862:
pathogens in causing the condition. The female vagina hosts a diverse array of over 50 different microorganisms that interact and coexist in a complex microecological environment. When the balance among these microorganisms is disrupted, it can lead to mixed infectious vaginitis, with the specific pathogens involved varying based on individual cases and environmental factors. This condition often results in distressing symptoms like vulvar itching, burning pain, and urethral irritation, and can be complicated by increasing drug resistance and recurrence rates, particularly in patients with ineffective treatment, long-term contraceptive use, or compromised sexual hygiene. Mixed infectious vaginitis is a condition characterized by the simultaneous infection of two or more types of pathogens, which may include
Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, anaerobic bacteria, and aerobic bacteria. Additionally, this mixed infection can also involve yeast, further contributing to the complexity of the condition.
410:
increases the amount of HIV genital shedding, thereby increasing the risk of transmission to sexual partners. While the exact association between trichomoniasis infection and HIV genital shedding has not been consistently demonstrated, "there is good evidence that TV treatment reduces HIV genital shedding. Five studies were reported in the literature and, of these, four found a decrease in HIV genital shedding after TV treatment."
768:, such as yogurt, sauerkraut and kimchi, or in probiotic supplements either to try to prevent candidiasis, or to reduce the likelihood of developing bacterial vaginitis following antibiotic treatment. There is no firm evidence to suggest that eating live yogurt or taking probiotic supplements will prevent candidiasis.
1780:
suggests that the vaginal is inflamed or infected. Though this may be true, inflammation and infection are not the major components of postmenopausal changes to the vagina after menopause. The former terms do not describe the negative effects on the lower urinary tract which can be the most troubling
771:
Studies have suggested a possible clinical role for the use of standardized oral or vaginal probiotics in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, either in addition to or in place of the typical antibiotic regimens. However, recent articles question their efficacy in preventing recurrence compared with
607:
of the discharge after a careful history and physical examination have been completed. The color, consistency, acidity, and other characteristics of the discharge may be predictive of the causative agent. Determining the agent is especially important because women may have more than one infection, or
554:
balance or introduction of foreign bacteria in the vagina can lead to infectious vaginitis. Physical factors that have been claimed to contribute to the development of infections include the following: constantly wet vulva due to tight clothing, chemicals coming in contact with the vagina via scented
861:
Mixed infectious vaginitis is a condition caused by multiple pathogens, leading to significant alterations in the vaginal environment, including a decrease in lactic acid bacteria, an increase in vaginal pH, and a reduction in local defenses. The term "mixed" refers to the involvement of multiple
873:
Vulvovaginitis in children may be "nonspecific", or caused by irritation with no known infectious cause, or infectious, caused by a pathogenic organism. Nonspecific vulvovaginitis may be triggered by fecal contamination, sexual abuse, chronic diseases, foreign bodies, nonestrogenized epithelium,
409:
and, possibly, infertility". Studies have also linked trichomoniasis with increased likelihood of acquiring HIV; theories include that "vaginitis increases the number of immune cells at the site of infection, and HIV then infects those immune cells." Other theories suggest that trichomoniasis
608:
have symptoms that overlap those of another infection, which dictates different treatment processes to cure the infection. For example, women often self-diagnose for yeast infections but due to the 89% misdiagnosis rate, self-diagnoses of vaginal infections are highly discouraged.
813:, in the form of ovula and cream. All agents appear to be equally effective. These anti-fungal medications, which are available in over the counter form, are generally used to treat yeast infections. Treatment may last anywhere between one, three, or seven days.
735:
Burning, stinging and dyspareunia. Non-malodorous yellowish discharge. Symptoms can last for several years. The condition can also be asymptomatic. Thinned reddish vaginal mucosa, sometimes with erosions or ulcerations and abundant yellowish discharge
586:
Foreign body vaginitis (most common foreign bodies are retained tampons or condoms) may cause extremely malodorous vaginal discharges. Treatment consists of removal, for which ring forceps may be useful. Further treatment is generally not necessary.
1899:
Vujic G, Jajac Knez A, Despot
Stefanovic V, Kuzmic Vrbanovic V (May 2013). "Efficacy of orally applied probiotic capsules for bacterial vaginosis and other vaginal infections: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study".
1775:
have been the preferred terms for this condition and cluster of symptoms until recently. These terms are now regarded as inaccurate in describing changes to the whole genitourinary system occurring after menopause. The term
400:
Vaginal infections left untreated can lead to further complications, especially for the pregnant woman. For bacterial vaginosis, these include "premature delivery, postpartum infections, clinically apparent and subclinical
1791:
Portman D, Gass M (2014). "Genitourinary syndrome of menopause: New terminology for vulvovaginal atrophy from the
International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health and The North American Menopause Society".
750:
Prevention of candidiasis, the most common type of vaginitis, includes using loose cotton underwear. The vaginal area should be washed with water. Perfumed soaps, shower gels, and vaginal deodorants should be avoided.
285:. More than one cause may exist at a time. The common causes vary by age. Prepubescent girls are often at risk for development of vulvovaginitis because of low amounts of estrogen and an underdeveloped labia minora.
832:
to diminish the inflammation. Antibiotics to diminish the proportion of aerobic bacteria is still a matter of debate. The use of local antibiotics, preferably local non-absorbed and broad spectrum, covering enteric
3270:
3251:
619:
1860:"Augmentation of antimicrobial metronidazole therapy of bacterial vaginosis with oral probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14: randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial"
803:. "Sexual partner(s) should be treated simultaneously. Patients should be advised to avoid sexual intercourse for at least 1 week and until they and their partner(s) have completed treatment and follow-up."
1478:
Donders GG, Vereecken A, Bosmans E, Dekeersmaecker A, Salembier G, Spitz B (January 2002). "Definition of a type of abnormal vaginal flora that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis: aerobic vaginitis".
1726:
Tansarli GS, Kostaras EK, Athanasiou S, Falagas ME (2013). "Prevalence and treatment of aerobic vaginitis among non-pregnant women: evaluation of the evidence for an underestimated clinical entity".
780:
The cause of the infection determines the appropriate treatment. It may include oral or topical antibiotics and/or antifungal creams, antibacterial creams, or similar medications. A cream containing
579:
Irritant vaginitis can be caused by allergies or reactions to vaginal sprays, douches, spermicides, soaps, detergents, or fabric softeners. It can also be caused by hot tubs, abrasion, tissue,
2431:
1080:
611:
Another type of vaginitis, called desquamative inflammatory vaginitis (DIV) also exists. The cause behind this type is still poorly understood. DIV corresponds to the severe forms of
677:
Usually causes scant vaginal discharge with no odor, dry vagina and painful intercourse. These symptoms are usually due to decreased hormones usually occurring during and after
2025:
Sherrard J, Ison, C, Moody, J, Wainwright, E, Wilson, J, Sullivan, A (March 10, 2014). "United
Kingdom National Guideline on the Management of Trichomonas vaginalis 2014".
788:
may also be prescribed. For women who have irritation and inflammation caused by low levels of estrogen (postmenopausal), a topical estrogen cream might be prescribed.
806:
Bacterial vaginosis: The most commonly used antibiotics are metronidazole, available in both pill and gel form, and clindamycin available in both pill and cream form.
2424:
2068:
Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Schuster MG, Vazquez JA, Walsh TJ, Zaoutis TE, Sobel JD (December 16, 2015).
1166:
Beyitler İ, Kavukcu S (April 2017). "Clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of vulvovaginitis in girls: a current approach and review of the literature".
758:
Prevention of bacterial vaginosis includes healthy diets and behaviors as well as minimizing stress as all these factors can affect the pH balance of the vagina.
447:
species. Disruption of the normal flora can cause a vaginal yeast infection. Vaginal yeast infection can affect women of all ages and is very common. The yeast
3372:
944:
infections of the reproductive tract usually coexist with infectious of the gastrointestinal tract and cause mucous, purulent discharge. They are treated with
2255:
Huang Y, Shen C, Shen Y, Cui H (January 2024). "Assessing the
Efficacy of Clotrimazole and Metronidazole Combined Treatment in Vaginitis: A Meta-Analysis".
2417:
1937:"Efficacy of oral metronidazole with vaginal clindamycin or vaginal probiotic for bacterial vaginosis: randomised placebo-controlled double-blind trial"
882:, or immunodeficiency. It is treated with topical steroids; antibiotics may be given in cases where itching has resulted in a secondary infection.
327:
such as sprays should not be used. About a third of women have vaginitis at some point in time. Women of reproductive age are most often affected.
659:
that usually causes a watery, white, cottage cheese-like vaginal discharges. The discharge is irritating to the vagina and the surrounding skin.
1608:
772:
other means, or conclude that there is insufficient evidence for or against recommending probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis.
2334:
761:
Prevention of trichomoniasis revolves around avoiding other people's wet towels and hot tubs, and safe-sex procedures, such as condom use.
722:
Can cause a profuse discharge with a fish-like odor, pain upon urination, painful intercourse, and inflammation of the external genitals.
849:. Vaginal rinsing with povidone iodine can provide relief of symptoms but does not provide long-term reduction of bacterial loads.
704:
usually causes a discharge with a fish-like odor. It is associated with itching and irritation, but not pain during intercourse.
969:
1541:
2117:
Wang C, Han C, Geng N, Fan A, Wang Y, Yue Y, Zhang H, Xue F (2016). "Efficacy of oral moxifloxacin for aerobic vaginitis".
17:
2070:"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America"
3218:
2862:
1994:
Senok AC, Verstraelen H, Temmerman M, Botta GA (October 2009). "Probiotics for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis".
1935:
Bradshaw CS, Pirotta M, De
Guingand D, Hocking JS, Morton AN, Garland SM, Fehler G, Morrow A, Walker S. (April 2012).
3032:
2551:
2394:
1683:
Sobel JD, Reichman O, Misra D, Yoo W (April 2011). "Prognosis and treatment of desquamative inflammatory vaginitis".
1150:
2737:
865:
An effective treatment option for mixed infectious vaginitis is a combination of clotrimazole and metronidazole.
441:. The vaginal flora consists of those organisms which generally do not cause symptoms and is dominated mainly by
755:
is not recommended. The practice upsets the normal balance of yeast in the vagina and does more harm than good.
2646:
945:
405:, postsurgical complications (after abortion, hysterectomy, caesarian section), increased vulnerability to
453:
is the most common cause of vaginitis. Specific forms of vaginal inflammation include the following types:
3159:
2688:
1039:
656:
402:
305:
195:
3154:
2887:
2584:
1323:"Bacterial Vaginosis." Gale: Contemporary Women's Issues. HealthyWomen, Dec. 2010. Web. April 7, 2011.
3203:
2772:
361:
inflammation (irritation, redness, and swelling caused by the presence of extra immune cells) of the
2720:
791:
The following are typical treatments for trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, and yeast infections:
3285:
2539:
1673:"Yeast Infections." Gale: Contemporary Women's Issues. HealthyWomen, Dec. 2010. Web. April 7, 2011.
1612:
1445:
1387:"Lactobacillus species as biomarkers and agents that can promote various aspects of vaginal health"
898:
324:
1305:
3087:
3037:
2993:
2651:
2160:
Donders GG, Ruban K, Bellen G (2015). "Selecting Anti-Microbial
Treatment of Aerobic Vaginitis".
1294:"Trichomoniasis." Gale: Contemporary Women's Issues. HealthyWomen, Dec. 2010. Web. April 7, 2011.
842:
604:
297:
258:
178:
145:
2205:"Use of locally delivered dequalinium chloride in the treatment of vaginal infections: a review"
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3065:
2641:
2480:
2440:
1140:
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Symptoms and treatment of infectious vulvovaginitis vary depending on the organism causing it.
894:
886:
879:
186:
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2730:
2591:
2409:
957:
924:
920:
916:
902:
712:
540:
535:
1830:
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may also be used to relieve some of the irritation. If an allergic reaction is involved, an
3082:
2507:
1948:
933:
929:
850:
543:
vaginitis have been reported, primarily in tropical, developing countries. Women who have
8:
3274:
3193:
3132:
2988:
689:
506:
483:
390:
289:
254:
170:
141:
1952:
1898:
3060:
3017:
2983:
2919:
2882:
2787:
2678:
2579:
2534:
2490:
2485:
2383:
Hoffman B, Schorge J, Bradshaw K, Halvorson L, Schaffer J, Corton MM (April 22, 2016).
2362:
2310:
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2229:
2204:
2185:
2142:
2094:
2069:
2050:
1971:
1936:
1751:
1708:
1650:
1585:
1558:
1514:
1421:
1386:
1359:
1334:
1234:
1191:
841:
aerobes, can be an option. In some cases, systemic antibiotics can be helpful, such as
667:
564:
555:
tampons, antibiotics, birth control pills, or a diet favoring refined sugar and yeast.
471:
336:
123:
3279:
3296:
3075:
2973:
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2544:
2390:
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2354:
2315:
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2007:
1976:
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1501:
1492:
1460:
1426:
1408:
1364:
1268:
1238:
1226:
1183:
1146:
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infections cause similar symptoms to nonspecific vulvovaginitis and are treated with
823:
730:
639:
612:
600:
595:
Diagnosis is typically suspected based on a women's symptoms. Diagnosis is made with
495:
348:
243:
164:
153:
129:
111:
2189:
2146:
1805:
1755:
1195:
1002:
3336:
3198:
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2757:
2524:
2463:
2346:
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2295:
2224:
2216:
2169:
2126:
2089:
2081:
2054:
2034:
2003:
1999:
1966:
1956:
1909:
1871:
1801:
1735:
1692:
1580:
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1518:
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1416:
1398:
1354:
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1218:
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810:
465:
449:
65:
1636:
Women's Bodies, Women's Wisdom: Creating
Physical and Emotional Health and Healing
1557:
Musthyala NB, Indulkar S, Palwai VR, Babaiah M, Ali MA, Marriapam P (April 2019).
423:
complications of the causative condition (such as gonorrhea and candida infection)
3377:
3290:
3005:
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2857:
2821:
2762:
2703:
2561:
2472:
2384:
2350:
1961:
1913:
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1859:
1858:
Anukam K, Osazuwa E, Ahonkhai I, Ngwu M, Osemene G, Bruce AW, Reid G (May 2006).
1696:
1350:
1222:
829:
386:
246:, and a bad smell. Certain types of vaginitis may result in complications during
3345:
3342:
620:
International
Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
3339:
3301:
3180:
3042:
2934:
2894:
2872:
2708:
2571:
2556:
2500:
2300:
1256:
1113:
568:
477:
313:
278:
262:
203:
149:
3264:
3260:
2220:
2173:
2130:
1739:
1179:
716:
693:
671:
643:
456:
Infectious vaginitis accounts for 90% of all cases in reproductive age women:
3361:
3188:
2713:
2698:
2661:
2596:
2514:
2038:
1412:
1403:
838:
834:
796:
785:
521:
443:
438:
3107:
2960:
2839:
2747:
2725:
2666:
2601:
2529:
2444:
2358:
2319:
2268:
2238:
2181:
2138:
2103:
2046:
2011:
1980:
1934:
1921:
1885:
1813:
1747:
1704:
1594:
1575:
1510:
1464:
1430:
1368:
1272:
1230:
1187:
846:
437:
Vaginitis is often caused by an infection or the disruption of the healthy
366:
362:
1651:"What causes a woman to bleed after sex? - Health questions - NHS Choices"
3320:
3112:
3027:
3000:
2964:
2910:
2831:
2816:
2742:
2629:
2606:
2495:
2085:
953:
700:
651:
488:
460:
413:
Further, there are complications which lead to daily discomfort such as:
344:
319:
Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Infections should be treated.
270:
1993:
354:
The following signs or symptoms may indicate the presence of infection:
3213:
3097:
3047:
2969:
2877:
2808:
2693:
2519:
1559:"Amebic infection of the female genital tract: a report of three cases"
875:
800:
596:
530:
511:
320:
301:
191:
116:
30:
3243:
3331:
3102:
3092:
2448:
2203:
Mendling W, Weissenbacher ER, Gerber S, Prasauskas V, Grob P (2016).
2202:
1477:
781:
765:
678:
502:
282:
266:
247:
2024:
3208:
2914:
2119:
European
Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
1728:
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
910:
906:
752:
544:
406:
370:
274:
157:
1446:"Bacterial vaginosis: a review on clinical trials with probiotics"
1725:
956:. STI-associated vulvovaginitis may be caused by sexual abuse or
580:
526:
340:
2284:"Curcumae Rhizoma: A botanical drug against infectious diseases"
1609:"Yeast Infections With Diabetes – Diabetes and Yeast Infections"
3255:
2849:
2620:
2382:
1857:
1845:
1306:"Postpartum Vaginal Odor - Treating Feminine Odor After a Baby"
547:
develop infectious vaginitis more often than women who do not.
516:
309:
235:
199:
2439:
1556:
615:. About 5 to 10% of women are affected by aerobic vaginitis.
239:
2335:"Mixed Vaginitis Due to Bacterial Vaginosis and Candidiasis"
1825:
1823:
1385:
Petrova MI, Lievens E, Malik S, Imholz N, Lebeer S (2015).
86:
1209:
Romano ME (September 2020). "Prepubertal Vulvovaginitis".
74:
2067:
1384:
92:
77:
71:
1820:
1443:
960:, and are treated and diagnosed like adult infections.
681:. Current term is Genitourinary syndrome of menopause.
551:
293:
174:
52:
Vulvovaginitis, vaginal infection, vaginal inflammation
1829:
NHS Choices, United Kingdom National Health Service -
1682:
1380:
1378:
1319:
1317:
1315:
95:
83:
3233:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
89:
68:
1332:
253:The three main causes are infections, specifically
80:
2159:
1375:
1312:
1142:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017 E-Book: 5 Books in 1
1279:
3359:
2254:
300:the discharge. Other causes of symptoms such as
2250:
2248:
1335:"Trichomoniasis and HIV interactions: a review"
1165:
622:codes for the several causes of vaginitis are:
242:. Symptoms may include itching, burning, pain,
2116:
1846:How to avoid getting a Vaginal Yeast Infection
1838:
1835:, reviewed 2012-02-17, retrieved June 10, 2013
764:Some women consume good bacteria in food with
3373:Inflammatory diseases of female pelvic organs
2425:
1550:
1254:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
856:
2245:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1471:
420:superficial skin infection (from scratching)
2332:
1790:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
885:Infectious vulvovaginitis can be caused by
795:Trichomoniasis: Oral treatment with either
649:Commonly referred to as a yeast infection,
501:Other less common infections are caused by
316:, and skin conditions should be ruled out.
2432:
2418:
1627:
1444:Mastromarino P, Vitali B, Mosca L (2013).
1437:
1333:Kissinger P, Adamski, A (September 2013).
1250:
1248:
1145:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1333.
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
982:
486:: vaginitis caused by increased growth of
347:or may notice a foul-smelling or abnormal
2309:
2299:
2228:
2093:
1970:
1960:
1875:
1664:
1584:
1574:
1500:
1420:
1402:
1358:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
358:Irritation or itching of the genital area
1633:
1534:Women's Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine
1021:
2027:International Journal of STD & AIDS
1648:
1255:Paladine HL, Desai UA (March 1, 2018).
1245:
1099:
463:: vaginitis caused by proliferation of
381:pain/irritation with sexual intercourse
14:
3360:
2339:Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease
2281:
1531:
1208:
1058:
970:List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota
2462:
2413:
2378:
2376:
2209:Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
1138:
853:can also be an option for treatment.
574:
330:
1784:
1303:
1257:"Vaginitis: Diagnosis and Treatment"
817:
3219:Persistent genital arousal disorder
1638:. New York: Bantam. pp. 297–9.
351:that could appear green or yellow.
24:
2386:Williams Gynecology, Third Edition
2373:
2162:Current Infectious Disease Reports
1211:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology
1085:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
323:may help with symptoms. Soaps and
25:
3389:
3033:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
2552:Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
1902:Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol
1781:symptoms of menopause for women.
1493:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.00432.x
395:
64:
2326:
2275:
2196:
2153:
2110:
2061:
2018:
1987:
1928:
1892:
1851:
1806:10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.07.013
1762:
1719:
1642:
1601:
1525:
1339:Sexually Transmitted Infections
1326:
1297:
273:or soaps or as a result of low
2647:Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
2004:10.1002/14651858.CD006289.pub2
1202:
1159:
1132:
868:
13:
1:
975:
946:trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
745:
221:~33% of women (at some point)
2743:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)
2714:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)
2389:. McGraw Hill Professional.
2351:10.1097/LGT.0000000000000641
2074:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1962:10.1371/journal.pone.0034540
1914:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.12.031
1877:10.1016/j.micinf.2006.01.003
1844:Vaginal Health Organization
1697:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182117c9e
1351:10.1136/sextrans-2012-051005
1223:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000536
775:
590:
563:Hormonal vaginitis includes
550:Further, either a change in
432:
288:Diagnosis generally include
7:
3160:Pelvic inflammatory disease
2333:Benyas D, Sobel JD (2022).
1168:World Journal of Pediatrics
963:
914:, or common STI organisms (
558:
403:pelvic inflammatory disease
306:pelvic inflammatory disease
196:pelvic inflammatory disease
10:
3394:
3155:Pelvic congestion syndrome
2585:Fallopian tube obstruction
2301:10.3389/fphar.2022.1015098
1996:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
1563:Journal of Mid-Life Health
857:Mixed infectious vaginitis
821:
583:, or topical medications.
384:
302:inflammation of the cervix
192:Inflammation of the cervix
28:
3311:
3237:
3204:Vestibular papillomatosis
3179:
3172:
3147:
3123:
3056:
3014:
2956:
2947:
2903:
2848:
2830:
2807:
2783:
2773:Metropathia haemorrhagica
2675:
2637:
2628:
2619:
2570:
2471:
2455:
2288:Frontiers in Pharmacology
2221:10.1007/s00404-015-3914-8
2174:10.1007/s11908-015-0477-6
2131:10.1007/s10096-015-2513-8
1832:Preventing vaginal thrush
1740:10.1007/s10096-013-1846-4
1536:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1502:10067/1033820151162165141
1304:Rose L (April 20, 2020).
1261:American Family Physician
1180:10.1007/s12519-016-0078-y
427:
325:feminine hygiene products
234:, is inflammation of the
217:
209:
185:
163:
136:
122:
110:
56:
48:
43:
2540:Follicular cyst of ovary
2039:10.1177/0956462414525947
1404:10.3389/fphys.2015.00081
1040:"What causes vaginitis?"
899:Streptococcus pneumoniae
128:Itching, burning, pain,
29:Not to be confused with
3038:Sexual arousal disorder
2994:Candidal vulvovaginitis
2652:Endometrial hyperplasia
1391:Frontiers in Physiology
1081:"Overview of Vaginitis"
887:group A beta-hemolytic
843:amoxicillin/clavulanate
265:. Other causes include
259:vaginal yeast infection
146:vaginal yeast infection
2481:Endometriosis of ovary
2282:Wu YQ, Tong T (2023).
2257:Altern Ther Health Med
1576:10.4103/jmh.JMH_152_18
895:Haemophilus influenzae
828:Treatment can include
269:to substances such as
187:Differential diagnosis
2925:Vesicouterine fistula
2868:Cervical incompetence
2793:Recurrent miscarriage
2731:Premenstrual syndrome
2592:Fallopian tube cancer
958:vertical transmission
925:Trichomonas vaginalis
921:Chlamydia trachomatis
917:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
903:Staphylococcus aureus
713:Trichomonas vaginalis
536:Trichomonas vaginalis
417:persistent discomfort
385:Further information:
3083:Rectovaginal fistula
2508:Poor ovarian reserve
1769:Vulvovaginal atrophy
934:human papillomavirus
930:herpes simplex virus
874:chemical irritants,
851:Dequalinium chloride
18:Infectious vaginitis
3133:Postcoital bleeding
3061:Urogenital fistulas
2989:Bacterial vaginosis
2642:Asherman's syndrome
1953:2012PLoSO...734540B
1649:Choices NH (2018).
1634:Northrup C (2010).
1615:on February 2, 2009
725:elevated (5.0–6.0)
690:Bacterial vaginitis
484:Bacterial vaginosis
391:Vestibular adenitis
255:bacterial vaginosis
142:bacterial vaginosis
3312:External resources
3018:Sexual dysfunction
2984:Atrophic vaginitis
2920:Retroverted uterus
2883:Female infertility
2863:Cervical dysplasia
2788:Female infertility
2580:Female infertility
2535:Corpus luteum cyst
2491:Ovulatory disorder
2486:Female infertility
2086:10.1093/cid/civ933
1778:atrophic vaginitis
1773:atrophic vaginitis
1453:New Microbiologica
892:(7-20% of cases),
809:Yeast infections:
668:Atrophic vaginitis
575:Irritation/allergy
565:atrophic vaginitis
472:Candida tropicalis
337:vaginal irritation
331:Signs and symptoms
213:Based on the cause
154:allergic reactions
3355:
3354:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3168:
3167:
3143:
3142:
3076:Obstetric fistula
2974:Vaginal discharge
2943:
2942:
2888:Cervical stenosis
2803:
2802:
2657:Endometrial polyp
2615:
2614:
2545:Theca lutein cyst
1543:978-0-07-146473-4
1532:Hudson T (2007).
1139:Ferri FF (2016).
824:Aerobic vaginitis
818:Aerobic vaginitis
743:
742:
731:Aerobic vaginitis
640:Candida vaginitis
613:aerobic vaginitis
601:vaginal wet mount
567:usually found in
496:Aerobic vaginitis
378:foul vaginal odor
375:vaginal discharge
335:A woman may have
225:
224:
165:Diagnostic method
38:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3385:
3235:
3234:
3199:Kraurosis vulvae
3194:Bartholin's cyst
3177:
3176:
3128:Vaginal bleeding
3021:
2954:
2953:
2930:Uterine prolapse
2758:Menometrorrhagia
2682:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2525:Ovarian apoplexy
2469:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2313:
2303:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1855:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1817:
1788:
1782:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1611:. Archived from
1605:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1578:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1504:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1450:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1424:
1406:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1362:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1277:
1276:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1120:. September 2017
1110:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1077:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1036:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
999:
830:topical steroids
657:fungal infection
625:
624:
539:. Rare cases of
527:improper hygiene
466:Candida albicans
450:Candida albicans
292:, measuring the
230:, also known as
173:, measuring the
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
41:
40:
21:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3307:
3306:
3246:
3232:
3223:
3164:
3139:
3119:
3052:
3015:
3010:
3006:Vaginal atresia
2939:
2899:
2858:Cervical cancer
2844:
2826:
2822:Uterine fibroid
2799:
2779:
2763:Polymenorrhagia
2704:Oligoamenorrhea
2676:
2671:
2611:
2566:
2562:Ovarian torsion
2451:
2441:Female diseases
2438:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2381:
2374:
2331:
2327:
2280:
2276:
2253:
2246:
2201:
2197:
2158:
2154:
2115:
2111:
2066:
2062:
2023:
2019:
1998:(4): CD006289.
1992:
1988:
1933:
1929:
1897:
1893:
1864:Microbes Infect
1856:
1852:
1843:
1839:
1828:
1821:
1789:
1785:
1767:
1763:
1724:
1720:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1530:
1526:
1476:
1472:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1383:
1376:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1313:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1280:
1253:
1246:
1207:
1203:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1001:
1000:
983:
978:
966:
871:
859:
826:
820:
778:
748:
593:
577:
561:
435:
430:
398:
393:
387:Vaginal disease
333:
106:
67:
63:
39:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3391:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3328:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3293:
3282:
3267:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:Classification
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:Ureterovaginal
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3043:Vaginal cancer
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2976:
2967:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2935:Uterine cancer
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2895:Nabothian cyst
2892:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2875:
2873:Cervical polyp
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2709:Oligomenorrhea
2706:
2701:
2696:
2685:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2576:
2574:
2572:Fallopian tube
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2557:Ovarian cancer
2554:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2501:Oligoovulation
2498:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2372:
2325:
2274:
2263:(1): 186–191.
2244:
2195:
2152:
2109:
2060:
2033:(8): 541–549.
2017:
1986:
1927:
1891:
1850:
1837:
1819:
1800:(3): 349–354.
1783:
1761:
1718:
1685:Obstet Gynecol
1675:
1663:
1641:
1626:
1600:
1549:
1542:
1524:
1470:
1459:(3): 229–238.
1436:
1374:
1325:
1311:
1296:
1278:
1267:(5): 321–329.
1244:
1217:(3): 479–485.
1201:
1174:(2): 101–105.
1158:
1151:
1131:
1098:
1057:
1020:
980:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
965:
962:
870:
867:
858:
855:
822:Main article:
819:
816:
815:
814:
807:
804:
777:
774:
747:
744:
741:
740:
737:
733:
727:
726:
723:
720:
709:
708:
705:
697:
686:
685:
682:
675:
664:
663:
662:low (4.0–4.5)
660:
647:
636:
635:
632:
629:
592:
589:
576:
573:
569:postmenopausal
560:
557:
499:
498:
493:
492:(a bacterium).
481:
478:Candida krusei
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
418:
397:
394:
383:
382:
379:
376:
373:
359:
332:
329:
314:foreign bodies
279:breast-feeding
277:levels during
263:trichomoniasis
232:vulvovaginitis
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
211:
207:
206:
204:foreign bodies
189:
183:
182:
167:
161:
160:
150:trichomoniasis
138:
134:
133:
126:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
105:
104:
60:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
37:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3390:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:Inflammations
3366:
3365:
3363:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:Vulvar cancer
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:Vesicovaginal
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2699:Hypomenorrhea
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Endometriosis
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:Hematosalpinx
2595:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Mittelschmerz
2513:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:9780071849098
2392:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2377:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:(3): 469–84.
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2125:(1): 95–101.
2124:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:(4): e34540.
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1870:(6): 1450–4.
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1848:July 10, 2010
1847:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:(8): 977–84.
1733:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1670:
1668:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1630:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1345:(6): 426–33.
1344:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1152:9780323448383
1148:
1144:
1143:
1135:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1008:
1004:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
981:
971:
968:
967:
961:
959:
955:
951:
950:Streptococcus
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:
922:
918:
913:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
890:
889:Streptococcus
883:
881:
877:
866:
863:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:gram-negative
836:
835:gram-positive
831:
825:
812:
808:
805:
802:
798:
797:metronidazole
794:
793:
792:
789:
787:
786:antihistamine
783:
773:
769:
767:
762:
759:
756:
754:
738:
734:
732:
729:
728:
724:
721:
718:
714:
711:
710:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
691:
688:
687:
683:
680:
676:
673:
669:
666:
665:
661:
658:
654:
653:
648:
645:
641:
638:
637:
633:
630:
627:
626:
623:
621:
616:
614:
609:
606:
602:
598:
588:
584:
582:
572:
570:
566:
556:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
537:
532:
528:
524:
523:
522:Campylobacter
518:
514:
513:
508:
504:
497:
494:
491:
490:
485:
482:
480:
479:
474:
473:
468:
467:
462:
459:
458:
457:
454:
452:
451:
446:
445:
444:Lactobacillus
440:
439:vaginal flora
422:
419:
416:
415:
414:
411:
408:
407:HIV infection
404:
396:Complications
392:
388:
380:
377:
374:
372:
371:perineal area
368:
364:
360:
357:
356:
355:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
328:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:
201:
197:
193:
190:
188:
184:
181:the discharge
180:
176:
172:
168:
166:
162:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
125:
121:
118:
115:
113:
109:
100:
62:
61:
59:
57:Pronunciation
55:
51:
47:
42:
36:
32:
27:
19:
3330:
3319:
3295:
3284:
3269:
3250:
3108:Sigmoidocele
3016:
2978:
2961:Hematocolpos
2840:Parametritis
2748:Metrorrhagia
2726:Dysmenorrhea
2679:Menstruation
2677:
2667:Endometritis
2602:Hydrosalpinx
2530:Ovarian cyst
2406:
2385:
2345:(1): 68–70.
2342:
2338:
2328:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2260:
2256:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2080:(4): e1–50.
2077:
2073:
2063:
2030:
2026:
2020:
1995:
1989:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1840:
1831:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1691:(4): 850–5.
1688:
1684:
1678:
1654:. Retrieved
1644:
1635:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1613:the original
1603:
1569:(2): 96–98.
1566:
1562:
1552:
1533:
1527:
1487:(1): 34–43.
1484:
1480:
1473:
1456:
1452:
1439:
1394:
1390:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1299:
1264:
1260:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1141:
1134:
1122:. Retrieved
1117:
1089:. Retrieved
1084:
1048:. Retrieved
1043:
1011:. Retrieved
1006:
949:
941:
937:
915:
893:
888:
884:
872:
864:
860:
847:moxifloxacin
827:
790:
779:
770:
766:live culture
763:
760:
757:
749:
699:
650:
631:Description
617:
610:
594:
585:
578:
562:
549:
534:
520:
510:
500:
487:
476:
470:
464:
455:
448:
442:
436:
412:
399:
367:labia minora
363:labia majora
353:
334:
318:
287:
252:
231:
227:
226:
140:Infections (
35:
26:
3321:MedlinePlus
3113:Urethrocele
3028:Dyspareunia
3001:Hydrocolpos
2965:Hydrocolpos
2911:Hematometra
2832:Parametrium
2817:Adenomyosis
2630:Endometrium
2607:Salpingitis
2496:Anovulation
1908:(1): 75–9.
1656:February 7,
1619:January 26,
1124:October 14,
1114:"Vaginitis"
1091:October 14,
1050:October 14,
1013:October 14,
1003:"Vaginitis"
954:amoxicillin
869:In children
811:Local azole
701:Gardnerella
652:Candidiasis
599:(mostly by
529:, and some
489:Gardnerella
461:Candidiasis
290:examination
271:spermicides
171:examination
132:, bad smell
49:Other names
3362:Categories
3297:DiseasesDB
3214:Vulvodynia
3098:Enterocele
3048:Vaginismus
2970:Leukorrhea
2878:Cervicitis
2809:Myometrium
2694:Amenorrhea
2520:Oophoritis
2168:(5): 477.
1087:. May 2018
976:References
801:tinidazole
746:Prevention
739:Increased
628:Condition
597:microscopy
533:, notably
512:Mycoplasma
321:Sitz baths
117:Gynecology
31:Vaginismus
3346:emerg/639
3343:emerg/631
3332:eMedicine
3103:Rectocele
3093:Cystocele
2979:Vaginitis
2367:244713847
1794:Maturitas
1713:205473642
1413:1664-042X
1239:215758924
880:seborrhea
782:cortisone
776:Treatment
707:elevated
684:alkaline
679:menopause
591:Diagnosis
531:parasites
507:chlamydia
503:gonorrhea
433:Infection
349:discharge
298:culturing
283:menopause
281:or after
267:allergies
248:pregnancy
244:discharge
228:Vaginitis
218:Frequency
210:Treatment
179:culturing
169:Based on
130:discharge
112:Specialty
44:Vaginitis
3340:med/2358
3337:med/3369
3209:Vulvitis
3173:External
3088:Prolapse
2915:Pyometra
2456:Internal
2449:genitals
2359:34840242
2320:36703758
2269:37773671
2239:26506926
2190:34979527
2182:25896749
2147:15238909
2139:26526787
2104:26679628
2047:24616117
2012:19821358
1981:22509319
1941:PLOS ONE
1922:23395559
1886:16697231
1814:25179577
1756:14514975
1748:23443475
1705:21422855
1595:31391760
1511:11845812
1465:23912864
1431:25859220
1369:23605851
1273:29671516
1231:32282354
1196:23511706
1188:28083751
964:See also
942:Shigella
911:Yersinia
907:Shigella
753:Douching
559:Hormonal
545:diabetes
275:estrogen
158:estrogen
124:Symptoms
3291:D014627
2904:General
2443:of the
2311:9871392
2230:4757629
2095:4725385
2055:7181478
1972:3317998
1949:Bibcode
1586:6643709
1519:8304009
1422:4373506
1360:3748151
605:culture
581:tampons
571:women.
345:burning
341:itching
3378:Vagina
3326:000897
2949:Vagina
2850:Cervix
2769:Other
2754:Mixed
2738:Timing
2621:Uterus
2464:Adnexa
2445:pelvis
2393:
2365:
2357:
2318:
2308:
2267:
2237:
2227:
2188:
2180:
2145:
2137:
2102:
2092:
2053:
2045:
2010:
1979:
1969:
1920:
1884:
1812:
1754:
1746:
1711:
1703:
1593:
1583:
1540:
1517:
1509:
1463:
1429:
1419:
1411:
1397:: 81.
1367:
1357:
1271:
1237:
1229:
1194:
1186:
1149:
1046:. 2016
1009:. 2016
932:, and
876:eczema
603:) and
541:amebic
517:herpes
428:Causes
310:cancer
296:, and
261:, and
236:vagina
200:cancer
156:, low
137:Causes
103:
3302:14017
3280:616.1
3265:N76.1
3261:N76.0
3181:Vulva
3148:Other
2473:Ovary
2363:S2CID
2186:S2CID
2143:S2CID
2051:S2CID
1752:S2CID
1709:S2CID
1515:S2CID
1449:(PDF)
1235:S2CID
1192:S2CID
1044:NICHD
1007:NICHD
717:A59.0
694:B96.3
672:N95.2
655:is a
644:B37.3
369:, or
343:, or
240:vulva
3286:MeSH
3275:9-CM
2721:Pain
2689:Flow
2447:and
2391:ISBN
2355:PMID
2316:PMID
2265:PMID
2235:PMID
2178:PMID
2135:PMID
2100:PMID
2043:PMID
2008:PMID
1977:PMID
1918:PMID
1882:PMID
1810:PMID
1771:and
1744:PMID
1701:PMID
1658:2018
1621:2009
1591:PMID
1538:ISBN
1507:PMID
1481:BJOG
1461:PMID
1427:PMID
1409:ISSN
1365:PMID
1269:PMID
1227:PMID
1184:PMID
1147:ISBN
1126:2018
1118:ACOG
1093:2018
1052:2018
1015:2018
837:and
618:The
389:and
238:and
3271:ICD
3252:ICD
2347:doi
2306:PMC
2296:doi
2225:PMC
2217:doi
2213:293
2170:doi
2127:doi
2090:PMC
2082:doi
2035:doi
2000:doi
1967:PMC
1957:doi
1910:doi
1906:168
1872:doi
1802:doi
1736:doi
1693:doi
1689:117
1581:PMC
1571:doi
1497:hdl
1489:doi
1485:109
1417:PMC
1399:doi
1355:PMC
1347:doi
1219:doi
1176:doi
845:or
799:or
696:).
634:pH
152:),
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552:pH
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294:pH
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177:,
175:pH
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