259:
2358:
907:
33:
1555:
2187:
2346:
1581:
1136:
1945:, disagreed with the Hornbostel–Sachs system and developed his own system in 1932. Schaeffner believed that the pure physics of a musical instrument, rather than its specific construction or playing method, should always determine its classification. (Hornbostel–Sachs, for example, divides aerophones on the basis of sound production, but membranophones on the basis of the shape of the instrument). His system divided instruments into two categories: instruments with solid, vibrating bodies and instruments containing vibrating air.
1364:
670:
7231:
2215:
1627:
1511:
1003:
454:
432:
2248:
1596:
Family" began in 1964 to provide differently sized violins to expand the range of available sounds. The slowdown in development was a practical response to the concurrent slowdown in orchestra and venue size. Despite this trend in traditional instruments, the development of new musical instruments exploded in the twentieth century, and the variety of instruments developed overshadows any prior period.
7218:
1451:
7204:
1101:
202:
413:. Ordering instruments by geography is also not reliable, as it cannot always be determined when and how cultures contacted one another and shared knowledge. Sachs proposed that a geographical chronology until approximately 1400 is preferable, however, due to its limited subjectivity. Beyond 1400, one can follow the overall development of musical instruments over time.
556:, and skin drums. Cultures who used these instrument pairs associated them with gender; the "father" was the bigger or more energetic instrument, while the "mother" was the smaller or duller instrument. Musical instruments existed in this form for thousands of years before patterns of three or more tones would evolve in the form of the earliest
1502:. This variation on the trumpet was unpopular due to the difficulty involved in playing it. Organs underwent tonal changes in the Baroque period, as manufacturers such as Abraham Jordan of London made the stops more expressive and added devices such as expressive pedals. Sachs viewed this trend as a "degeneration" of the general organ sound.
833:, the use and development of musical instruments stood in stark contrast to those cultures' achievements in architecture and sculpture. The instruments of the time were simple and virtually all of them were imported from other cultures. Lyres were the principal instrument, as musicians used them to honor the gods. Greeks played a variety of
1410:('Mirror of Organ Makers and Organ Players') the following year, a treatise on organ building and organ playing. Of the instructional books and references published in the Renaissance era, one is noted for its detailed description and depiction of all wind and stringed instruments, including their relative sizes. This book, the
1084:. Influences from Middle East, Persia, India, Mongolia, and other countries followed. In fact, Chinese tradition attributes many musical instruments from this period to those regions and countries. Cymbals gained popularity, along with more advanced trumpets, clarinets, pianos, oboes, flutes, drums, and lutes. Some of the first
255:) has been dated to 67,000 years old, but consensus solidifies around artifacts dated back to around 37,000 years old and later. Artifacts made from durable materials, or constructed using durable methods, have been found to survive. As such, the specimens found cannot be irrefutably placed as the earliest musical instruments.
1534:
Large orchestras rose in popularity and, in parallel, the composers determined to produce entire orchestral scores that made use of the expressive abilities of modern instruments. Since instruments were involved in collaborations of a much larger scale, their designs had to evolve to accommodate the demands of the orchestra.
1595:
The evolution of traditional musical instruments slowed beginning in the 20th century. Instruments such as the violin, flute, french horn, and harp are largely the same as those manufactured throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Gradual iterations do emerge; for example, the "New Violin
1096:
of Hindu music. Rhythm was of paramount importance in Indian music of the time, as evidenced by the frequent depiction of drums in reliefs dating to the post-classical era. The emphasis on rhythm is an aspect native to Indian music. Historians divide the development of musical instruments in medieval
948:
shaped the development of musical instruments in China, adopting an attitude toward music similar to that of the Greeks. The
Chinese believed that music was an essential part of character and community, and developed a unique system of classifying their musical instruments according to their material
547:
in language, instrument players first developed repetition and then arrangement. An early form of melody was produced by pounding two stamping tubes of slightly different sizes—one tube would produce a "clear" sound and the other would answer with a "darker" sound. Such instrument pairs also included
234:
Musical instruments are constructed in a broad array of styles and shapes, using many different materials. Early musical instruments were made from "found objects" such as shells and plant parts. As instruments evolved, so did the selection and quality of materials. Virtually every material in nature
1908:
and recorders, which cause the air to pass over a sharp edge; reed instruments, which use a vibrating reed (this category may be further divided into two classifications: single-reeded and double-reeded instruments. Examples of the former are clarinets and saxophones, while the latter includes oboes
1421:
In the sixteenth century, musical instrument builders gave most instruments – such as the violin – the "classical shapes" they retain today. An emphasis on aesthetic beauty also developed; listeners were as pleased with the physical appearance of an instrument as they were with its sound. Therefore,
692:
also possess. However, by 2700 BC the cultural contacts seem to have dissipated; the lyre, a prominent ceremonial instrument in Sumer, did not appear in Egypt for another 800 years. Clappers and concussion sticks appear on
Egyptian vases as early as 3000 BC. The civilization also made use of sistra,
691:
Musical instruments used by the
Egyptian culture before 2700 BC bore striking similarity to those of Mesopotamia, leading historians to conclude that the civilizations must have been in contact with one another. Sachs notes that Egypt did not possess any instruments that the Sumerian culture did not
1562:
Accompanying the changes to timbre and volume was a shift in the typical pitch used to tune instruments. Instruments meant to play together, as in an orchestra, must be tuned to the same standard lest they produce audibly different sounds while playing the same notes. Beginning in 1762, the average
2334:
2234:
makes only stringed instruments. Some make only one type of instrument such as a piano. Whatever the instrument constructed, the instrument maker must consider materials, construction technique, and decoration, creating a balanced instrument that is both functional and aesthetically pleasing. Some
1469:
better suited the emotional style they were aiming for and began writing musical parts for instruments that would complement the singing human voice. As a result, many instruments that were incapable of larger ranges and dynamics, and therefore were seen as unemotional, fell out of favor. One such
1091:
India experienced similar development to China in the post-classical era; however, stringed instruments developed differently as they accommodated different styles of music. While stringed instruments of China were designed to produce precise tones capable of matching the tones of chimes, stringed
883:
has also revealed representations of vertical arched harps identical in design to those depicted in
Sumerian artifacts. This discovery is among many indications that the Indus Valley and Sumerian cultures maintained cultural contact. Subsequent developments in musical instruments in India occurred
805:
The introduction of a monarchy in Israel during the 11th century BC produced the first professional musicians and with them a drastic increase in the number and variety of musical instruments. However, identifying and classifying the instruments remains a challenge due to the lack of artistic
515:
and other instruments such as ribbon reeds, flutes, and trumpets. Some of these labels carry far different connotations from those used in modern day; early flutes and trumpets are so-labeled for their basic operation and function rather than resemblance to modern instruments. Among early cultures
2198:
The materials used in making musical instruments vary greatly by culture and application. Many of the materials have special significance owing to their source or rarity. Some cultures worked substances from the human body into their instruments. In ancient Mexico, for example, the material drums
1736:
and dating from between 200 BC and 200 AD, divides instruments into four main classification groups: instruments where the sound is produced by vibrating strings; percussion instruments with skin heads; instruments where the sound is produced by vibrating columns of air; and "solid", or non-skin,
1533:
periods of music, lasting from roughly 1750 to 1900, many musical instruments capable of producing new timbres and higher volume were developed and introduced into popular music. The design changes that broadened the quality of timbres allowed instruments to produce a wider variety of expression.
1206:
Despite the influences of Greece and Rome, most musical instruments in Europe during the
Middles Ages came from Asia. The lyre is the only musical instrument that may have been invented in Europe until this period. Stringed instruments were prominent in Middle Age Europe. The central and northern
2137:
Some instruments fall into more than one category. For example, the cello may be considered tenor, baritone or bass, depending on how its music fits into the ensemble. The trombone and French horn may be alto, tenor, baritone, or bass depending on the range it is played in. Many instruments have
1567:
began rising from a low of 377 vibrations to a high of 457 in 1880 Vienna. Different regions, countries, and even instrument manufacturers preferred different standards, making orchestral collaboration a challenge. Despite even the efforts of two organized international summits attended by noted
1537:
Some instruments also had to become louder to fill larger halls and be heard over sizable orchestras. Flutes and bowed instruments underwent many modifications and design changes—most of them unsuccessful—in efforts to increase volume. Other instruments were changed just so they could play their
1063:
300 BC. The end of the bell, which was crafted from bronze, was into the shape of a screaming animal head which was held high above their heads. When blown into, the carnyx would emit a deep, harsh sound; the head also had a tongue which clicked when vibrated. It is believed the intention of the
1017:
attained a relatively high level of sophistication by the eleventh century AD, they lagged behind other civilizations in the development of musical instruments. For example, they had no stringed instruments; all of their instruments were idiophones, drums, and wind instruments such as flutes and
108:
to about 40,000 years ago. Many historians believe that determining the specific date of musical instrument invention is impossible, as the majority of early musical instruments were constructed of animal skins, bone, wood, and other non-durable, bio-degradable materials. Additionally, some have
1285:
allowed single musicians to play more complicated arrangements than a fiddle would; both were prominent folk instruments in the Middle Ages. Southern
Europeans played short and long lutes whose pegs extended to the sides, unlike the rear-facing pegs of Central and Northern European instruments.
384:
Scholars agree that there are no completely reliable methods of determining the exact chronology of musical instruments across cultures. Comparing and organizing instruments based on their complexity is misleading, since advancements in musical instruments have sometimes reduced complexity. For
1697:
or other ensemble. Most methods are specific to a geographic area or cultural group and were developed to serve the unique classification requirements of the group. The problem with these specialized classification schemes is that they tend to break down once they are applied outside of their
500:. Modern histories have replaced such mythology with anthropological speculation, occasionally informed by archeological evidence. Scholars agree that there was no definitive "invention" of the musical instrument since the term "musical instrument" is subjective and hard to define.
1359:
came into common practice as a method of writing music for a variety of instruments. Composers now specified orchestration where individual performers once applied their own discretion. The polyphonic style dominated popular music, and the instrument makers responded accordingly.
1186:
in the seventh century. Frame drums and cylindrical drums of various depths were immensely important in all genres of music. Conical oboes were involved in the music that accompanied wedding and circumcision ceremonies. Persian miniatures provide information on the development of
511:. These instruments evolved due to the human motor impulse to add sound to emotional movements such as dancing. Eventually, some cultures assigned ritual functions to their musical instruments, using them for hunting and various ceremonies. Those cultures developed more complex
2170:. When used in the name of an instrument, these terms are relative, describing the instrument's range in comparison to other instruments of its family and not in comparison to the human voice range or instruments of other families. For example, a bass flute's range is from C
1116:), short fiddles, double and triple flutes, coiled trumpets, and curved India horns emerged in this time period. Islamic influences brought new types of drum, perfectly circular or octagonal as opposed to the irregular pre-Islamic drums. Persian influence brought oboes and
1862:, which produce sound by vibrating one or more strings; they are sorted according to the relationship between the string(s) and the sounding board or chamber. For example, if the strings are laid out parallel to the sounding board and there is no neck, the instrument is a
1688:
There are many different methods of classifying musical instruments. Various methods examine aspects such as the physical properties of the instrument (material, color, shape, etc.), the use for the instrument, the means by which music is produced with the instrument, the
184:
Musical instrument classification is a discipline in its own right, and many systems of classification have been used over the years. Instruments can be classified by their effective range, material composition, size, role, etc. However, the most common academic method,
1211:, while the southern region used lyres, which featured a two-armed body and a crossbar. Various harps served Central and Northern Europe as far north as Ireland, where the harp eventually became a national symbol. Lyres propagated through the same areas, as far east as
1489:
In the mid-seventeenth century, what was known as a hunter's horn underwent a transformation into an "art instrument" consisting of a lengthened tube, a narrower bore, a wider bell, and a much wider range. The details of this transformation are unclear, but the modern
610:
and the evolving class system. Popular instruments, simple and playable by anyone, evolved differently from professional instruments whose development focused on effectiveness and skill. Despite this development, very few musical instruments have been recovered in
1402:('Music Germanized and Abstracted'). Virdung's work is noted as being particularly thorough for including descriptions of "irregular" instruments such as hunters' horns and cow bells, though Virdung is critical of the same. Other books followed, including
1393:
Beginning in about 1400, the rate of development of musical instruments increased in earnest as compositions demanded more dynamic sounds. People also began writing books about creating, playing, and cataloging musical instruments; the first such book was
416:
The science of marking the order of musical instrument development relies on archaeological artifacts, artistic depictions, and literary references. Since data in one research path can be inconclusive, all three paths provide a better historical picture.
1607:. The vast majority produced in the first half of the 20th century were what Sachs called "electromechanical instruments"; they have mechanical parts that produce sound vibrations picked up and amplified by electrical components. Examples include
755:
between 2000 and 1000 BC. While the history of musical instruments in
Mesopotamia and Egypt relies on artistic representations, the culture in Israel produced few such representations. Scholars must therefore rely on information gleaned from the
1422:
builders paid special attention to materials and workmanship, and instruments became collectibles in homes and museums. It was during this period that makers began constructing instruments of the same type in various sizes to meet the demand of
2896:
627:
to reconstruct the early history of musical instruments in
Mesopotamia. Even the process of assigning names to these instruments is challenging since there is no clear distinction among various instruments and the words used to describe them.
1433:
emerged in the early fifteenth century. These stops were meant to produce a mixture of timbres, a development needed for the complexity of music of the time. Trumpets evolved into their modern form to improve portability, and players used
2938:
723:
conquered
Southwest Asia in around 1500 BC, the cultural ties to Mesopotamia were renewed and Egypt's musical instruments also reflected heavy influence from Asiatic cultures. Under their new cultural influences, the people of the
564:, eventually spreading to Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Along with xylophones, which ranged from simple sets of three "leg bars" to carefully tuned sets of parallel bars, various cultures developed instruments such as the
404:
in modern times, argues that it is misleading to arrange the development of musical instruments by workmanship, since cultures advance at different rates and have access to different raw materials. For example, contemporary
2229:
Musical instrument construction is a specialized trade that requires years of training, practice, and sometimes an apprenticeship. Most makers of musical instruments specialize in one genre of instruments; for example, a
1959:
Musical instruments are also often classified by their musical range in comparison with other instruments in the same family. This exercise is useful when placing instruments in context of an orchestra or other ensemble.
1080:, China developed a tradition of integrating musical influence from other regions. The first record of this type of influence is in 384 AD, when China established an orchestra in its imperial court after a conquest in
223:. Once humans moved from making sounds with their bodies — for example, by clapping—to using objects to create music from sounds, musical instruments were born. Primitive instruments were probably designed to emulate
662:, as evidenced by their proliferation in Mesopotamian figurines, plaques, and seals. Innumerable varieties of harps are depicted, as well as lyres and lutes, the forerunner of modern stringed instruments such as the
120:
Musical instruments developed independently in many populated regions of the world. However, contact among civilizations caused rapid spread and adaptation of most instruments in places far from their origin. By the
2458:). These different types of instrumentalists can perform together in a music group. A person who is able to play a number of instruments is called a multi-instrumentalist. According to David Baskerville in the book
354:
in the 1920s, uncovered non-degradable fragments of instruments and the voids left by the degraded segments that, together, have been used to reconstruct them. The graves these instruments were buried in have been
878:
that emerged around 3000 BC. Various rattles and whistles found among excavated artifacts are the only physical evidence of musical instruments. A clay statuette indicates the use of drums, and examination of the
1112:, cymbals, and peculiar instruments resembling gongs came into wide use in Hindu music. The gong-like instrument was a bronze disk that was struck with a hammer instead of a mallet. Tubular drums, stick zithers (
164:
periods of music, lasting from roughly 1750 to 1900, many new musical instruments were developed. While the evolution of traditional musical instruments slowed beginning in the 20th century, the proliferation of
227:, and their purpose was ritual rather than entertainment. The concept of melody and the artistic pursuit of musical composition were probably unknown to early players of musical instruments. A person sounding a
79:. In principle, any object that produces sound can be considered a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. A person who plays a musical instrument is known as an
5097:, conducted by a committee of the Music Library Association, William Lichtenwanger, chairman & compiler, ed. and produced by James W. Pruitt. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Music Library Association. xi, p. 137,
2305:, are fitted with one. Though they have no moving parts and are struck by mallets held in the player's hands, they have the same physical arrangement of keys and produce soundwaves in a similar manner. The
4655:
4580:
1550:
became fixtures in orchestras. Instruments such as the clarinet also grew into entire "families" of instruments capable of different ranges: small clarinets, normal clarinets, bass clarinets, and so on.
855:, featuring side-holes that could be opened or closed, allowing for greater flexibility in playing modes. Other instruments in common use in the region included vertical harps derived from those of the
3254:
1482:, and various lutes dominated popular music. Beginning in around 1750, however, the lute disappeared from musical compositions in favor of the rising popularity of the guitar. As the prevalence of
3382:
370:
of China have found flutes made of bones that date back 7,000 to 9,000 years, representing some of the "earliest complete, playable, tightly-dated, multinote musical instruments" ever found.
1045:
were less advanced culturally but more advanced musically. South
American cultures of the time used pan-pipes as well as varieties of flutes, idiophones, drums, and shell or wood trumpets.
1159:, bronze versions of the former. The most prominent and important musical instrument of Southeast Asia was the gong. While the gong likely originated in the geographical area between
3356:
468:
Until the 19th century AD, European-written music histories began with mythological accounts mingled with scripture of how musical instruments were invented. Such accounts included
1818:, which produce sound by vibrating the primary body of the instrument itself; they are sorted into concussion, percussion, shaken, scraped, split, and plucked idiophones, such as
1309:
in about 700. The resulting instruments varied in size and use from portable organs worn around the neck to large pipe organs. Literary accounts of organs being played in English
806:
interpretations. For example, stringed instruments of uncertain design called nevals and asors existed, but neither archaeology nor etymology can clearly define them. In her book
235:
has been used by at least one culture to make musical instruments. One plays a musical instrument by interacting with it in some way — for example, by plucking the strings on a
100:
The exact date and specific origin of the first device considered a musical instrument, is widely disputed. The oldest object identified by scholars as a musical instrument, is
2199:
were made from might contain actual human body parts obtained from sacrificial offerings. In New Guinea, drum makers would mix human blood into the adhesive used to attach the
703:
Little history is available in the period between 2700 BC and 1500 BC, as Egypt (and indeed, Babylon) entered a long violent period of war and destruction. This period saw the
285:
by archaeologist Ivan Turk. Its origin is disputed, with many arguing that it is most likely the product of carnivores chewing the bone, but Turk and others argue that it is a
4537:
1925:, which produce sound by electronic means. Within each category are many subgroups. The system has been criticised and revised over the years, but remains widely used by
1702:
as the only system that applies to any culture and, more importantly, provides the only possible classification for each instrument. The most common classifications are
289:-made flute. With its age estimated between 43,400 and 67,000 years old, it would be the oldest known musical instrument and the only Neanderthal musical instrument.
1429:
Instrument builders developed other features that endure today. For example, while organs with multiple keyboards and pedals already existed, the first organs with
2313:, is played without physical contact by the player. The theremin senses the proximity of the player's hands, which triggers changes in its sound. More recently, a
1856:
and other instruments that use a stretched membrane for the primary sound (not simply to modify sound produced in another way) are also considered membranophones.
1674:
means of synchronizing electronic instruments. The modern proliferation of computers and microchips has created an industry of electronic musical instruments.
1538:
parts in the scores. Trumpets traditionally had a "defective" range—they were incapable of producing certain notes with precision. New instruments such as the
1347:
period. Instruments took on other purposes than accompanying singing or dance, and performers used them as solo instruments. Keyboards and lutes developed as
1313:
abbeys toward the end of the tenth century are the first references to organs being connected to churches. Reed players of the Middle Ages were limited to
949:
makeup. In Vietnam, an archaeological discovery of a 2,000-year old stringed instrument gives important insights on early chordophones in Southeast Asia
5494:
888:, or hymns. These songs used various drums, shell trumpets, harps, and flutes. Other prominent instruments in use during the early centuries AD were the
3378:
1874:. If the instrument has strings parallel to the sounding board or chamber and the strings extend past the board with a neck, then the instrument is a
1698:
original area. For example, a system based on instrument use would fail if a culture invented a new use for the same instrument. Scholars recognize
4136:
85:. The history of musical instruments dates to the beginnings of human culture. Early musical instruments may have been used for rituals, such as a
4783:
959:
mentions bells, chimes, drums, and globular flutes carved from bone, the latter of which has been excavated and preserved by archaeologists. The
580:. Recent research into usage wear and acoustics of stone artefacts has revealed a possible new class of prehistoric musical instrument, known as
2357:
849:(flutes); Greek writing from that time reflects a serious study of reed production and playing technique. Romans played reed instruments named
258:
4612:
7067:
6248:
5869:
2462:, the working hours of a full-time instrumentalist may average only three hours a day, but most musicians spent at least forty hours a week.
1104:
The Alboka has a double-reed that vibrates when blown on the small tube. The tubes regulates the melody and the big horn amplifies the sound.
906:
2207:
trees are held in high regard in China owing to their mythological significance—instrument makers would hence use them to make zithers. The
4095:
3352:
32:
6318:
2267:, which is a row of small keys that can be pressed. Every key generates one or more sounds; most keyboard instruments have extra means (
7057:
2660:
6773:
5843:
1654:. Whereas once they had filled rooms, synthesizers can now be embedded in any electronic device, and are ubiquitous in modern music.
4529:
409:
comparing musical instruments from two cultures that existed at the same time but differed in organization, culture, and handicraft
1120:, although Persian sitars had three strings and Indian version had from four to seven. The Islamic culture also introduced double-
251:
Researchers have discovered archaeological evidence of musical instruments in many parts of the world. One disputed artifact (the
5251:
1558:
A “young boy playing the violin” from Glengarry County, Ontario taken from the Bartle Brothers fonds at the Archives of Ontario.
1498:
appeared, a variation that includes a long-throated mouthpiece that slid in and out, allowing the player infinite adjustments in
1486:
rose, wind instruments such as the flute, oboe, and bassoon were readmitted to counteract the monotony of hearing only strings.
1297:, which spread throughout Europe and had many uses from folk instruments to military instruments. The construction of pneumatic
5201:
4798:
Chase, Philip G.; Nowell, April (August–October 1998), "Taphonomy of a Suggested Middle Paleolithic Bone Flute from Slovenia",
4777:
4507:
2686:
1585:
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language-speaking cultures that first settled the area. Rather, the history of musical instruments in the area begins with the
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5084:
5027:
5009:
4987:
4969:
4936:
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652:
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598:
Images of musical instruments begin to appear in Mesopotamian artifacts in 2800 BC or earlier. Beginning around 2000 BC,
1355:. Composers also began designing pieces of music for specific instruments. In the latter half of the sixteenth century,
7077:
6743:
5484:
5095:
Committee on Musical Instrument Collections. A Survey of Musical Instrument Collections in the United States and Canada
17:
810:, American musicologist Sibyl Marcuse proposes that the nevel must be similar to vertical harp due to its relation to
7175:
6958:
5966:
5900:
5140:
5102:
4649:
4574:
4437:
4421:
4405:
2486:
2362:
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served as a precise measure of the notes of a musical scale, allowing more accurate musical arrangements. Mechanical
410:
4635:
4560:
6433:
5885:
5848:
631:
Although Sumerian and Babylonian artists mainly depicted ceremonial instruments, historians have distinguished six
955:
were extremely important in Chinese music, hence the majority of early instruments were idiophones. Poetry of the
7082:
6268:
6138:
5978:
5971:
2481:
2236:
1465:
Beginning in the seventeenth century, composers began writing works to a higher emotional degree. They felt that
911:
2935:"(PDF) Flint Tools as Portable Sound-Producing Objects in the Upper Palaeolithic Context: An Experimental Study"
1218:
European music between 800 and 1100 became more sophisticated, more frequently requiring instruments capable of
1143:
Southeast Asian musical innovations include those during a period of Indian influence that ended around 920 AD.
7062:
6763:
5983:
2656:
1839:
995:) and various other instruments that spread through many cultures, came into use in China during and after the
504:
1286:
Idiophones such as bells and clappers served various practical purposes, such as warning of the approach of a
7092:
6573:
5890:
4396:
2321:
may have a musical keyboard and a bank of sliders, knobs, and buttons that change many sound parameters of a
2897:"A Possible New Class of Prehistoric Musical Instruments from New England: Portable Cylindrical Lithophones"
7258:
6923:
6058:
5932:
1655:
964:
859:, lutes of Egyptian design, various pipes and organs, and clappers, which were played primarily by women.
359:
to between 2600 and 2500 BC, providing evidence that these instruments were used in Sumeria by this time.
7143:
7072:
6963:
6243:
5922:
5838:
4382:
4118:
2491:
2471:
2259:
Regardless of how the sound is produced, many musical instruments have a keyboard as the user interface.
899:, barrel drums, cross flutes, and short lutes. In all, India had no unique musical instruments until the
677:
4739:
4416:
Howard, Rob (2003) An A to Z of the Accordion and related instruments Stockport: Robaccord Publications
2225:. Shape of the upper kantele is more traditional, while the one for kantele below is slightly modernised
643:, and are of particular interest because similar designs have been found in far-reaching places such as
7047:
6968:
6348:
6293:
5479:
5194:
5165:
4394:
Bicknell, Stephen (1999). "The organ case". In Thistlethwaite, Nicholas & Webber, Geoffrey (Eds.),
1896:, which produce a sound with a vibrating column of air; they are sorted into free aerophones such as a
973:
477:
2350:
7148:
6708:
5990:
5351:
5306:
2318:
875:
2211:
believe that making drums from trees struck by lightning gives them a special connection to nature.
97:
for entertainment. Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications and technologies.
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6828:
6723:
6673:
6643:
5944:
5736:
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1852:(further sorted by the shape of the shell), which are struck by hand, with a stick, or rubbed, but
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1097:
India between pre-Islamic and Islamic periods due to the different influence each period provided.
212:
157:
2413:
189:, uses the means by which they produce sound. The academic study of musical instruments is called
7037:
7003:
5937:
2299:), or in some other way. Sometimes, instruments that do not usually have a keyboard, such as the
1754:
1514:
1168:
716:
536:, believed it was so holy that seeing a drum would be fatal to any person other than the sultan.
130:
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example, construction of early slit drums involved felling and hollowing out large trees; later
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5499:
5311:
1073:
900:
122:
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2186:
1942:
532:. In fact, drums were pervasive throughout every African culture. One East African tribe, the
231:
to signal the start of a hunt does so without thought of the modern notion of "making music".
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6838:
6808:
6788:
6163:
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5187:
4533:
2417:
1715:
1603:
in the 20th century led to a new category of musical instruments: electronic instruments, or
1092:
instruments of India were considerably more flexible. This flexibility suited the slides and
512:
4998:
866:
is almost completely lacking, making it impossible to reliably attribute instruments to the
318:. These instruments, one of the first ensembles of instruments yet discovered, include nine
6878:
6848:
6843:
6768:
6668:
6648:
6448:
6288:
6088:
6033:
5927:
5905:
5731:
5684:
4566:
4088:"The 14 most important synths in electronic music history – and the musicians who use them"
2652:
2252:
1808:
1785:
1699:
1554:
725:
342:. A set of reed-sounded silver pipes discovered in Ur was the likely predecessor of modern
307:
186:
36:
8:
7108:
6978:
6898:
6803:
6783:
6618:
6608:
6578:
6543:
6538:
6493:
6468:
6343:
6273:
6223:
6188:
6098:
6083:
6000:
5604:
5537:
5336:
4945:
Moorey, P.R.S. (1977), "What Do We Know About the People Buried in the Royal Cemetery?",
4759:
Musical Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music
4461:
Paradiso, JA. "Electronic music: new ways to play". Spectrum IEEE, 34(2):18–33, Dec 1997.
2653:"Brookhaven Lab Expert Helps Date Flute Thought to be Oldest Playable Musical Instrument"
2406:
2338:
2260:
2167:
2163:
1737:
percussion instruments. This system was similar to some degree in 12th-century Europe by
1711:
1418:, is now considered an authoritative reference of sixteenth-century musical instruments.
871:
845:
489:
5110:
West, M.L. (May 1994). "The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts".
7138:
6993:
6858:
6813:
6698:
6653:
6583:
6533:
6418:
6373:
6073:
6063:
6005:
5995:
5714:
5331:
5053:
4815:
2916:
2422:
A person who plays a musical instrument is known as an instrumentalist or instrumental
2279:
for an organ) to manipulate these sounds. They may produce sound by wind being fanned (
2086:
1415:
1371:
1088:
zithers appeared in China in the 9th or 10th century, influenced by Mongolian culture.
933:
851:
553:
549:
503:
Among the first devices external to the human body that are considered instruments are
271:
228:
105:
60:
1792:
adopted Mahillon's scheme and published an extensive new scheme for classification in
1580:
152:
By 1400, musical instrument development slowed in many areas and was dominated by the
93:
in a religious ceremony. Cultures eventually developed composition and performance of
7128:
7123:
7018:
6908:
6903:
6868:
6823:
6818:
6733:
6713:
6688:
6603:
6558:
6553:
6478:
6398:
6313:
6308:
6263:
6258:
6213:
6178:
6173:
6158:
6143:
6103:
5954:
5801:
5789:
5694:
5669:
5650:
5446:
5441:
5226:
5136:
5098:
5080:
5073:
5057:
5023:
5005:
4983:
4965:
4959:
4932:
4914:
4908:
4894:
4876:
4849:
4831:
4819:
4763:
4757:
4725:
4718:
4703:
4685:
4645:
4570:
4433:
4417:
4401:
4128:
3274:
2934:
2447:
2200:
2139:
1979:
1738:
1703:
1395:
1192:
1182:
experiences rapid growth and sharing of musical instruments once they were united by
1179:
1135:
765:
659:
648:
624:
620:
607:
426:
300:
292:
236:
4497:
2920:
2682:
1796:
in 1914. Hornbostel and Sachs used most of Mahillon's system, but replaced the term
1351:
instruments, and composers arranged increasingly complex pieces using more advanced
1270:
string instrument, is an ancestor of most European bowed instruments, including the
639:, bells, cymbals, and rattles. Sistra are depicted prominently in a great relief of
306:
Archaeological evidence of musical instruments was discovered in excavations at the
7160:
7042:
6998:
6983:
6973:
6953:
6928:
6833:
6793:
6748:
6663:
6628:
6623:
6613:
6593:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6453:
6408:
6403:
6368:
6353:
6328:
6303:
6298:
6278:
6253:
6228:
6218:
6168:
6133:
6113:
6108:
6093:
6078:
6068:
6048:
6043:
6038:
5833:
5704:
5625:
5584:
5526:
5421:
5391:
5218:
5119:
5045:
4807:
3266:
2908:
2426:. Many instrumentalists are known for playing specific musical instruments such as
2345:
2264:
1707:
1659:
1651:
1631:
1483:
1231:
1018:
trumpets. Of these, only the flute was capable of producing a melody. In contrast,
521:
379:
347:
346:. The cylindrical pipes feature three side holes that allowed players to produce a
303:
age, and are more commonly accepted as being the oldest known musical instruments.
278:
267:
252:
101:
52:
5157:
5049:
4371:
7180:
7118:
7052:
7013:
6948:
6943:
6933:
6893:
6873:
6798:
6758:
6753:
6728:
6703:
6678:
6598:
6588:
6548:
6503:
6488:
6483:
6463:
6438:
6388:
6378:
6363:
6333:
6238:
6183:
6153:
6148:
6128:
6118:
6053:
5880:
5828:
5761:
5746:
5674:
5660:
5547:
5381:
5316:
5246:
4641:
4471:
4378:
2476:
2402:
2374:
2314:
2143:
2057:
1926:
1913:, trombones and tubas, for which the lips themselves function as vibrating reeds.
1671:
1620:
1612:
1589:
1183:
1148:
1144:
1014:
992:
892:
867:
834:
697:
481:
401:
351:
170:
142:
56:
5376:
539:
Humans eventually developed the concept of using musical instruments to produce
7234:
7187:
7155:
7133:
7087:
7008:
6918:
6883:
6863:
6853:
6778:
6738:
6693:
6658:
6638:
6633:
6568:
6523:
6473:
6458:
6443:
6413:
6393:
6358:
6338:
6283:
6208:
6203:
6123:
5818:
5784:
5751:
5689:
5552:
4607:
4502:
4159:
2912:
2390:
2386:
2276:
2239:, often meant for individual playing styles developed by the builder themself.
2123:
2008:
1569:
1530:
1518:
1403:
1263:
1227:
1223:
889:
693:
561:
517:
367:
224:
161:
1615:. Sachs also defined a subcategory of "radioelectric instruments" such as the
1363:
1230:
mentioned in his lexicographical discussion of music instruments that, in the
606:
cultures began delineating two distinct classes of musical instruments due to
7252:
7165:
6913:
6718:
6683:
6563:
6498:
6428:
6423:
6323:
6233:
6198:
5912:
5853:
5796:
5766:
5741:
5726:
5699:
5579:
5574:
5426:
5416:
5366:
5346:
5296:
5258:
5241:
5231:
4132:
3278:
2423:
2280:
2204:
2158:, etc. Additional adjectives describe instruments above the soprano range or
2147:
2119:
2098:
2090:
2024:
1954:
1845:
1728:
1690:
1650:
and other inventors developed the first commercial synthesizers, such as the
1608:
1564:
1499:
1495:
1458:
1439:
1356:
1340:
1298:
1239:
1022:
1019:
956:
769:
673:
640:
593:
577:
569:
544:
469:
153:
146:
138:
1064:
instrument was to use it on the battleground to intimidate their opponents.
669:
47:
painting depicts a variety of French Baroque musical instruments, such as a
7208:
5949:
5823:
5709:
5615:
5599:
5564:
5474:
5401:
5286:
4432:
Fine, Larry. The Piano Book, 4th ed. Massachusetts: Brookside Press, 2001.
4367:
4123:
3255:"In search of a musical past: evidence for early chordophones from Vietnam"
2382:
2310:
2301:
2107:
2061:
2020:
1999:
1918:
1733:
1604:
1435:
1208:
1156:
987:
960:
880:
461:
406:
356:
296:
134:
86:
48:
5123:
3270:
5811:
5620:
5569:
5542:
5469:
5236:
5000:
Musical Instruments: An Illustrated History from Antiquity to the Present
2369:
Many musical instruments are able to be played with either right of left
2322:
2296:
2292:
2155:
2115:
2111:
2012:
1859:
1639:
1600:
1491:
1344:
1310:
1282:
1267:
1085:
1077:
996:
968:
612:
573:
565:
543:, which was previously common only in singing. Similar to the process of
457:
323:
286:
174:
169:
led to the invention of new electric and electronic instruments, such as
166:
137:. Development in the Americas occurred at a slower pace, but cultures of
126:
5756:
5721:
5451:
5406:
2370:
2272:
2214:
2159:
2151:
2069:
2040:
2016:
1930:
1897:
1848:, which produce sound by a vibrating a stretched membrane; they may be
1789:
1643:
1626:
1430:
1348:
1196:
982:
932:
appeared in Chinese writings around 12th century BC and earlier. Early
787:
581:
441:
397:
393:
190:
114:
110:
44:
4562:
Guitar Theory For Dummies: Book + Online Video & Audio Instruction
1619:, which produces music through the player's hand movements around two
1426:, or ensembles playing works written for these groups of instruments.
751:
Unlike Mesopotamia and Egypt, professional musicians did not exist in
7113:
5436:
5268:
4848:, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology,
2496:
2427:
2373:. However, some instruments can be made for the less frequent (≈10%)
2284:
2131:
2102:
2036:
2032:
1893:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1694:
1543:
1510:
1466:
1352:
1278:
1219:
1152:
1081:
1007:
1002:
952:
937:
815:
741:
708:
632:
616:
557:
525:
485:
386:
208:
2401:"Instrumentalist" redirects here. For the philosophical school, see
2333:
2268:
1662:
and reuse existing sounds, and were important to the development of
1343:
from 1400 on, indeed, the most profound changes occurred during the
281:
is a perforated bone discovered in 1995, in the northwest region of
5559:
5521:
5356:
4980:
Musical Instruments: A Worldwide Survey of Traditional Music-making
4811:
2306:
2078:
2053:
2049:
1987:
1922:
1879:
1867:
1647:
1616:
1539:
1318:
1294:
1200:
1191:
in Mesopotamia that spread as far as Java. Various lutes, zithers,
1132:. It must be played using the technique of the circular breathing.
1121:
1109:
1049:
1030:
978:
896:
704:
493:
343:
282:
263:
205:
178:
5806:
5640:
5361:
5321:
5301:
4775:
3253:
Campos, Fredeliza Z.; Hull, Jennifer R.; Hồng, Vương Thu (2023).
2586:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2231:
2222:
2219:
2082:
2073:
1995:
1983:
1967:
1910:
1904:, which move freely through the air; reedless aerophones such as
1663:
1479:
1454:
1386:
1306:
1287:
1259:
1212:
1188:
1093:
1038:
1034:
941:
885:
862:
Evidence of musical instruments in use by early civilizations of
830:
720:
644:
636:
603:
533:
431:
335:
295:
have been found dating back to 30,000 to 37,000 years old in the
516:
for whom drums developed ritual, even sacred importance are the
453:
5635:
5371:
5326:
5291:
5276:
2431:
2378:
2247:
2208:
2065:
1975:
1883:
1863:
1853:
1819:
1471:
1382:
1271:
1125:
1056:
929:
856:
822:
795:
778:
761:
752:
745:
712:
663:
540:
529:
339:
94:
5036:
Slovenian Academy of Sciences (11 April 1997), "Early Music",
5858:
5489:
5411:
5341:
5210:
5035:
4961:
Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer
3379:"Carnyx - Caledonians, Picts and Romans - Scotland's History"
2574:
2439:
2288:
2235:
builders are focused on a more artistic approach and develop
2191:
2094:
2045:
2028:
1971:
1905:
1887:
1871:
1849:
1835:
1827:
1494:
or, more colloquially, French horn, had emerged by 1725. The
1475:
1302:
1164:
1160:
1117:
1113:
1052:
1042:
945:
922:
863:
839:
757:
655:
599:
449:" slits can be seen on the top of the drum in the foreground.
436:
363:
331:
311:
220:
76:
113:, or stones used to make musical sounds—like those found at
5645:
5431:
4756:
Campbell, Murray; Greated, Clive A.; Myers, Arnold (2004),
2455:
2127:
2004:
1991:
1963:
These terms are named after singing voice classifications:
1901:
1875:
1667:
1547:
1314:
1251:
1247:
1172:
1026:
826:
737:
733:
729:
560:. Xylophones originated in the mainland and archipelago of
508:
497:
476:
and "father of all such as handle the harp and the organ" (
473:
327:
319:
240:
90:
64:
1450:
985:, and mouth organs also appeared in this time period. The
117:
in India—are examples of prehistoric musical instruments.
1638:
The latter half of the 20th century saw the evolution of
1100:
389:
were made by opening bamboo stalks, a much simpler task.
201:
5179:
1470:
instrument was the shawm. Bowed instruments such as the
1761:
and assigned Greek labels to the four classifications:
635:
used in early Mesopotamia: concussion clubs, clappers,
411:
cannot determine which instruments are more "primitive"
315:
5133:
The Look of Music: Rare Musical Instruments, 1500–1900
4873:
On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments
4776:
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (30 December 2004),
4452:. New Grove Musical Instruments Series, 1989, PAPERMAC
2178:, while a bass clarinet plays about one octave lower.
1811:
system classified instruments into four main groups:
1207:
regions used mainly lutes, stringed instruments with
1167:, it was part of every category of human activity in
1128:(from Arab, al-buq or "horn") nowadays only alive in
1072:
During the period of time loosely referred to as the
782:(lyre). Other instruments of the period included the
104:, dated back 50,000–60,000 years. Many scholars date
4755:
4400:, pp. 55–81. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4306:
3168:
2612:
1693:
of the instrument, and the instrument's place in an
1339:
Musical instrument development was dominated by the
133:, and Europeans played instruments originating from
5495:
Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries
2361:Antony Blinken at the September 2023 launch of the
1909:and bassoons); and lip-vibrated aerophones such as
5072:
4997:
4717:
2251:The five-manual, 522-stop detached console at the
768:mention two prominent instruments associated with
1067:
196:
7250:
4682:Brass Instruments: Their History and Development
977:(wooden tiger). Wind instruments such as flute,
2556:
1575:
700:, arched and angular harps, and various drums.
4929:Origins and Development of Musical Instruments
4779:Archeologists discover ice age dwellers' flute
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4002:
4000:
3252:
1878:, whether the sound chamber is constructed of
5195:
5075:Musical Instruments: Illustrated Encyclopedia
5070:
4843:
2624:
4242:
4240:
4043:
4041:
4039:
3951:
3949:
2618:
2608:
2606:
1301:evolved in Europe starting in fifth-century
5135:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
4957:
4797:
4633:
4464:
4312:
4300:
4288:
4276:
4264:
4225:
4206:
4194:
4182:
4074:
3997:
3780:
3778:
3765:
3763:
3582:
3580:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2562:
2263:are any instruments that are played with a
658:tribe. The people of Mesopotamia preferred
5202:
5188:
4070:
4068:
4012:
3736:
3616:
3162:
3126:
3032:
3030:
3028:
2989:
2753:
2751:
2546:
2544:
1048:An instrument that can be attested to the
1025:civilizations in areas such as modern-day
5844:Music technology (electronic and digital)
4825:
4744:, Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
4455:
4388:
4348:
4336:
4324:
4252:
4237:
4053:
4036:
4024:
3985:
3973:
3961:
3946:
3934:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3886:
3874:
3862:
3628:
2864:
2603:
2597:
1658:, introduced around 1980, allow users to
1642:, which produce sound using circuits and
1505:
1108:In pre-Islamic times, idiophones such as
4720:Percussion Instruments and Their History
4697:
4637:Music Business Handbook and Career Guide
3850:
3838:
3826:
3814:
3802:
3790:
3775:
3760:
3748:
3742:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3688:
3676:
3664:
3652:
3640:
3604:
3592:
3577:
3565:
3553:
3541:
3529:
3517:
3505:
3493:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3397:
3333:
3321:
3309:
3297:
3285:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3150:
3138:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3078:
3066:
2894:
2828:
2780:
2763:
2724:
2591:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2460:Music Business Handbook and Career Guide
2356:
2344:
2332:
2246:
2213:
2185:
1625:
1579:
1553:
1509:
1449:
1362:
1134:
1099:
1001:
905:
668:
452:
430:
299:of Germany. The flutes were made in the
257:
200:
31:
4995:
4926:
4906:
4888:
4870:
4861:
4410:
4318:
4294:
4282:
4270:
4258:
4231:
4219:
4200:
4188:
4157:
4116:
4065:
4018:
4006:
3634:
3622:
3132:
3054:
3042:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2995:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2876:
2870:
2852:
2840:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2748:
2736:
2701:
2541:
2514:
2508:
1753:(all percussion instruments). In 1880,
75:is a device created or adapted to make
14:
7251:
4944:
4715:
4679:
2834:
2786:
2730:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2587:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 2004
2550:
2287:), vibrating strings either hammered (
1408:Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten
676:tomb painting depicting lute players,
615:. Scholars must rely on artifacts and
6023:
5377:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc
5183:
5130:
5017:
4977:
4782:, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation,
4737:
4658:from the original on 15 November 2023
4603:"Definition of Multi-Instrumentalist"
4583:from the original on 15 November 2023
4558:
4426:
4354:
4342:
4330:
4246:
4160:"How MIDI changed the world of music"
4059:
4047:
4030:
3991:
3979:
3967:
3955:
3940:
3928:
3916:
3904:
3892:
3880:
3868:
3856:
3844:
3832:
3820:
3808:
3796:
3784:
3769:
3754:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3694:
3682:
3670:
3658:
3646:
3610:
3598:
3586:
3571:
3559:
3547:
3535:
3523:
3511:
3499:
3487:
3475:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3427:
3415:
3403:
3385:from the original on 30 November 2020
3339:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3192:
3180:
3156:
3144:
3120:
3108:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3060:
3048:
3036:
3019:
3007:
2983:
2971:
2959:
2882:
2858:
2846:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2774:
2757:
2742:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2663:from the original on 10 February 2021
2535:
2520:
2381:. Well known left handed players are
1517:plays the keyboard while his father,
1293:The ninth century revealed the first
219:A musical instrument is used to make
5109:
4958:Pinch, Revor; Trocco, Frank (2004),
4615:from the original on 13 January 2021
4540:from the original on 18 January 2021
4510:from the original on 13 January 2021
4397:The Cambridge Companion to the Organ
4117:McNamee, David (28 September 2009).
4098:from the original on 2 November 2019
4092:FACT Magazine: Music News, New Music
4080:
3359:from the original on 19 January 2021
2414:Lists of musicians § Instrument
1917:Sachs later added a fifth category,
1769:(skin-head percussion instruments),
1572:, no standard could be agreed upon.
1329:
350:. These excavations, carried out by
270:is sometimes considered the world's
89:to signal success on the hunt, or a
81:
4786:from the original on 13 August 2010
2642:
2138:their range as part of their name:
1941:Andre Schaeffner, a curator at the
1780:
1777:(non-skin percussion instruments).
1234:, typical instruments included the
963:saw percussion instruments such as
492:, who is said to have made a dried
24:
7058:Classical and art music traditions
5485:History of lute-family instruments
5302:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat
5093:Music Library Association (1974).
5064:
5020:The History of Musical Instruments
4478:from the original on 30 April 2010
4307:Campbell, Greated & Myers 2004
4170:from the original on 27 April 2019
3169:Campbell, Greated & Myers 2004
2941:from the original on 17 April 2021
2689:from the original on 9 August 2010
2685:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
2613:Campbell, Greated & Myers 2004
2580:
2575:Slovenian Academy of Sciences 1997
2568:
2396:
2253:United States Naval Academy Chapel
2242:
1726:An ancient Hindu system named the
1721:
243:, or blowing into an animal horn.
25:
7270:
5150:
4158:Bateman, Tom (28 November 2012).
4139:from the original on 4 March 2014
4119:"Hey, what's that sound: Sampler"
2487:Recording studio as an instrument
2363:Global Music Diplomacy Initiative
1684:Musical instrument classification
1677:
1178:The areas of Mesopotamia and the
293:Mammoth bone and swan bone flutes
7230:
7229:
7216:
7202:
6774:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6249:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5849:Sound recording and reproduction
5297:Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta
4700:The History of the English Organ
4627:
4595:
4552:
4522:
4490:
4442:
4360:
4151:
4110:
2237:experimental musical instruments
1076:and Europe in particular as the
27:Device for making musical sounds
7078:Jazz and popular music glossary
4910:A Survey of Musical Instruments
4875:, University of Chicago Press,
4498:"Definition of instrumentalist"
3371:
3345:
3246:
2927:
2888:
2675:
2482:Experimental musical instrument
2181:
1666:. 1982 saw the introduction of
912:Bianzhong of Marquis Yi of Zeng
808:A Survey of Musical Instruments
272:oldest known musical instrument
6319:Federated States of Micronesia
4826:Collinson, Francis M. (1975),
4702:, Cambridge University Press,
2657:Brookhaven National Laboratory
1870:or struck with hammers like a
1866:whether it is plucked like an
1400:Musica getuscht und ausgezogen
1334:
1068:Post-classical era/Middle Ages
420:
246:
197:Definition and basic operation
13:
1:
5357:Philippine art songs—Kundiman
5277:Afghan classical music—Klasik
5050:10.1126/science.276.5310.203g
4891:Electronic and Computer Music
4871:Kartomi, Margaret J. (1990),
4844:de Schauensee, Maude (2002),
4673:
2328:
1936:
1375:
1195:, and harps spread as far as
1060:
915:
681:
7223:Record production portal
7068:Cultural and regional genres
5322:Indonesian art music—Gamelan
4964:, Harvard University Press,
4738:Brown, Howard Mayer (2008),
4474:. Vienna Symphonic Library.
4472:"Glockenspiel: Construction"
2683:"Jiahu (ca. 7000–5700 B.C.)"
2255:crafted by R. A. Colby, Inc.
1576:Twentieth century to present
1199:to the south and modern-day
928:Musical instruments such as
587:
396:, one of the most prominent
239:, striking the surface of a
149:shared musical instruments.
7:
5839:Music technology (electric)
5372:Thai classical music—Piphat
5327:Japanese court music—Gagaku
5071:Wade-Matthews, Max (2003).
4982:, Thames & Hudson Ltd,
4893:, Oxford University Press,
4762:, Oxford University Press,
4634:Baskerville, David (2006).
4383:United States Naval Academy
3281:– via Cambridge Core.
2492:Music instrument technology
2472:List of musical instruments
2465:
1321:exists during this period.
524:, the indigenous people of
10:
7275:
5480:History of the harpsichord
5367:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka
5166:Victoria and Albert Museum
5131:Young, Phillip T. (1980).
4864:Les ancetres du violon v.1
4698:Bicknell, Stephen (1999),
4450:Early Keyboard Instruments
4385:. Retrieved on 2008-03-04.
2913:10.7183/0002-7316.78.3.520
2411:
2400:
1952:
1886:or uses a membrane like a
1794:Zeitschrift für Ethnologie
1681:
1445:
1139:An Indonesian metallophone
1013:Although civilizations in
794:(small bells or jingles),
591:
424:
377:
373:
7196:
7101:
7030:
6030:
6016:
5867:
5777:
5659:
5595:
5517:
5460:
5390:
5307:Chinese traditional music
5267:
5217:
5209:
4862:Grillet, Laurent (1901),
2895:Caldwell, Duncan (2013).
2365:, playing a Stratocaster.
2319:digital audio workstation
1324:
876:Indus Valley civilization
6194:Central African Republic
5737:Computational musicology
5282:Andalusi classical music
4927:Montagu, Jeremy (2007),
4680:Baines, Anthony (1993),
2502:
2405:. For the magazine, see
2295:), by electronic means (
1948:
1773:(wind instruments), and
1765:(stringed instruments),
1749:(wind instruments), and
1745:(stringed instruments),
1266:. The Byzantine lyra, a
507:, stampers, and various
7083:Music genres and styles
5382:Western classical music
5352:Persian classical music
4931:, The Scarecrow Press,
4907:Marcuse, Sibyl (1975),
4889:Manning, Peter (2004),
4530:"Instrumental Musician"
4377:6 November 2008 at the
4075:Pinch & Trocco 2004
2563:Chase & Nowell 1998
2349:Paul McCartney using a
2337:Jimi Hendrix playing a
1755:Victor-Charles Mahillon
1515:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1438:to properly blend into
1169:maritime Southeast Asia
798:, and the trumpet-like
717:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
711:in Mesopotamia and the
528:, and many cultures of
445:). The characteristic "
211:drummers in Cameroon's
131:maritime Southeast Asia
7063:Classical music genres
6139:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5680:Doctor of Musical Arts
5500:History of the trumpet
5312:Indian classical music
5022:, Dover Publications,
4996:Remnant, Mary (1989),
4716:Blades, James (1992),
4684:, Dover Publications,
2366:
2354:
2342:
2256:
2226:
2195:
1732:, written by the sage
1635:
1634:Modular 55 synthesizer
1592:
1559:
1522:
1506:Classical and Romantic
1462:
1390:
1140:
1105:
1010:
925:
688:
513:percussion instruments
465:
450:
362:Archaeologists in the
274:
216:
68:
6889:São Tomé and Príncipe
6764:Saint Kitts and Nevis
6744:Republic of the Congo
5505:History of the violin
5158:"Musical Instruments"
4978:Rault, Lucie (2000),
4724:, Bold Strummer Ltd,
4567:John Wiley & Sons
4534:Government of Alberta
4372:USNA Music Department
4094:. 15 September 2016.
3271:10.15184/aqy.2022.170
2418:Multi-instrumentalist
2360:
2348:
2336:
2317:keyboard used with a
2250:
2217:
2189:
1741:, who used the terms
1646:. In the late 1960s,
1629:
1599:The proliferation of
1583:
1557:
1513:
1453:
1366:
1138:
1103:
1006:Carnyx discovered in
1005:
909:
672:
496:shell into the first
456:
434:
261:
204:
35:
6959:United Arab Emirates
6024:
5732:Cognitive musicology
5018:Sachs, Curt (1940),
4913:, Harper & Row,
4800:Current Anthropology
4644:. pp. 469–471.
4559:Serna, Desi (2013).
2261:Keyboard instruments
2194:made from a food can
1786:Erich von Hornbostel
1246:(probably a type of
1059:, which is dated to
934:Chinese philosophers
660:stringed instruments
464:of northern Nigeria.
402:musical ethnologists
392:German musicologist
37:Anne Vallayer-Coster
7259:Musical instruments
7109:Aesthetics of music
6924:Trinidad and Tobago
6059:Antigua and Barbuda
5538:Band (rock and pop)
5462:Musical instruments
5337:Lao classical music
5124:10.1093/ml/75.2.161
5112:Music & Letters
2407:The Instrumentalist
2339:Fender Stratocaster
2168:contrabass clarinet
2164:sopranino saxophone
1370:, by Dutch painter
1124:instruments as the
837:they classified as
125:, instruments from
41:Attributes of Music
7171:Musical instrument
7139:Music and politics
6269:Dominican Republic
6017:By sovereign state
5332:Korean court music
5292:Azerbaijani Mugham
4448:Ripin (Ed) et al.
4321:, pp. 174–175
4191:, pp. 268–270
3883:, pp. 353–357
3574:, pp. 251–254
3514:, pp. 238–239
3466:, pp. 222–228
3342:, pp. 196–201
3243:, pp. 162–164
3099:, pp. 108–113
2901:American Antiquity
2625:de Schauensee 2002
2577:, pp. 203–205
2367:
2355:
2343:
2257:
2227:
2196:
2162:, for example the
2087:baritone saxophone
1927:ethnomusicologists
1636:
1593:
1560:
1523:
1463:
1416:Michael Praetorius
1391:
1372:Cornelis Saftleven
1222:. The 9th-century
1151:music made use of
1141:
1106:
1074:post-classical era
1011:
944:(372–289 BC), and
926:
919: 5th century
901:post-classical era
689:
484:, inventor of the
466:
451:
330:, a silver double
275:
217:
123:post-classical era
73:musical instrument
69:
61:pardessus de viole
18:Instrument (music)
7244:
7243:
7129:Music and fashion
7124:Music and emotion
7026:
7025:
6294:Equatorial Guinea
5790:A-side and B-side
5695:Music archaeology
5670:Bachelor of Music
5513:
5512:
5447:Psychedelic music
5442:Progressive music
5362:Scottish Ceòl Mór
5086:978-0-7548-1182-4
5044:(5310): 203–205,
5029:978-0-486-45265-4
5011:978-0-7134-5169-6
4989:978-0-500-51035-3
4971:978-0-674-01617-0
4938:978-0-8108-5657-8
4920:978-0-06-012776-3
4900:978-0-19-517085-6
4882:978-0-226-42548-1
4855:978-0-924171-88-8
4846:Two Lyres from Ur
4837:978-0-7100-7913-8
4769:978-0-19-816504-0
4731:978-0-933224-61-2
4709:978-0-521-65409-8
4691:978-0-486-27574-1
3353:"Deskford carnyx"
3063:, pp. 98–104
2140:soprano saxophone
1980:soprano saxophone
1739:Johannes de Muris
1484:string orchestras
1398:'s 1511 treatise
1396:Sebastian Virdung
1330:Western Classical
1317:; no evidence of
1180:Arabian Peninsula
818:term for "harp".
721:Pharaohs of Egypt
709:Babylonian empire
619:texts written in
608:division of labor
427:Prehistoric music
301:Upper Paleolithic
237:string instrument
16:(Redirected from
7266:
7233:
7232:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7209:Music portal
7207:
7206:
7205:
7161:Music technology
7149:Environmentalism
7102:Related articles
6709:Papua New Guinea
6574:Marshall Islands
6021:
6020:
5967:Central American
5705:Music psychology
5585:Backing vocalist
5422:Electronic music
5265:
5264:
5219:History of music
5204:
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3265:(391): 141–157.
3250:
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2987:
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2975:
2974:, pp. 68–69
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2892:
2886:
2885:, pp. 53–59
2880:
2874:
2873:, pp. 24–28
2868:
2862:
2861:, pp. 52–53
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2825:, pp. 34–52
2820:
2814:
2808:
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2672:
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2649:
2640:
2639:, pp. 24–40
2634:
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2616:
2610:
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2589:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2539:
2533:
2518:
2512:
2265:musical keyboard
2218:Two five string
1943:Musée de l'Homme
1809:Hornbostel–Sachs
1781:Hornbostel–Sachs
1700:Hornbostel–Sachs
1652:Moog synthesizer
1613:electric guitars
1590:electric guitars
1461:violin from 1658
1412:Syntagma musicum
1380:
1377:
1232:Byzantine Empire
1062:
920:
917:
835:wind instruments
698:double clarinets
686:
683:
674:Ancient Egyptian
522:Russian Far East
472:, descendant of
460:, a lute of the
380:History of music
366:site of central
348:whole-tone scale
279:Divje Babe Flute
268:Divje Babe Flute
253:Divje Babe flute
187:Hornbostel–Sachs
171:electric guitars
53:transverse flute
21:
7274:
7273:
7269:
7268:
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7265:
7264:
7263:
7249:
7248:
7245:
7240:
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7203:
7201:
7192:
7119:Fictional music
7097:
7022:
6829:Solomon Islands
6674:North Macedonia
6026:
6012:
5874:
5872:regional genres
5871:
5863:
5829:Record producer
5773:
5762:Sociomusicology
5747:Ethnomusicology
5675:Master of Music
5655:
5609:
5591:
5548:All-female band
5531:
5509:
5456:
5393:
5386:
5342:Mandé art music
5317:Byzantine music
5263:
5213:
5208:
5170:
5168:
5156:
5153:
5143:
5087:
5067:
5065:Further reading
5030:
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4642:SAGE Publishing
4632:
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4577:
4569:. p. 271.
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4389:
4379:Wayback Machine
4366:Organ built by
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3107:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2893:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2764:
2756:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2627:, pp. 1–16
2623:
2619:
2611:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2542:
2534:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2477:Folk instrument
2468:
2420:
2410:
2403:Instrumentalism
2399:
2397:Instrumentalist
2375:left handedness
2331:
2315:MIDI controller
2245:
2243:User interfaces
2184:
2177:
2173:
2144:tenor saxophone
2058:tenor saxophone
1957:
1951:
1939:
1783:
1724:
1722:Ancient systems
1686:
1680:
1578:
1568:composers like
1521:, plays violin.
1508:
1448:
1378:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1305:, spreading to
1184:Islamic culture
1070:
1015:Central America
993:end-blown flute
918:
910:The monumental
893:double clarinet
890:snake charmer's
694:vertical flutes
684:
653:Native American
596:
590:
429:
423:
407:anthropologists
382:
376:
352:Leonard Woolley
249:
199:
82:instrumentalist
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7272:
7262:
7261:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7238:
7226:
7212:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7190:
7188:Women in music
7185:
7184:
7183:
7178:
7176:Classification
7168:
7163:
7158:
7156:Music festival
7153:
7152:
7151:
7146:
7136:
7134:Music industry
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7105:
7103:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7034:
7032:
7028:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7004:Western Sahara
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6964:United Kingdom
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6244:Czech Republic
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6018:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5979:North American
5976:
5975:
5974:
5972:South American
5969:
5962:Latin American
5959:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5928:Middle Eastern
5925:
5920:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5877:
5875:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5819:Audio engineer
5816:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5752:New musicology
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5553:Rhythm section
5550:
5545:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5398:
5396:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5207:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5152:
5151:External links
5149:
5148:
5147:
5141:
5128:
5118:(2): 161–179.
5107:
5091:
5085:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5033:
5028:
5015:
5010:
4993:
4988:
4975:
4970:
4955:
4942:
4937:
4924:
4919:
4904:
4899:
4886:
4881:
4868:
4859:
4854:
4841:
4836:
4823:
4812:10.1086/204771
4795:
4773:
4768:
4753:
4735:
4730:
4713:
4708:
4695:
4690:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4650:
4626:
4608:Dictionary.com
4594:
4575:
4551:
4521:
4503:Dictionary.com
4489:
4463:
4454:
4441:
4425:
4409:
4387:
4359:
4347:
4335:
4323:
4311:
4299:
4287:
4275:
4263:
4251:
4236:
4224:
4205:
4193:
4181:
4150:
4109:
4079:
4064:
4052:
4035:
4023:
4011:
3996:
3984:
3972:
3960:
3945:
3933:
3921:
3909:
3897:
3885:
3873:
3861:
3849:
3837:
3825:
3813:
3801:
3789:
3774:
3759:
3747:
3735:
3723:
3711:
3699:
3687:
3675:
3663:
3651:
3639:
3627:
3615:
3603:
3591:
3576:
3564:
3552:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3504:
3492:
3480:
3468:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3370:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3113:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3041:
3024:
3012:
3000:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2926:
2907:(3): 520–535.
2887:
2875:
2863:
2851:
2839:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2762:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2712:
2700:
2674:
2641:
2629:
2617:
2602:
2598:Collinson 1975
2590:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2540:
2519:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2398:
2395:
2391:Antony Blinken
2387:Paul McCartney
2330:
2327:
2291:) or plucked (
2277:pedal keyboard
2244:
2241:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2160:below the bass
2135:
2134:
2124:bass saxophone
2105:
2076:
2043:
2009:alto saxophone
2002:
1953:Main article:
1950:
1947:
1938:
1935:
1915:
1914:
1891:
1857:
1846:Membranophones
1843:
1782:
1779:
1767:membranophones
1723:
1720:
1682:Main article:
1679:
1678:Classification
1676:
1609:Hammond organs
1577:
1574:
1570:Hector Berlioz
1519:Leopold Mozart
1507:
1504:
1447:
1444:
1404:Arnolt Schlick
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1228:Ibn Khordadbeh
1130:Basque Country
1069:
1066:
1023:South American
940:(551–479 BC),
651:and among the
589:
586:
562:Southeast Asia
554:shell trumpets
552:, slit drums,
518:Chukchi people
422:
419:
375:
372:
368:Henan province
308:Royal Cemetery
248:
245:
225:natural sounds
221:musical sounds
198:
195:
109:proposed that
102:a simple flute
77:musical sounds
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7271:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7247:
7237:
7236:
7227:
7225:
7224:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7199:
7198:
7195:
7189:
7186:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7166:Music therapy
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7029:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6969:United States
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6529:Liechtenstein
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6384:Guinea-Bissau
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5870:Cultural and
5866:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5797:Extended play
5795:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5768:
5767:Zoomusicology
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5742:Ecomusicology
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5727:Biomusicology
5725:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5700:Music history
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5631:Improvisation
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5580:Lead vocalist
5578:
5577:
5576:
5575:Military band
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
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5498:
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5491:
5488:
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5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5427:Hip hop music
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5417:Country music
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5347:Ottoman music
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5205:
5200:
5198:
5193:
5191:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5144:
5142:9780919253001
5138:
5134:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5103:0-914954-00-8
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5077:
5076:
5069:
5068:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5034:
5031:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5013:
5007:
5002:
5001:
4994:
4991:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4973:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4940:
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4925:
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4916:
4912:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4884:
4878:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4857:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4839:
4833:
4830:, Routledge,
4829:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4796:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4754:
4743:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4727:
4722:
4721:
4714:
4711:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4693:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4677:
4657:
4653:
4651:9781412904384
4647:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4630:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4598:
4582:
4578:
4576:9781118646939
4572:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4555:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4458:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4438:1-929145-01-2
4435:
4429:
4423:
4422:0-9546711-0-4
4419:
4413:
4407:
4406:0-521-57584-2
4403:
4399:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4357:, p. 195
4356:
4351:
4345:, p. 185
4344:
4339:
4333:, p. 184
4332:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4308:
4303:
4297:, p. 549
4296:
4291:
4285:, p. 177
4284:
4279:
4273:, p. 117
4272:
4267:
4260:
4255:
4249:, p. 190
4248:
4243:
4241:
4234:, p. 176
4233:
4228:
4222:, p. 211
4221:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4203:, p. 210
4202:
4197:
4190:
4185:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4154:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4113:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4062:, p. 448
4061:
4056:
4050:, p. 447
4049:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4033:, p. 445
4032:
4027:
4020:
4015:
4009:, p. 183
4008:
4003:
4001:
3994:, p. 391
3993:
3988:
3982:, p. 390
3981:
3976:
3970:, p. 389
3969:
3964:
3958:, p. 388
3957:
3952:
3950:
3943:, p. 386
3942:
3937:
3931:, p. 385
3930:
3925:
3919:, p. 384
3918:
3913:
3907:, p. 380
3906:
3901:
3895:, p. 374
3894:
3889:
3882:
3877:
3871:, p. 352
3870:
3865:
3859:, p. 328
3858:
3853:
3847:, p. 307
3846:
3841:
3835:, p. 303
3834:
3829:
3823:, p. 302
3822:
3817:
3811:, p. 301
3810:
3805:
3799:, p. 299
3798:
3793:
3787:, p. 351
3786:
3781:
3779:
3772:, p. 298
3771:
3766:
3764:
3757:, p. 288
3756:
3751:
3744:
3743:Bicknell 1999
3739:
3733:, p. 286
3732:
3727:
3721:, p. 284
3720:
3715:
3709:, p. 281
3708:
3703:
3697:, p. 278
3696:
3691:
3685:, p. 273
3684:
3679:
3673:, p. 274
3672:
3667:
3661:, p. 271
3660:
3655:
3649:, p. 269
3648:
3643:
3636:
3631:
3625:, p. 124
3624:
3619:
3613:, p. 265
3612:
3607:
3601:, p. 263
3600:
3595:
3589:, p. 260
3588:
3583:
3581:
3573:
3568:
3562:, p. 250
3561:
3556:
3550:, p. 249
3549:
3544:
3538:, p. 246
3537:
3532:
3526:, p. 240
3525:
3520:
3513:
3508:
3502:, p. 236
3501:
3496:
3490:, p. 231
3489:
3484:
3478:, p. 229
3477:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3454:, p. 222
3453:
3448:
3442:, p. 221
3441:
3436:
3430:, p. 216
3429:
3424:
3418:, p. 218
3417:
3412:
3406:, p. 207
3405:
3400:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3330:, p. 192
3329:
3324:
3318:, p. 189
3317:
3312:
3306:, p. 178
3305:
3300:
3294:, p. 166
3293:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3231:, p. 185
3230:
3225:
3219:, p. 161
3218:
3213:
3207:, p. 152
3206:
3201:
3195:, p. 151
3194:
3189:
3183:, p. 149
3182:
3177:
3170:
3165:
3159:, p. 129
3158:
3153:
3147:, p. 128
3146:
3141:
3135:, p. 385
3134:
3129:
3123:, p. 116
3122:
3117:
3111:, p. 114
3110:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3087:, p. 106
3086:
3081:
3075:, p. 105
3074:
3069:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3045:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3021:
3016:
3009:
3004:
2998:, p. 168
2997:
2992:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2961:
2956:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2872:
2867:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2777:, p. 297
2776:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2744:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2638:
2633:
2626:
2621:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2565:, p. 549
2564:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2359:
2353:bass in 2016.
2352:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2283:) or pumped (
2282:
2278:
2274:
2271:for a piano,
2270:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:baritone horn
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:contrabassoon
2117:
2113:
2110:instruments:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:baritone horn
2096:
2092:
2091:bass clarinet
2088:
2084:
2081:instruments:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:instruments:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2025:alto clarinet
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:instruments:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1970:instruments:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1955:Range (music)
1946:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1931:organologists
1928:
1924:
1920:
1919:electrophones
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1855:
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1844:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1807:The original
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:Natya Shastra
1756:
1752:
1751:percussibilia
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1729:Natya Shastra
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:electrophones
1602:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1565:concert pitch
1556:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1496:slide trumpet
1493:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1460:
1459:Jacob Stainer
1456:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1440:chamber music
1437:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1381:. It shows a
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:orchestration
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1283:hurdy-gurdies
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1203:to the east.
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:metallophones
1154:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1020:pre-Columbian
1016:
1009:
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
989:
984:
980:
976:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:Shang dynasty
954:
950:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
913:
908:
904:
902:
898:
894:
891:
887:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
853:
848:
847:
842:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
679:
675:
671:
667:
665:
661:
657:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:Amenhotep III
638:
634:
629:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
605:
601:
595:
594:Ancient music
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:ground zither
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
545:reduplication
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
463:
459:
455:
448:
444:
443:
438:
433:
428:
418:
414:
412:
408:
403:
399:
398:musicologists
395:
390:
388:
381:
371:
369:
365:
360:
358:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
288:
284:
280:
273:
269:
265:
260:
256:
254:
244:
242:
238:
232:
230:
226:
222:
214:
213:West Province
210:
207:
203:
194:
192:
188:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
159:
156:. During the
155:
150:
148:
147:South America
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
118:
116:
112:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:, 1770. This
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
7246:
7228:
7214:
7200:
7170:
6989:Vatican City
6939:Turkmenistan
6839:South Africa
6809:Sierra Leone
6789:Saudi Arabia
6164:Burkina Faso
5824:Record label
5710:Music school
5565:Concert band
5475:Angular harp
5461:
5402:Circus music
5287:Arabic music
5169:. Retrieved
5161:
5132:
5115:
5111:
5105:
5094:
5074:
5041:
5037:
5019:
5004:, Batsford,
4999:
4979:
4960:
4950:
4946:
4928:
4909:
4890:
4872:
4863:
4845:
4827:
4803:
4799:
4788:, retrieved
4778:
4758:
4746:, retrieved
4740:
4719:
4699:
4681:
4660:. Retrieved
4636:
4629:
4617:. Retrieved
4606:
4597:
4585:. Retrieved
4561:
4554:
4542:. Retrieved
4524:
4512:. Retrieved
4501:
4492:
4480:. Retrieved
4466:
4457:
4449:
4444:
4428:
4412:
4395:
4390:
4368:M. P. Moller
4362:
4350:
4338:
4326:
4319:Kartomi 1990
4314:
4309:, p. 39
4302:
4295:Marcuse 1975
4290:
4283:Marcuse 1975
4278:
4271:Marcuse 1975
4266:
4259:Marcuse 1975
4254:
4232:Kartomi 1990
4227:
4220:Montagu 2007
4201:Montagu 2007
4196:
4189:Manning 2004
4184:
4172:. Retrieved
4163:
4153:
4141:. Retrieved
4124:The Guardian
4122:
4112:
4100:. Retrieved
4091:
4082:
4055:
4026:
4021:, p. 70
4019:Remnant 1989
4014:
4007:Remnant 1989
3987:
3975:
3963:
3936:
3924:
3912:
3900:
3888:
3876:
3864:
3852:
3840:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3792:
3750:
3745:, p. 13
3738:
3726:
3714:
3702:
3690:
3678:
3666:
3654:
3642:
3637:, p. 29
3635:Grillet 1901
3630:
3623:Kartomi 1990
3618:
3606:
3594:
3567:
3555:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3507:
3495:
3483:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3435:
3423:
3411:
3399:
3387:. Retrieved
3373:
3361:. Retrieved
3347:
3335:
3323:
3311:
3299:
3287:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3236:
3224:
3212:
3200:
3188:
3176:
3171:, p. 83
3164:
3152:
3140:
3133:Marcuse 1975
3128:
3116:
3104:
3092:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3051:, p. 71
3044:
3039:, p. 86
3022:, p. 82
3015:
3010:, p. 70
3003:
2996:Remnant 1989
2991:
2986:, p. 69
2979:
2967:
2962:, p. 67
2955:
2943:. Retrieved
2929:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2878:
2871:Marcuse 1975
2866:
2854:
2849:, p. 35
2842:
2837:, p. 51
2830:
2818:
2813:, p. 34
2806:
2801:, p. 26
2794:
2789:, p. 36
2782:
2760:, p. 63
2745:, p. 61
2738:
2733:, p. 37
2726:
2715:
2710:, p. 60
2703:
2691:. Retrieved
2677:
2665:. Retrieved
2632:
2620:
2615:, p. 82
2600:, p. 10
2593:
2582:
2570:
2558:
2553:, p. 34
2515:Montagu 2007
2510:
2459:
2421:
2383:Jimi Hendrix
2368:
2351:Höfner 500/1
2311:electrophone
2302:glockenspiel
2300:
2258:
2228:
2197:
2182:Construction
2136:
2062:tenor violin
2021:english horn
2000:glockenspiel
1962:
1958:
1940:
1916:
1860:Chordophones
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1763:chordophones
1762:
1758:
1757:adapted the
1750:
1747:inflatibilia
1746:
1742:
1734:Bharata Muni
1727:
1725:
1687:
1672:standardized
1640:synthesizers
1637:
1598:
1594:
1561:
1536:
1524:
1488:
1464:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1392:
1367:
1338:
1292:
1276:
1258:(probably a
1255:
1243:
1235:
1217:
1205:
1189:kettle drums
1177:
1142:
1107:
1090:
1071:
1047:
1012:
986:
972:
961:Zhou dynasty
951:
927:
881:Indus script
861:
850:
844:
838:
820:
811:
807:
804:
799:
791:
783:
777:
776:(pipes) and
773:
766:Hebrew texts
750:
732:, trumpets,
728:began using
715:destroy the
707:destroy the
702:
690:
678:18th Dynasty
630:
597:
538:
502:
467:
462:Hausa people
446:
440:
439:slit drums (
415:
391:
383:
361:
357:carbon dated
305:
297:Swabian Alps
291:
276:
250:
233:
218:
183:
175:synthesizers
151:
135:North Africa
119:
106:early flutes
99:
80:
72:
70:
49:natural horn
40:
29:
7093:Terminology
7073:Instruments
6879:Switzerland
6849:South Sudan
6844:South Korea
6769:Saint Lucia
6724:Philippines
6669:North Korea
6649:New Zealand
6644:Netherlands
6449:Ivory Coast
6289:El Salvador
6034:Afghanistan
6001:Micronesian
5802:Compilation
5715:Composition
5605:Composition
5570:Disc jockey
5543:Backup band
5470:Arched Harp
5227:Prehistoric
4828:The Bagpipe
4741:Sachs, Curt
4544:19 February
4261:, p. 3
4077:, p. 7
2835:Blades 1992
2787:Blades 1992
2731:Baines 1993
2693:10 February
2667:10 February
2637:Moorey 1977
2551:Blades 1992
2538:, p. 9
2517:, p. 1
2323:synthesizer
2297:synthesizer
2293:harpsichord
2156:bass guitar
2116:bass guitar
2112:double bass
2013:french horn
1601:electricity
1525:During the
1379: 1635
1345:Renaissance
1335:Renaissance
1311:Benedictine
1226:geographer
1078:Middle Ages
997:Han dynasty
983:pitch-pipes
969:wooden fish
967:, troughs,
843:(reeds) or
726:New Kingdom
719:. When the
685: 1350
613:Mesopotamia
582:lithophones
574:musical bow
566:ground harp
550:bullroarers
421:Prehistoric
324:Lyres of Ur
287:Neanderthal
247:Archaeology
167:electricity
127:Mesopotamia
111:lithophones
6979:Uzbekistan
6899:Tajikistan
6804:Seychelles
6784:San Marino
6619:Mozambique
6609:Montenegro
6579:Mauritania
6544:Madagascar
6539:Luxembourg
6494:Kyrgyzstan
6469:Kazakhstan
6274:East Timor
6224:Costa Rica
6189:Cape Verde
6099:Bangladesh
6084:Azerbaijan
6006:Polynesian
5996:Melanesian
5778:Production
5757:Organology
5722:Musicology
5452:Soul music
5407:Folk music
5392:Vernacular
5079:. Lorenz.
4953:(1): 24–40
4947:Expedition
4806:(4): 549,
4790:7 February
4674:References
4619:11 January
4514:11 January
4355:Rault 2000
4343:Rault 2000
4331:Rault 2000
4247:Rault 2000
4143:26 January
4102:19 October
4060:Sachs 1940
4048:Sachs 1940
4031:Sachs 1940
3992:Sachs 1940
3980:Sachs 1940
3968:Sachs 1940
3956:Sachs 1940
3941:Sachs 1940
3929:Sachs 1940
3917:Sachs 1940
3905:Sachs 1940
3893:Sachs 1940
3881:Sachs 1940
3869:Sachs 1940
3857:Sachs 1940
3845:Sachs 1940
3833:Sachs 1940
3821:Sachs 1940
3809:Sachs 1940
3797:Sachs 1940
3785:Sachs 1940
3770:Sachs 1940
3755:Sachs 1940
3731:Sachs 1940
3719:Sachs 1940
3707:Sachs 1940
3695:Sachs 1940
3683:Sachs 1940
3671:Sachs 1940
3659:Sachs 1940
3647:Sachs 1940
3611:Sachs 1940
3599:Sachs 1940
3587:Sachs 1940
3572:Sachs 1940
3560:Sachs 1940
3548:Sachs 1940
3536:Sachs 1940
3524:Sachs 1940
3512:Sachs 1940
3500:Sachs 1940
3488:Sachs 1940
3476:Sachs 1940
3464:Sachs 1940
3452:Sachs 1940
3440:Sachs 1940
3428:Sachs 1940
3416:Sachs 1940
3404:Sachs 1940
3389:23 January
3363:23 January
3340:Sachs 1940
3328:Sachs 1940
3316:Sachs 1940
3304:Sachs 1940
3292:Sachs 1940
3241:Sachs 1940
3229:Sachs 1940
3217:Sachs 1940
3205:Sachs 1940
3193:Sachs 1940
3181:Sachs 1940
3157:Sachs 1940
3145:Sachs 1940
3121:Sachs 1940
3109:Sachs 1940
3097:Sachs 1940
3085:Sachs 1940
3073:Sachs 1940
3061:Sachs 1940
3049:Rault 2000
3037:Sachs 1940
3020:Sachs 1940
3008:Sachs 1940
2984:Sachs 1940
2972:Sachs 1940
2960:Sachs 1940
2883:Sachs 1940
2859:Sachs 1940
2847:Sachs 1940
2823:Sachs 1940
2811:Rault 2000
2799:Sachs 1940
2775:Sachs 1940
2758:Sachs 1940
2743:Sachs 1940
2720:Brown 2008
2708:Sachs 1940
2536:Rault 2000
2412:See also:
2377:, such as
2371:handedness
2329:Handedness
2152:alto flute
2070:tenor drum
2041:vibraphone
2017:alto flute
1937:Schaeffner
1921:, such as
1898:bullroarer
1894:Aerophones
1816:Idiophones
1790:Curt Sachs
1775:autophones
1771:aerophones
1743:tensibilia
1716:percussion
1644:microchips
1431:solo stops
1349:polyphonic
1262:) and the
1197:Madagascar
1171:including
1153:xylophones
953:Idiophones
921:BCE, from
816:Phoenician
788:frame drum
633:idiophones
604:Babylonian
592:See also:
442:teponaztli
425:See also:
394:Curt Sachs
387:slit drums
378:See also:
229:bone flute
191:organology
177:, and the
115:Sankarjang
45:still life
7114:Album era
6994:Venezuela
6859:Sri Lanka
6814:Singapore
6699:Palestine
6654:Nicaragua
6584:Mauritius
6534:Lithuania
6419:Indonesia
6374:Guatemala
6074:Australia
6064:Argentina
5984:Caribbean
5938:Southeast
5663:and study
5661:Education
5651:Technique
5527:Ensembles
5437:Pop music
5269:Art music
5247:Religious
5162:Furniture
5058:220083771
4820:144800210
4482:17 August
4133:0261-3077
3279:0003-598X
3259:Antiquity
2497:Orchestra
2428:guitarist
2285:accordion
2132:bass drum
2103:euphonium
2037:xylophone
2033:alto horn
1923:theremins
1832:slit drum
1824:xylophone
1802:idiophone
1798:autophone
1695:orchestra
1544:saxophone
1527:Classical
1467:polyphony
1383:violinist
1353:tablature
1319:clarinets
1279:monochord
1220:polyphony
1193:dulcimers
1110:handbells
1082:Turkestan
1008:Tintignac
979:pan-pipes
938:Confucius
884:with the
872:Dravidian
742:castanets
617:cuneiform
588:Antiquity
558:xylophone
526:Melanesia
486:pan pipes
262:Found in
209:slit drum
158:Classical
7253:Category
7235:Category
7048:Timeline
7019:Zimbabwe
6909:Thailand
6904:Tanzania
6869:Suriname
6824:Slovenia
6819:Slovakia
6734:Portugal
6714:Paraguay
6689:Pakistan
6604:Mongolia
6559:Maldives
6554:Malaysia
6479:Kiribati
6399:Honduras
6314:Ethiopia
6309:Eswatini
6264:Dominica
6259:Djibouti
6214:Colombia
6179:Cameroon
6174:Cambodia
6159:Bulgaria
6144:Botswana
6104:Barbados
5991:Oceanian
5945:European
5901:Southern
5834:Sampling
5626:Notation
5560:Big band
5522:Musician
5252:Biblical
4784:archived
4656:Archived
4613:Archived
4581:Archived
4538:Archived
4508:Archived
4476:Archived
4375:Archived
4370:, 1940.
4168:Archived
4164:BBC News
4137:Archived
4096:Archived
3383:Archived
3357:Archived
2945:28 March
2939:Archived
2921:53959315
2687:Archived
2661:Archived
2466:See also
2424:musician
2341:, 1960s.
2307:theremin
2223:kanteles
2205:Mulberry
2201:membrane
2190:African
2079:Baritone
2054:tenoroon
2050:trombone
1988:clarinet
1911:trumpets
1868:autoharp
1712:woodwind
1656:Samplers
1648:Bob Moog
1621:antennas
1617:theremin
1540:clarinet
1531:Romantic
1457:mounted
1424:consorts
1368:The Duet
1341:Occident
1295:bagpipes
1244:shilyani
1201:Sulawesi
1149:Javanese
1145:Balinese
1122:clarinet
1094:tremolos
1050:Iron Age
1031:Colombia
965:clappers
936:such as
897:bagpipes
760:and the
705:Kassites
625:Akkadian
621:Sumerian
600:Sumerian
578:jaw harp
494:tortoise
344:bagpipes
314:city of
312:Sumerian
283:Slovenia
264:Slovenia
206:Bamileke
179:theremin
162:Romantic
154:Occident
129:were in
95:melodies
7144:Warfare
7043:Outline
6999:Vietnam
6984:Vanuatu
6974:Uruguay
6954:Ukraine
6929:Tunisia
6834:Somalia
6794:Senegal
6749:Romania
6664:Nigeria
6629:Namibia
6624:Myanmar
6614:Morocco
6594:Moldova
6519:Liberia
6514:Lesotho
6509:Lebanon
6454:Jamaica
6434:Ireland
6409:Iceland
6404:Hungary
6369:Grenada
6354:Germany
6349:Georgia
6329:Finland
6304:Estonia
6299:Eritrea
6279:Ecuador
6254:Denmark
6229:Croatia
6219:Comoros
6169:Burundi
6134:Bolivia
6114:Belgium
6109:Belarus
6094:Bahrain
6089:Bahamas
6079:Austria
6069:Armenia
6049:Andorra
6044:Algeria
6039:Albania
5918:Central
5886:Central
5881:African
5641:Singing
5259:Secular
5242:Martial
5232:Ancient
5038:Science
4866:, Paris
4174:1 March
2452:drummer
2450:), and
2444:bassist
2436:pianist
2379:guitars
2232:luthier
2220:Finnish
2192:kalimba
2083:bassoon
2074:marimba
1996:piccolo
1984:trumpet
1968:Soprano
1882:like a
1704:strings
1664:hip hop
1630:A 1975
1480:baryton
1455:Baroque
1446:Baroque
1389:player.
1387:cittern
1307:England
1260:bagpipe
1256:salandj
1224:Persian
1213:Estonia
1055:is the
1039:Bolivia
1035:Ecuador
942:Mencius
930:zithers
886:Rigveda
831:Etruria
800:hasosra
792:pa'amon
746:cymbals
649:Georgia
645:Tbilisi
534:Wahinda
520:of the
505:rattles
490:Mercury
478:Genesis
374:History
340:cymbals
336:sistrum
326:), two
310:in the
143:Central
57:musette
7053:Albums
7014:Zambia
6949:Uganda
6944:Tuvalu
6934:Turkey
6894:Taiwan
6874:Sweden
6799:Serbia
6759:Rwanda
6754:Russia
6729:Poland
6704:Panama
6679:Norway
6599:Monaco
6589:Mexico
6549:Malawi
6504:Latvia
6489:Kuwait
6484:Kosovo
6464:Jordan
6439:Israel
6389:Guyana
6379:Guinea
6364:Greece
6344:Gambia
6334:France
6239:Cyprus
6184:Canada
6154:Brunei
6149:Brazil
6129:Bhutan
6119:Belize
6054:Angola
6025:
5955:Nordic
5950:Balkan
5785:Single
5690:Method
5636:Lyrics
5600:Theory
5171:1 July
5139:
5101:
5083:
5056:
5026:
5008:
4986:
4968:
4935:
4917:
4897:
4879:
4852:
4834:
4818:
4766:
4748:5 June
4728:
4706:
4688:
4648:
4573:
4436:
4420:
4404:
4131:
3277:
2919:
2432:guitar
2416:, and
2389:, and
2275:and a
2269:pedals
2209:Yakuts
2066:guitar
1976:violin
1906:flutes
1884:guitar
1864:zither
1854:kazoos
1840:rattle
1838:, and
1820:claves
1714:, and
1660:sample
1588:brand
1586:Fender
1584:Early
1546:, and
1472:violin
1385:and a
1325:Modern
1299:organs
1272:violin
1236:urghun
1126:Alboka
1118:sitars
1057:carnyx
1041:, and
971:, and
857:Orient
846:syrinx
829:, and
823:Greece
814:, the
796:shofar
779:kinnor
772:: the
764:. The
762:Talmud
753:Israel
744:, and
713:Hyksos
664:violin
637:sistra
576:, and
541:melody
530:Africa
488:, and
480:4:21)
266:, the
145:, and
63:, and
7088:Songs
7038:Index
7031:Lists
7009:Yemen
6919:Tonga
6884:Syria
6864:Sudan
6854:Spain
6779:Samoa
6739:Qatar
6694:Palau
6659:Niger
6639:Nepal
6634:Nauru
6569:Malta
6524:Libya
6474:Kenya
6459:Japan
6444:Italy
6414:India
6394:Haiti
6359:Ghana
6339:Gabon
6284:Egypt
6209:China
6204:Chile
6124:Benin
5933:South
5913:Asian
5896:North
5859:Remix
5854:Cover
5812:Remix
5621:Genre
5490:Nafir
5412:Blues
5394:music
5237:Dance
5211:Music
5054:S2CID
4816:S2CID
4662:4 May
4587:4 May
2917:S2CID
2503:Notes
2440:piano
2309:, an
2289:piano
2281:organ
2273:stops
2174:to F♯
2095:cello
2046:Tenor
2029:viola
1972:flute
1949:Range
1888:banjo
1872:piano
1850:drums
1836:mbira
1828:guiro
1800:with
1708:brass
1691:range
1500:pitch
1476:viola
1436:mutes
1315:oboes
1303:Spain
1288:leper
1268:bowed
1240:organ
1209:necks
1165:Burma
1161:Tibet
1114:veena
1086:bowed
1053:Celts
1043:Chile
946:Laozi
923:Hubei
868:Munda
864:India
852:tibia
840:aulos
812:nabla
770:Jubal
758:Bible
738:lutes
734:lyres
730:oboes
656:Yaqui
509:drums
470:Jubal
437:Aztec
364:Jiahu
332:flute
328:harps
322:(the
320:lyres
139:North
7181:Folk
6914:Togo
6719:Peru
6684:Oman
6564:Mali
6499:Laos
6429:Iraq
6424:Iran
6324:Fiji
6234:Cuba
6199:Chad
5923:East
5906:West
5891:East
5807:Live
5646:Song
5616:Form
5432:Jazz
5173:2008
5137:ISBN
5099:ISBN
5081:ISBN
5024:ISBN
5006:ISBN
4984:ISBN
4966:ISBN
4933:ISBN
4915:ISBN
4895:ISBN
4877:ISBN
4850:ISBN
4832:ISBN
4792:2009
4764:ISBN
4750:2008
4726:ISBN
4704:ISBN
4686:ISBN
4664:2021
4646:ISBN
4621:2021
4589:2021
4571:ISBN
4546:2021
4516:2021
4484:2009
4434:ISBN
4418:ISBN
4402:ISBN
4176:2020
4145:2020
4129:ISSN
4104:2018
3391:2021
3365:2021
3275:ISSN
2947:2021
2695:2011
2669:2011
2456:drum
2448:bass
2166:and
2128:tuba
2108:Bass
2005:Alto
1992:oboe
1929:and
1902:whip
1880:wood
1876:lute
1788:and
1670:, a
1668:MIDI
1632:Moog
1611:and
1548:tuba
1529:and
1492:horn
1277:The
1264:lyra
1252:lyre
1248:harp
1173:Java
1163:and
1155:and
1147:and
1027:Peru
991:(an
988:xiao
870:and
827:Rome
774:ugab
602:and
498:lyre
474:Cain
458:Molo
435:Two
400:and
338:and
334:, a
277:The
241:drum
160:and
91:drum
87:horn
65:lute
5685:PhD
5120:doi
5046:doi
5042:276
4808:doi
3267:doi
2909:doi
2442:),
2434:),
1900:or
1414:by
1406:'s
1254:),
1250:or
1242:),
821:In
790:),
784:tof
687:BC)
623:or
482:Pan
7255::
5164:.
5160:.
5116:75
5114:.
5052:,
5040:,
4951:20
4949:,
4814:,
4804:39
4802:,
4654:.
4640:.
4611:.
4605:.
4579:.
4565:.
4536:.
4532:.
4506:.
4500:.
4381:.
4239:^
4208:^
4166:.
4162:.
4135:.
4127:.
4121:.
4090:.
4067:^
4038:^
3999:^
3948:^
3777:^
3762:^
3579:^
3381:.
3355:.
3273:.
3263:97
3261:.
3257:.
3027:^
2937:.
2915:.
2905:78
2903:.
2899:.
2765:^
2750:^
2659:.
2655:.
2644:^
2605:^
2543:^
2522:^
2393:.
2385:,
2325:.
2203:.
2154:,
2150:,
2146:,
2142:,
2130:,
2126:,
2122:,
2118:,
2114:,
2101:,
2097:,
2093:,
2089:,
2085:,
2072:,
2068:,
2064:,
2060:,
2056:,
2052:,
2039:,
2035:,
2031:,
2027:,
2023:,
2019:,
2015:,
2011:,
1998:,
1994:,
1990:,
1986:,
1982:,
1978:,
1974:,
1933:.
1834:,
1830:,
1826:,
1822:,
1804:.
1718:.
1710:,
1706:,
1623:.
1542:,
1478:,
1474:,
1442:.
1376:c.
1374:,
1290:.
1274:.
1215:.
1175:.
1061:c.
1037:,
1033:,
1029:,
999:.
981:,
974:yǔ
916:c.
914:,
903:.
895:,
825:,
802:.
748:.
740:,
736:,
696:,
682:c.
666:.
647:,
584:.
572:,
568:,
316:Ur
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