29:
326:. Another example of this simplified lexicon is the location of the sign itself. IS will use movements on the chest to indicate feeling signs, and signs near the head will indicate cognitive activity. There have been several attempts at making dictionaries for IS. However, these lack detailed information on data collection, nor do they describe the exact meaning or how the signs should be used. This causes difficulty for training and teaching people in IS, as there is no empirical evidence.
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291:
during the past 30 years. In 1973, a committee created and standardized a system of international signs. They tried to choose the most understandable signs from diverse sign languages to make the language easy to learn for not only the Deaf but for both interim management and an everyday observer. IS
405:
Simplification of signs in IS can vary between interpreters (one can choose a simplification over a much longer explanation), and because of this, certain information can be lost in translation. Because sign language relies heavily on local influences, many Deaf people do not understand each other's
300:
suggested that IS signers often use a large amount of vocabulary from their native language, choosing sign variants that would be more easily understood by a foreigner. In contrast, Rachel
Rosenstock notes that the vocabulary exhibited in her study of International Sign was largely made up of highly
396:
A paper presented in 1994 suggested that IS signers "combine a relatively rich and structured grammar with a severely impoverished lexicon". Supalla and Webb (1995) describe IS as a kind of a pidgin, but conclude that it is "more complex than a typical pidgin and indeed is more like that of a full
277:
Deaf people typically know only one sign language. Signers from differing countries may use IS spontaneously with each other, with relative success. This communicative success is linked to various factors. First, people who sign in IS have a certain amount of shared contextual knowledge. Secondly,
305:
Over 60% of the signs occurred in the same form in more than eight SLs as well as in IS. This suggests that the majority of IS signs are not signs borrowed from a specific SL, as other studies found, but rather are common to many natural SLs. Only 2% of IS signs were found to be unique to IS. The
249:
International Sign has been described as a highly variable type of signed communication used between two signers who lack a common sign language. Most experts do not technically consider IS to be a full language, but rather a form of communication that arises on the spot. It is characterized by a
210:
However, when
Gestuno was first used at the WFD congress in Bulgaria in 1976, it was incomprehensible to deaf participants. Subsequently, it was developed informally by deaf and hearing interpreters, and came to include more grammar, especially linguistic features that are thought to be universal
181:
Deaf people in the
Western and Middle Eastern world have gathered together using sign language for 2,000 years. When Deaf people from different sign language backgrounds get together, a variety of sign language arises from this contact, whether it is in an informal personal context or in a formal
190:
developed as the delegates from different language backgrounds communicated with each other, and in 1973, a WFD committee ("the
Commission of Unification of Signs") published a standardized vocabulary. They selected "naturally spontaneous and easy signs in common use by deaf people of different
1326:
In: Bos, Heleen F. and
Schermer, Gertrude M. (eds): "Sign Language Research 1994: Proceedings of the Fourth European Congress on Sign Language Research, Munich, September 1–3, 1994." (International Studies on Sign Language and Communication of the Deaf; 29) Hamburg : Signum (1995) - p.
1700:
In: Bos, Heleen F. and
Schermer, Gertrude M. (eds): "Sign Language Research 1994: Proceedings of the Fourth European Congress on Sign Language Research, Munich, September 1–3, 1994." (International Studies on Sign Language and Communication of the Deaf; 29) Hamburg : Signum (1995) -
413:
An ethnographic study notes that there is some controversy among deaf people about how accessible IS is to deaf people from different places; it also observes that many deaf people are nevertheless highly motivated to do the work of communicating across linguistic and other differences.
265:
There is no consensus on what
International Sign is exactly. It may either refer to the way strangers sign with each other when they lack a common sign language, or it can refer to a conventionalized form used by a group of people with regular contact. The use of the term
286:
The lexicon of
International Sign is made by negotiation between signers. IS signers reportedly use a set of signs from their own national sign language mixed with highly iconic signs that can be understood by a large audience. Many, not to say most, signs are taken from
182:
international context. Deaf people have therefore used a kind of auxiliary gestural system for international communication at sporting or cultural events since the early 19th century. The need to standardise an international sign system was discussed at the first
1708:
In: Ahlgren, Inger / Bergman, Brita / Brennan, Mary (eds): Perspectives on sign language structure: Papers from the Fifth
International Symposium on Sign Language Research. Vol. 1; Held in Salamanca, Spain, 25–30 May 1992. Durham : isla (1994) -
5817:
Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign
Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,
384:
used in verbs/predicates (classifiers are handshapes used to describe things, handle objects, and represent a few semantic classes that are regarded by IS signers to be widespread in sign languages, helping them to overcome linguistic
406:
signs. Furthermore, cultural differences in signs can vary even within borders. In these cases, many Deaf people revert to fingerspelling and gestures or mime, which has its own variations based on similar sign language properties.
409:
The World Federation of the Deaf (WFD) has raised concern about the issues with simplification and standardization, and that it limits a sign to a single meaning or word, thus losing all natural forms of the initial meaning.
1049:
Experienced IS signers try to be as independent from one specific national sign language as possible, to ensure a large audience of varied backgrounds can understand the message to the fullest extent possible.
790:
Woll, Bencie and Ladd, Paddy (2003). Deaf communities. In M. Marschark and P. Spencer (eds.), The Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language and Education (pp. 151-163). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
593:
529:
4758:
697:
4815:
3366:
803:*Scott Gibson, L. & R. Ojala (1994). “International Sign Interpreting.” Paper presented to the Fourth East and South African Sign Language Seminar, Uganda, August 1994.
211:
among sign languages, such as role shifting, movement repetitions, the use of signing space, and classifiers. Additionally, the vocabulary was gradually replaced by more
278:
signers may take advantage of shared knowledge of a spoken language, such as English. Thirdly, communication is made easier by the use of iconic signs and pantomime.
4567:
3326:
237:
is now more commonly used in English to identify this variety of sign. This may be because current IS has little in common with the signs published under the name
4301:
3231:
3223:
676:
4795:
4601:
5719:
222:
The first training course in Gestuno was conducted in Copenhagen in 1977 to prepare interpreters for the 5th World Conference on Deafness. Sponsored by the
1606:
1029:
1301:
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and the University of Copenhagen, the course was designed by Robert M. Ingram and taught by Betty L. Ingram, two American interpreters of deaf parents.
1780:
1755:
1173:
585:
995:
Stone, Christopher; Russell, Debra (2015). "Comparative Analysis of Depicting Signs in International Sign and Natural Sign Language Interpreting".
940:
506:
Supalla, T. and Webb, R. (1995). "The grammar of international sign: A new look at pidgin languages." In: Emmorey, Karen / Reilly, Judy S. (eds):
5734:
781:, World Federation of the Deaf, May 2010, wfdeaf.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Perspectives-on-the-Concept-and-Definition-of-IS_Mesch-FINAL.pdf.
3018:
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interpreter Bill Moody noted in a 1994 paper that the vocabulary used in conference settings is largely derived from the sign languages of the
521:
5724:
4908:
4863:
1885:
5755:
4920:
1971:
1966:
1136:
Paper presented at the "Issues in Interpreting 2" conference, University of Durham, Durham, April 1994. Cited in McKee R., Napier J. (2002)
3248:
768:
In J. V. Van Cleve (ed.), "Gallaudet encyclopedia of deaf people and deafness", Vol 3 S-Z, Index. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc.
5882:
373:
size and shape delineation techniques using handshapes and extensions of movements of the hands (Size and Size Specifiers, SASS), and
258:
structures; IS signers may also point to nearby objects. While some degree of standardization takes place at events such WFD and the
693:
1509:
Green, E. Mara (2014-08-13). "Building the tower of Babel: International Sign, linguistic commensuration, and moral orientation".
5632:
5529:
1635:
1748:
756:
367:
index and reference locations in the signing space in front of the signer, on the head and trunk, and on the non-dominant hand,
2271:
962:
Whynot, Lori (2015). "Telling, Showing, and Representing: Conventions of the Lexicon in International Sign Expository Text".
844:
Green, E. Mara (2014). "Building the tower of Babel: International Sign, linguistic commensuration, and moral orientation".
1806:
1552:
5774:
5181:
2385:
389:
It has been noted that signers are generally better at interlingual communication than non-signers, even using a spoken
5600:
5227:
4805:
2969:
5176:
3654:
1741:
1154:
1075:
1004:
971:
669:
5673:
5283:
5252:
5171:
4820:
3623:
816:, Research at Gallaudet, Fall 2005 - Winter 2006. This article was derived from the author's 2004 PhD dissertation:
510:(International Conference on Theoretical Issues in Sign Language Research) Hillsdale, N.J. : Erlbaum (p. 347).
115:
5839:
Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.
4974:
4023:
3284:
3258:
2125:
1101:"Deaf people from different countries can communicate with each other using something called International Sign!"
1614:
1037:
5877:
5779:
5273:
5166:
4853:
4439:
3493:
2332:
2137:
2049:
1423:
Battison, Robbin; Jordan, I. King (1976). "Cross-Cultural Communication with Foreign Signers: Fact and Fancy".
1380:
Battison, Robbin; Jordan, I. King (1976). "Cross-Cultural Communication with Foreign Signers: Fact and Fancy".
1247:
1100:
1678:
Digital version of Gestuno: International Sign Language of the Deaf / Langage Gestuel International des Sourds
562:
5693:
4656:
4651:
3563:
2920:
2185:
306:
remaining 38% were borrowed (or "loan") signs that could be traced back to one SL or a group of related SLs.
1585:
434:
Digital version of Gestuno: International Sign Language of the Deaf/Langage Gestuel International des Sourds
5826:
both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to
5769:
5627:
4915:
4771:
4521:
4272:
3976:
2874:
2763:
2404:
2172:
2012:
1950:
1932:
1909:
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170:
119:
1170:
5342:
5296:
4979:
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4559:
3891:
3612:
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3401:
3064:
2846:
2773:
2542:
2300:
2162:
1940:
135:
901:
831:
Moody, Bill (2002). "International Sign: A Practitioner's Perspective." Journal of Interpretation, 1-47.
5729:
5417:
5304:
4513:
4161:
2468:
2317:
1252:
259:
5412:
5382:
5372:
5357:
5247:
5237:
4946:
4878:
4672:
4259:
4224:
4201:
4169:
3755:
3738:
3553:
3431:
3321:
3036:
2957:
2809:
2152:
1985:
1945:
1869:
483:
296:
and is less comprehensible to those from African or Asian sign language backgrounds. A 1999 study by
5688:
5539:
5402:
5337:
5300:
5292:
5232:
5217:
5113:
5087:
5079:
5071:
5042:
4925:
4753:
4745:
4732:
4709:
4680:
4632:
4463:
4431:
4407:
4038:
3989:
3899:
3749:
3728:
3669:
3629:
3606:
3593:
3558:
3548:
3498:
3458:
3448:
3413:
3396:
3376:
3294:
3263:
3046:
2484:
2367:
2344:
2190:
1917:
1852:
1111:
339:
2559:
801:*Moody, B. (n.d.). International communication among deaf people. Unpublished, undated manuscript.
586:"International Sign: Interested in perfecting your skills as an interpreter in international sign"
5872:
5784:
5605:
5509:
5438:
5407:
5397:
5352:
5347:
5257:
5139:
5105:
5058:
5032:
5016:
4888:
4883:
4539:
4497:
4447:
4367:
4359:
4206:
4114:
4088:
3958:
3942:
3820:
3743:
3682:
3518:
3331:
3315:
3304:
3026:
2791:
2786:
2640:
2620:
2444:
2354:
2339:
2230:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1858:
223:
5819:
5799:
5524:
5392:
5387:
5367:
5362:
5222:
5158:
5092:
5024:
4984:
4938:
4873:
4868:
4827:
4766:
4740:
4701:
4606:
4575:
4479:
4391:
4325:
4309:
4288:
4251:
4243:
4216:
4145:
4137:
4122:
4106:
4098:
4080:
4056:
4046:
4028:
3833:
3804:
3799:
3733:
3634:
3588:
3573:
3533:
3407:
3391:
3386:
3309:
3289:
3193:
3054:
3031:
2928:
2817:
2781:
2742:
2721:
2675:
2661:
2625:
2455:
2399:
2375:
2322:
2312:
2281:
2180:
2147:
1997:
1875:
1839:
1829:
1775:
463:
288:
4930:
1922:
357:
and often has a larger signing space. The use of mouth gestures for adverbials is emphasized.
5823:
5579:
5519:
5377:
5242:
5212:
5050:
4893:
4858:
4800:
4724:
4714:
4693:
4621:
4531:
4505:
4492:
4487:
4471:
4415:
4399:
4383:
4317:
4280:
4267:
4193:
4185:
4127:
4033:
4015:
4002:
3971:
3950:
3934:
3915:
3907:
3825:
3707:
3695:
3664:
3659:
3644:
3617:
3583:
3568:
3538:
3503:
3485:
3438:
3356:
3336:
3209:
2890:
2864:
2758:
2737:
2716:
2700:
2645:
2635:
2589:
2419:
2349:
2286:
2261:
2222:
2214:
2200:
2195:
2132:
2084:
2002:
1863:
1845:
1834:
1723:(revised and expanded). Carlisle: British Deaf Association the World Federation of the Deaf.
1110:
28:
5827:
5534:
5278:
5037:
4997:
4959:
4903:
4646:
4641:
4611:
4526:
4455:
4343:
4330:
4296:
4177:
4093:
4072:
4064:
4051:
3966:
3883:
3854:
3841:
3812:
3723:
3702:
3578:
3513:
3478:
3473:
3463:
3453:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3299:
3279:
2938:
2933:
2904:
2859:
2854:
2827:
2796:
2630:
2576:
2522:
2463:
2361:
2157:
2017:
2007:
1880:
1667:
1265:
381:
191:
countries" to make the language easy to learn. A book published by the commission in 1975,
8:
5759:
5619:
5207:
5097:
4989:
4964:
4898:
4719:
4685:
4664:
4616:
4423:
4375:
4351:
4335:
4153:
4132:
4010:
3875:
3867:
3849:
3674:
3649:
3639:
3528:
3523:
3508:
3443:
3426:
3371:
3361:
2982:
2822:
2695:
2584:
2327:
2094:
2089:
2039:
1823:
1672:
183:
5703:
1716:
Vol. 3. S-Z,Index. New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. - pp. 81–82.
1269:
157:
While the more commonly used term is International Sign, it is sometimes referred to as
5750:
5648:
4954:
4211:
3981:
3862:
3687:
3381:
2832:
1534:
1491:
1448:
1405:
1362:
1288:
1228:
932:
869:
651:
1698:
International sign: The creation of an international deaf community and sign language.
1643:
1324:
International sign: The creation of an international deaf community and sign language.
91:
5653:
5314:
1689:
McKee R., Napier J. (2002) "Interpreting in International Sign Pidgin: an analysis."
1538:
1526:
1495:
1483:
1452:
1440:
1409:
1397:
1366:
1354:
1293:
1232:
1220:
1150:
1081:
1071:
1010:
1000:
977:
967:
924:
873:
861:
736:
McKee R., Napier J. (2002) "Interpreting in International Sign Pidgin: an analysis."
655:
271:
936:
753:
5852:
5663:
5494:
5475:
1518:
1475:
1432:
1389:
1346:
1283:
1273:
1212:
916:
853:
641:
631:
342:. However, some letters differ in a few finger positions to the American alphabet.
5658:
636:
619:
5789:
5584:
5564:
5443:
1177:
760:
335:
46:
5698:
5683:
5574:
5559:
5329:
1556:
127:
123:
1522:
920:
857:
820:
An Investigation of International Sign: Analyzing Structure and Comprehension.
5866:
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5569:
5554:
5549:
5186:
1764:
1530:
1487:
1444:
1401:
1358:
1261:
1224:
1085:
1014:
981:
928:
865:
468:
458:
390:
377:
293:
111:
310:
International Sign has a simplified lexicon. In IS for example, the English
5544:
5489:
1297:
1479:
1436:
1393:
1350:
1337:
Rosenstock, Rachel (2008). "The Role of Iconicity in International Sign".
1216:
1203:
Rosenstock, Rachel (2008). "The Role of Iconicity in International Sign".
75:
5678:
5448:
478:
297:
131:
39:
contact between sign languages, international contact between deaf people
1278:
345:
IS numbers larger than five are, unlike in ASL, performed by two hands.
5794:
5433:
4776:
4585:
3994:
3468:
2409:
1712:
Moody, W. (1987). "International Gestures." In: van Cleve, J. V. (ed.)
1246:
Power, Justin M.; Grimm, Guido W.; List, Johann-Mattis (January 2020).
646:
255:
139:
694:"Eurovision 2016 to be broadcast with international sign performances"
5319:
5288:
5144:
4580:
427:
251:
212:
114:
which is used in a variety of different contexts, particularly as an
84:
68:
620:"Interpreting international sign: mapping the interpreter's profile"
353:
Very little is known about the grammar of IS. It tends to use fewer
5499:
5458:
5309:
5063:
1105:
554:
436:— contains original IS signs (many now outdated) in photograph form
354:
216:
149:
means precisely, and empirically derived dictionaries are lacking.
5134:
1677:
1577:
433:
1733:
1466:
Adam, Robert (2015-07-08). "Standardization of Sign Languages".
779:
Perspectives on the Concept and Definition of International Sign
618:
de Wit, Maya; Crasborn, Onno; Napier, Jemina (25 January 2021).
5763:
4848:
2120:
2108:
1190:
187:
108:
54:
997:
International sign : linguistic, usage, and status issues
964:
International sign : linguistic, usage, and status issues
1070:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 319.
522:"EU State of the Union: Why no sign Language interpretation?"
670:
International Sign Interpretation at United Nations Meetings
186:
in 1951, when the WFD was formed. In the following years, a
5463:
5453:
1248:"Evolutionary dynamics in the dispersal of sign languages"
1147:
The Linguistics of British Sign Language: An Introduction.
334:
The manual alphabet of IS belongs to the French family of
16:
Sign language, used particularly at international meetings
1696:
Allsop, Lorna; Woll, Bencie; Brauti, John Martin (1995).
1322:
Allsop, Lorna; Woll, Bencie; Brauti, John Martin (1995).
423:
1068:
The linguistics of sign languages : an introduction
439:
Short International Sign Language Dictionary web archive
448:
Signs2Cross Project - Information on International Sign
400:
1027:
376:
a feature common to most sign languages: an extensive
360:
People communicating in IS tend to make heavy use of:
195:, contains a vocabulary list of 1,470 signs. The name
5720:
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
675:(Report). World Federation of the Deaf. August 2013.
617:
445:
European Union on the Deaf (EUD) - Information on IS
169:(IG). International Sign (IS) is a term used by the
1719:Rubino, F., Hayhurst, A., and Guejlman, J. (1975).
1714:
Gallaudet encyclopedia of deaf people and deafness.
1098:
338:, specifically in a subgroup around to the modern
270:might also lead to the misconception that it is a
142:, and informally when travelling and socialising.
1721:Gestuno. International sign language of the deaf.
1171:Session 10: Language Planning and Standardisation
1134:International Sign: Language, pidgin or charades?
725:Gestuno: International sign language of the deaf.
5864:
899:
193:Gestuno: International Sign Language of the Deaf
5735:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
1578:"The ISL video dictionary: 440 words - Sématos"
1145:Sutton-Spence, Rachel and Woll, Bencie. (1999)
559:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
1728:Towards an International Language of Gestures.
1422:
1379:
1245:
751:International gesture: Principles and gestures
5725:International Center on Deafness and the Arts
1749:
814:International Sign: Negotiating Understanding
173:(WFD) and other international organisations.
3783:
1799:
994:
519:
262:, it is limited to vocabulary, not grammar.
1167:British Sign Language in its Social Context
301:iconic signs common to many sign languages:
1756:
1742:
1336:
1202:
999:. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet Univ Press.
966:. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet Univ Press.
696:. Eurovision Song Contest. 22 April 2016.
549:
547:
520:Langensiepen, Katrin (15 September 2021).
27:
1287:
1277:
1239:
645:
635:
1704:Webb, Rebecca and Supalla, Ted, (1994).
1553:"International Sign Language Dictionary"
613:
611:
145:Linguists do not agree on what the term
5530:Manually coded language in South Africa
900:Hiddinga, Anja; Crasborn, Onno (2011).
544:
5865:
961:
624:The Interpreter and Translator Trainer
233:has fallen out of use, and the phrase
3782:
1798:
1737:
1642:(in Norwegian Bokmål). Archived from
1508:
1109:. Length 1:34 minutes. Archived from
1061:
1059:
1057:
957:
955:
953:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
843:
839:
837:
608:
596:from the original on 20 February 2022
1691:Journal of Sign Language Linguistics
1465:
1065:
902:"Signed languages and globalization"
738:Journal of Sign Language Linguistics
719:
717:
715:
502:
500:
442:EU sample dictionary of IS (sematos)
401:Recent studies of International Sign
5841:
5832:
5810:
2567:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)
799:McKee R., Napier J. (2002), citing:
430:video in IS with English subtitles.
130:conferences, at events such as the
13:
3880:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti
3494:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)
1636:"international sign | Signs2Cross"
1304:from the original on 26 March 2023
1054:
950:
880:
834:
723:British Deaf Association. (1975).
700:from the original on 26 March 2023
590:Knowledge Centre on Interpretation
565:from the original on 26 March 2023
329:
14:
5894:
5883:International auxiliary languages
1763:
1661:
1099:Signs For Humanity (2018-07-24).
712:
583:
497:
5462:
5253:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
946:from the original on 2017-09-23.
682:from the original on 2014-01-04.
555:"International Sign Interpreter"
532:from the original on 2 June 2023
116:international auxiliary language
5843:
5834:
5812:
5780:U.S. Army hand and arm signals
4864:Far North Queensland Indigenous
3486:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)
1706:Negation in international sign.
1683:
1628:
1599:
1588:from the original on 2018-09-25
1570:
1545:
1502:
1459:
1416:
1373:
1330:
1316:
1196:
1183:
1159:
1139:
1126:
1092:
1021:
988:
825:
806:
793:
784:
771:
743:
370:different movement repetitions,
5601:Bilingual–bicultural education
4921:Western Torres Strait Islander
3995:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)
1972:Western Torres Strait Islander
1668:Indigenous signs for countries
818:* Rosenstock, Rachel. (2004).
730:
686:
662:
577:
513:
244:
224:Danish Association of the Deaf
1:
4673:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
3821:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
3683:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
3432:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
2939:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)
637:10.1080/1750399X.2020.1868172
508:Language, gesture, and space.
490:
322:are all translated simply to
281:
219:from various sign languages.
3259:Providence Island (Provisle)
2909:North West Frontier Province
1555:. 2015-07-09. Archived from
1028:European Union of the Deaf.
474:World Federation of the Deaf
171:World Federation of the Deaf
136:Miss & Mister Deaf World
120:World Federation of the Deaf
7:
4859:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)
1726:Magarotto, Cesare, (1974).
1673:Indigenous signs for cities
452:
417:
10:
5899:
5730:Mimics and Gesture Theatre
4939:Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)
4869:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)
3655:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)
3509:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)
2929:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)
2323:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)
1611:European Union of the Deaf
1253:Royal Society Open Science
348:
260:European Union of the Deaf
176:
5808:
5743:
5712:
5641:
5618:
5593:
5508:
5485:
5474:
5426:
5328:
5266:
5195:
5157:
5122:
5006:
4975:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
4838:
4548:
4233:
3924:
3789:
3775:
3716:
3414:Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)
3272:
3247:
3224:Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)
3208:
3191:
3072:
3063:
3045:
3017:
2981:
2947:
2919:
2873:
2845:
2808:
2772:
2751:
2730:
2709:
2688:
2654:
2631:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)
2613:
2604:
2574:
2557:
2540:
2501:
2477:
2395:
2384:
2308:
2299:
2270:
2257:
2248:
2213:
2171:
2126:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
2116:
2107:
2077:
2048:
2035:
2026:
1993:
1984:
1959:
1931:
1805:
1789:
1781:List by number of signers
1771:
1523:10.1017/s0047404514000396
921:10.1017/S0047404511000480
858:10.1017/S0047404514000396
484:Esperanto manual alphabet
163:International Sign Pidgin
152:
82:
66:
61:
43:
35:
26:
21:
5540:Paget Gorman Sign System
4994:Samoa and American Samoa
3784:Sign languages by region
3569:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)
3295:Albarradas Sign Language
3285:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)
3118:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk
2970:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)
2934:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)
2186:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)
1800:Sign languages by family
749:Bar-Tzur, David (2002).
340:American manual alphabet
199:was chosen, referencing
122:(WFD) congress, in some
118:at meetings such as the
5785:Monastic sign languages
5633:Television shows (list)
5606:Manually coded language
5439:Hamburg Notation System
3232:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
2478:Indonesian (Nusantaric)
2201:Finnish (Viittomakieli)
2138:Northern Ireland (NISL)
727:Carlisle, England: BDA.
592:. European Commission.
526:The Parliament Magazine
274:form of communication.
5756:CHCI chimpanzee center
5525:Manually coded English
5223:Henniker Sign Language
4889:Warumungu (Warramunga)
4874:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)
3868:Hausa (Magannar Hannu)
1776:List of sign languages
766:International gesture.
464:List of sign languages
308:
289:American Sign Language
126:settings, and at some
5878:Constructed languages
5580:Signing Exact English
5520:Indian Signing System
5243:Plateau Sign Language
4617:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)
4194:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
3724:Amami Shuwa languages
3397:Guatemalan (Lensegua)
3337:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
3316:Caucasian (Harsneren)
3264:Old Cayman (Guyanese)
2792:Norwegian (Tegnspråk)
2764:French Belgian (LSFB)
2196:Swedish (Teckenspråk)
1480:10.1353/sls.2015.0015
1468:Sign Language Studies
1437:10.1353/sls.1976.0018
1425:Sign Language Studies
1394:10.1353/sls.1976.0018
1382:Sign Language Studies
1351:10.1353/sls.2008.0003
1339:Sign Language Studies
1217:10.1353/sls.2008.0003
1205:Sign Language Studies
822:Gallaudet University.
303:
167:International Gesture
5828:French Sign Language
5535:Manually Coded Malay
5343:British (two-handed)
5279:Bimodal bilingualism
4909:Far North Queensland
4217:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
3739:Sri Lankan languages
3670:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)
3574:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
3085:Chaticks si Chaticks
3065:Plains Sign Language
2983:Mayan (Meemul Tziij)
2485:Indonesian (Bisindo)
2163:South African (SASL)
1886:Far North Queensland
1607:"International Sign"
1180:- notes for students
1066:Anne, Baker (2016).
1030:"International Sign"
812:Rosenstock, Rachel.
3750:Tanzanian languages
3729:Ethiopian languages
3696:Nanabin (NanabinSL)
2787:Icelandic (Táknmál)
2502:Francophone African
2460:Puerto Rican (PRSL)
2318:Swiss-German (DSGS)
2249:Chilean-Paraguayan-
1511:Language in Society
1279:10.1098/rsos.191100
1270:2020RSOS....791100P
1165:Day, Linda, (2000)
909:Language in Society
846:Language in Society
426:– contains a short
184:World Deaf Congress
5751:Baby sign language
5649:Jabbar Baghtcheban
5130:International Sign
5033:Brazilian (Libras)
4947:New Zealand (NZSL)
4894:Mudbura (Mudburra)
4822:Sandy River Valley
4801:Keresan (Keresign)
4392:Yugoslav (Kosovar)
3763:International Sign
3744:Sudanese languages
3367:Navajo/Diné Family
3181:Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e
3019:Original Thai Sign
2797:Danish (Tegnsprog)
2340:Brazilian (Libras)
2153:New Zealand (NZSL)
1176:2018-08-07 at the
1132:Moody, B. (1994).
759:2017-11-11 at the
486:(Signuno alphabet)
268:International Sign
235:International Sign
147:International Sign
101:International Sign
22:International Sign
5860:
5859:
5853:extinct languages
5775:Legal recognition
5654:Jeanette Berglind
5614:
5613:
5315:Nonmanual feature
5228:Martha's Vineyard
5153:
5152:
4807:Martha's Vineyard
4302:Faroese (Teknmál)
4024:Al-Sayyid Bedouin
3834:Bouakako (LaSiBo)
3771:
3770:
3756:Zimsign languages
3734:Laotian languages
3618:Rwandan (AKR/AMR)
3377:Ecuadorian (LSEC)
3322:Azerbaijani (AİD)
3243:
3242:
2841:
2840:
2684:
2683:
2600:
2599:
2590:Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)
2295:
2294:
2223:Chinese (CSL/ZGS)
2209:
2208:
2103:
2102:
2073:
2072:
1980:
1979:
1835:Eltye eltyarrenke
1815:
1814:multiple families
764:Moody, W. (1987).
98:
97:
5890:
5847:
5838:
5816:
5704:Pierre Pélissier
5689:Thomas Gallaudet
5664:Thomas Braidwood
5495:Initialized sign
5483:
5482:
5466:
4951:Papua New Guinea
4854:Australian-Irish
4560:Plains Sign Talk
4440:Northern Ireland
4436:Northern Ireland
3959:Hong Kong (HKSL)
3780:
3779:
3559:Nicaraguan (ISN)
3474:Kenyan (KSL/LAK)
3290:Albanian (AlbSL)
3070:
3069:
2884:Bangalore-Madras
2865:Israeli (Shassi)
2833:Thai (TSL/MSTSL)
2743:Honduran (LESHO)
2611:
2610:
2469:Singapore (SgSL)
2405:Black ASL (BASL)
2393:
2392:
2333:Australian-Irish
2306:
2305:
2255:
2254:
2231:Hong Kong (HKSL)
2191:Portuguese (LGP)
2181:Eritrean (EriSL)
2114:
2113:
2033:
2032:
1991:
1990:
1929:
1928:
1813:
1796:
1795:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1730:(Unesco Courier)
1709:pp. 173–186
1701:pp. 171–188
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1613:. Archived from
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1334:
1328:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1291:
1281:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1200:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1163:
1157:
1143:
1137:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1063:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1036:. Archived from
1025:
1019:
1018:
992:
986:
985:
959:
948:
947:
945:
906:
897:
878:
877:
841:
832:
829:
823:
810:
804:
797:
791:
788:
782:
777:Mesch, Johanna.
775:
769:
747:
741:
734:
728:
721:
710:
709:
707:
705:
690:
684:
683:
681:
674:
666:
660:
659:
649:
639:
615:
606:
605:
603:
601:
581:
575:
574:
572:
570:
551:
542:
541:
539:
537:
517:
511:
504:
397:sign language".
336:manual alphabets
94:
78:
71:
49:
31:
19:
18:
5898:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5804:
5790:Tactile signing
5739:
5708:
5637:
5610:
5589:
5565:Signed Japanese
5511:
5504:
5477:
5470:
5444:Stokoe notation
5422:
5324:
5284:Phonology (ASL)
5262:
5197:
5191:
5149:
5118:
5017:Argentine (LSA)
5002:
4834:
4657:New Costa Rican
4652:Old Costa Rican
4552:
4550:
4544:
4428:North Macedonia
4229:
3920:
3855:Bamako (LaSiMa)
3785:
3767:
3717:Other groupings
3712:
3564:Old Costa Rican
3539:Burkina (Mossi)
3519:Mauritian (MSL)
3392:Ghardaia (AJSL)
3305:Argentine (LSA)
3268:
3250:
3239:
3204:
3187:
3059:
3041:
3013:
2977:
2943:
2915:
2876:
2869:
2837:
2804:
2774:Danish (Tegnic)
2768:
2747:
2726:
2705:
2680:
2655:Yugoslavic Sign
2650:
2621:Bulgarian (БЖЕ)
2606:
2596:
2585:Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)
2570:
2560:Hoailona ʻŌlelo
2553:
2536:
2523:Bamako (LaSiMa)
2504:(Françafrosign)
2503:
2497:
2473:
2445:Malaysian (BIM)
2387:
2380:
2355:Valencian (LSV)
2291:
2282:Paraguay (LSPY)
2273:
2266:
2250:
2244:
2205:
2167:
2099:
2069:
2044:
2028:
2022:
1986:Arab (Ishaaric)
1976:
1955:
1927:
1840:Iltyeme iltyeme
1811:
1808:
1801:
1791:
1785:
1767:
1762:
1686:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1591:
1589:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1507:
1503:
1464:
1460:
1421:
1417:
1378:
1374:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1244:
1240:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1184:
1178:Wayback Machine
1164:
1160:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1097:
1093:
1078:
1064:
1055:
1043:
1041:
1026:
1022:
1007:
993:
989:
974:
960:
951:
943:
904:
898:
881:
842:
835:
830:
826:
817:
811:
807:
802:
800:
798:
794:
789:
785:
776:
772:
763:
761:Wayback Machine
748:
744:
735:
731:
722:
713:
703:
701:
692:
691:
687:
679:
672:
668:
667:
663:
616:
609:
599:
597:
582:
578:
568:
566:
553:
552:
545:
535:
533:
528:. Merit Group.
518:
514:
505:
498:
493:
455:
420:
403:
351:
332:
330:Manual alphabet
284:
247:
179:
155:
90:
74:
67:
57:
50:
47:Language family
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5896:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5873:Sign languages
5858:
5857:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5753:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5699:William Stokoe
5696:
5691:
5686:
5684:Valerie Sutton
5681:
5676:
5674:Abbé de l'Épée
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5624:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5585:Signed Swedish
5582:
5577:
5575:Signed Spanish
5572:
5567:
5562:
5560:Signed Italian
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5403:Serbo-Croatian
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5334:
5332:
5330:Fingerspelling
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5201:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5163:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5108:
5103:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5082:
5077:
5074:
5069:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5053:
5048:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5027:
5022:
5019:
5014:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4949:
4944:
4941:
4936:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4916:Western Desert
4913:
4912:
4911:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4813:
4810:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4767:American (ASL)
4764:
4761:
4759:Old Salvadoran
4756:
4751:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4735:
4730:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4704:
4699:
4696:
4691:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4675:
4670:
4667:
4662:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4636:
4629:
4626:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4607:Maritime (MSL)
4604:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4576:American (ASL)
4573:
4570:
4565:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4522:Central Taurus
4519:
4516:
4511:
4508:
4503:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4461:
4458:
4453:
4450:
4445:
4442:
4437:
4434:
4429:
4426:
4421:
4418:
4413:
4410:
4405:
4402:
4397:
4394:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4378:
4373:
4370:
4365:
4362:
4357:
4354:
4349:
4346:
4341:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4320:
4315:
4312:
4307:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4291:
4286:
4283:
4278:
4277:United Kingdom
4275:
4273:French Belgian
4270:
4265:
4262:
4257:
4254:
4249:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4196:
4191:
4188:
4183:
4180:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4164:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4148:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4117:
4112:
4109:
4104:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4075:
4073:Kazakh-Russian
4070:
4067:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4005:
4000:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3984:
3979:
3977:Indo-Pakistani
3974:
3969:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3953:
3948:
3945:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3894:
3889:
3886:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3836:
3831:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3589:Peruvian (LSP)
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3534:Miyakubo Shuwa
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3372:Dogon/Douentza
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3194:American (ASL)
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3055:Namibian (NSL)
3051:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2961:
2953:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2875:Indo-Pakistani
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2722:Tunisian (TSL)
2719:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2676:Yugoslav (YSL)
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2662:Croatian (HZJ)
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2581:
2579:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2533:Sierra Leonean
2531:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2456:Filipino (FSL)
2453:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2400:American (ASL)
2396:
2390:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2376:Romanian (LSR)
2373:
2372:
2371:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2313:Algerian (LSA)
2309:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2274:Uruguayan Sign
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2262:Chilean (LSCh)
2258:
2252:
2251:Uruguayan Sign
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2148:Maritime (MSL)
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2013:Qatari Unified
2010:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1960:Zendath Kesign
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1933:Western Desert
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1910:Worora Kinship
1907:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1817:
1803:
1802:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1662:External links
1660:
1657:
1656:
1627:
1598:
1582:www.sematos.eu
1569:
1544:
1517:(4): 451–452.
1501:
1474:(4): 432–445.
1458:
1415:
1372:
1345:(2): 144–146.
1329:
1315:
1238:
1211:(2): 131–159.
1195:
1182:
1158:
1138:
1125:
1091:
1076:
1053:
1020:
1005:
987:
972:
949:
915:(4): 483–505.
879:
852:(4): 445–465.
833:
824:
805:
792:
783:
770:
742:
729:
711:
685:
661:
607:
584:Pelea, Alina.
576:
543:
512:
495:
494:
492:
489:
488:
487:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
454:
451:
450:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
431:
419:
416:
402:
399:
387:
386:
374:
371:
368:
365:
350:
347:
331:
328:
283:
280:
246:
243:
178:
175:
154:
151:
124:European Union
96:
95:
88:
80:
79:
72:
64:
63:
62:Language codes
59:
58:
53:
51:
44:
41:
40:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5895:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5807:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5744:Miscellaneous
5742:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:Organisations
5711:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5669:Laurent Clerc
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5659:Pär Aron Borg
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5570:Signed Polish
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5555:Signed German
5553:
5551:
5550:Signed French
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5473:
5465:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5274:Grammar (ASL)
5272:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:International
5121:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5007:South America
5005:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4980:Rossel Island
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:Mount Avejaha
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4817:
4816:Navajo Family
4814:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4763:United States
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3892:South African
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3703:Yoruban (YSL)
3701:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:Bura (Burasl)
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:West African
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Ugandan (USL)
3663:
3661:
3660:Turkish (TİD)
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:Spanish (LSE)
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Rossel Island
3611:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3601:Qahveh Khaneh
3599:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3544:Mount Avejaha
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:Maltese (LSM)
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:Atgangmuurniq
3425:
3424:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:Guinea-Bissau
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3008:Cepeda Peraza
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:Highland Maya
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2921:Japanese Sign
2918:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
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2816:
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2811:
2807:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:Flemish (VGT)
2757:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Mexican (LSM)
2736:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Italian (LIS)
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2646:Russian (РЖЯ)
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Latvian (LSL)
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
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2437:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2350:Catalan (LSC)
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2287:Uruguay (LSU)
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2133:British (BSL)
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1951:Ngaatjatjarra
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
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1854:
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1828:
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1818:
1810:
1804:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1765:Sign language
1759:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1646:on 2018-10-12
1645:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1617:on 2018-11-28
1616:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1559:on 2015-07-09
1558:
1554:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1497:
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1477:
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1469:
1462:
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1450:
1446:
1442:
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1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:Royal Society
1259:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1155:0-521-63718-X
1152:
1148:
1142:
1135:
1129:
1115:on 2022-02-26
1113:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1077:9789027212306
1073:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1050:
1040:on 2018-11-28
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1006:9781563686573
1002:
998:
991:
983:
979:
975:
973:9781563686573
969:
965:
958:
956:
954:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
903:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
838:
828:
821:
815:
809:
796:
787:
780:
774:
767:
762:
758:
755:
752:
746:
739:
733:
726:
720:
718:
716:
699:
695:
689:
678:
671:
665:
657:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
630:(2): 205–24.
629:
625:
621:
614:
612:
595:
591:
587:
580:
564:
560:
556:
550:
548:
531:
527:
523:
516:
509:
503:
501:
496:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
469:Sign language
467:
465:
462:
460:
459:Lingua franca
457:
456:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
425:
422:
421:
415:
411:
407:
398:
394:
392:
391:lingua franca
383:
379:
378:formal system
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
362:
361:
358:
356:
346:
343:
341:
337:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
307:
302:
299:
295:
294:Western world
290:
279:
275:
273:
269:
263:
261:
257:
253:
242:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
220:
218:
214:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
185:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
150:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:sign language
110:
106:
102:
93:
89:
87:
86:
81:
77:
73:
70:
65:
60:
56:
52:
48:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
5848:
5842:
5833:
5831:
5811:
5628:Films (list)
5545:Signed Dutch
5490:Contact sign
5129:
4935:Hawaii (USA)
4828:
4821:
4806:
4631:
4622:
4514:Swiss-German
4150:Saudi Arabia
3888:South Africa
3762:
3622:
3605:
3479:Somali (SSL)
3406:
3314:
3249:Providencia–
3228:Nesilextcl'n
3201:Oneida (OSL)
3163:Tickanwa•tic
3151:Schitsu'umsh
3133:Nųmą́khų́·ki
3047:Paget Gorman
2968:
2963:
2956:
2948:
2912:Punjab-Sindh
2860:Polish (PJM)
2855:German (DGS)
2731:Mexican Sign
2710:Italian Sign
2614:Russian Sign
2577:French (LSF)
2550:Oneida (OSL)
2464:Quebec (LSQ)
2449:Oneida (OSL)
2366:
2362:French (LSF)
2215:Chinese Sign
2173:Swedish Sign
1897:
1868:
1851:
1844:
1822:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1690:
1684:Bibliography
1648:. Retrieved
1644:the original
1640:www.acm5.com
1639:
1630:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:the original
1610:
1601:
1590:. Retrieved
1581:
1572:
1561:. Retrieved
1557:the original
1547:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1388:(1): 57–59.
1385:
1381:
1375:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1323:
1318:
1306:. Retrieved
1257:
1251:
1241:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1189:Rosenstock,
1185:
1166:
1161:
1146:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1117:. Retrieved
1112:the original
1104:
1094:
1067:
1048:
1042:. Retrieved
1038:the original
1033:
1023:
996:
990:
963:
912:
908:
849:
845:
827:
819:
813:
808:
795:
786:
778:
773:
765:
750:
745:
737:
732:
724:
702:. Retrieved
688:
664:
627:
623:
598:. Retrieved
589:
579:
567:. Retrieved
558:
534:. Retrieved
525:
515:
507:
424:WFD homepage
412:
408:
404:
395:
388:
359:
352:
344:
333:
323:
319:
315:
311:
309:
304:
285:
276:
272:standardized
267:
264:
248:
238:
234:
230:
228:
221:
209:
204:
200:
196:
192:
180:
166:
162:
158:
156:
146:
144:
104:
100:
99:
83:
5770:Open Outcry
5694:Abbé Sicard
5679:Roger Fouts
5510:Signed Oral
5449:SignWriting
5297:Orientation
5267:Linguistics
5248:Pitha Pitha
4943:New Zealand
4879:Manjiljarra
4750:El Salvador
4510:Switzerland
4420:Netherlands
4260:Azerbaijani
4202:Old Bangkok
4142:Philippines
3830:Ivory Coast
3624:Sandy River
3362:Cuban (LSC)
3251:Cayman Sign
3100:Hinono'eino
3091:Coahuilteco
3076:Anishinaabe
3037:Old Bangkok
2958:Old Kentish
2887:Beluchistan
2847:German Sign
2828:Ho Chi Minh
2752:Old Belgian
2696:Dutch (NGT)
2435:Costa Rican
2328:Irish (ISL)
2272:Paraguayan-
2063:Palestinian
1946:Manjiljarra
1941:Kartutjarra
1876:Rdaka rdaka
1870:Pitha Pitha
704:20 February
647:2066/230291
600:20 February
569:20 February
536:20 February
479:Ted Supalla
382:classifiers
298:Bencie Woll
245:Description
132:Deaflympics
5867:Categories
5795:Protactile
5434:ASL-phabet
5418:Portuguese
5320:Sign names
5305:Expression
5233:Old French
5218:Kalkutungu
5187:Name signs
5177:Literature
5114:Venezuelan
5088:Inmaculada
5080:Paraguayan
5072:Ecuadorian
4926:Yir Yoront
4777:Protactile
4754:Salvadoran
4746:Panamanian
4733:Nicaraguan
4710:Albarradas
4681:Guatemalan
4638:Costa Rica
4633:Old Cayman
4586:Protactile
4464:Portuguese
4432:Macedonian
4408:Lithuanian
4256:Azerbaijan
4225:Vietnamese
4182:Tajikistan
4170:Sri Lankan
4069:Kazakhstan
4039:Kafr Qasem
3990:Indonesian
3692:Mofu-Gudur
3630:Salvadoran
3607:Rennellese
3594:Inmaculada
3549:Mozambican
3499:Macedonian
3469:Kata Kolok
3459:Kafr Qasim
3418:Creole HSL
3169:Tsuu T'ina
3130:Niitsítapi
3124:Ni Mii Puu
3115:Maagiadawa
3079:Apsáalooke
3005:Trascorral
2689:Dutch Sign
2492:Yogyakarta
2452:Panamanian
2410:Protactile
2368:Old French
2345:Lithuanian
2301:Francosign
1918:Yir Yoront
1905:Warramunga
1853:Kalkutungu
1809:Aboriginal
1807:Australian
1650:2018-10-16
1621:2018-10-16
1592:2018-10-16
1563:2021-09-14
1264:: 191100.
1119:2018-11-19
1044:2018-11-19
491:References
385:barriers).
364:role play,
282:Vocabulary
256:pantomimic
217:loan signs
215:signs and
140:Eurovision
5851:indicate
5512:Languages
5413:Ukrainian
5373:Hungarian
5358:Esperanto
5289:Handshape
5258:Warluwara
5198:languages
5182:Profanity
5145:Signalong
5110:Venezuela
5106:Uruguayan
5059:Colombian
5013:Argentina
4884:Warlmanpa
4845:Australia
4783:Blackfeet
4772:Black ASL
4729:Nicaragua
4677:Guatemala
4669:Greenland
4592:Blackfoot
4581:Black ASL
4549:North and
4540:Ukrainian
4498:Valencian
4480:Slovenian
4448:Norwegian
4404:Lithuania
4368:Icelandic
4360:Hungarian
4207:Chiangmai
4178:Taiwanese
4166:Sri Lanka
4162:Singapore
4158:Singapore
4115:Mongolian
4089:Malaysian
3986:Indonesia
3955:Hong Kong
3943:Cambodian
3900:Tanzanian
3776:By region
3332:Bhutanese
3127:Niimíipuu
3109:Karankawa
3032:Hai Phong
3027:Chiangmai
2818:Hai Phong
2810:Viet-Thai
2672:Slovenian
2641:Mongolian
2607:Hungarian
2543:Hand Talk
2510:Ethiopian
2438:Dominican
2432:Cambodian
2227:Shanghai
2057:Jordanian
2050:Levantine
2029:Levantine
1914:Yan-nhaŋu
1899:Warluwara
1893:Warlmanpa
1859:Miriwoong
1539:147662111
1531:0047-4045
1496:145518387
1488:1533-6263
1453:144987587
1445:1533-6263
1431:(1): 60.
1410:144987587
1402:1533-6263
1367:145192212
1359:1533-6263
1233:145192212
1225:1533-6263
1086:932169688
1015:936854431
982:936854431
929:0047-4045
874:147662111
866:0047-4045
656:234031206
561:. WASLI.
428:QuickTime
355:mouthings
250:focus on
229:The name
85:Glottolog
69:ISO 639-3
5500:Mouthing
5476:Language
5459:ASLwrite
5383:Japanese
5338:American
5310:Mouthing
5301:Movement
5293:Location
5238:Old Kent
5204:Chilmark
5140:Monastic
5093:Peruvian
5076:Paraguay
5064:Provisle
5055:Colombia
5025:Bolivian
4985:Sinasina
4829:Henniker
4789:Cheyenne
4741:Chiriqui
4702:Honduran
4698:Honduras
4568:Belizean
4476:Slovenia
4460:Portugal
4326:Ghardaia
4310:Estonian
4289:Croatian
4252:Austrian
4244:Armenian
4198:Thailand
4146:Filipino
4138:Nepalese
4123:Ghandruk
4111:Mongolia
4107:Maldives
4103:Maldives
4099:Selangor
4085:Malaysia
4057:Miyakubo
4047:Japanese
4029:Ghardaia
3939:Cambodia
3896:Tanzania
3809:Cameroon
3805:Ghardaia
3800:Algerian
3635:Sinasina
3408:Henniker
3387:Ghandruk
3327:Belizean
3310:Armenian
3273:Isolates
3220:Kalispel
3217:A'aninin
3175:Wazhazhe
3172:Umatilla
3154:Shiwinna
3145:Piipaash
3094:Dane-zaa
3088:Cheyenne
2993:Yucatec
2964:Chilmark
2898:Calcutta
2782:Malagasy
2626:Georgian
2530:Nigerian
2527:Moroccan
2516:Ghanaian
2441:Jamaican
2427:Mandalay
2416:Bolivian
2386:American
2078:Possible
2060:Lebanese
1998:Egyptian
1864:Mudburra
1830:Djingili
1792:families
1790:Language
1586:Archived
1302:Archived
1298:32218940
1174:Archived
1106:Facebook
941:Archived
937:14010408
757:Archived
698:Archived
677:Archived
594:Archived
563:Archived
530:Archived
453:See also
418:Examples
92:inte1259
5849:Italics
5800:Tic-tac
5642:Persons
5478:contact
5427:Writing
5408:Spanish
5398:Russian
5353:Chilean
5348:Catalan
5213:Jaralde
5196:Extinct
5167:Grammar
5135:Makaton
5102:Uruguay
5068:Ecuador
5051:Chilean
5043:Ka'apor
5021:Bolivia
4839:Oceania
4725:Mexican
4715:Chatino
4694:Haitian
4623:Plateau
4553:America
4551:Central
4536:Ukraine
4532:Turkish
4506:Swedish
4493:Spanish
4488:Catalan
4472:Russian
4416:Russian
4412:Moldova
4400:Latvian
4384:Italian
4372:Ireland
4364:Iceland
4356:Hungary
4340:Germany
4318:Finnish
4314:Finland
4306:Estonia
4293:Denmark
4285:Croatia
4281:British
4268:Flemish
4264:Belgium
4248:Austria
4240:Armenia
4221:Vietnam
4186:Russian
4128:Jhankot
4081:Laotian
4034:Israeli
4016:Kurdish
4003:Persian
3972:Bengali
3951:Chinese
3935:Bengali
3916:Zambian
3908:Ugandan
3872:Senegal
3859:Nigeria
3826:Nanabin
3796:Algeria
3708:Zambian
3584:Persian
3490:Kisindo
3449:Ka'apor
3439:Jhankot
3357:Chatino
3210:Plateau
3192:Mixed,
3184:Wyandot
3178:Wichita
3166:Tháumgá
3148:Ppáⁿkka
3136:Nʉmʉnʉʉ
3112:Liksiyu
3103:Hiraacá
3082:Arikara
2949:Kentish
2891:Bengali
2801:Teknmál
2701:Gambian
2669:Serbian
2666:Kosovar
2605:Austro-
2575:Mixed,
2558:Mixed,
2541:Mixed,
2519:Guinean
2513:Chadian
2489:Jakarta
2420:Burmese
2388:(ASLic)
2085:Emirati
2003:Kuwaiti
1846:Jaralde
1308:26 June
1289:7029929
1266:Bibcode
1149:p. 32.
754:website
349:Grammar
239:Gestuno
231:Gestuno
205:oneness
201:gesture
197:Gestuno
177:History
159:Gestuno
107:) is a
5764:Loulis
5760:Washoe
5594:Others
5393:Polish
5388:Korean
5368:German
5363:French
5208:Diyari
5172:Idioms
5029:Brazil
4998:Samoan
4960:Kailge
4904:Umpila
4849:Auslan
4812:Navajo
4796:Oneida
4792:Ojibwa
4737:Panama
4706:Mexico
4647:Brunca
4642:Bribri
4628:Cayman
4612:Quebec
4602:Oneida
4598:Ojibwa
4572:Canada
4564:Belize
4527:Mardin
4518:Turkey
4502:Sweden
4468:Russia
4456:Polish
4452:Poland
4444:Norway
4396:Latvia
4388:Kosovo
4348:Greece
4344:German
4331:French
4322:France
4297:Danish
4234:Europe
4174:Taiwan
4094:Penang
4065:Korean
4052:Koniya
4020:Israel
3967:Alipur
3931:Bengal
3912:Zambia
3904:Uganda
3884:Somali
3842:Kenyan
3813:Maroua
3790:Africa
3746:(~150)
3579:Penang
3524:M'bour
3514:Mardin
3464:Kailge
3454:Kajana
3423:Inuit
3347:Brunca
3342:Bribri
3300:Alipur
3280:Afghan
3236:Sqeliz
3121:Nakota
2999:Nohkop
2996:Chicán
2905:Nepali
2895:Bombay
2424:Yangon
2158:Samoan
2144:Fijian
2121:Auslan
2109:BANZSL
2066:Syrian
2027:Iraqi–
2018:Yemeni
2008:Libyan
1967:Meriam
1881:Umpila
1824:Diyari
1537:
1529:
1494:
1486:
1451:
1443:
1408:
1400:
1365:
1357:
1296:
1286:
1231:
1223:
1191:Op cit
1153:
1084:
1074:
1013:
1003:
980:
970:
935:
927:
872:
864:
654:
318:, and
252:iconic
213:iconic
188:pidgin
153:Naming
138:, and
134:, the
109:pidgin
55:pidgin
36:Region
5620:Media
5378:Irish
5098:Sivia
5047:Chile
4990:Wanib
4965:Mehek
4931:Yolŋu
4899:Ngada
4720:Mayan
4690:Haiti
4686:Mayan
4665:Cuban
4484:Spain
4424:Dutch
4380:Italy
4376:Irish
4352:Greek
4336:Lyons
4190:Tibet
4154:Saudi
4133:Jumla
4119:Nepal
4061:Korea
4043:Japan
4011:Iraqi
3963:India
3947:China
3876:Mbour
3850:Tebul
3838:Kenya
3817:Ghana
3675:Wanib
3650:Tebul
3640:Sivia
3529:Mehek
3444:Jumla
3157:Sioux
3142:Palus
3139:Omaha
3002:Nohya
2901:Delhi
2823:Hanoi
2235:Macau
2095:Omani
2090:Saudi
2040:Iraqi
1923:Yolŋu
1693:5(1).
1535:S2CID
1492:S2CID
1449:S2CID
1406:S2CID
1363:S2CID
1260:(1).
1229:S2CID
944:(PDF)
933:S2CID
905:(PDF)
870:S2CID
740:5(1).
680:(PDF)
673:(PDF)
652:S2CID
161:, or
5822:and
5454:si5s
5084:Peru
5038:Cena
4955:Enga
4786:Cree
4661:Cuba
4595:Cree
4212:Thai
4077:Laos
4007:Iraq
3999:Iran
3982:Naga
3925:Asia
3863:Bura
3846:Mali
3752:(7+)
3554:Naga
3382:Enga
3352:Cena
3160:Taos
3106:Icāk
3097:Diné
2877:Sign
1527:ISSN
1484:ISSN
1441:ISSN
1429:1010
1398:ISSN
1386:1010
1355:ISSN
1310:2020
1294:PMID
1221:ISSN
1151:ISBN
1082:OCLC
1072:ISBN
1011:OCLC
1001:ISBN
978:OCLC
968:ISBN
925:ISSN
862:ISSN
706:2022
602:2022
571:2022
538:2022
324:what
316:what
203:and
165:and
5824:BSL
5820:ASL
5159:ASL
1519:doi
1476:doi
1433:doi
1390:doi
1347:doi
1327:187
1284:PMC
1274:doi
1213:doi
1034:EUD
917:doi
854:doi
642:hdl
632:doi
380:of
320:how
312:who
254:or
76:ils
5869::
5844:^c
5835:^b
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5762:,
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