1140:: "Why do I see so many string theory papers coming out of Iran?" He explained how Iranian scientists worked together under revolution, sanctions and war to bring Iran to such a position: "I remember exactly the beginning of the revolution, some old colleagues just sat together and spoke about what we could do for Iran. Is it understood that we have to look for excellence, in some areas that we may be strong and that we may get strong at that so that will be the field of physics. So we began with that. It happens that the most active field physicists in our country were working on the string theory at that time. So they tried to be of a school, so to speak, and we did know that that was the only way which was somehow independent of all these political fluctuations regarding war, regarding cultural revolution, all that, and we really tried hard to build up schools. So we have it now, string schools, so to say somehow."
1748:
the Self which leads to a fascination with utopian and mythological ideologies. He insists that, since Iran has undergone the change directly from tradition to postmodernity without the mediation of modernity, it is experiencing a strong malaise. His solution is to open up Iran to the new multicultural world in which one has to accept the diversity of the perspectives and, therefore, to be tolerant towards others who do not think and behave in the same way as the Self. This invitation to become open-minded and to give up the idea of a homogeneous culture exerts an undeniable influence on many young people in Iran.
1982:, who is commonly considered as a phenomenologist, is ranked as a totally scholar with no political sign who teaches analytical and continental philosophies in the university, but he has developed a different philosophy of his own that is called . However, analytical philosophy is also introduced in Iran in the 1970s by the translations from British Empiricism, and then, in 1980 to the present an increasing interest is in students of philosophy to learn more from this 20th-century branch of philosophy. Very specifically, analytic philosophy of science and social science, and
1744:
him, have been introduced in Iran without the secularization of thought and its rationalization and therefore, they reproduce in an unconscious way the ancient prejudices and the inability to think adequately. Dariush
Shayegan criticizes a view of religion that does not take into account the major trends of the modern world where cultural homogeneity and religious absolutism are questioned. The quest for a holistic identity based on a monolithic view of Islam is alien to the evolution of modern world and means the isolation and regression of the (Iranian) society.
1510:. The rise of religious intellectuals can be followed through the writings of Abdolkarim Soroosh. Soroosh's main idea is that there are perennial unchanging religious truths, but our understanding of them remains contingent on our knowledge in the fields of science and philosophy. Unlike Ali Shariati, who turned to Marxism to bring a historicist perspective to the Shiite thought, Soroosh debates the relation between democracy and religion and discusses the possibility of what he calls
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1939:
Khomayni) activated philosophical debates. Nowaday, Islamic philosophy is the most fresh period all over the world in Iran all the way after Sfavid school of
Isfahan. The most notable figures of our time include Allameh Hossein tabatabaii, Allameh Rafiai Gazvini, Mehdi Hayeri Yazdi, Falatouri, Hasan zadeh Amoli, Morteza Motahhari, Abolhasan Jelveh, Mohammad tagi Amoli, allameh hossein Gharavi Isfahani (kompani), Ibrahim Ashtiyani, Jalaloddin Ashtiyani, Kazem assar.
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1355:(CIA) admitted that it was involved in both the planning and the execution of the coup, including the bribing of Iranian politicians, security and army high-ranking officials, as well as pro-coup propaganda. The CIA is quoted acknowledging the coup was carried out "under CIA direction" and "as an act of U.S. foreign policy, conceived and approved at the highest levels of government."
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through the straightforward replacement of traditional
Persian medicine by modern European medicine. Rather, the integration of modern medicine went through a long process that included both the reinterpretation of traditional theories by traditional physicians and the assimilation of modern theories through the prism of traditional medicine.
570:, is an internationally renowned artist and designer. His aesthetics have become a mainstay of design in many regions, especially in those using the Arabic script as their alphabet. And on November (2009) he won Grand Price for the Five Star Designers at International Invitational Poster Triennial in Osaka, Japan.
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describes modern
Iranian cinema and the phenomenon of national cinema as a form of cultural modernity. According to Dabashi, "the visual possibility of seeing the historical person (as opposed to the eternal Qur'anic man) on screen is arguably the single most important event allowing Iranians access
1977:
whose influences are clear all over students of philosophy. Reza Davari who is a philosopher with great debates on Modern condition, intellectualism and enlightenment ranked as the leading
Persian philosopher with anti-Western approach. His ideas challenge the defender of Western culture and notably
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and to reject its supremacy within the political field in Iran. While calling to build a new reform movement, Hajjarian believes that the reform movement started in 1997, died during
Khatami's second term. He believes that the reform project started by Persian constitutional revolution, has not been
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was widely believed to be the main strategist behind the 1997 reform movement of Iran. He allegedly showed the supremacy of politics as such over any religious norm when he said that the survival of the
Islamic Republic was paramount and that no religious ritual should stand in its way. This kind of
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in
Iranian intellectual movements (science, modern literature, cinema, human-rights activism, etc.) has been remarkable throughout the history of modern Iran. According to the research ministry of Iran, women accounted for 56% of all university students in the natural sciences, including one in five
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Attention for the new trends in international architecture, is being carried out by
Iranian architects, even after the Islamic Revolution. Like most architectural milieu of the world, in the 1980s the experiments on the transition from post-modernism to new developments, has influenced many Iranians
627:, (1501 - 1736), in fact, it is in the early decades of the twentieth century that the first generation of modern Iranian architects, almost like every generation of modern architects in the world, appears as being influenced by the Modern Movement and rationalism in architecture. Architects such as
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that similarly touched upon this key figure of the
Persian imagination. Nietzsche's book offers a radical critique, almost a total debunking, of the whole Western tradition of philosophy. It is no mere accident that Nietzsche chose to articulate his critical views in the name of Zarathustra. The end
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generated the radical ideas that eventually reshaped Europe and the United States, Persian statesmen, artists, and intellectuals had formulated ideas that strikingly anticipate those of modernity. Since more than thousand years ago there has been a conflict in Persia between the search for modernity
1933:
Philosophy has become a popular subject of study during last few decades in Iran. Comparing the number of philosophy books currently published in Iran with that in other countries, Iran possibly ranks first in this field but it is definitely on top in terms of publishing philosophy books. Currently
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over the teaching of philosophy with laying on Islamic philosophy and Continental philosophy put it ahead of philosophy education in Iran. Department of philosophy of the University of Tehran traditionally is the top place of the greatest philosophers in secular education system in Iran; among the
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Dariush Shayegan, who writes mainly in French (but has been extensively translated into Persian), shares some of the views of these particular intellectuals, but his major contribution is to invite Iranians to accept the ‘‘fragmented identity’’ of the modern world and to renounce a unitary view of
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Javad Tabtabaei deplores the deep roots of religion in the Iranian culture. For Tabatabai, the decline of the Iranian political thought goes back to the 9th and 10th centuries and, since then, it has been impossible for them to adequately understand the modernity. The social sciences, according to
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1. Traditional Persian Islamic philosophy. traditional classic philosophy revived after a period of silence, in Tehran School, and notably works of Agha Ali Modarres Zonoozi in the early 20th century, after him both schools of Tehran and Ghom (with the works of Allameh Tabatabai and Imam Ruhollah
1768:
Nasr has been an unrelenting opponent of Islamic fundamentalism in all its forms throughout his career because he sees it as a somewhat vigilante reactionary movement operating within the paradigm of the modern nation state, but even more so, because it lacks a well thought out metaphysical basis
1404:
The scope of 2nd of Khordad movement was much broader than President Khatami's reform plan. The latter has been criticised for wanting slow progress and not producing a real democratic alternative for the current Islamic republic. When asked about this during Khatami's visit to United Kingdom, he
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was not a simple clash between modernity and tradition but an attempt to accommodate modernity within a sense of authentic Islamic identity, culture and historical experience. Perceived by many as a revolt against the secular modernity of the West, Iranian revolution was welcomed by some Western
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and many others played roles in initiating and forming these movements. The outcome of the movement has been the emergence of researchers who have been trained and received doctorate degrees in the country and have found international reputations. Modernization of Iranian medicine did not occur
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in May 1997 was through the emergence of a new political force, the youth. Inspired by simultaneously individualist and democratic ideals that are incompatible in every respect with the authoritarian values and symbols traditionally associated in the Iranian intellectual arena with Marxist and
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among the third generation of Iranian intellectuals, the new culture for translation and knowledge of modernity was drawn inevitably toward moral and political absolutes. Intellectuals claimed to be "givers of lessons" and acted as "moral legislators" who were critics of both the state and the
404:
were perfectly conscious of the fact that it was not enough to rely upon the antiquity of Persian civilization to think about its continued ability to survive. They tried to establish a relationship with men of power that would have permitted them to dictate their blueprints for reforms. These
1517:
Influenced by Persian mysticism, Soroush advocated a type of reformist Islam that went beyond most liberal Muslim thinkers of the 20th century and argued that the search for reconciliation of Islam and democracy was not a matter of simply finding appropriate phrases in the Qur'an that were in
1151:
with the prestigious UN Population Award. Malek Afzali has helped design strategies to improve health procedures, particularly adolescent health, reproductive health and family planning. In the field of reproductive health, he has engaged policymakers and religious leaders in the planning and
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blueprints naturally remained without immediate impact among the men of power to whom they were addressed. These intellectual reforms encountered a widespread opposition from the court and the Ulama. Abd al-Rahim Talebof, Fath-'Ali Akhoundzadeh, and Sani o Doleh belong to this generation.
820:
766:, and several symphony orchestras started their work despite a lack of support from national governments or international bodies. The new wave can be characterized by growing interest in using both Iranian and European instruments and musical genres. Perhaps the best examples are the
498:, the Fourth Generation of Iranian intellectuals decided on a move away and a critical distanciation from master ideologies. The methodological position of the new generation of Iranian intellectuals is characterized by two main philosophical attitudes: the extension of an
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was the main theorist and thinker behind Iranian revolution. He is considered to be one of the most influential philosophical leaders of pre-revolutionary Iran and the impact and popularity of his thought continues to be felt throughout Iranian society many years later.
1573:. Moreover, Akbar Ganji took a tour around the world in order to invite non Iranian intellectuals to join Iran's intellectual movement. Many Persian scholars believe that such interactions with world scholars would promote Iranian intellectualism and democratic reform.
515:
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Currently women's rights groups are among the most active social rights groups in Iran and are mostly involved in an effort to gain equal rights for women in the Iranian legal system by opposing specific discriminatory laws. However, under the Presidential regime of
293:, many Western scholars and writers have argued that everything from representative democracy and rational thought to the art of the novel and the essay are not only western in origin but also uniquely suited to its culture, and native to its temperature climes.
1959:
who are now among famous Iranian philosophers developed his way to interpret modern conditions in Iran. Today the most dominant branch of Western philosophy in Iranian academia is Continental philosophy; The domination of the department of philosophy of the
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of the 19th century was not the only or the last time Zarathustra played a prominent role in shaping Western consciousness and philosophic discourse. In 1990s Persian influences on the millennial fever, and on other New Age themes, were so strong that
735:
Simultaneous with the constitutional revolution in Iran, young musicians sought new forms of music to synchronize with the tide of social changes. In 1937, Tehran's Symphonic Orchestra started working and performing western as well as Iranian music.
1700:. Davari, unlike Soroosh, takes some of the features of Heidegger's thought, mainly the critic of modernity and puts it into an Islamic wording. He rejects the Western model of democracy, which is based on the separation of politics and religion.
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for his way of applying the knowledge and accomplishments of Iran's artistic heritage, renewing them, and making them exciting again. Reza Abedini's Persian Sym style unites the rich calligraphic tradition of Persian culture with "modernity".
1764:. For Nasr, the traditional world was pervaded by a tremendous sense of the Sacred and the Absolute, whereas the inception of modernity involved precisely the severing off of that awareness, resulting in what Max Weber would later dub the
2508:
The CIA's history of the 1953 coup in Iran is made up of the following documents: a historian's note, a summary introduction, a lengthy narrative account written by Dr. Donald N. Wilber, and, as appendicies, five planning documents he
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Heideggerian World views. It is in this new social atmosphere that the emergence of a global community or a cyberpolis was able to reveal to the Iranian youth the true nature of instrumental rationality as modern universal standards.
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Unlike the reformist intellectuals, the neo- conservative intellectuals in Iran are in favor of the supremacy of the Leader and against concepts such as democracy, civil society and pluralism. This movement includes figures such as
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Western art, no less than history and theology, bear testimony to the ubiquity of the Persian presence in antiquity. Of all the extant works of Greek tragedy, for example, the only one that is about a non-Greek subject is
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Perhaps the most important achievement of this circle was training a new generation of Iranian intellectuals who are far ahead of their mentors and do not belong to any of well-established intellectual circles in Iran.
1942:
2. Western philosophy. The Western philosophy is mostly welcome to Iran in the 19th century, but its full development began in the 1970s, with the reactive movement against the left political thought of Soviet sect of
1505:
The unifying traits of these intellectuals include their recognition of reform in the Islamic thought, democracy, civil society and religious pluralism and their opposition to the absolute supremacy of the
1221:
was perhaps the first professional female satirist, critic and one of the notable figures involved in Persian constitutional revolution. In the early 20th century, Persian music enjoyed the emergence of
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thinkers as a triumph of spiritual values over the profane world of capitalist materialism. For others the Iranian revolution was a protest against the very political rationality of the modern era.
277:
It has been a common belief of scholars that modernity began in the West and is by its philosophical nature, economic underpinning, and cultural exigencies a uniquely western phenomenon. All
1538:, Soroush called for a reexamination of all tenets of Islam, insisting on the need to maintain the religion's original spirit of social justice and its emphasis on caring for other people.
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party, most notably by refutation of their Marxist–Leninist works (typically in Tagi Arani's works). The leading figures include Allameh Tabatabai, and his pupil Morteza Motahhari. Also
494:. In contrast with the ideological generation of Iranian intellectuals who in their encounter with the western modernity favoured a monistic attitude exemplified by Marxist and
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with its impressively rich and varied cultural legacy had a formative role in shaping Western consciousness. The Bible is replete with profuse praise for Persia and its kings.
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The second generation intended to introduce modern civilization to Persia, not only by imitating the West, but through a coherent and systematic approach to European culture.
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There are several intellectual figures who continue to be very influential in Iranian society, while they do not belong to any of the above-mentioned philosophical circles:
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of Iranian cinema. In the artistic and aesthetic realm, features of New wave of Persian cinema, for example the works of Abbas Kiarostami, can be classified as
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Iran's university population has swelled from 100,000 in 1979 to 2 million in 2006. Indeed, in Iran some 70% of science and engineering students are women.
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thinking on an intersubjective basis on the one hand, and the urge for a non-imitative dialogical exchange with the modern values of the West on the other.
723:. These experiments are valid methods and contribution to liberate architecture and design, from abstraction, flatness, stiffness, forced rectangular and
465:
The third generation of Iranian intellectuals signify the absorption of Russian Marxism into Iranian political and social thought. With the popularity of
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created new cinematic styles which have attracted many from all over the world and in international festivals. Persian poet and literary figure
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985:, an influential figure in science policy making, prominent scientist and one of the pioneers of biotechnology and biomaterial research in Iran
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whose writings are considered by many as the apex of the Western philosophical tradition, uses superlatives in praising the role of Persia and
17:
962:'s plays into Persian in the 19th century, Persian drama came into a new period. 20th century saw the appearance of great playwrights such as
2531:"Prime Minister Mossadegh and Ayatullah Kashani From Unity to Enmity: As Viewed from the American Embassy in Tehran, June 1950 – August 1953"
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were among the most notable writers and critics of this era who sacrificed their lives for establishment of democracy and freedom in Iran.
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of the modernist spaces for a more fluid, flexible, soft and dynamic architecture, open to the complexities of its environment and context
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said "You know for centuries we have been under dictatorship so we cannot get to a democracy all of a sudden, we have to go step by step"
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are among those Iranian architects who have opened their design approach to the history and traditions to represent a trend of Iranian
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Mehrdad, Morteza; Heydari, Akbar; Sarbolouki, Mohammad Nabi; Etemad, Shapour (2004). "Basic science in the Islamic Republic of Iran".
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1696:. The famous personality among these is Reza Davari Ardakani, who as an anti- Western philosopher is very familiar with the works of
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the defender of analytical philosophy and scienticism. Dinani is a defender of Islamic philosophy who also talks about the west;
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347:, the eminent American critic, suggested that the last decade of the twentieth century should in truth be called "a return to
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and its associated art, science, literature, poetry, and political structures that have been changing since the 19th century.
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The next chapter: Atypical conversations with Daryush Shayegan on the impact of ideology in contemporary Iranian history
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1675:. They are mainly under the influence of ideas of Ayatollah Mirza Hossein Na'eeni and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
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were two major campaigns that involved the imprisonment, torture, emigration, and massacre of Iranian scholars.
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was an advocate of democracy and civil rights. He also opposed the cultural revolution and US embassy takeover.
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Ph.D. students. Such education and social trends are increasingly viewed with alarm by the Iranian government.
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Iranian experience and development of modernity led to a unique style of cinema, painting and music. Iranian
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decision, he states, means that politics are more important than religion and that this acknowledges the
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rooted in a traditional Muslim understanding of the world which respects both nature and human dignity.
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according to the constitution. He relied heavily on United States support to hold on to power until
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Iran had undergone a phenomenal constitutional revolution at the turn of the twentieth century. The
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522:, Yadollah and Haleh Sahabi) are symbols of intellectuals who brought politics and ethics together.
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founded Iran's "different" cinematic style and Iranian intellectual movement in the 20th century.
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for her efforts for democracy and human rights, especially for the rights of women and children.
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Intellectual circles in postrevolutionary Iran can be classified into the following categories:
1042:. The movement resulted in hundreds of research papers in peer-reviewed international journals.
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Literary criticism and comparative literature in Iran entered a new phase in the 19th century.
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music, among others) to the international community by organizing numerous concerts worldwide.
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540:, has found worldwide reputation due to its deeply Philosophical, poetic and artistic style.
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Fourth generation of Iranian intellectuals are mainly characterized by the journals such as
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Other notable figures who promoted world-class research in Iran during the 20th century are
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The history of modern science in Iran dates back to the year 1851 and the establishment of
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Modern Persian poetry came into existence after Nima Yushij. Some notable figures include:
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One of the main Iranian scientific movements in the late 20th century was in the field of
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and very specifically Martin Heidegger to Iranian Academia. His pupils like Reza Davari,
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2676:"Intellectual Discourse and the Politics of Modernization - Cambridge University Press"
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was nominated for 1997 Nobel Prize for literature. The 2003 Nobel Peace Prize went to
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among a few others accepted the honorary membership of Iranian intellectual society.
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Coming to Terms with Modernity: Iranian intellectuals and the emerging public sphere
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agreement with modern science, democracy, or human rights. Drawing on the works of
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The reform movement and the debate on modernity and tradition in contemporary Iran
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2896:, Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies, Volume 13, Number 1 / Spring (2004).
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Mossadegh had sought to reduce the semi-absolute role of the Shah granted by the
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2834:. Reviewing the Performance of Intellectuals from 1941 to 1979, (1995), Tehran:
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was concerned with modernity and human rights. It led to the establishment of a
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By the establishment of Tehran University, science in Iran entered a new phase.
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lawyer and immunologist; expert on public health and global development issues.
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1491:
1475:
1467:
1442:
1393:
1283:
1144:
941:
872:
860:
720:
708:
700:
659:
537:
316:
2782:
2465:
Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization
2099:
1214:
is a novel about the Iranian experience of modernity during the 20th century.
5255:
5230:
5134:
5119:
5089:
5034:
4914:
4869:
4818:
4788:
3491:
3385:
3350:
3072:
2831:
2728:
2720:
2246:
1986:
introduced by Abdolkarim Soroush in the early 1980s, and followed by others.
1729:
1725:
1638:
1574:
1550:
1523:
1291:
1183:
1175:
1137:
1127:
1053:
1031:
963:
916:
844:
840:
823:
813:
794:
790:
756:
744:
703:
to go in deep within the most advanced theory and trends in contemporary and
655:
560:
438:
430:
290:
1887:(prominent scholar, political analyst and expert on international relations)
5162:
5147:
5099:
5008:
4553:
4419:
3842:
3791:
3499:
3483:
3467:
3409:
2840:
2383:
2312:
2009:
1948:
1926:
1896:
1733:
1672:
1660:
1578:
1558:
1527:
1438:
1203:
1113:
978:
886:
782:
712:
696:
636:
574:
567:
475:
442:
434:
382:
373:
361:
344:
5240:
5204:
4955:
4640:
4563:
4394:
2627:
2434:
2030:
1966:
1884:
1566:
1546:
1535:
1531:
1004:
881:
651:
499:
348:
326:
255:
4594:
3985:
3507:
3475:
3401:
3369:
3179:
1632:
1626:
1598:
1244:
1107:
1007:
who first dispatched students to Europe to obtain a western education.
1000:
967:
798:
695:
In this context, It is of interest the attempt by some architects like
549:
418:
378:
2350:"UN News - Four laureates awarded UN Population Fund's highest honour"
1934:
different approaches are working in a diverging fields of philosophy:
3720:
International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)
3440:
3417:
3211:
3144:
3112:
2973:
Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism
2807:
1604:
1309:
1030:
and pharmaceutical chemistry. The main leaders of this movement were
1027:
778:
612:
356:
333:
300:
286:
285:
must emulate the Western experience, if they want to be modern. From
263:
243:
2387:, Special to the Sun, October 17, 2007; accessed September 21, 2008.
2303:
2278:
1918:
1396:
of religion. In this context, he argues, it is possible to reassess
623:
Although the new era in Iranian architecture began with the rise of
73:
4630:
3970:
3852:
3104:
2934:
The Emergence and Development of Religious Intellectualism in Iran
1648:
608:
400:
The nineteenth century Persian reformers who are considered as the
2914:
Religious Intellectual and Political Action in the Reform Movement
2655:"In declassified document, CIA acknowledges role in '53 Iran coup"
2451:
CLANDESTINE SERVICE HISTORY: OVERTHROW OF PREMIER MOSSADEQ OF IRAN
1837:(scholar, politician and physician; first female minister of Iran)
1569:
had also been associated with this circle before he published his
5173:
3096:
1777:
1462:
2978:
Swedish scholar, Hans Rosling on Iranian experience of modernity
2779:"Iran :: Internal reform -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
2379:
Iranian Dissidents at Forum Speak On Ahmadinejad, Women's Rights
2008:
4. Traditionalist (sonnatgera)is also an approach introduced by
1893:(leading political scientist and professor of Tehran University)
819:
809:
759:
during the late 20th century and at the turn of the millennium.
618:
175:
4979:
4299:
3128:
2868:
Secularism, national identity, and the role of the intellectual
2616:
U.S. foreign policy in perspective: clients, enemies and empire
2005:
3. Comparative philosophy is a tendency in Iranian scholarship.
1644:
319:
of the time was a paragon of religious and cultural tolerance.
296:
2985:
2628:
Saeed Kamali Dehghan; Richard Norton-Taylor (19 August 2013).
2181:
3837:
1507:
322:
2924:
Far Near Distance: Contemporary positions of Iranian artists
1424:
1340:
for an Iranian king), to effectively rule the country as an
3617:
3080:
3016:
2878:
2689:
2263:
1906:
1875:(Tehran University professor of law and political sciences)
1519:
1333:
1264:
308:
239:
1785:, one of the pioneering figures in modern Iranian medicine
1659:, former president of Iran. Other notable figures include
1152:
implementation of reproductive health programmes in Iran.
514:
315:
captivity; of equal importance was the fact that the vast
4595:
Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)
2418:
1965:
philosophers of the University of Tehran to be named are
777:
Folk music also enjoyed the emergence of figures such as
2647:
1678:
307:
was partially in recognition of his role in freeing the
2745:
Tolerance, Moderation and the Dialogue of Civilizations
2363:
UN: Hold Ahmadinejad Accountable for Iran Rights Crisis
1990:
introduced to Iranian academia by Mahmoud Khatami, and
1831:(scholar, archeologist and expert of cultural heritage)
1321:
368:
2968:
Amir Hossein Aryanpour, Prominent Iranian intellectual
2264:"Research Laboratory for Brain and Cognitive Sciences"
2002:
is also most welcome branch with the Iranian scholars.
2894:
Iranian postmodernity: the rhetoric of irrationality?
2100:"Close Up: Iranian Cinema, Past, Present, and Future"
1703:
1432:
2020:
1234:
2348:Section, United Nations News Service (2 May 2007).
1819:(prominent scholar, linguist and cultural theorist)
1601:belong to this new generation of Persian scholars.
506:among many others belong to the fourth generation.
98:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2621:
2552:
2550:
2421:, September 26, 2006; accessed September 21, 2008.
2369:, September 18, 2008; accessed September 21, 2008.
1881:(Tehran University professor of international law)
1609:These groups are characterized by the followings:
1605:Democratic religious circles (In-system reformers)
1408:
999:– which was founded as a result of the efforts of
2880:Iranian intellectuals: from revolution to dissent
2441:, February 10, 2008; accessed September 21, 2008.
2405:, September 3, 2008; accessed September 21, 2008.
1457:
785:. These musicians introduced Iranian folk music (
5253:
2889:, Social Compass, Vol. 51, No. 2, 191-202 (2004)
1655:The main thinker and theorist of this circle is
839:enjoyed the emergence of influential figures as
474:and well known intellectual and social theorist
3656:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum
2929:The great land of the Sophy: Persian influences
2547:
1913:
1541:Other influential figures in these circles are
1098:Hormoz Dabirashrafi (Obstetrics and Gynecology)
557:Close Up: Iranian Cinema, Past, Present, Future
249:
3742:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests
3641:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
2860:The fourth generation of Iranian intellectuals
2584:
2582:
2580:
1126:Iran is now a world leader in some areas like
739:The 1979 revolution launched a renaissance in
5272:History of civil rights and liberties in Iran
3524:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)
3001:
973:
650:Later, in the mid-1960s, Ali Sardar Afkhami,
619:Modern and contemporary architecture movement
4600:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)
2702:
1756:The most notable circle was associated with
3710:2009 Iranian presidential election protests
2959:Abdolkarim Soroush; Iran's Democratic Voice
2577:
2279:"Islam and Science: An Islamist revolution"
1869:(prominent scholar and political scientist)
1155:
631:, Ali Sadegh, Mohsen Foroughi, Paul Akbar,
61:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4216:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)
4078:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
3594:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election
3008:
2994:
2524:
2522:
2468:. I.B.Tauris. 2007. pp. 775 of 1082.
2431:Iran: Does Government Fear Educated Women?
1801:, prominent academic, writer and scientist
1371:
259:and the forces of religious obscurantism.
3725:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)
2903:. Austin University of Texas Press, 1998.
2901:Iranian Intellectuals in the 20th Century
2845:Lost Wisdom: Rethinking Modernity in Iran
2302:
1813:(prominent scholar, writer and filmmaker)
1613:Support for Islamic republic as the best
1425:Intellectual circles in late 20th century
1247:in Iran. Mirza Jahangir-Khan Shirazi and
402:first generation of Iranian intellectuals
332:Following Hegel in 19th-century Germany,
262:Some twenty-five hundred years ago, when
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
158:Learn how and when to remove this message
3544:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
2618:. David Sylvan, Stephen Majeski, p. 121.
2456:
2114:"Five Star Designers' Banquet - Outline"
1917:
1776:
1772:
1461:
1104:G.R. Baradaran Khosroshahi (Mathematics)
977:
866:
818:
808:
743:. The emergence of three ensembles, the
513:
372:
200:of all important aspects of the article.
4330:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
2528:
2519:
2482:
2347:
2097:
1751:
1324:). A military government under General
1229:
573:On 13 December 2006, graphic designer,
14:
5254:
3868:History of democracy in classical Iran
2944:Amir Hossein Aryanpour, A rational man
2630:"CIA admits role in 1953 Iranian coup"
2588:
2556:
2543:from the original on November 9, 2013.
2491:"CIA Admits It Was Behind Iran's Coup"
2276:
1861:Experts on law and political sciences:
1762:Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy
1437:The main figures in this category are
1278:was overthrown on 19 August 1953. The
577:, received the Principal Award in the
509:
281:cultures, those who have lived on the
196:Please consider expanding the lead to
4666:
4590:Defense Industries Organization (DIO)
4375:Iran and the World Trade Organization
4279:
4022:
3903:
3028:
2989:
2488:
2408:
2143:"The Visual Language of Reza Abedini"
1998:introduced by Hamid Vahid Dastgerdi.
1679:Neo-conservative intellectual circles
1382:The election of the former President
1358:
3762:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
3752:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
2356:
2244:
707:architecture, such as the theory of
481:
408:
377:Portrait of Iranian prime minister,
369:Generations of Iranian intellectuals
169:
96:adding citations to reliable sources
67:
26:
4995:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute
4636:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone
4610:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
4409:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
4144:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
2804:"Philosophy - Philosophy: Ontetics"
2424:
2390:
2372:
2054:Iranian modern and contemporary art
1905:(political scientist and expert on
1807:, pioneering physician and academic
772:National Iranian Symphony Orchestra
528:Modern and contemporary art in Iran
460:
389:
24:
3534:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)
2196:10.1023/B:SCIE.0000037364.65282.4d
2129:"Rene Wanner's Poster Page / News"
2126:
2098:Dabashi, Hamid (1 November 2001).
1929:used to hold many of his speeches.
1708:Main figures in this category are
1704:Non-religious intellectual circles
1474:Main figures in this category are
1433:Revolutionary intellectual circles
1413:After the Iranian Revolution, the
1363:Some researchers believe that the
1346:his own overthrow in February 1979
666:architects, in architects such as
544:is the most notable figure in the
25:
5288:
4605:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)
4226:Supreme National Security Council
4052:Persian Constitutional Revolution
3682:Interim Government of Iran (1981)
3589:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)
3579:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)
2939:Sadeq Hedayat Centenary Symposium
2907:
2536:. University of Texas at Austin.
2529:Kressin, Wolfgang K. (May 1991).
2489:Bryne, Malcolm (18 August 2013).
2277:Masood, Ehsan (2 November 2006).
2074:Religious intellectualism in Iran
1825:(prominent journalist and writer)
1254:
1235:Persian constitutional revolution
1077:Ardeshir Ghavamzadeh (Hematology)
730:
270:, Persia was the West's ultimate
42:This article has multiple issues.
5235:
5226:
5225:
4201:Assembly (or Council) of Experts
2023:
1637:Calling for the rule of law and
1059:Abolhassan Farhoudi (Immunology)
607:were pioneers of Iranian modern
174:
107:"Intellectual movements in Iran"
72:
31:
4400:Military equipment manufactured
3966:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
3730:United States withdrawal (2018)
3651:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)
3015:
2871:, by Ramin Jahanbegloo, (2005).
2796:
2771:
2735:
2705:"The New Intellectuals in Iran"
2696:
2682:
2668:
2609:
2501:
2444:
2397:victory on marriage legislation
2341:
2327:
2270:
2247:"The Newsletter 31 Summer 2003"
1619:Calling for Religious tolerance
1409:Campaigns against intellectuals
1226:, the "Lady of Iranian music".
1182:In cinema and the visual arts,
711:in architecture in the case of
647:are examples of this movement.
188:may be too short to adequately
83:needs additional citations for
50:or discuss these issues on the
4960:modern / contemporary
4206:Expediency Discernment Council
3529:1908 bombardment of the Majlis
3518:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)
3042:
2415:Women graduates challenge Iran
2256:
2238:
2210:
2175:
2161:
2135:
2120:
2106:
2091:
2079:Science and technology in Iran
1951:and his Circle who introduced
1458:Reformist intellectual circles
1074:Taher Movassaghian (Chemistry)
236:Intellectual movements in Iran
198:provide an accessible overview
18:Intellectual Movements in Iran
13:
1:
4174:state-sponsorship allegations
3904:
2887:The New Intellectuals in Iran
2703:Khosrokhavar, Farhad (2004).
2563:. Syracuse University Press.
2084:
1622:Calling for democratic values
1320:, a British corporation (now
1217:Iranian writer and satirist,
1101:Hossein Esteky (Neuroscience)
927:Mohammad Reza Shafiei-Kadkani
4631:Asaluyeh industrial corridor
4023:
3932:twin towns and sister cities
3238:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)
3115:Mannai (10th–7th century BC)
3091:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)
2863:, Ramin Jahanbegloo, (2000).
2589:Milani, Abbas (2011-01-04).
2557:Milani, Abbas (2008-11-01).
2227:. Palgrave Macmillan. 2005.
1914:Philosophy education in Iran
1766:disenchantment of the world.
1484:Mohammad Mojtahed Shabestari
1089:Hormoz Shams (Ophthalmology)
1056:and Yousof Sobouti (Physics)
250:History of Iranian modernity
7:
4910:Water supply and sanitation
4667:
4641:Kish Island Free Trade Zone
4280:
3700:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
3075:civilization (3100–2700 BC)
3029:
2847:, Mage Publishers, (2004).
2595:. St. Martin's Publishing.
2511:Published June 18, 2000 by
2102:. Verso – via Amazon.
2016:
1353:Central Intelligence Agency
1001:Mirza Taghi Khan Amir Kabir
478:belong to this generation.
457:belong to this generation.
10:
5293:
4390:Economy of the Middle East
3767:2021–2022 Iranian protests
3757:2019–2020 Iranian protests
3737:2017–2018 Iranian protests
3198:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)
2825:
2690:"オリックス銀行カードローンを利用したときの体験談"
1850:(senior Iranian economist)
1375:
1330:Mohammad-Rezā Shāh Pahlavi
1308:, thus making Iran a full
1159:
988:
974:Modern scientific movement
951:
870:
828:
804:
525:
393:
283:darker side of Renaissance
5221:
5187:
5133:
4936:
4927:
4857:
4809:
4741:
4688:
4679:
4675:
4662:
4623:
4615:National Development Fund
4578:
4535:Telecommunications and IT
4529:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
4458:
4355:Foreign direct investment
4300:Bonyad (charitable trust)
4292:
4288:
4275:
4234:
4193:
4035:
4031:
4018:
3912:
3899:
3779:
3646:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
3636:Interim Government (1979)
3615:
3563:
3556:
3452:
3362:
3279:
3270:
3247:
3164:
3057:
3050:
3041:
3037:
3024:
2245:IIAS (16 November 2015).
1571:Manifest of Republicanism
1328:was formed which allowed
1318:Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
958:After the translation of
496:Heideggerian philosophies
254:Long before the European
4365:International oil bourse
4130:Ministry of Intelligence
3715:Syrian civil war (2011–)
3539:1921 Persian coup d'état
2721:10.1177/0037768604043006
1563:Hassan Yousefi Eshkevari
1520:Molana Jalaleddin Balkhi
1282:was orchestrated by the
1261:1953 Iranian coup d'état
1162:Iranian women's movement
1156:Iranian women's movement
1063:Mohammad Reza Zarrindast
1036:Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki
983:Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki
947:
753:Masters of Persian Music
641:Abdolaziz Farmanfarmaian
451:Abdolhossein Teymourtash
4889:scientists and scholars
4395:Milad Tower and complex
4185:Women's rights movement
4180:White Revolution (1963)
3848:Peoples of the Caucasus
3190:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)
3083:dynasties (2700–540 BC)
1378:2nd of Khordad Movement
1372:2nd of Khordad movement
1241:constitutional movement
1219:Bibi Khatoon Astarabadi
1119:Ali Kaveh (Civil Engg.)
1080:Ali Radmehr (Radiology)
849:Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub
764:Persian Symphonic Music
762:New figures emerged in
741:Persian classical music
336:wrote his magnum opus,
5200:Anti-Iranian sentiment
5195:Science and technology
5020:Intellectual movements
4900:International rankings
4884:Intellectual movements
4370:International rankings
3863:Heads of state of Iran
3669:Nojeh coup plot (1980)
3230:Empire (247 BC–AD 224)
3067:culture (3400–2000 BC)
2000:Philosophy of religion
1996:philosophy of language
1930:
1867:Davoud Hermidas-Bavand
1786:
1718:Amir Hossein Aryanpour
1587:Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt
1471:
1273:Prime Minister of Iran
1224:Qamar ol-Molouk Vaziri
1130:. When a reporter for
1110:(Electrical Engg., AI)
986:
826:
816:
523:
386:
339:Thus Spoke Zarathustra
4488:Shetab Banking System
4478:Banking and insurance
4440:Tehran Stock Exchange
4360:Intellectual property
3705:PJAK conflict (2004–)
3478:Turcomans (1378–1508)
3470:Turcomans (1374–1468)
3419:Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
3222:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)
2892:Afshin Matin-asgari,
2885:Farhad Khosrokhavar,
2836:Imam Sadiq University
2039:History of philosophy
1921:
1909:at Tehran University)
1780:
1773:Other notable figures
1465:
1419:Chain murders of Iran
981:
960:Mirza Fatali Akhundov
922:Mohammad Ali Sepanloo
867:Poetry after classics
822:
812:
517:
427:Mohammad-Ali Foroughi
396:Iranian Enlightenment
376:
4449:Technology start-ups
4350:Environmental issues
4340:Economic Reform Plan
4254:Provincial governors
3944:Environmental issues
3692:Iran Air Flight 655
3433:Jalayirid Sultanate
3305:Caliphate (750–1258)
3147:Kingdom (652–625 BC)
2417:, Francis Harrison,
2049:Intellectual history
1962:University of Tehran
1752:Traditional scholars
1686:Reza Davari Ardakani
1316:, both owned by the
1306:Constitution of 1906
1230:Historical landmarks
1192:Rakhshan Bani Etemad
1149:Hossein Malek-Afzali
585:It is believed that
92:improve this article
4849:Freedom of religion
4435:Supreme Audit Court
4314:Automotive industry
3961:Iranian Balochistan
3687:1987 Mecca incident
3584:Iran crisis of 1946
3573:dynasty (1925–1979)
3502:Dynasty (1751–1794)
3443:dynasty (1338–1357)
3435:dynasty (1335–1432)
3427:dynasty (1314–1393)
3412:dynasty (1244–1381)
3396:dynasty (1077–1231)
3380:dynasty (1011–1215)
3297:Caliphate (661–750)
3289:Caliphate (632–661)
3257:Empire (AD 224–651)
3174:Empire (550–330 BC)
3155:Empire (626–539 BC)
3139:Empire (678–549 BC)
3123:Empire (911–609 BC)
2453:, Mar. 1954: p iii.
2399:, Borzou Daragahi,
2295:2006Natur.444...22M
1992:philosophy of logic
1669:Mir Hossein Mousavi
1512:religious democracy
1415:Cultural Revolution
1351:In August 2013 the
1169:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
907:Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
579:Prince Claus Awards
510:Modern art movement
415:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar
5267:Persian philosophy
4980:Persian New Year (
4385:Main economic laws
3956:Iranian Azerbaijan
3858:Monarchs of Persia
3802:Persianate society
3510:Empire (1789–1925)
3494:Empire (1736–1796)
3486:Empire (1501–1736)
3462:Empire (1370–1507)
3388:Empire (1037–1194)
3353:dynasty (934–1062)
3345:dynasty (931–1090)
3337:dynasty (861–1003)
3206:Empire (312–63 BC)
3107:(c.1595–c.1155 BC)
2514:The New York Times
2367:Human Rights Watch
2069:Persian literature
2059:Iranian philosophy
1988:Philosophy of mind
1931:
1856:(senior economist)
1854:Fariborz Rais-Dana
1787:
1647:has priority over
1643:They believe that
1615:form of government
1500:Hossein Bashiriyeh
1496:Alireza Alavitabar
1480:Abdolkarim Soroush
1472:
1365:Iranian Revolution
1359:Iranian Revolution
1276:Mohammad Mosaddegh
1116:(Electrical Engg.)
1086:(Medical genetics)
1069:Fereydoun Davatchi
1040:Ahmad Reza Dehpour
1038:, Issa Yavari and
987:
897:Forough Farrokhzad
837:Persian literature
831:Persian literature
827:
817:
633:Gabriel Guevrekian
629:Vartan Hovanessian
605:Hossein Zenderoudi
524:
504:Abdolkarim Soroush
387:
5249:
5248:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5183:
5182:
5090:Opium consumption
4923:
4922:
4759:Ethnic minorities
4733:Iranian languages
4658:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4150:Political parties
4088:Children's rights
4073:Foreign relations
4067:2009 presidential
4014:
4013:
3976:Iranian Kurdistan
3895:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3775:
3774:
3747:COVID-19 pandemic
3606:Revolution (1979)
3552:
3551:
3372:Empire (977–1186)
3329:dynasty (864–928)
3321:dynasty (821–873)
3313:dynasty (819–999)
3266:
3265:
3182:(c.323 BC–AD 226)
2875:Ramin Jahanbegloo
2439:Radio Free Europe
2402:Los Angeles Times
1923:Hoseiniyeh Ershad
1811:Fereydoun Hoveyda
1722:Ramin Jahanbegloo
1555:Ezzatollah Sahabi
1451:Morteza Motahhari
1447:Morteza Motahhari
1286:(under the name '
1196:Samira Makhmalbaf
1084:Hossein Najmabadi
1034:, Bijan Farzami,
1016:Ali-Asghar Hekmat
902:Manouchehr Atashi
892:Fereydoon Moshiri
705:Post-contemporary
591:Fereydoun Rahnema
520:Ezzatollah Sahabi
482:Fourth generation
409:Second generation
233:
232:
225:
215:
214:
168:
167:
160:
142:
65:
16:(Redirected from
5284:
5239:
5229:
5228:
5080:National symbols
4934:
4933:
4749:Iranian citizens
4686:
4685:
4677:
4676:
4664:
4663:
4646:Research centers
4335:Economic history
4290:
4289:
4277:
4276:
4211:Guardian Council
4033:
4032:
4020:
4019:
3901:
3900:
3878:Electric history
3873:Military history
3787:Ancient Persians
3695:
3694:shootdown (1988)
3677:
3664:
3661:Iranian Embassy
3631:
3620:
3618:Islamic Republic
3607:
3599:1953 coup d'état
3574:
3561:
3560:
3519:
3516:Khanates of the
3511:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3277:
3276:
3258:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3055:
3054:
3039:
3038:
3026:
3025:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2899:Gheissari, Ali.
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2806:. Archived from
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2781:. Archived from
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2752:. Archived from
2751:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2586:
2575:
2574:
2560:Eminent Persians
2554:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2428:
2422:
2412:
2406:
2394:
2388:
2376:
2370:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2306:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2236:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2169:"BBCPersian.com"
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2145:. Archived from
2139:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2044:History of ideas
2033:
2028:
2027:
2026:
1984:moral philosophy
1957:Dariush Shayegan
1873:Nasser Katouzian
1848:Mousa Ghaninejad
1835:Farrokhroo Parsa
1829:Parviz Varjavand
1817:Daryoush Ashouri
1738:Aramesh Doustdar
1714:Dariush Shayegan
1710:Javad Tabatabaei
1698:Martin Heidegger
1657:Mohammad Khatami
1488:Mostafa Malekian
1466:Iranian scholar
1384:Mohammad Khatami
1342:absolute monarch
1326:Fazlollah Zahedi
1294:(under the name
1174:The presence of
857:Ebrahim Golestan
853:Shahrokh Meskoob
687:
676:
645:Hooshang Seyhoun
601:Marcos Grigorian
595:Farrokh Ghaffari
587:Ebrahim Golestan
542:Abbas Kiarostami
536:, a movement in
472:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
467:Marxist ideology
461:Third generation
390:First generation
266:was writing his
228:
221:
210:
207:
201:
178:
170:
163:
156:
152:
149:
143:
141:
100:
76:
68:
57:
35:
34:
27:
21:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5277:Intellectualism
5262:Culture of Iran
5252:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5209:
5179:
5158:Rap and hip-hop
5129:
5110:Public holidays
5095:Persian gardens
5084:Imperial Anthem
5075:National Jewels
5030:Iranian studies
4919:
4853:
4805:
4737:
4698:Persian (Farsi)
4671:
4650:
4619:
4581:
4574:
4509:Pharmaceuticals
4454:
4445:Venture capital
4420:Rial (currency)
4405:Nuclear program
4284:
4263:
4230:
4189:
4140:Nuclear program
4105:Judicial system
4027:
4010:
3981:Iranian plateau
3908:
3887:
3771:
3693:
3675:
3662:
3630:History (1979–)
3629:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3572:
3548:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3461:
3448:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3358:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3272:
3262:
3256:
3243:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3160:
3154:
3153:Neo-Babylonian
3146:
3138:
3131:(860 BC–590 BC)
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3099:(c.2300–675 BC)
3098:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3046:
3033:
3020:
3014:
2980:
2910:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2788:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2701:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2587:
2578:
2571:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2533:
2527:
2520:
2506:
2502:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2429:
2425:
2413:
2409:
2395:
2391:
2377:
2373:
2361:
2357:
2346:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2304:10.1038/444022a
2289:(7115): 22–25.
2275:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2217:Patrick Clawson
2215:
2211:
2180:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2019:
1980:Mahmoud Khatami
1975:Mahmoud Khatami
1971:Ebrahimi Dinani
1916:
1891:Sadeq Zibakalam
1805:Mohammad Gharib
1799:Yadollah Sahabi
1783:Moslem Bahadori
1775:
1754:
1706:
1681:
1607:
1595:Ahmad Zeidabadi
1583:Anthony Giddens
1543:Saeed Hajjarian
1460:
1435:
1427:
1411:
1401:completed yet.
1389:Saeed Hajjarian
1380:
1374:
1361:
1314:Abadan Refinery
1288:Operation Boot'
1257:
1237:
1232:
1208:Simin Daneshvar
1200:Simin Behbahani
1188:Tahmineh Milani
1164:
1158:
1093:Moslem Bahadori
1020:Moslem Bahadori
1012:Mahmoud Hessaby
993:
991:Science in Iran
976:
956:
954:Persian theatre
950:
937:Simin Behbahani
932:Mohammad Zohari
912:Hushang Ebtehaj
875:
869:
833:
807:
768:Melal Orchestra
755:revolutionized
749:Sheyda Ensemble
733:
719:in the case of
709:Complex systems
681:
670:
625:Safavid dynasty
621:
564:to modernity."
530:
518:Sahabi family (
512:
484:
463:
447:Hasan Taqizadeh
423:Ali Akbar Davar
411:
398:
392:
371:
305:Cyrus the Great
252:
229:
218:
217:
216:
211:
205:
202:
195:
183:This article's
179:
164:
153:
147:
144:
101:
99:
89:
77:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5290:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5233:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5139:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5047:
5042:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4953:
4947:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4836:
4831:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4756:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4683:
4673:
4672:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4542:
4532:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4475:
4464:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4286:
4285:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4259:Supreme Leader
4256:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4221:Local councils
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4121:
4116:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4098:Women's rights
4095:
4090:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4060:
4055:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4029:
4028:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3949:Climate change
3941:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3833:Jiroft culture
3830:
3829:
3828:
3821:Iranic peoples
3818:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3797:Persianization
3794:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3671:
3666:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3625:
3623:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3567:
3565:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3415:
3407:
3404:(1135/36-1225)
3399:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3283:
3281:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3214:(c.295–220 BC)
3209:
3201:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3073:Proto-Elamite
3070:
3061:
3059:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3035:
3034:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2909:
2908:External links
2906:
2905:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2838:
2832:Latifiyan, Ali
2827:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2795:
2770:
2734:
2715:(2): 191–202.
2709:Social Compass
2695:
2681:
2667:
2646:
2620:
2608:
2601:
2576:
2569:
2546:
2518:
2500:
2495:Foreign Policy
2481:
2474:
2455:
2443:
2423:
2407:
2389:
2371:
2355:
2340:
2326:
2269:
2255:
2237:
2209:
2184:Scientometrics
2174:
2160:
2134:
2127:Wanner, Rene.
2119:
2105:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Isfahan School
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1940:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1903:Elaheh Koulaei
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1879:Jamshid Momtaz
1876:
1870:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1823:Masoud Behnoud
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1774:
1771:
1753:
1750:
1705:
1702:
1694:Mehdi Golshani
1690:Javad Larijani
1680:
1677:
1665:Abdollah Noori
1653:
1652:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1606:
1603:
1585:, David Hild,
1492:Mohsen Kadivar
1476:Mehdi Bazargan
1468:Mehdi Bazargan
1459:
1456:
1443:Jalal Al Ahmad
1434:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1410:
1407:
1394:secularization
1376:Main article:
1373:
1370:
1360:
1357:
1284:United Kingdom
1269:28 Mordad coup
1256:
1255:28 Mordad coup
1253:
1249:Farrokhi Yazdi
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1160:Main article:
1157:
1154:
1145:United Nations
1121:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:(Rheumatology)
1066:
1065:(Pharmacology)
1060:
1057:
1050:
1049:
1047:
989:Main article:
975:
972:
952:Main article:
949:
946:
945:
944:
942:Sohrab Sepehri
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
873:Persian poetry
871:Main article:
868:
865:
861:Sadegh Choubak
829:Main article:
806:
803:
732:
731:Music movement
729:
717:folding theory
701:Bahram Shirdel
668:Reza Daneshmir
660:Post-Modernism
620:
617:
538:Iranian cinema
526:Main article:
511:
508:
483:
480:
462:
459:
410:
407:
394:Main article:
391:
388:
370:
367:
317:Persian empire
303:'s praise for
251:
248:
242:experience of
231:
230:
213:
212:
206:September 2012
192:the key points
182:
180:
173:
166:
165:
80:
78:
71:
66:
40:
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5289:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5232:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5054:news agencies
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4985:
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4977:
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4957:
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4942:
4939:
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4926:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
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4890:
4887:
4885:
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4880:
4876:
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4856:
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4847:
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4840:
4837:
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4832:
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4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4800:
4797:
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4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
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4765:
4762:
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4760:
4757:
4754:
4750:
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4746:
4744:
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4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4678:
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4670:
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4608:
4606:
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4457:
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4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4415:Privatization
4413:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
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4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
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4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
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4323:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
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4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
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3964:
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3959:
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3937:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3884:
3883:Years in Iran
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:Turco-Persian
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3676:War (1980–88)
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3468:Qara Qoyunlu
3466:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3269:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:550 BC–AD 224
3163:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3121:Neo-Assyrian
3119:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3011:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2902:
2898:
2895:
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2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:0-934211-90-6
2850:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2810:on 2011-08-16
2809:
2805:
2799:
2785:on 2007-12-29
2784:
2780:
2774:
2759:on 2006-12-10
2755:
2748:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
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2656:
2650:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2612:
2604:
2602:9780230115620
2598:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2570:9780815609070
2566:
2562:
2561:
2553:
2551:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2475:9781845113476
2471:
2467:
2466:
2459:
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2273:
2265:
2259:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2233:1-4039-6276-6
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:Michael Rubin
2218:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2164:
2149:on 2007-01-25
2148:
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2077:
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2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2021:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1953:phenomenology
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
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1836:
1833:
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1812:
1809:
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1803:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:, founder of
1759:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:Khosro Naghed
1727:
1726:Ehsan Naraghi
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1639:civil society
1636:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:Richard Rorty
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:Mahmoud Sadri
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:Immanuel Kant
1521:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1469:
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1455:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:velayat faqih
1395:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1369:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1292:United States
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:Shirin Neshat
1180:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1163:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1138:Reza Mansouri
1135:
1134:
1129:
1128:string theory
1124:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:Reza Mansouri
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:Abbas Shafiee
1029:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
992:
984:
980:
971:
969:
965:
964:Bahram Beyzai
961:
955:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
917:Ahmad Shamlou
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
878:
874:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
845:Ahmad Kasravi
842:
841:Sadeq Hedayat
838:
832:
825:
824:Bahram Bayzai
821:
815:
814:Sadeq Hedayat
811:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
757:Iranian music
754:
750:
746:
745:Aref Ensemble
742:
737:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
685:
680:
679:Farhad Ahmadi
674:
669:
663:
661:
657:
656:Nader Ardalan
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
596:
592:
588:
583:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
562:
561:Hamid Dabashi
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
529:
521:
516:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
479:
477:
473:
468:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:Ahmad Kasravi
436:
432:
431:Sadeq Hedayat
428:
424:
420:
416:
406:
403:
397:
384:
380:
375:
366:
364:
363:
358:
352:
350:
346:
341:
340:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
292:
291:Milan Kundera
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
260:
257:
247:
245:
241:
237:
227:
224:
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162:
159:
151:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
109: –
108:
104:
103:Find sources:
97:
93:
87:
86:
81:This article
79:
75:
70:
69:
64:
62:
55:
54:
49:
48:
43:
38:
29:
28:
19:
5188:Other topics
5172:
5100:Persian name
5039:Islamization
5019:
4981:
4941:Architecture
4894:universities
4883:
4839:Zoroastrians
4834:Christianity
4824:Baháʼí Faith
4774:Azerbaijanis
4681:Demographics
4495:Construction
4483:Central Bank
4425:Space Agency
4320:Child labour
4155:Principlists
4135:Cyberwarfare
4083:Human rights
4048:Constitution
3843:Azerbaijanis
3812:Indo-Persian
3792:Greater Iran
3663:siege (1980)
3622:1979–present
3273:early modern
3271:Medieval and
3065:Kura-Araxes
2981:(in Persian)
2961:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2867:
2859:
2844:
2841:Abbas Milani
2812:. Retrieved
2808:the original
2798:
2787:. Retrieved
2783:the original
2773:
2761:. Retrieved
2754:the original
2744:
2737:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2684:
2670:
2659:. Retrieved
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2634:The Guardian
2633:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2591:
2559:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2484:
2464:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2426:
2410:
2400:
2392:
2384:New York Sun
2382:
2374:
2358:
2343:
2329:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2258:
2240:
2225:Eternal Iran
2224:
2212:
2190:(1): 79–80.
2187:
2183:
2177:
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2147:the original
2137:
2122:
2108:
2093:
2010:Hossein Nasr
1949:Ahmad Fardid
1944:
1932:
1927:Ali Shariati
1897:Amir Attaran
1860:
1859:
1841:
1840:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1765:
1758:Hossein Nasr
1755:
1746:
1742:
1734:Abbas Milani
1707:
1682:
1673:Mostafa Moin
1661:Yousef Sanei
1654:
1608:
1591:
1579:Noam Chomsky
1570:
1559:Ahmad Ghabel
1540:
1528:G.W.F. Hegel
1516:
1511:
1504:
1473:
1439:Ali Shariati
1436:
1428:
1412:
1403:
1381:
1362:
1350:
1303:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1268:
1258:
1238:
1216:
1211:
1204:Shirin Ebadi
1181:
1173:
1165:
1142:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1114:Jawad Salehi
1025:
1009:
994:
957:
887:Bijan Jalali
876:
834:
776:
761:
738:
734:
697:Abbas Gharib
694:
664:
649:
637:Heydar Ghiai
622:
599:
584:
575:Reza Abedini
572:
568:Mehdi Saeedi
566:
556:
555:In his book
554:
545:
533:
531:
500:anti-utopian
491:
487:
485:
476:Ali Shariati
464:
455:`Abdu'l-Bahá
443:Saeed Nafisi
435:Bozorg Alavi
412:
401:
399:
383:Sani ol molk
362:The Persians
360:
353:
345:Harold Bloom
337:
331:
329:in history.
321:
295:
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278:
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238:involve the
235:
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90:Please help
85:verification
82:
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41:
5205:Tehrangeles
5168:Traditional
4905:Nationality
4843:persecution
4828:persecution
4779:Circassians
4728:Neo-Aramaic
4708:Azerbaijani
4580:State-owned
4505:Health care
4468:Agriculture
4305:Brain drain
4244:Ambassadors
3939:Earthquakes
3476:Aq Qoyunlu
3425:Muzaffarid
3402:Eldiguzids
3394:Anushtegin
3220:Kingdom of
3196:Kingdom of
3188:Kingdom of
3180:Atropatene
3172:Achaemenid
3113:Kingdom of
3058:3400–539 BC
2435:Iraj Gorgin
2031:Iran portal
1967:Reza Davari
1885:Javad Zarif
1842:Economists:
1567:Akbar Ganji
1547:Ahmad Sadri
1536:Erich Fromm
1532:Karl Popper
1280:coup d'état
1263:, known in
1095:(Pathology)
1005:Abbas Mirza
997:Darolfonoon
882:Nima Yushij
799:Mazandarani
725:Heterotopia
682: [
671: [
652:Kamran Diba
349:Zoroastrian
327:Zarathustra
311:from their
256:Renaissance
5256:Categories
5105:Philosophy
5064:newspapers
5045:Literature
4950:architects
4945:Achaemenid
4865:Corruption
4325:Corruption
4165:Reformists
4160:Propaganda
4058:Corruption
4043:Censorship
3986:Lake Urmia
3674:Iran–Iraq
3370:Ghaznavid
3248:AD 224–651
3212:Frataraka
3044:Prehistory
2814:2009-07-16
2789:2006-04-18
2661:2013-08-22
2085:References
1633:secularism
1631:Rejecting
1627:liberalism
1625:Rejecting
1599:Mehdi Jami
1290:) and the
1245:parliament
1108:Caro Lucas
968:Akbar Radi
690:Darab Diba
550:postmodern
419:Ali Dashti
379:Amir Kabir
351:origins."
313:Babylonian
118:newspapers
47:improve it
5070:Mythology
4976:Calendars
4966:Astronomy
4875:Education
4784:Georgians
4769:Assyrians
4764:Armenians
4690:Languages
4582:companies
4545:Transport
4525:Petroleum
4310:Companies
4249:President
4236:Officials
4170:Terrorism
4119:Air Force
4063:Elections
4001:Provinces
3996:Mountains
3906:Geography
3826:languages
3564:1925–1979
3492:Afsharid
3453:1370–1925
3441:Chobanid
3335:Saffarid
3287:Rashidun
3255:Sasanian
3236:Kings of
3228:Parthian
3204:Seleucid
3145:Scythian
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3089:Akkadian
2729:0037-7686
2657:. Cnn.com
2639:20 August
2509:attached.
1793:Scholars:
1336:of Iran (
1310:democracy
1028:chemistry
787:Khorasani
779:Sima Bina
613:Sculpture
470:society.
357:Aeschylus
334:Nietzsche
301:The Bible
287:Max Weber
268:Histories
264:Herodotus
244:modernity
190:summarize
148:July 2009
53:talk page
5231:Category
5124:football
5115:Scouting
5025:Iranians
5015:Folklore
4811:Religion
4723:Georgian
4703:Armenian
4564:shipping
4559:railways
4549:airlines
4515:Industry
4380:Taxation
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4110:Military
4025:Politics
4006:Wildlife
3971:Caucasus
3853:Persians
3780:See also
3604:Iranian
3571:Pahlavi
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3363:977–1432
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3295:Umayyad
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3097:Lullubi
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2964:magazine
2763:16 April
2592:The Shah
2538:Archived
2335:"Nature"
2313:17080057
2204:37655037
2153:16 April
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1417:and the
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770:and the
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3051:Ancient
3031:History
2826:Sources
2321:2967719
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1338:Persian
1299:Project
1267:as the
1259:In the
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2962:Time
2849:ISBN
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