737:
124:
761:
507:
27:
948:(previously known as Pacific Command), was historically led by Navy officers and has never been led by officers from any other branch. There was an attempt to place other than Navy officers to lead the Indo-Pacific Command, but the attempt eventually failed. Air Force officers rarely get the position as combatant command commanders and other important specific commands.
372:'s command; later his own). He also saw the benefit of placing them under operational commanders who possessed at least a rudimentary understanding of the tactics, techniques, needs, capabilities, and limitations of each of the services functioning in their combat zone. Hitler was thus innovative and several years ahead of his peers in
936:
was from the Army and if
Goldfein had been selected, he would have been the Air Force's first chairman since 2005. Many believed that Trump picked Milley due to a close and personal friendship between the two since early in Trump's presidency. By the time Milley assumed the position in October 2019,
1127:
During the descent, they reported seeing many firefighters who were resting and did not seem to be in the process of evacuating. They further reported advising these firefighters to evacuate, but said that at times they were not acknowledged. In the opinion of one of the ESU officers, some of these
923:
to be
Dunford's successor. Dunford agreed with the choice of Mattis as his successor, especially since no Air Force Generals had been Chairman since General Myers retired in 2005. However due to Trump's recent conflict with Dunford and Mattis, instead of taking their recommendation, Trump selected
786:
There was some truth in the old saying that the Air Force had a book for all the things you were allowed to do in the air, and anything not specifically written down was prohibited; whereas the Navy's rule book contained all the things you were not allowed to do, and anything not written down was
388:
lacked elements that today's theorists consider essential to the attainment of truly productive jointness (a single joint commander or Joint Chief of Staff, a proper joint staff, a joint planning process, and an absence of inter-service rivalry) and that, as a result, it often suffered needless
618:
In order to further their own faction, relatively junior officers resorted to the assassinations of members of the rival faction and their supporters in government. With both factions being opposed to the peace faction, this period has become known as the era of "government by assassination".
999:, which the former was historically responsible for; this rivalry also relates to budgets, as infantry units requiring CQC training also require costly equipment and training facilities, thus using up money that could otherwise be spent on special forces or other purposes.
202:
For the most part, interservice rivalries may only be limited to administrative or internal functions, and the branches may otherwise have warm relations and a willingness to work together when necessary, with the rivalries usually only manifesting as
879:
in 1964, it resulted in Army generals holding the
Chairman position for three consecutive terms, from 1960 to 1970. Army generals again served as Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman for three consecutive terms from 1989 to 2001, when President
1128:
firefighters essentially refused to take orders from cops. At least one firefighter who was in the North Tower has supported that assessment, stating that he was not going to take an evacuation instruction from a cop that morning.
343:
routinely conducted operations in a way that would today be called "joint". That is, elements of two or more services participated in close cooperation with mutually agreed goals, relatively little interservice rivalry, and a
1413:
791:
Various mechanisms are used to manage or curb interservice rivalry. In the U.S. Armed Forces, for example, an officer must complete at least one joint tour in another service to reach the level of
799:. Such officers may be described as being "purple," a reference to the combination of the symbolic colors of each branch: red (Marines), green (Army), and blue (Air Force, Navy, Coast Guard).
713:. This was resolved when Pakistani think tanks realised the need for interservice harmony and established the Joint Services Headquarters, which reduces friction between the services.
995:
Special forces can also have rivalries with regular military units. For example, British special forces have rivalries with regular infantry units due to the latter being taught
223:
disputes that are usually resolved over time. However, in rare instances, interservice rivalries may be so severe that the branches will outright refuse to cooperate or may even
663:
The rivalry between the IJA and IJN also saw both services developing air arms; the Army creating its own amphibious infantry units and running ships and submarines, including
871:
who had been the
Chairman since 1960, the rotation between the Air Force, Navy, Marines, and Army was broken as both Taylor and Lemnitzer served in the Army. When General
1694:
778:
The rivalries are also based on services' individual philosophies for rules and behavior. An author wrote in 2012 about the differing cultures of the
1775:
725:
was originally created to provide overall coordination for the various branches of the U.S. Armed Forces, whose infighting, particularly between the
331:
stunning victories between 1939 and 1941, depended upon the close integration of ground and air (and sometimes naval) forces and that even after the
1950:
603:, which Japan needed to sustain its growth and economy, but which it did not possess itself. The strike north faction advocated the taking of the
1389:
348:
that, at least at the "sharp end" of operations, promoted, rather than inhibited, a spirit of jointness. Consequently, analysts assert, the
672:
1839:
1899:
283:
1053:
1363:
932:
to be
Dunford's successor. The nomination sparked controversy due to previous Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman before Dunford. General
848:
to review, and after investigation enabled the implementation of the creation of a
Strategic Air Force supporting a nuclear mission.
611:, a scenario in which the prime role would be taken by the Army, while the strike south faction advocated the taking of the oil-rich
1750:
965:
925:
91:
859:, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff position rotated between different service branches. However, in 1962, when President
1565:
806:, took place after the end of World War II. The newly-created U.S. Air Force sought to create a doctrine which relied heavily on
63:
844:. This cancellation caused multiple high ranking Navy personnel to resign. The aftermath backfired against the Navy, and caused
678:
Significant examples of this rivalry include the Navy taking several weeks to inform the Army of the disastrous results of the
668:
643:, any farther expansion northwards into Siberia was shown to be impossible given the Soviet superiority in numbers and armour.
415:
1814:
741:
656:, that were convinced that their interests would be best served fulfilling the needs of the Navy, thus paving the way to the
528:
44:
70:
647:
1487:
722:
1973:
1678:
1650:
1622:
1579:
Dereliction of duty : Lyndon
Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the lies that led to Vietnam
1297:
1242:
1217:
945:
1643:
Four Stars: The Inside Story of The Forty-Year Battle
Between the Joint Chiefs of Staff and America's Civilian Leaders
1536:
77:
1586:
1458:
1273:
1193:
1120:
977:
554:
429:
110:
536:
1482:
981:
575:
was one of the most notorious examples of interservice rivalry. The situation, with its origin traced back to the
1544:
493:, who faced off against the Army for the helicopter issue, said that the AH-64Ds would be kept in the Air Force.
454:
267:
251:
59:
362:
understood the value of integrating his land, sea, and air forces and placing them under a unified command, the
628:
532:
287:
131:
48:
384:. Yet, largely because of Hitler's unusual and autocratic command style and difficulties with delegation, the
1474:
1080:
1025:
961:
599:) factions. The goal of both factions was to seize territories which possessed the raw materials, especially
447:
433:
377:
279:
271:
1865:
1141:
2087:
255:
127:
1338:
2077:
1925:
839:
827:
764:
745:
636:
604:
364:
216:
212:
1430:
900:, until finally, when Shelton retired in 2001, he was replaced by non-army officer, Air Force general
1699:
1015:
960:
that are part of different services. The rivalry between special-forces units led to the creation of
941:
749:
487:
814:
troops. Both the Air Force and the Army claimed that the future of warfare depended on the issue of
199:
units, which can be viewed by the air force as an infringement of its traditional responsibilities.
1966:
Dereliction of Duty: Johnson, McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Lies That Led to
Vietnam
632:
517:
490:
1509:
937:
exactly half of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Chairman—10 out of 20—had been filled by Army generals.
84:
1840:"Trump oversees swearing-in of Gen. Mark Milley as the new chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff"
779:
640:
521:
405:
37:
1112:
1106:
482:
in 1999. This dispute erupted again in 2012 when the two branches fought over the allocation of
1104:
1030:
845:
803:
572:
568:
373:
247:
236:
232:
1721:
888:
as Chairman in 1989, and when Powell retired in 1993 he was replaced by another Army general,
1313:
1265:
1259:
996:
819:
695:
192:
1168:
A Case Study in Early Joint Warfare: An Analysis of the Wehrmacht's Crimean Campaign of 1942
985:
973:
856:
683:
650:, the Navy faction gained the ascendency, supported by a number of the powerful industrial
353:
969:
8:
1009:
956:
Interservice rivalries are often played out at divisional or regimental level or between
483:
409:
369:
243:
188:
2053:
889:
823:
772:
768:
753:
730:
726:
698:
used to fight over a number of issues. One in particular was predominantly between the
220:
135:
968:
in the United States, to put them all under a unified command, putting an end to the "
2057:
2045:
1969:
1944:
1873:
1820:
1810:
1674:
1646:
1618:
1592:
1582:
1454:
1293:
1269:
1238:
1213:
1189:
1116:
920:
881:
876:
864:
815:
807:
612:
345:
336:
263:
2082:
2035:
2027:
1989:
1726:
907:
In December 2018, with the incumbent Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General
896:, and when Shalikashvili retired in 1997 he was again replaced by an Army general,
831:
706:
over budget distribution. A key point of friction was the induction of the cruiser
679:
664:
475:
471:
736:
1448:
868:
860:
852:
796:
707:
620:
587:. The IJA/IJN rivalry expressed itself in the early 1930s as the "strike north" (
314:
184:
149:
1671:
The Pentagon's Wars: The Military's Undeclared War Against America's Presidents
1431:
Army Chief contests IAF’s claims over Apache helicopters Inter Services Rivalry
1417:
957:
933:
908:
196:
123:
2015:
1824:
2071:
2049:
2031:
1877:
1806:
1020:
989:
901:
872:
703:
699:
624:
275:
259:
1596:
183:
Interservice rivalry can occur over such topics as the appropriation of the
916:
897:
893:
885:
835:
792:
589:
584:
381:
359:
310:
760:
1776:"Trump chooses new Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman, against Mattis wishes"
1695:"Trump chooses new Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman, against Mattis wishes"
929:
733:, was seen as detrimental to military effectiveness during World War II.
657:
595:
580:
467:
177:
169:
1105:
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (2006).
2040:
1237:. Vol. 1. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. p. 290.
912:
479:
323:
208:
1475:"DoD Instruction 1300.19 : DoD Joint Officer Management Program"
811:
608:
600:
576:
423:
305:
173:
1864:
Cooper, Helene; Schmitt, Eric; Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (June 5, 2020).
1170:, The Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 103–130
506:
26:
1235:
Eminent Persians: The Men and Women who Made Modern Iran, 1941-1979
830:, was outdated and would never be used again. Secretary of Defense
652:
224:
153:
2016:"Close Quarters Battle: Urban Combat and 'Special Forcification'"
1615:
Council of War: A History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1942-1991
204:
161:
145:
1803:
A very stable genius : Donald J. Trump's testing of America
646:
With the loss of Army prestige that followed the failure of the
1900:"'Populist' Trump Turns Up Nose at Public University Graduates"
195:. The latter case can arise, for example, when a navy operates
1866:"Milley, America's Top General, Walks Into a Political Battle"
1210:
The Army and Creation of the Pahlavi State in Iran, 1921-1926
984:
in the 1980s. In the UK, it has put an end to members of the
911:
scheduled to retire the following year, Secretary of Defense
875:
was appointed as Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman by President
440:
419:
1722:"Gen. Milley faces challenges as next Joint Chiefs chairman"
944:
was also dominated by Army officers. One combatant command,
583:
and military consequences leading to Japan's involvement in
231:
or when lives are at stake (such as the rivalry between the
398:
165:
157:
1863:
228:
1926:"Senate confirms Milley as chairman of the Joint Chiefs"
919:
that he pick incumbent Air Force Chief of Staff General
397:
The rivalries shaped between security organisations in
242:
The term also applies to rivalries between a country’s
1581:(1st ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. 22.
904:, who succeeded Shelton as Chairman in October 2001.
682:, and dysfunction between the IJA and IJN during the
1058:
The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military
278:), or separate services in the same field (e.g. the
1048:
1046:
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
834:proceeded to strip the Navy of funds on its first
744:position, the highest-ranking position within the
615:, a scenario in which the Navy would predominate.
187:, prestige, or the possession of certain types of
1414:IAF, not Army, will get Apache attack helicopters
1290:The Iran Primer: Power, Politics, and U.S. Policy
667:and aircraft carriers; and the Navy creating its
313:'s armed forces, as the pioneers of "jointness" (
2069:
1339:"Iran's Intelligence Services Compete For Glory"
1079:Cooper, Richard T.; Meyer, Josh (May 26, 2002).
1043:
748:and several important command positions such as
1617:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
1576:
1292:, US Institute of Peace Press, pp. 62–65,
1287:
1060:. Oxford Reference Online. Berkley Books. 2001
972:" doctrine which created absurd situations in
1800:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1428:
1368:The Washington Institute for Near East Policy
1364:"Iran's Widening Crackdown Pressures Rouhani"
1188:, Military Studies Institute, pp. 4–13,
1949:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1407:
1336:
1257:
1361:
1311:
1179:
1177:
1078:
535:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
352:enhanced its capabilities and improved its
1751:"Mattis Quits Over Differences With Trump"
1437:
1139:
327:, the war-fighting style that brought the
2039:
1964:McMaster, Herbert Raymond (May 8, 1998).
1924:Gould, Aaron Mehta, Joe (July 25, 2019).
1314:"Eternal Rivals? The Artesh and the IRGC"
1111:. Barnes & Noble Publishing. p.
555:Learn how and when to remove this message
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1963:
1174:
759:
735:
122:
1801:Rucker, Philip; Leonnig, Carol (2020).
1612:
1566:Military colours, standards and guidons
1390:"Army set to get 11 Apache helicopters"
1183:
1165:
942:United States unified combatant command
851:Previously, during the presidencies of
156:. This may include competition between
16:Rivalry within a country's armed forces
2070:
1837:
1613:Rearden, Steven L. (January 6, 2013).
1232:
1207:
992:, and it is now a tri-service branch.
453:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and
446:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and
439:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and
416:Second Bureau of Imperial Iranian Army
1923:
1897:
1838:Macias, Amanda (September 30, 2019).
1668:
1664:
1662:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1608:
1606:
1534:
1528:
1510:"General and Flag Officer Promotions"
1467:
742:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
2013:
533:adding citations to reliable sources
500:
303:Many military analysts consider the
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
2007:
1488:United States Department of Defense
227:each other, even during an ongoing
13:
2014:King, Anthony C. (June 25, 2015).
1659:
1631:
1603:
1502:
1453:. Osprey Publishing. p. 205.
1337:Alex Vatanka (February 27, 2017),
867:to replace the incumbent, General
567:The long-term discord between the
335:campaigns gave way to a drawn-out
14:
2099:
1748:
1450:Red Eagles: America's Secret Migs
1362:Nima Gerami (November 25, 2015),
1312:Ali Alfoneh (November 15, 2011),
951:
892:, who was appointed by President
430:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
1898:Chait, Jonathan (July 9, 2018).
1483:Washington Headquarters Services
1387:
1140:Milchovich, Dan (July 2, 2008).
988:being recruited solely from the
752:, have been mostly dominated by
716:
648:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
505:
434:Islamic Revolutionary Committees
219:) or, in more serious contexts,
25:
1982:
1957:
1917:
1891:
1857:
1831:
1794:
1768:
1742:
1714:
1687:
1570:
1558:
1545:Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
1422:
1381:
1355:
1330:
1305:
1281:
1166:Hayward, Joel (December 1999),
810:and the Army a large number of
36:needs additional citations for
1535:Oriez, R.J. (March 27, 2019).
1251:
1226:
1212:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 62–64.
1201:
1186:Adolf Hitler and Joint Warfare
1159:
1133:
1098:
1072:
802:One well-known encounter, the
288:Los Angeles County, California
1:
1370:(Policy Watch), no. 2527
1288:Robin B. Wright, ed. (2010),
1036:
1026:National Security Act of 1947
962:United Kingdom Special Forces
448:Islamic Republic of Iran Army
808:strategic long-range bombing
782:and the U.S. Navy's pilots:
605:natural resources of Siberia
266:of a jurisdiction (e.g. the
7:
1081:"CIA-FBI Feuding Runs Deep"
1002:
964:in the United Kingdom, and
689:
436:, and Shahrbani (1979–1991)
368:(first under Field Marshal
10:
2104:
2020:Armed Forces & Society
1990:"Why Airmen Don't Command"
1208:Cronin, Stephanie (1997).
1142:"Race, rivalries and turf"
750:unified combatant commands
723:U.S. Department of Defense
637:Marco Polo Bridge incident
365:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
298:
213:United States Armed Forces
1673:. New York: Basic Books.
1429:
1264:, Robson Books, pp.
915:recommended to President
818:, and as such the use of
478:came to light during the
319:integrierter KriegfĂĽhrung
2032:10.1177/0095327x15588292
1780:South China Morning Post
1577:McMaster, H. R. (1997).
633:Second Sino-Japanese War
496:
461:
457:(intensified since 2009)
455:Ministry of Intelligence
389:difficulties in combat.
293:
248:law enforcement agencies
884:appointed Army general
641:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
629:occupation of Manchuria
466:Infighting between the
406:Persian Cossack Brigade
392:
221:organisational politics
134:cadets before the 2008
1537:"As Purple As It Gets"
1447:Davies, Steve (2012).
1233:Milani, Abbas (2008).
1184:Hayward, Joel (2000),
1108:9/11 Commission Report
1054:"Interservice rivalry"
1031:Revolt of the Admirals
804:Revolt of the Admirals
789:
775:
757:
696:Pakistani Armed Forces
593:) and "strike south" (
573:Imperial Japanese Navy
569:Imperial Japanese Army
486:helicopters. In 2013,
237:Imperial Japanese Navy
233:Imperial Japanese Army
215:, the stereotype that
138:
60:"Interservice rivalry"
1343:Middle East Institute
1318:Middle East Institute
1258:John Simpson (1988),
1016:Goldwater–Nichols Act
997:close-quarters combat
820:naval gunfire support
784:
773:strongman competition
763:
739:
484:AH-64D Apache Longbow
321:), pointing out that
244:intelligence services
132:U.S. Military Academy
126:
1968:. Harper Perennial.
1730:. September 30, 2019
1669:Perry, Mark (2017).
1645:. Houghton Mifflin.
1641:Perry, Mark (1989).
1261:Behind Iranian Lines
986:Special Boat Service
946:Indo-Pacific Command
857:Dwight D. Eisenhower
684:Guadalcanal campaign
529:improve this section
354:combat effectiveness
142:Interservice rivalry
130:midshipmen taunting
45:improve this article
1010:Essence of Decision
926:Army Chief of Staff
673:marine paratroopers
370:Werner von Blomberg
217:marines eat crayons
2088:Military sociology
1994:Air Force Magazine
1870:The New York Times
1782:. December 9, 2018
1514:OfficerAssignments
890:John Shalikashvili
863:appointed General
824:amphibious assault
776:
758:
639:. However, at the
264:emergency services
207:and light-hearted
148:between different
139:
128:U.S. Naval Academy
2078:Military branches
1816:978-1-9848-7749-9
1146:Los Angeles Times
1085:Los Angeles Times
921:David L. Goldfein
828:U.S. Marine Corps
822:, as well as the
816:nuclear deterrent
746:U.S. Armed Forces
665:submarine chasers
627:led first to the
613:Dutch East Indies
579:, came with both
565:
564:
557:
488:Air Chief Marshal
476:armed helicopters
401:are as follows:
346:command structure
211:(such as, in the
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113:
95:
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1749:Hirsh, Michael.
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1727:Associated Press
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1050:
902:Richard B. Myers
882:George H.W. Bush
832:Louis A. Johnson
826:doctrine of the
787:perfectly legal.
680:Battle of Midway
631:, and later the
560:
553:
549:
546:
540:
509:
501:
472:Indian Air Force
337:war of attrition
116:
109:
105:
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53:
29:
21:
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56:Find sources:
50:
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34:This article
32:
28:
23:
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2019:
2009:
1997:. Retrieved
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1933:. Retrieved
1930:Defense News
1929:
1919:
1907:. Retrieved
1903:
1893:
1881:. Retrieved
1869:
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1847:. Retrieved
1843:
1833:
1805:. New York:
1802:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
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1397:. Retrieved
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1372:, retrieved
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1088:. Retrieved
1084:
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1062:. Retrieved
1057:
1008:
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955:
939:
917:Donald Trump
913:James Mattis
906:
898:Hugh Shelton
894:Bill Clinton
886:Colin Powell
850:
840:
836:supercarrier
801:
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785:
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669:own infantry
662:
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594:
590:Hokushin-ron
588:
585:World War II
581:geopolitical
577:Meiji period
566:
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527:Please help
515:
465:
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382:Soviet Union
363:
360:Adolf Hitler
358:
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311:Nazi Germany
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178:space forces
154:armed forces
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43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2041:10871/17093
1999:February 4,
1151:January 16,
1090:January 16,
1064:December 7,
930:Mark Milley
658:Pacific War
596:Nanshin-ron
545:August 2016
468:Indian Army
443:(1979–1981)
426:(1957–1979)
412:(1912–1921)
410:Gendarmerie
209:stereotypes
2072:Categories
1825:1135358000
1037:References
756:generals.
491:NAK Browne
480:Kargil War
380:, and the
333:blitzkrieg
324:blitzkrieg
250:(e.g. the
71:newspapers
2058:146961496
2050:0095-327X
1878:0362-4331
1541:WPAFB.mil
1416:: Govt -
1394:The Hindu
970:rice-bowl
812:reservist
754:U.S. Army
609:Manchuria
601:petroleum
516:does not
424:Shahrbani
386:Wehrmacht
350:Wehrmacht
341:Wehrmacht
329:Wehrmacht
306:Wehrmacht
189:equipment
1945:cite web
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1550:July 22,
1520:July 22,
1494:July 22,
1003:See also
928:General
846:Congress
702:and the
690:Pakistan
653:zaibatsu
374:the West
225:sabotage
205:in-jokes
150:branches
2083:Rivalry
1935:July 7,
1909:July 7,
1883:July 7,
1849:July 7,
1786:July 7,
1760:July 7,
1734:July 7,
1706:July 7,
1700:Outlook
1399:May 23,
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765:Marines
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497:Japan
474:over
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441:Basij
420:SAVAK
378:Italy
294:Cases
193:units
176:, or
166:naval
92:JSTOR
78:books
2046:ISSN
2001:2021
1970:ISBN
1951:link
1937:2021
1911:2021
1885:2021
1874:ISSN
1851:2021
1844:CNBC
1821:OCLC
1811:ISBN
1788:2021
1762:2017
1736:2021
1708:2021
1675:ISBN
1647:ISBN
1619:ISBN
1593:OCLC
1583:ISBN
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1522:2023
1496:2023
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1350:2017
1325:2017
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1153:2023
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1092:2023
1066:2008
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