Intellectual property in China

880:, and found that IPR enforcement is improving, but significant challenges still remain. The results show that the laws in place exceed their actual enforcement, with patent protection receiving the highest approval rate, while protection of trade secrets lags far behind. Many US companies have said that Chinese companies have stolen their intellectual property some time between 2009 and 2019. There are three main ways to address this issue. One is to bring a case to the WTO, which usually takes years to reach a final decision and requires a standard of proof against Chinese laws with respect to WTO rules that can be difficult to meet. Another avenue is unilateral restrictions on Chinese exports and investment, possibly leading to retaliations and a trade war. A third avenue is the negotiation of a bilateral investment treaty (BIT) with China that contains a dispute settlement mechanism between states and investors in order to ensure effective enforcement. 72:. The early People's Republic of China abolished the statutes enacted by China's Nationalist government and adopted an approach to copyright, trademark, and patent issues more consistent with the model of the Soviet Union. Chinese policymakers became interested in integrating into the global IP framework as the government sought to import more technology in the 1970s. In the 1980s, China began to join international treaties on IP issues. After joining the World Trade Organization in 2001, it assumed IP obligations under the TRIPS Agreement and revised its domestic laws to conform to the TRIPS standards. Although China's IP framework has developed quickly, as of 2023 it remains less developed than most industrialized countries. The trend as of 2023 is that China's IP governance is continuing to grow closer to the EU and U.S. systems. 175:(LMMC), China promotes international negotiations on the disclosure of the origin of genetic resources in the context of patents. China is involved in discussions on the protection of genetic resources in a variety of international forums, including the TRIPS Council, the WIPO Intergovernmental Committee, and in its free-trade agreements. As of at least 2023, multilateral negotiations on the disclosure obligation feature strong disagreements between LMMC, EU, and the United States regarding whether a disclosure obligation is necessary and if so, how one should be implemented. 849:(CERC) established a novel Technology Management Plan to govern intellectual property issues arising under its projects. Within CERC, owners who brought IP to CERC retained "all right, title, and interest in their background IP" and were not required to license, assign, or transfer it. The CERC Technology Management Plan required, in the event of dispute, that the parties should attempt to reach a mutually agreeable resolution. If none could be reached, the Technology Management Plan required submission of the dispute to arbitration in accordance with the rules of the 869:(WTO) cases against China, one focused on intellectual property rights violations, and one based on market access deficiencies. In both cases, it was ruled that China must change its operating standards to comply with WTO rules; in the IPR case, a helpful standard was established as to the definition of "commercial scale" for which criminal penalties would be required, but found that the U.S. had not supplied sufficient evidence to show that China's 500 copy threshold for criminal liability left some "commercial scale" infringement cases without a criminal remedy. 275:

engaged in social activities drawing on a body of knowledge that belonged to all people. In contrast to patents and trademarks, the early PRC did not issue comparable copyright regulations. Instead, official policy in this area was set by resolutions passed in the early 1950s. These included editorial rules by which state publishing entities were encouraged to memorialize the author-publisher relationship in contracts which would cover submitting manuscripts, publication, and payment.

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name location, and (3) products where some of the raw materials come from elsewhere but are produced in the place name location using specialized techniques. This approach is intended to accommodate the use of geographical indications in handicrafts like embroidery or ceramics. The regulation sets strict standards for products produced under the geographical indication, and non-compliance results in a producer losing the ability to use the place name.

3893: 4103: 590:(2014–2020). It sets numerical targets for patent applications, trademark registrations, and copyright registrations. In 2015, China described its IP as an important mechanism for stimulating innovation, increasing China's technological competitiveness, and facilitating development. Influenced by these policies, China in 2019 became the largest user of the WIPO's 310:(著作权法实施条例), the Copyright Law of the PRC adopted and promulgated in 1990 and the "Implementing Rules" adopted in 1991 and revised in 2002. In most cases the copyright term is the life of the author plus 50 years, but for cinematographic and photographic works and works created by a company or organization the term is 50 years after first publication. 605:. In conjunction with the BRI, China does not attempt to impose IP standards on participating countries. It works with WIPO to implement training and events design to increase the IP governing capacity of BRI countries. In 2016, WIPO initiated the High-Level Conference on Intellectual Property for BRI Countries, where WIPO Director General 399:

As compared to the United States, China has more non-patentable matters. Pharmaceuticals and chemicals were not patentable under the 1984 Patent Law, but became patentable after the law was amended in 1992. A bilateral memorandum of understanding with the United States made this amendment to domestic

789:. The case centred on the "arcuate design on two pockets at the back of jeans", which has been protected in China since its registration there in 2005. The company won damages and costs in addition to a ban on future infringements. The infringer's ignorance of the trademark was no bar to punishment. 532:

signed a GI agreement in September 2020. The agreement developed from pilot programs over the preceding eight years in which China and the EU worked on mutual registering and protection of geographical indications. The 2020 agreement extends mutual recognition of geographical indications to 275 from

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Internationally, China's view is that the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) should be the primary international forum for IP rule-making. Generally, China's approach internationally is to advocate for maintaining the TRIPS standards, sometimes joining with other developing countries to

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for infringement of a circuit breaker utility model patent. The Wenzhou Intermediate People's Court ruled in CHINT's favor, awarding RMB 334.8 million to the Chinese manufacturer, the highest amount ever in a Chinese IP case. After Schneider appealed to the High Court of Zhejiang province, the

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In 2001, the China Environmental Project Tech Inc. filed a patent infringement lawsuit against American company Huayang Electronics Co. and Japanese FKK after those companies profited using a CEPT patented technique for using seawater in a fuel gas desulphurization process. Though the Supreme Court

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Disney sued for copyright infringement, but the licensing agreement pre-dated the 1992 China-U.S. Memorandum of Understanding that first provided for reciprocal copyright protection between the two countries. The court decided to apply the MOU to the dispute and to construe it as a treaty, ordering

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also has special, first-instance jurisdiction over administrative appeals brought against decisions issued by administrative IP adjudication bodies. Since 2017, the system has expanded to include 20 specialized IP tribunals across the country. Although these tribunals are administratively a part of

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provided additional regulatory guidance on specialized intellectual property court jurisdiction. The specialized IP courts sit at the intermediate court level and have first instance jurisdiction over all technically complex civil and administrative IP cases (including patents, new plant varieties,

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These regulations establish protection and requirements for products using place names if (1) the product is grown or bred from a certain place name location and all of the raw materials come from that place, (2) products produced elsewhere but for which all of the raw materials come from the place

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provides links to third-party websites that offer online counterfeit products as well as access to counterfeit hardware and merchandise. The Chinese government dominates 70% of its country's search engine revenue and has been called on by US officials to limit the activity of online counterfeiting

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In patent litigation, infringement and invalidation claims generally proceed separately rather than being addressed at the same trial. Foreign firms have been increasingly successful in litigating patent infringement suits in China, winning approximately 70% of the time in the period 2006 to 2011,

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Although rarely enforced, the Administration of Technology Import/Export Regulations (TIER) previously prohibited foreign enterprises licensing their technology to China from restricting where that technology could be used and required them to waive any rights related to subsequent improvements to

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in 2001. China's adoption of TRIPS incentivized Chinese policymakers to improve the country's regulatory structure to encourage national innovation and resulted in significant domestic policy reforms. The TRIPS agreement is also the basis of China's domestic IP law, as China conformed its IP law,

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In March 1992 Chinese authorities found that Shenzhen reflective materials institute had copied 650,000 Microsoft Corporation holograms. The institute was found to be guilty of trademark infringement against Microsoft and was fined US$ 252. Losses to Microsoft as a result of the infringement are

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The PRC's early regulations provided for inventors' patent rights, but these were abolished fairly quickly under the view that patent rights were incompatible with socialism. China then followed the model of the Soviet Union's investor certificates, honorary titles that were granted to investors

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The Patent Law was again amended in 2000 to ensure compliance with China's obligations under the TRIPS Agreement. In 2008, amendments to the Patent Law added provisions on the protection of genetic resources. These amendments established a disclosure obligation for genetic resources, a domestic

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The People's Republic of China abolished the Republic of China statutes in 1949. The PRC found the Soviet intellectual model more consistent with traditional Chinese thinking than the Republic of China model, as the Soviet model accorded with the idea that through invention or creation, people

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established a pilot program artificial intelligence-based Internet Court to adjudicate internet-related intellectual property claims as well as ecommerce disputes. Parties appear before the court via videoconference and AI evaluates the evidence presented and applies relevant legal standards.

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enacted a copyright law that covered books, music, paintings, photographs, engravings, and models. The copyright for most items existed for 30 years after the death of the author. Translations of literary works had a 20-year copyright and photographs had a 10-year copyright after publication.

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register (protecting GI wine and spirits) or a geographical indication extension which would go beyond wines and spirits. China's regional specialties are generally more geared towards agricultural products rather than wines and spirits, and tends to favor a geographical indication extension.

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China's legal framework for intellectual property protection is developing rapidly as China becomes a source of innovation, although its IP framework is still less developed than most industrialized nations as of 2023. The general trend of its IP system has been to develop towards increasing

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As of at least 2023, China's general approach in addressing IP issues in international forums is to maintain TRIPS Agreement standards and sometimes joining the proposals of other developing countries to oppose further increases in IP standards. China has also been trending towards increased

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Sometimes local protectionism may dilute the strength of central legislation or the power of law enforcement. For example, local governments might not want to genuinely support the work of copyright protection supervisors. It may create obstacles during IPRs investigation and assist local

497:, China adopted the provision on geographical indications from the TRIPS Agreement. Under this standard, if a trademark contains a place name but the product does not originate in that area, the geographical name should not be used or registered given the risk of misleading the public. A 567:

The Copyright Office falls within the State Administration for Press and Publication. A similar system exists at various levels of local government. Commonly, enforcement of IPRs will be carried out by local IPRs personnel, assisted by police from the local Public Security Bureau.

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integrated circuit layout designs, trade secrets, and computer software). They also have first instance jurisdiction over well-known trademarks and deal with all other IP cases upon appeal from the basic people's courts in their province.86 In terms of administrative law, the

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The 2020 U.S.-China Economic and Trade Agreement includes the highest IP enforcement standards of any U.S. bilateral agreement. It includes provisions on patent linkages, patent term extensions, data exclusivity, trade secrets, and higher criminal standards for infringement.

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case dealt with how a Chinese court would apply international agreements in copyright disputes. The dispute resulted when Disney licensed its copyright to a licensee, who in turn violated the license agreement by improperly licensing copyright material to Beijing Publishing

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Although legal disputes between American and Chinese entities alleging mishandling or misappropriation of intellectual property occur, the most frequent basis for disputes stems from misunderstandings based on the differing IP rules and legal systems of the two countries.

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Since 2008, filings for patent and trademark protection by both Chinese and national firms have skyrocketed, leading to increased government focus on IP protection, including establishing specialized intellectual property courts to more effectively resolve disputes.

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are available under Chinese law. In cases of joint patentees, the default rule in China is that each patentee can grant nonexclusive license without the other joint patentees' consent. Joint patentees can avoid application of this default rule by agreement, however.

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IP first became a significant negotiating point between the countries in establishing the U.S.-China Agreement on High Energy Physics and the U.S.-China Agreement on Trade Relations. Those agreements were reached in 1979. The two countries negotiated four bilateral

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More than 30 government ministries are involved in domestic IP governance. To enforce IPR protection, an administrative system has been established within the government. After the reshuffle of the State Council in March 1998, the Patent Office became part of the

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alignment with the positions taken by developed countries. The global regulation of IP involves multiple non-hierarchical international institutions, and China sometimes adopts different or inconsistent proposals in different forums. Since the creation of the

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alleging copyright infringement. Tencent used its leverage from the suit to convince NetEase to sublicense music rights from Tencent. The sub-licensing arrangement that resulted then became a model used by other online music platforms in China.

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ruled in favor of CEPT, the court failed to issue an injunction because the infringing process was being used to generate electricity and an injunction would interfere with the public interest. The court instead awarded RMB 50 million to CEPT.

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the technology. The provisions of TIER had been the subject of a number of WTO disputes. In March 2019, China agreed to revoke some of the TIER provisions.A Foreign Investment Law introduced in late 2019 banned forced technology transfers.

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described China's intellectual property development as unprecedented in the history of intellectual property. China cited Bogsch's statement in responding to U.S. criticism and the dynamic led to growth in the China-WIPO relationship.

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was passed in 1994 and extensively revised in 2015, to now include a joint liability with the advertising spokesperson, special regulations on public interest advertising, and most importantly a definition of misleading advertisement.

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counterfeiters by letting them hide their production lines in safer places. When counterfeiters have good connections with local governmental or law enforcement officials, they may find an umbrella for their counterfeiting activity.

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courts mediated the issue and the parties settled for RMB 157.5 million. In its judgement, the Wenzhou Intermediate People's Court labeled the case "the no. 1 case of patent infringement in China". At the EU–China summit 2007,

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sued a manufacturer in China over copyright infringement involving sales worth more than 330 million RMB. In 2020 a Shanghai court sentenced nine individuals to three to six years of prison time and fines of up to 90 million RMB.

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rights violations, along with other nations. In addition, the U.S., based on claims brought to it by the China Copyright Alliance (CCA)—a group of major copyright industry associations and select companies—brought two

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prohibited the use of geographical names of administrative divisions at or above the county levels as trademarks. However, regulators in China began protecting foreign geographical indications on a case-by-case basis.

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Farah, Paolo Davide and Cima, Elena, "China's Participation in the World Trade Organization: Trade in Goods, Services, Intellectual Property Rights and Transparency Issues" in Aurelio Lopez-Tarruella Martinez (ed.),

435:(1993). The latter prohibited the passing off of registered trademarks, infringing trade secrets, the illegal use of well-known goods or names of other people, as well as other misleading and deceptive conduct. The 536:

The 2020 U.S.-China Economic and Trade Agreement required China to amend its domestic regulations regarding geographic indications, including to provide that geographical indications may become generic over time.

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In 2021 Belgian artist Christian Silvain sued Chinese artist Ye Yongqing for plagiarism. Since the 1990s, Ye's works have taken on composition and motifs similar to those of Silvain. On 24 August 2023, the

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In the 1980s, Chinese courts and regulators began to enforce intellectual property protections on the basis international treaties China had signed before corresponding domestic IP laws were yet in place.

2052: 4483: 912: 766:(DOJ) announced an indictment against Fujian Jinhua and UMC. In October 2020, UMC pleaded guilty and agreed to pay a fine in exchange for cooperating with the DOJ. In February 2024, US District Judge 17: 2178: 505: 4373: 831: 99:

to the People's Republic of China, China increasingly sought to import technology. The desire to important technology prompted China to begin integrating itself into the global IP framework.

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Gregory, A. (2003). The Impact of China's Accession to the WTO. In Cass, D, Barker, G., and Willims, B (Eds.), China and the World Trading System (Pg. 330). NY: Cambridge University Press.

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During the early 1990s, the U.S. often criticized China's IP protections and at times threatened unilateral retaliation. WIPO defended China's progress and in 1993 WIPO Director General

254:(960–1279). The publishers of a work at that time wrote on the final page of a text that it could not be copied. The first modern official code was implemented in 1910 at the end of the 126: 122: 873: 416:

Apart from major legislation on trademarks, copyright and patents, a few other laws and regulations have been passed to deal with intellectual property related issues. In 1986, the

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include provisions dealing with geographical indications. China has generally taken a flexible approach with regard to these provisions and proceeds on the basis of reciprocity.

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Historically, China began accepting foreign IP concepts at the start of the 20th Century, abolished them when the PRC was established, and began acknowledging IP rights during

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the intermediate people's court in their city, they have cross-regional and exclusive subject matter jurisdiction over IP cases—similar to the IP courts established in 2014.

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awarded €650,000 ($ 696,000) in damages to Silvain, the highest amount so far for cases related to fine arts in China, and ordered Ye to make a public apology in the

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define genetic resources as any material taken from a human, animal, plant, or microorganism containing genetically functioning units with actual or potential value.

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The number of IP cases prosecuted criminally in Chinese courts has been on a significant upward trend from 2005 to 2015, suggesting tougher enforcement of IP laws.

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in 2008. Since 2012, China frames intellectual property as an important part of its strategy of driving development through innovation. In 2013, China issued its

557:(SIPO). In 2011, SIPO became the world's largest patent office. SIPO developed its own Traditional Chinese Medicine Patent database compiling patents granted for 526:(MOA) issued a regulation on the protection of agricultural geographical indication products. These are defined as including plants, animals, and microorganisms. 68:

China first began accepting foreign IP concepts when foreign countries forced the Qing dynasty to accept them as part of the bilateral treaties that followed the

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The use of place names as part of product names to emphasize regional specialties existed in China for over 3,000 years. China first encountered European-style

106:(WIPO). As of at least 2023, China's view is that WIPO should be the primary international forum for IP rule-making. China acceded to the WIPO-administered the 4555: 4543: 4429: 4294: 4189: 4152: 4056: 3428: 3117: 2200: 4466: 4257: 3972: 3000: 2114: 684: 420:

was adopted to protect the lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons, and to correctly regulate civil relations. Articles 94–97 of the

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China's IP regulators and policy-makers generally maintain close contact with their peers from developed countries and in international institutions.

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In 2015, the National Copyright Administration required all domestic online music platforms to remove unlicensed music or face severe sanctions.

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said, "I regard the SCHNEIDER case as a test case of the level playing field in China on intellectual property protection that we want to see".

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In an effort to facilitate renewable energy research and development collaboration by providing more predictability to the patent process, the

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In 2007, the U.S. sued China in the WTO, resulting in China's further amendment of domestic IP laws to comply with the WTO panel's decision.

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China uses a first-to-file trademark registration system. Trademark registrants do not need to demonstrate their prior use of a trademark.

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A copyright statute was not adopted until 1990. WIPO provided technical assistance to China during the drafting of the 1990 Copyright Law.

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encouraged participating countries to use WIPO tools like its global IP services and databases and to join WIPO-administered IP treaties.

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Safran, Brian J., "Western Perceptions of China's Intellectual Property System," U. Puerto Rico Bus. L.J. (Vol. 3, Iss. 2) Available at

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resources for plant seeds. Eight years later, amendments to the Patent Law more broadly addressed protection for genetic resources.

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In the 1990s, many more pieces of legislation were passed to perfect the intellectual property protection system. These include the

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law necessary. China accepted this requirement because it would have ultimately been necessary in order for China to re-enter GATT.

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Since the 2010s, continuing through at least 2023, China has been active in negotiating IP rules in regional trade agreements like

103: 2374: 2302:"A Renowned Chinese Artist Has Been Found Guilty of Brazen Plagiarism After He Made Millions From Copying a Belgian Artist's Work" 4604: 3962: 3708: 1786:"Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on the Jurisdiction of Intellectual Property Courts in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou" 774:

acquitted Fujian Jinhua of the charge in a non-jury verdict, judging that the prosecutor failed to provide sufficient evidence.

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in the 1980s. Under China's 1984 Trademark Law, geographical names were excluded from trademark registration and in 1986, the

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provides for investigating unreasonable IP licensing fees and authority for further supplementary regulations on IP issues.

317:, as well as bilateral copyright treaties signed between the PRC and other foreign countries, the PRC government passed the 3747: 3680: 3625: 3423: 3167: 2958: 2738: 96: 4049: 4631: 4409: 4147: 4085: 3157: 2906: 2708: 794: 778: 763: 759: 638: 1635: 830:

To streamline the patent application process for patentees filing under both the Chinese and United States systems, the

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Before the PRC acceded to the Berne Convention, computer software was not treated as a kind of literary work under the

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issued draft measures which, among other provisions, obligate tech companies to implement safeguards to ensure their

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provision which developed from the positions China took in negotiating on this issue in the TRIPS Council. 2010

118:, which enhances performers' intellectual property rights. It is the only IP treaty named after a Chinese city. 110:

on 19 December 1984 and became an official member on 19 March 1985. China also acceded to the WIPO-administered

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provides an exception where an otherwise prohibited trademark already registered in good faith remains valid.

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Procedures for Dealing with Trademarks Registered at the Trademark Office of the Former Kuomintang Government

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The Trademarks Office is still under the authority of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce.

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In addition to government bodies, non-state actors are also involved in China's engagement on IP issues.

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to encourage invention-creation and to promote the development of science and technology. The subsequent

321:(1992). These have given foreign copyright holders protection for their rights and interests in the PRC. 240: 221:, issued in the same year, allowed registration of foreign trademarks. Few holders used the procedures. 137:

Following the TRIPS Agreement, a recurring issue for the WTO has been discussion over the creation of a

4651: 4353: 4247: 4237: 4201: 4117: 3957: 3785: 3727: 3675: 3531: 3473: 2948: 2938: 2788: 2718: 2651: 1286: 839: 561:. In September 2018, SIPO was renamed the China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA). 444: 4368: 4338: 4306: 4169: 4017: 3886: 3640: 3410: 3347: 3255: 3227: 3223: 3093: 3078: 2980: 2933: 2923: 2823: 2583: 1697:

China's Next Act: How Sustainability and Technology are Reshaping China's Rise and the World's Future

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in 1990. It comprehensively amended these laws after it joined the World Trade Organization in 2001.

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Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector

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China in Global Governance of Intellectual Property: Implications for Global Distributive Justice

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The first major dispute on violation of intellectual property rights was filed in April 1992 by

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since 1980. China has acceded to the major international conventions on protection of rights to

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The Law of Seeds (2000) established the principle of state sovereignty over the regulation of

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was amended in 2000 to ensure compliance with China's obligations under the TRIPS Agreement.

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IP was an important consideration during the course of China's negotiations to re-enter the

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To Steal a Book is an Elegant Offense: Intellectual Property Law in Chinese Civilization

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The concept of copyright in China has been found to exist at least as far back as the

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China's Rising Foreign Ministry: Practices and Representations of Assertive Diplomacy

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and agreed to establish domestic laws on IP in bilateral treaties that followed.

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China's IP Transition: Rethinking Intellectual Property Rights in a Rising China

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Provisional Regulations on the Protection of Invention Rights and Patent Rights.

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surveyed over 500 of its members doing business in China regarding IPR for its

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including regarding patents, trademark, and copyright, to the TRIPS standards.

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deal with intellectual property rights of Chinese citizens and legal persons.

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system to cover the use of geographical indication products through the 2005

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which eliminated all trademarks registered under the Nationalist government.

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El comercio con China. Oportunidades empresariales, incertidumbres jurídicas

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were formulated by the then Ministry of Engineering Electronics Industries.

3912: 1961: 799: 676: 255: 251: 1458: 1295: 3319: 2525:

Cultural control and globalization in Asia: copyright, piracy, and cinema

680: 510: 259: 30: 506:

General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine

3808: 3737: 2137:"China chipmaker Fujian Jinhua pleads not guilty to US theft charges" 1848: 1385: 451: 342:

An influential decision by the Beijing Internet Court has ruled that

58: 54: 2105:"U.S. restricts exports to Chinese semiconductor firm Fujian Jinhua" 832:

State Intellectual Property Office of the People's Republic of China

3329: 2575: 2500:

The Politics of Piracy: Intellectual Property in Contemporary China

2444: 1939: 1911: 646: 1614:

The Idea of China: Chinese Thinkers on Power, Progress, and People

127:

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

123:

Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works

3848: 2205: 2141: 2109: 735: 731: 429:

Regulations on Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights

319:

Regulations on Implementation of International Copyright Treaties

114:

in June 1989. China is also a signatory to the WIPO-administered

112:

Madrid Agreement for the International Registration of Trademarks

853:. No instances of arbitration were ultimately required by CERC. 1611:

Bachulska, Alicja; Leonard, Mark; Oertel, Janka (2 July 2024).

1505:

High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy

62: 3651:

Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement

874:

American Chamber of Commerce in the People's Republic of China

663: 153: 46: 3479:

State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission

2435:, Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia (Spain) 2010, pp. 85–121. 2287:"LEVI's Prevails in Double Arcs Trademark Infringement Case" 588:

Action Plan on Further Implementing the National IP Strategy

271:

Corporate copyright existed for 30 years after publication.

18:

Intellectual property in the People's Republic of China

3308:

National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation

156:

Seminar on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights,

3656:

Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement

1783: 1545:"The 1990 Copyright Law of The People's Republic of China" 224:

In conformity with the TRIPS Agreement, China amended the

108:

Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property

1935:"US says China's Baidu is notorious pirated goods market" 913:

First Sino-American Forum of Intellectual Property Rights

860:

once again placed China on its "priority watch list" for

715:

Co. Ltd sued French low-voltage electronics manufacturer

346:-generated content is entitled to copyright protection. 258:(1644–1912). A new version was issued in 1915 during the 2011: 2009: 1449:. Studies in East Asian Law series. Stanford (Calif.): 1234:"When the Chinese intellectual property system hits 35" 754:, a U.S. memory chip maker, accused Chinese competitor 33:. For allegations of intellectual piracy by China, see 3429:

China Council for the Promotion of International Trade

2558:

Chinese Intellectual Property Law: In the 21st Century

1610: 2554: 2289:. Law Business Research. lexology. 16 September 2019. 2017:"Top Ten Chinese Intellectual Property Cases of 2009" 2006: 1815:

The John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law

816:

dealing with IP issues over the period 1988 to 1996.

378:

Implementing Regulations of the Patent Law of the PRC

369:, China completely abolished its patent regulations. 334:

Measures for Computer Software Copyright Registration

4691:

People's Republic of China intellectual property law

1907:"China Baidu search engine profits more than treble" 851:

United Nations Commission on International Trade Law

411: 898:

Allegations of intellectual property theft by China

704:Beijing Publishing House to pay damages to Disney. 625:and rising to approximately 80% in the late 2010s. 308:

Implementing Rules for the Copyright Law of the PRC

97:

1972 visit of United States President Richard Nixon

35:

Allegations of intellectual property theft by China

2497: 2252: 2079:"涉案3亿元的侵犯著作权案公诉后，乐高集团给检察院送来锦旗_浦江头条_澎湃新闻-The Paper" 1281:Gao, Henry; Raess, Damian; Zeng, Ka, eds. (2023). 3293:China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund 1587:"Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China" 219:Provisional Regulations on Trademark Registration 4682: 858:Office of the United States Trade Representative 777:In September 2019, Levi's won final judgment in 469:platforms respect intellectual property rights. 76:oppose an increase in obligations beyond TRIPS. 3454:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology 3278:China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation 45:(IPRs) have been acknowledged and protected in 2341:"China, U.S. trade barbs over WTO piracy case" 2299: 1882:"The Future of Music and Film Piracy in China" 487:State Administration for Industry and Commerce 125:in 1992 and assumed its obligations under the 3928: 3419:All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce 2591: 2430: 3942: 3459:National Financial Regulatory Administration 2032: 1280: 516:Provisions on the Protection of GI Products. 461:With regard to artificial intelligence, the 328:. In May 1991, the State Council passed the 3671:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 2688:Grasping the large, letting go of the small 2035:"CHINT v. SCHNEIDER on Patent Infringement" 1283:China and the WTO: A Twenty-Year Assessment 1238:Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 662:Chinese government-sponsored search-engine 472: 184:similarity with the E.U. and U.S. systems. 178: 3935: 3921: 3892: 3646:Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area 3484:State Administration for Market Regulation 3469:National Development and Reform Commission 2598: 2584: 2372: 1784:Supreme People's Court (31 October 2014). 313:To implement the Berne Convention and the 116:Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances 88:. In 1902, the Qing dynasty agreed to the 79: 3353:National Equities Exchange and Quotations 2425:, 2nd Ed (2015), Oxford University Press. 2353: 1808: 1757: 1538: 1536: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1294: 1249: 878:2016 China Business Climate Survey Report 842:(PPH) pilot program on December 1, 2011. 433:Law Against Unfair Competition of the PRC 3489:State Administration of Foreign Exchange 2547:Suttmeier, Richard P. and Xiangkui Yao, 2456:(2 ed.). Sweet & Maxwell Asia. 2022:. MWE China Law Offices. 10 August 2010. 1842: 1838: 1836: 1208:"From Beijing to Berne – Beijing Review" 365:without remuneration. Just prior to the 293:Copyright law is mainly governed by the 104:World Intellectual Property Organization 2373:Hungerford, Nancy (23 September 2019). 2300:Lawson-Tancred, Jo (5 September 2023). 1656: 1575:. US Department of Commerce. p. 2. 1568: 1116:. Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies series. 847:U.S.–China Clean Energy Research Center 806: 612: 14: 4683: 3464:National Bureau of Statistics of China 3434:China Securities Regulatory Commission 2495: 2102: 1988:Intellectual Property Protection China 1879: 1533: 1483: 1441: 540:As of 2023, nine of China's bilateral 406:Implementation Rules of the Patent Law 147:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 102:In 1980, China became a member of the 3916: 2579: 2470: 2279: 2233:from the original on 28 February 2024 1845:Contemporary China: a New Superpower? 1833: 1809:Weightman, William (1 January 2020). 1804: 1802: 1779: 1777: 1694: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1622:European Council on Foreign Relations 1502: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1003: 1001: 999: 997: 995: 993: 991: 989: 987: 985: 983: 981: 979: 977: 975: 973: 971: 969: 967: 965: 963: 961: 959: 957: 955: 953: 918:Music copyright infringement in China 129:(TRIPS Agreement) when it joined the 3681:Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone 3626:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 3424:All-China Federation of Trade Unions 2605: 2522: 2449: 2181:from the original on 30 October 2020 2149:from the original on 7 November 2020 2117:from the original on 7 November 2020 2039:China Intellectual Property Magazine 1984:"CEPT prevails in 8-year legal saga" 1657:Richter, Eva Lena (14 August 2015). 1604: 1542: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1345: 951: 949: 947: 945: 943: 941: 939: 937: 935: 933: 3158:Hong Kong Trade Development Council 2129: 2096: 1739: 1319: 795:Beijing Intellectual Property Court 762:of stealing chip designs. The U.S. 639:Beijing Intellectual Property Court 481:as intellectual property following 24: 2662:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns 2474:Intellectual Property Law in China 2415: 1990:. 26 February 2010. Archived from 1955: 1799: 1774: 1709:10.1093/oso/9780197603994.001.0001 1681: 1663:Zeitschrift für Chinesisches Recht 1517:10.1093/oso/9780197682258.001.0001 1313: 1231: 903:China International Copyright Expo 696:Disney v. Beijing Publishing House 691:estimated at US$ 30 million. 577: 555:State Intellectual Property Office 493:In the 2001 amendments to China's 463:Cyberspace Administration of China 330:Computer Software Protection Rules 25: 4702: 4670:Category:Copyright law by country 3686:Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone 3439:General Administration of Customs 3303:China Reform Holdings Corporation 2694:Scientific Outlook on Development 2267:from the original on 4 March 2024 2103:Lawder, David (30 October 2018). 1638:from the original on 17 July 2024 1418: 1342: 930: 547: 412:Other legislation and regulations 173:Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries 4101: 3968:International copyright treaties 3891: 3882: 3881: 3733:2008–2009 economic stimulus plan 3494:State Administration of Taxation 3382:Stock Exchange Executive Council 3236: 3235: 2849: 2848: 2616: 2615: 2555:Xue Hong; Zheng Chengsi (2002). 2471:Heath, Christopher, ed. (2005). 2354:Rosenbaum, Eric (1 March 2019). 1384:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The 1232:Yu, Peter K. (1 February 2018). 836:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office 601:, bilateral agreements, and the 234: 202: 152:In 2012, China hosted the China- 3743:2015–16 stock market turbulence 3666:Pearl River Delta Economic Zone 2551:(NBR Special Report, July 2011) 2385: 2366: 2347: 2333: 2319: 2293: 2245: 2213: 2193: 2161: 2071: 2045: 2033:Yang, Harry. (2 January 2008). 2026: 1976: 1967: 1927: 1899: 1889:Berkeley Technology Law Journal 1873: 1733: 1650: 1579: 1562: 1394:10.7551/mitpress/11959.001.0001 653: 422:General Principles of Civil Law 418:General Principles of Civil Law 3661:Northeast China Revitalization 3298:China Internet Investment Fund 3283:China Government Guidance Fund 2453:Intellectual Property in China 2059:(in Chinese). 2 September 2020 1759:10.1051/matecconf/201822805013 1274: 1225: 1200: 1175: 1150: 332:. Based upon these rules, the 315:Universal Copyright Convention 281: 13: 1: 3958:Copyright case law by country 3753:China–United States trade war 3618:Regional economic initiatives 3571:National economic initiatives 3288:China-Africa Development Fund 2682:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour 1569:Koepfle, Leo (January 1937). 923: 908:China–United States trade war 559:traditional Chinese medicines 349: 3963:Copyright lengths by country 3854:List of Chinese by net worth 3837:China Compulsory Certificate 3748:Protein export contamination 3399:Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange 3315:China Investment Corporation 2779:Business process outsourcing 2561:. Sweet & Maxwell Asia. 1503:Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). 530:China and the European Union 187:China established its first 43:Intellectual property rights 7: 3168:Water supply and sanitation 1550:. Pacific Basin Law Journal 891: 758:and Taiwanese manufacturer 241:Software copyright in China 10: 4707: 3676:Rise of Central China Plan 3474:National Energy Commission 2496:Mertha, Andrew C. (2005). 1287:Cambridge University Press 840:Patent Prosecution Highway 814:memoranda of understanding 734:sued its major competitor 437:Advertising Law of the PRC 372:In 1984, China passed the 353: 245: 238: 206: 28: 4665: 4644: 4531: 4408: 4401: 4210: 4110: 4099: 3993: 3953:Copyright acts by country 3948: 3872: 3766: 3709:2005–2011 property bubble 3699: 3641:China Western Development 3616: 3570: 3502: 3409: 3348:Dalian Commodity Exchange 3222: 3186: 3104: 3037: 2999: 2717: 2627: 2613: 2343:. Reuters. 20 March 2009. 2327:"2014 Special 301 Report" 1451:Stanford University Press 1380:Lewis, Joanna I. (2023). 1326:Stanford University Press 1126:10.1007/978-3-031-24370-7 592:Patent Cooperation Treaty 160:, and Genetic Resources. 3985:Rule of the shorter term 3943:Copyright law by country 3583:Belt and Road Initiative 3562:Rural credit cooperative 3335:Foreign exchange reserve 3268:Beijing Financial Street 2677:Socialist market economy 2506:Cornell University Press 2479:Kluwer Law International 2226:South China Morning Post 2174:South China Morning Post 1857:10.4324/9781003350064-12 1746:MATEC Web of Conferences 1320:Loh, Dylan M.H. (2024). 1251:10.4337/qmjip.2018.01.01 867:World Trade Organization 670: 603:Belt and Road Initiative 479:geographical indications 473:Geographical indications 360:In 1950, the PRC issued 296:Copyright Law of the PRC 179:National legal framework 139:geographical indications 131:World Trade Organization 3825:Globalization and women 3691:Zhongyuan Economic Zone 3631:Beibu Gulf Economic Rim 3411:Government institutions 3387:Shenzhen Stock Exchange 3377:Shanghai Metal Exchange 3365:Shanghai Stock Exchange 3029:Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park 3014:Megalopolises in China 2423:Patent Litigation China 2260:The Wall Street Journal 1964:In 腾讯网, 13 August 2007. 1701:Oxford University Press 1509:Oxford University Press 1112:Cheng, Wenting (2023). 524:Ministry of Agriculture 467:artificial intelligence 344:artificial intelligence 266:. On May 23, 1928, the 80:International framework 31:Piracy § East Asia 3864:Science and technology 3758:2020–2021 reform spree 3512:International rankings 3358:Beijing Stock Exchange 3024:Suzhou Industrial Park 3019:Special Economic Zones 2523:Pang, Laikwan (2006). 2431: 838:(USPTO) established a 783:trademark infringement 634:Supreme People's Court 508:(AQSIQ) established a 306:(中华人民共和国著作权法) and the 268:Nationalist Government 213:In 1950, China issued 209:Trademark law of China 3214:Intellectual property 2709:1949–1976 wage reform 2652:Industrial Revolution 1880:Priest, Eric (2006). 1695:Moore, Scott (2022). 1543:Yang, Yiping (1993). 1459:10.1515/9780804779296 1296:10.1017/9781009291804 862:intellectual property 764:Department of Justice 722:EU Trade Commissioner 645:In 2019, the city of 632:In October 2014, the 542:free trade agreements 483:Reform and Opening Up 380:added clarification. 374:Patent Law of the PRC 158:Traditional Knowledge 121:China acceded to the 86:Reform and Opening up 51:intellectual property 4374:United Arab Emirates 3902:Economy of East Asia 3608:Youth Business China 3444:Ministry of Commerce 3392:SZSE Component Index 3009:Dalian Software Park 2504:. Ithaca, New York: 2450:Feng, Peter (2003). 2229:. 28 February 2024. 1851:. pp. 114–127. 1740:Bao, Yingyu (2018). 807:U.S.–China relations 613:Courts and tribunals 584:National IP Strategy 166:Ministry of Commerce 3449:Ministry of Finance 3370:SSE Composite Index 3340:Hedge fund industry 3187:Law and regulations 2894:academic publishing 2672:Four Modernizations 2209:. 29 February 2024. 2177:. 29 October 2020. 2145:. 10 January 2019. 2053:"樂高告贏中國「樂拼」天價罰金出爐" 1620:. Berlin, Germany: 1212:www.bjreview.com.cn 685:Dongnan Corporation 582:China released its 367:Cultural Revolution 356:Patent law of China 4605:Russian Federation 4148:Dominican Republic 3859:Chinese economists 3832:National Standards 3728:2007 slave scandal 3636:Bohai Economic Rim 3603:Made in China 2025 3552:Internal migration 3537:Standard of living 3325:Financial services 3199:Labor contract law 3153:Illegal drug trade 3123:World Trade Center 2959:Telecommunications 2907:equipment industry 2739:Advanced materials 2704:Population history 2667:Great Leap Forward 2621:Companies of China 1443:Alford, William P. 1118:Palgrave Macmillan 779:Guangzhou IP Court 679:, the inventor of 499:grandfather clause 4678: 4677: 4640: 4639: 3910: 3909: 3723:2007 stock bubble 3588:Common prosperity 3578:Beijing Consensus 3532:Income inequality 3001:Development Zones 2568:978-962-661-044-2 2534:978-0-415-35201-7 2463:978-962-661-217-0 2441:978-84-8456-981-7 1994:on 4 October 2014 1962:分析：王永民败诉五笔字型专利案真相 1915:. 31 January 2011 1866:978-1-03-239508-1 1718:978-0-19-760401-4 1631:978-1-916682-42-9 1468:978-0-8047-2270-4 1403:978-0-262-54482-5 1135:978-3-031-24369-1 768:Maxine M. Chesney 752:Micron Technology 445:Anti-Monopoly Law 385:invention patents 264:Republic of China 195:in 1984, and its 16:(Redirected from 4698: 4586: 4564: 4552: 4499: 4487: 4475: 4438: 4426: 4406: 4405: 4394: 4382: 4320: 4303: 4266: 4198: 4161: 4105: 4104: 4089: 4077: 4065: 4053: 4041: 4009: 3937: 3930: 3923: 3914: 3913: 3897:Outline of China 3895: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3718:pet food recalls 3593:Dual circulation 3344:Stock Exchanges 3273:Financial system 3239: 3238: 3178:Trading partners 2924:Renewable energy 2852: 2851: 2619: 2618: 2607:Economy of China 2600: 2593: 2586: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2538: 2519: 2503: 2492: 2467: 2434: 2421:Clark, Douglas, 2409: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2399:. 3 October 2017 2389: 2383: 2382: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2263:. 3 March 2024. 2256: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2013: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1886: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1840: 1831: 1830: 1806: 1797: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1781: 1772: 1771: 1761: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1699:. 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1151: 1136: 1110: 931: 926: 894: 834:(SIPO) and the 809: 725:Peter Mandelson 673: 656: 615: 580: 578:Policy approach 550: 475: 431:(1995) and the 414: 393:utility patents 383:In addition to 358: 352: 298: 284: 248: 243: 237: 211: 205: 181: 171:As part of the 82: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4704: 4694: 4693: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4632:United Kingdom 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4592: 4587: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4553: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4488: 4476: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4427: 4414: 4412: 4410:European Union 4403: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4383: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4309: 4304: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4078: 4066: 4054: 4042: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3978:related rights 3975: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3917: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3889: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3817: 3812: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3783: 3778: 3772: 3770: 3768:Related topics 3764: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3711: 3705: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3622: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3517:Social welfare 3514: 3508: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3404: 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180: 177: 90:Boxer Protocol 81: 78: 70:Boxer Protocol 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4703: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4185:United States 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3947: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3926: 3924: 3919: 3918: 3915: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3890: 3888: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3844: 3843:Made in China 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3821: 3820:Globalization 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3598:Go Out policy 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3118:Trade history 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3047:Energy policy 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2876:Pearl farming 2874: 2872: 2871:Online gaming 2869: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2774:Biotechnology 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2570: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2527:. Routledge. 2526: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2501: 2494: 2490: 2488:9789041123404 2484: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2342: 2336: 2328: 2322: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2288: 2282: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2255: 2248: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2216: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2196: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2164: 2148: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2132: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2099: 2084: 2083:m.thepaper.cn 2080: 2074: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2029: 2018: 2012: 2010: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1970: 1963: 1958: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1930: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1876: 1868: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1839: 1837: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1803: 1787: 1780: 1778: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1615: 1607: 1592: 1591:mofcom.gov.cn 1588: 1582: 1574: 1573: 1565: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1528: 1526:9780197682258 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1337: 1335:9781503638204 1331: 1327: 1323: 1316: 1308: 1306:9781009291804 1302: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1277: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1228: 1213: 1209: 1203: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1163: 1159: 1153: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1002: 1000: 998: 996: 994: 992: 990: 988: 986: 984: 982: 980: 978: 976: 974: 972: 970: 968: 966: 964: 962: 960: 958: 956: 954: 952: 950: 948: 946: 944: 942: 940: 938: 936: 934: 929: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 895: 889: 885: 881: 879: 875: 870: 868: 863: 859: 856:In 2014, the 854: 852: 848: 843: 841: 837: 833: 828: 825: 822: 817: 815: 804: 802: 801: 796: 790: 788: 784: 780: 775: 773: 772:San Francisco 769: 765: 761: 757: 756:Fujian Jinhua 753: 748: 745: 740: 737: 733: 728: 726: 723: 718: 714: 709: 705: 702: 697: 692: 688: 686: 682: 678: 668: 665: 660: 651: 648: 643: 640: 635: 630: 626: 622: 619: 610: 608: 607:Francis Gurry 604: 600: 595: 593: 589: 585: 575: 572: 569: 565: 562: 560: 556: 545: 543: 538: 534: 531: 527: 525: 522:In 2007, the 520: 517: 513: 512: 507: 502: 500: 496: 495:Trademark Law 491: 488: 484: 480: 470: 468: 464: 459: 455: 453: 448: 446: 441: 438: 434: 430: 425: 423: 419: 409: 407: 401: 397: 394: 390: 386: 381: 379: 375: 370: 368: 363: 357: 347: 345: 340: 337: 335: 331: 327: 326:Copyright Law 322: 320: 316: 311: 309: 305: 302: 297: 291: 289: 288:Copyright Law 279: 276: 272: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 242: 235:Copyright law 232: 229: 227: 226:Trademark Law 222: 220: 216: 210: 203:Trademark law 200: 198: 197:Copyright Law 194: 191:in 1982, its 190: 189:Trademark Law 185: 176: 174: 169: 167: 161: 159: 155: 150: 148: 143: 140: 135: 132: 128: 124: 119: 117: 113: 109: 105: 100: 98: 93: 91: 87: 77: 73: 71: 66: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 27: 19: 4349:Saudi Arabia 4093:South Africa 3877: 3876: 3841: 3815:Demographics 3807: 3801:Largest SOEs 3547:Urbanization 3256:Central bank 3213: 2986:Video gaming 2866:Mobile phone 2557: 2524: 2499: 2473: 2452: 2401:. 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1895:: 796–870. 1727:1316703008 924:References 683:, against 350:Patent law 239:See also: 193:Patent Law 95:After the 4652:Australia 4479:Lithuania 4354:Sri Lanka 4248:Indonesia 4238:Hong Kong 4202:Venezuela 4118:Argentina 3878:See also: 3809:The Hongs 3786:Companies 3738:2010 Expo 3128:Transport 3079:Renewable 3062:Oil shale 2794:Container 2764:Aerospace 1849:Routledge 1827:1930-8140 1768:2261-236X 1752:: 05013. 1477:246169874 1412:167841443 1386:MIT Press 1260:2045-9807 1144:256742457 730:In 2014, 717:Schneider 711:In 2007, 452:germplasm 228:in 2000. 59:copyright 55:trademark 4685:Category 4369:Thailand 4339:Pakistan 4312:Mongolia 4307:Malaysia 4170:Honduras 4111:Americas 4018:Cameroon 3887:Category 3330:Renminbi 3148:Shipping 2981:Textiles 2949:Software 2939:Shipping 2934:Sex toys 2903:Railway 2885:pharmacy 2839:Internet 2829:Gambling 2759:Aircraft 2754:Aviation 2727:Industry 2445:SSRN.com 2265:Archived 2231:Archived 2179:Archived 2147:Archived 2115:Archived 1947:25 April 1940:BBC 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