see below). In languages without morphological case (such as
English for the most part) the objects are distinguished by word order and/or context.
423:
The latter form is grammatically correct in every case, but in some dialects the former (without a preposition) is considered ungrammatical, or at least unnatural-sounding, when the direct object is a pronoun (as in
464:
In certain dialects of
English, many verbs not normally treated as ditransitive are allowed to take a second object that shows a beneficiary, generally of an action performed for oneself.
1485:
796:
Cheng, L. L.-S., Huang, C.-T. J., Audrey, Y.-H., & Tang, C.-C. J. (1999). Hoo, hoo, hoo: Syntax of the causative, dative, and passive constructions in
Taiwanese.
229:
886:
Paul, Waltraud & Whitman, John. (2010). Applicative structure and
Mandarin ditransitives. In M. Duguine, S. Huidobro, & N. Madariaga (Eds.),
922:
780:
Fordyce-Ruff, Tenielle. 2015. Beyond the basics: Transitive, intransitive, ditransitive and ambitransitive verbs. Advocate. Online:
222:
824:
Haspelmath, Martin. (2008). Ditransitive
Constructions: Towards a New Role and Reference Grammar? In R. D. Van Valin (Ed.),
17:
781:
848:
Huang, Chu-Ren & Ahrens, Kathleen. (1999). The function and category of GEI in
Mandarin ditransitive constructions.
658:
1783:
215:
95:
79:
57:
831:
Haspelmath, Martin. (2013). Ditransitive
Constructions: The Verb 'Give'. In M. S. Dryer & M. Haspelmath (Eds.),
683:
languages: D = A, R = P (the 'primary object'), with a third case for T (the 'secondary object')
50:
915:
662:
689:
Split-P languages: D = A, some monotransitive clauses have P = T, others have P = R
1757:
1575:
1567:
1267:
1086:
983:
908:
666:
771:
Huddleston, Rodney. 1984. Introduction to the grammar of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
953:
709:
653:
1677:
1177:
634:
167:
44:
439:
tend to be fixed in form) or the verb simply dictates one of the patterns and excludes the other:
1489:
998:
1252:
1623:
1450:
1359:
724:
334:
that can take an additional argument (commonly a beneficiary or target of the action), such as
102:
61:
274:
and a recipient. According to certain linguistics considerations, these objects may be called
1694:
1585:
1580:
1557:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1319:
1112:
948:
729:
151:
124:
1699:
1633:
1465:
1422:
1324:
1187:
1147:
714:
680:
301:, it is common to differentiate the objects of a ditransitive verb using, for example, the
187:
749:
8:
1480:
1460:
1107:
291:
900:
1646:
1613:
1539:
1524:
1509:
1499:
1412:
1407:
1397:
1192:
1122:
1117:
782:
https://commons.cu-portland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=lawfaculty
510:
form which can take a direct object. Contrast the active and two forms of the passive:
205:
191:
855:
Huang, Han-Chun. (2012). Dative Constructions in Hakka: A Constructional Perspective.
762:
Hopper, Paul J. 1999. A short course in grammar. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
1603:
1529:
1504:
1427:
1292:
1237:
1207:
810:
704:
699:
271:
263:
179:
163:
136:
109:
1641:
1534:
1514:
1364:
1329:
1247:
1042:
670:
298:
267:
140:
686:
Neutral or double-object languages: D = A, T = R = P
1549:
1470:
1432:
1417:
1297:
1287:
1202:
1197:
1137:
1003:
973:
719:
544:
331:
302:
259:
113:
677:
Indirective languages: D = A, T = P, with a third case for R
673:
as Agent, but different languages equate the other arguments in different ways:
1731:
1689:
1651:
1553:
1282:
1272:
1262:
1157:
1152:
1132:
1127:
1056:
931:
376:
Alternatively, English grammar allows for these sentences to be written with a
183:
482:
In addition, certain ditransitive verbs can also act as monotransitive verbs:
1777:
1656:
1608:
1475:
1455:
1334:
1232:
1182:
1162:
1142:
630:
507:
159:
435:
Sometimes one of the forms is perceived as wrong for idiosyncratic reasons (
1745:
1719:
1709:
1682:
1544:
1277:
1242:
1217:
1172:
993:
389:
144:
888:
Argument Structure and Syntactic Relations: A cross-linguistic perspective
479:
This construction could also be an extension of a reflexive construction.
1402:
1212:
1091:
1052:
1017:
1008:
641:
377:
306:
543:
Not all languages have a passive voice, and some that do have one (e.g.
1762:
1661:
1618:
1595:
1519:
1354:
1257:
1227:
1222:
1076:
1071:
978:
968:
958:
1752:
1714:
1494:
1311:
1066:
1012:
988:
132:
870:
1741:
1736:
814:
200:
1726:
1442:
1047:
963:
243:
803:
Lee, Hui-chi. (2011). Double object construction in Hainan Min.
1704:
1389:
1081:
1061:
836:
318:
English has a number of generally ditransitive verbs, such as
875:
Studies in Ditransitive Constructions: A Comparative Handbook
436:
883:, Anna Siewierska (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics, 2004)
1027:
940:
826:
Investigations of the Syntax–Semantics–Pragmatics Interface
873:. In A. Malchukov, M. Haspelmath, & B. Comrie (Eds.),
930:
869:
Malchukov, A., Haspelmath, M., & Comrie, B. (2010).
862:
Liu, Feng-hsi. (2006). Dative Constructions in Chinese.
841:
Haspelmath, Martin. (2015). Ditransitive constructions.
640:
Attributive ditransitive verbs are also referred to as
294:, whose contextual use corresponds to only one object.
750:"Ditransitive Verbs @ The Internet Grammar of English"
619:
The state of New York made Hillary Clinton a Senator.
798:
Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series, 14
871:Ditransitive constructions: A typological overview
588:
1775:
815:Argument marking in ditransitive alignment types
669:. Donor is always or nearly always in the same
897:. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press (清华大学出版社).
916:
833:The World Atlas of Language Structures Online
223:
647:
923:
909:
230:
216:
27:Verb which takes a subject and two objects
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
573:– The books were donated to him by John.
43:This article includes a list of general
14:
1776:
877:(pp. 1–64). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
262:whose contextual use corresponds to a
904:
584:– He got the books donated by John.
533:The books were given to him by Jean.
29:
473:Let's catch some fish for ourselves
24:
850:Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 27
458:He introduced his brother to Susan
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1795:
446:(grammatical, but always phrased
562:– John donated the books to him.
501:
454:*He introduced Susan his brother
417:I am mailing some lemons to Sam.
199:
34:
843:Annual Review of Linguistics, 1
538:He was given the books by Jean.
506:Many ditransitive verbs have a
469:Let's catch ourselves some fish
407:Jean read the books to/for him.
305:for the direct object, and the
890:(pp. 261–282). John Benjamins.
774:
765:
756:
742:
589:Attributive ditransitive verbs
13:
1:
893:张美兰 (Zhang Mei-Lan). (2014).
828:(pp. 75–100). John Benjamins.
790:
582:de boeken door Jan geschonken
471:(which might also be phrased
412:She is baking a cake for him.
371:I am mailing Sam some lemons.
313:
837:http://wals.info/chapter/105
805:Language and Linguistics, 12
554:means "to donate, to give":
397:He gave ten dollars to Mary.
7:
864:Language and Linguistics, 7
857:Journal of Hakka Studies, 5
693:
571:door Jan aan hem geschonken
518:Jean gave the books to him.
402:He passed the ball to Paul.
10:
1800:
1758:Syntax–semantics interface
633:. The second object is an
290:. This is in contrast to
174:Reflexives and reciprocals
1670:
1632:
1594:
1566:
1441:
1388:
1310:
1100:
1035:
1026:
939:
710:Morphosyntactic alignment
654:morphosyntactic alignment
648:Morphosyntactic alignment
614:and others are examples:
366:She is baking him a cake.
351:He gave Mary ten dollars.
1784:Transitivity and valency
1178:Exceptional case-marking
735:
624:I will name him Galahad.
560:Jan schonk hem de boeken
523:Jean gave him the books.
361:Jean read him the books.
356:He passed Paul the ball.
297:In languages which mark
96:Transitivity and valency
819:Linguistic Discovery, 3
486:"David told a story to
64:more precise citations.
984:Initial-stress-derived
725:Transitivity (grammar)
629:The first object is a
206:Linguistics portal
1495:Inclusive / Exclusive
730:Valency (linguistics)
659:nominative–accusative
715:Secundative language
292:monotransitive verbs
188:Reciprocal (grammar)
18:Indirective language
1375:Relative subsective
1268:Regular / Irregular
1113:Andative / Venitive
949:Abstract / Concrete
895:汉语双宾语结构:句法及其语义的历时研究
663:ergative–absolutive
444:*Give a break to me
934:and their features
932:Lexical categories
811:Haspelmath, Martin
192:Reciprocal pronoun
168:Impersonal passive
1771:
1770:
1576:Casally modulated
1481:Formal / Informal
1370:Pure intersective
1320:Anti-intersective
1306:
1305:
1253:Preterite-present
835:. Retrieved from
705:Intransitive verb
700:Instrumental case
635:object complement
456:(usually phrased
270:which refer to a
240:
239:
180:Reflexive pronoun
118:Ditransitive verb
110:Intransitive verb
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
1791:
1350:Non-intersective
1033:
1032:
925:
918:
911:
902:
901:
784:
778:
772:
769:
763:
760:
754:
753:
746:
576:Pseudo-passive:
497:– Monotransitive
490:" – Ditransitive
332:transitive verbs
299:grammatical case
232:
225:
218:
204:
203:
92:
91:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
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1772:
1767:
1666:
1628:
1590:
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1490:Gender-specific
1437:
1384:
1302:
1188:Germanic strong
1096:
1022:
935:
929:
793:
788:
787:
779:
775:
770:
766:
761:
757:
748:
747:
743:
738:
720:Transitive verb
696:
650:
591:
504:
448:Give me a break
430:He gave Fred it
316:
303:accusative case
260:transitive verb
236:
198:
190:
186:
182:
166:
162:
143:
139:
135:
116:
114:Transitive verb
112:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1786:
1769:
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1734:
1732:Procedure word
1729:
1724:
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1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1690:Complementizer
1687:
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1537:
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1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1486:Gender-neutral
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1451:Bound variable
1447:
1445:
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1185:
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1175:
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1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1108:Ambitransitive
1104:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
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1023:
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1020:
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936:
928:
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920:
913:
905:
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898:
891:
884:
878:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
829:
822:
808:
801:
792:
789:
786:
785:
773:
764:
755:
740:
739:
737:
734:
733:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
695:
692:
691:
690:
687:
684:
678:
667:active–stative
649:
646:
627:
626:
621:
590:
587:
586:
585:
574:
563:
541:
540:
535:
526:
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520:
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409:
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374:
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368:
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353:
315:
312:
238:
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235:
234:
227:
220:
212:
209:
208:
195:
194:
184:Reflexive verb
176:
175:
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170:
156:
155:
148:
147:
129:
128:
121:
120:
106:
105:
99:
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87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1796:
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1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
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1650:
1648:
1647:Interrogative
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:Interrogative
1612:
1610:
1609:Demonstrative
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1558:Prepositional
1555:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1545:Strong / Weak
1543:
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1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
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1510:Interrogative
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1487:
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1482:
1479:
1477:
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1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1456:Demonstrative
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:Prepositional
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:Interrogative
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
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1387:
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1378:
1376:
1373:
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1368:
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1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:Demonstrative
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1299:
1296:
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1286:
1284:
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1269:
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1259:
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1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:Germanic weak
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:Frequentative
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
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1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:Autocausative
1121:
1119:
1118:Anticausative
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Transgressive
1085:
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1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1054:
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1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
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1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
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987:
985:
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977:
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967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
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926:
921:
919:
914:
912:
907:
906:
903:
896:
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876:
872:
868:
866:(4), 863–904.
865:
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851:
847:
844:
840:
838:
834:
830:
827:
823:
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807:(3), 501–527.
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631:direct object
625:
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519:
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508:passive voice
502:Passive voice
496:
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427:
426:He gave me it
418:
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388:): (See also
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73:
70:November 2010
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1746:Pro-sentence
1720:Onomatopoeia
1710:Interjection
1683:Measure word
1466:Distributive
1360:Postpositive
1340:Intersective
1293:Unaccusative
1238:Performative
1208:Intransitive
1168:Ditransitive
1167:
994:Noun adjunct
894:
887:
880:
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863:
856:
849:
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818:
804:
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651:
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579:
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566:
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532:
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512:
505:
494:
493:"David told
488:the children
487:
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463:
457:
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429:
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396:
390:Dative shift
385:
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365:
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350:
343:
339:
335:
327:
323:
319:
317:
296:
287:
283:
279:
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255:
252:bitransitive
251:
248:ditransitive
247:
241:
145:Dative shift
117:
103:Transitivity
76:
67:
48:
1695:Conjunction
1461:Disjunctive
1398:Conjunctive
1345:Nominalized
1248:Predicative
1092:Verbal noun
1043:Attributive
859:(1), 39–72.
681:Secundative
642:resultative
378:preposition
307:dative case
164:Antipassive
141:Benefactive
137:Applicative
62:introducing
1763:Yes and no
1678:Classifier
1662:Possessive
1624:Quantifier
1619:Possessive
1596:Determiner
1568:Adposition
1540:Resumptive
1525:Reciprocal
1520:Possessive
1500:Indefinite
1428:Pronominal
1380:Subsective
1355:Possessive
1325:Collateral
1298:Unergative
1288:Transitive
1203:Inchoative
1198:Impersonal
1138:Catenative
1077:Participle
1072:Infinitive
1004:Relational
974:Collective
954:Adjectival
852:(2), 1–26.
821:(1), 1–21.
813:. (2005).
800:, 146–203.
791:References
567:De boeken
314:In English
154:decreasing
127:increasing
45:references
1753:Prop-word
1715:Ideophone
1642:Discourse
1581:Inflected
1530:Reflexive
1505:Intensive
1312:Adjective
1283:Stretched
1273:Separable
1263:Reflexive
1158:Denominal
1153:Defective
1133:Captative
1128:Auxiliary
1067:Gerundive
1057:Nonfinite
979:Countable
612:turn into
565:Passive:
528:Passive:
330:and many
288:secondary
133:Causative
1778:Category
1742:Pro-verb
1737:Pro-form
1634:Particle
1586:Stranded
1535:Relative
1515:Personal
1433:Relative
1418:Locative
1408:Genitive
1233:Negative
1163:Deponent
1143:Compound
845:, 19–41.
694:See also
608:consider
558:Active:
552:schenken
513:Active:
346:, etc.:
280:indirect
266:and two
1727:Preverb
1604:Article
1550:Subject
1443:Pronoun
1278:Stative
1243:Phrasal
1218:Lexical
1173:Dynamic
1148:Copular
1048:Converb
964:Animacy
644:verbs.
604:appoint
495:a story
284:primary
268:objects
264:subject
244:grammar
160:Passive
152:Valence
125:Valence
58:improve
1705:Coverb
1700:Copula
1554:Object
1471:Donkey
1390:Adverb
1365:Proper
1330:Common
1213:Labile
1082:Supine
1062:Gerund
1053:Finite
1018:Verbal
1009:Strong
999:Proper
881:Person
569:werden
545:Polish
437:idioms
419:, etc.
326:, and
276:direct
47:, but
1671:Other
1652:Modal
1476:Dummy
1228:Modal
1223:Light
1101:Types
1036:Forms
959:Agent
736:Notes
665:, or
580:kreeg
550:E.g.
324:grant
282:, or
272:theme
258:is a
1657:Noun
1403:Flat
1258:Pure
1028:Verb
1013:Weak
989:Mass
969:Bare
941:Noun
671:case
652:The
600:name
596:make
578:Hij
344:bake
340:read
336:pass
328:tell
320:give
286:and
278:and
256:verb
250:(or
246:, a
432:).
428:or
386:for
384:or
242:In
1780::
1744:/
1556:/
1552:/
1488:/
1055:/
1011:/
817:.
661:,
637:.
610:,
606:,
602:,
598:,
392:)
382:to
342:,
338:,
322:,
254:)
924:e
917:t
910:v
752:.
475:)
460:)
450:)
380:(
231:e
224:t
217:v
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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