984:
1530:
1588:
1545:, medical authors attempted to ascertain whether or not humans could be hermaphrodites, adopting a precise biological definition to the term. During this period, doctors introduced the terms "true hermaphrodite" for an individual who has both ovarian and testicular tissue, verified under a microscope, "male pseudo-hermaphrodite" for a person with testicular tissue, but either female or ambiguous sexual anatomy, and "female pseudo-hermaphrodite" for a person with ovarian tissue, but either male or ambiguous sexual anatomy.
42:
4245:
3808:
696:
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of the intersex babies were not content about the situation. Psychologists, sexologists, and researchers frequently still believe that it is better for a baby's genitalia to be changed when they are younger than when they are a mature adult. These scientists believe that early intervention helped avoid gender identity confusion. This was called the 'Optimal Gender Policy', and it was initially developed in the 1950s by
1035:
that of a man and that of a woman, in that he has a body which is beautiful and delicate like that of a woman, but has the masculine quality and vigour of man. But there are some who declare that such creatures of two sexes are monstrosities, and coming rarely into the world as they do they have the quality of presaging the future, sometimes for evil and sometimes for good.
1617:. The first suggestion to replace the term 'hermaphrodite' with 'intersex' came from British specialist Cawadias in the 1940s. This suggestion was taken up by specialists in the UK during the 1960s. Historical accounts from the early twentieth century include that of Australian Florrie Cox, whose marriage was annulled due to "malformation frigidity".
2834:: "If the characteristics of Klinefelter syndrome were evident, Moilanen said, the person 'might not have been considered strictly a female or a male in the early Middle Ages community. The abundant collection of objects buried in the grave is proof that the person was not only accepted, but also valued and respected.'"
1252:; if urine exited the male opening, the individual was male, and if it exited the female opening, the individual was female. If it exited both openings simultaneously, as it did in this case, the heir would be given half of a male inheritance and half of a female inheritance. Later, in the thirteenth century CE,
1101:
Artistic representations of
Hermaphroditus bring to the fore the ambiguities in sexual differences between women and men as well as the ambiguities in all sexual acts. ... (A)rtists always treat Hermaphroditus in terms of the viewer finding out his/her actual sexual identity. ... Hermaphroditus is a
1620:
Since the rise of modern medical science in
Western societies, some intersex people with ambiguous external genitalia have had their genitalia surgically modified to resemble either female or male genitals. Surgeons pinpointed intersex babies as a "social emergency" once they were born. The parents
960:
saw and desired him. He spurned her, and she pretended to withdraw until, thinking himself alone, he undressed to bathe in her waters. She then flung herself upon him, and prayed that they might never be parted. The gods granted this request, and thereafter the body of
Hermaphroditus contained both
637:
Intersex people have been treated in different ways by different cultures. Whether or not they were socially tolerated or accepted by any particular culture, the existence of intersex people was known to many ancient and pre-modern cultures and legal systems, and numerous historical accounts exist.
1034:
Hermaphroditus, as he has been called, who was born of Hermes and
Aphrodite and received a name which is a combination of those of both his parents. Some say that this Hermaphroditus is a god and appears at certain times among men, and that he is born with a physical body which is a combination of
928:
and the ascendant theory for much of the Middle Ages – viewed sex as a spectrum that encompassed masculine men, feminine women, and many shades in between, including hermaphrodites, a perfect balance of male and female". DeVun contrasts this with an
Aristotelian view of intersex, which argued that
673:
Ninmah took clay from the top of the abzu in her hand and she fashioned from it first a man who could not bend his outstretched weak hands. Enki looked at the man who cannot bend his outstretched weak hands, and decreed his fate: he appointed him as a servant of the king. (Three men and one woman
1632:
Since advances in surgery have made it possible for intersex conditions to be concealed, many people are not aware of how frequently intersex conditions arise in human beings or that they occur at all. Dialog between what were once antagonistic groups of activists and clinicians has led to only
1366:
stated that, "If someone has a beard, and always wishes to act like a man (excercere virilia) and not like a female, and always wishes to keep company with men and not with women, it is a sign that the male sex prevails in him and then he is able to be a witness, where a woman is not allowed".
1367:
Concerning the ordination of 'hermaphrodites', Huguccio concluded: "If therefore the person is drawn to the feminine more than the male, the person does not receive the order. If the reverse, the person is able to receive but ought not to be ordained on account of deformity and monstrosity."
3069:
Sera, Stephanie (April 2019). "Ein unvollendetes Porträt. Der
Hermaphrodit Maria Derrier/Karl Dürrge in medizinischen Fallberichten des frühen 19. Jahrhunderts" [An Unfinished Portrait: The Hermaphrodite Maria Derrier / Karl Dürrge in Medical Case Reports of the Early 19th Century].
1291:
or female developed male secondary sex characteristics, performed penetrative sex with a woman, or had an erection, their legal sex could change to male. This understanding of the effect of puberty on intersex conditions appears in
Islamic law as early as the eleventh century CE, notably by
1315:
1057:
560–636) described a hermaphrodite fancifully as those who "have the right breast of a man and the left of a woman, and after coitus in turn can both sire and bear children." Under Roman law, as many others, a hermaphrodite had to be classed as either male or female.
866:
perform a traditional song and dance as part of a family's celebration of the birth of a male child; during the performance, they also inspect the newborn's genitals to verify its sex. Herdt states that it is widely accepted that if the child is intersex, the
2299:
Markantes, Georgios; Deligeoroglou, Efthimios; Armeni, Anastasia; Vasileiou, Vasiliki; Damoulari, Christina; Mandrapilia, Angelina; Kosmopoulou, Fotini; Keramisanou, Varvara; Georgakopoulou, Danai; Creatsas, George; Georgopoulos, Neoklis (2015-07-10).
1348:
However, Christof Rolker disputes this, arguing that "Contrary to what has been claimed, there is no evidence for hermaphrodites being persecuted in the Middle Ages, and the learned laws did certainly not provide any basis for such persecution".
1633:
slight changes in medical policies and how intersex patients and their families are treated in some locations. Numerous civil society organizations and human rights institutions now call for an end to unnecessary "normalizing" interventions.
1625:. Money and others believed that children would in general develop a gender identity that matched sex of rearing (this view has since been challenged, based in part on Money's inaccurate reporting of success in the infant sex reassignment of
2997:
3684:
1235:
was determined based on sex, so it was sometimes necessary to attempt to determine the biological sex of sexually ambiguous heirs. The first recorded case of this sort has been attributed to the seventh-century
1377:("On the Laws and Customs of England"), c. 1235, classifies mankind as "male, female, or hermaphrodite", and "A hermaphrodite is classed with male or female according to the predominance of the sexual organs."
1495:, petitioned for a change in sex classification from female. Two clinicians were appointed by the court to perform an examination. They found that "the male sex is the dominant one". The examiners were the
1404:, containing a body buried in feminine clothing with brooches, furs and a hiltless sword, which earlier researchers speculated to be two bodies (a male and female) or a powerful woman, was one person with
1344:
suggested it is likely that, "from the Middle Ages to the sixteenth century ... hermaphrodites were considered to be monsters and were executed, burnt at the stake and their ashes thrown to the winds."
3434:
908:
sect of
Hinduism, there is a belief that all individuals possess both male and female components. This belief can be seen explicitly in the Tantric concept of a Supreme Being with both male and female
2843:
Ulla
Moilanen, Tuija Kirkinen, Nelli-Johanna Saari, Adam B. Rohrlach, Johannes Krause, Päivi Onkamo, Elina Salmela, "A Woman with a Sword? – Weapon Grave at Suontaka Vesitorninmäki, Finland", in the
1311:
in Islam, directed slave owners to use special gender-neutral language when freeing intersex slaves. He recognized that language manumitting "males" or "females" would not directly apply to them.
871:
have a right to claim it as part of their community. However, Warne and Raza argue that an association between intersex and hijra people is mostly unfounded but provokes parental fear. The
1359:
states that "Whether an hermaphrodite may witness a testament, depends on which sex prevails" ("Hermafroditus an ad testamentum adhiberi possit, qualitas sexus incalescentis ostendit.").
2550:
Haneef, Sayed
Sikandar Shah; Abd Majid, Mahmood Zuhdi Haji (December 2015). "Medical Management of Infant Intersex: The Juridico-Ethical Dilemma of Contemporary Islamic Legal Response".
1640:
was holding its annual conference. The group demonstrated against "normalizing" treatments, and carried a sign saying "Hermaphrodites With Attitude". The event is now commemorated by
1504:
1287:
or male developed female secondary sex characteristics, performed vaginal sex, lactated, menstruated, or conceived, this person's legal sex could change to female. Conversely, if a
975:, shares with Hermaphroditus and Narcissus the theme of the dangers that face the beautiful adolescent male as he transitions to adult masculinity, with varying outcomes for each.
3367:
2651:
For a German Version, See Christof Rolker, der Hermaphrodit und Seine Frau. Körper, Sexualität und Geschlecht Im Spätmittelalter, in: Historische Zeitschrift 297 (2013), 593–620
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pointed out, "if someone is a eunuch in such a way that he is missing a necessary part of his body" (D 21.1.7), then he would be deemed diseased. In these Roman legal texts,
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3632:
277:
1426:
on laws of succession stating, "Every heire is either a male, a female, or an hermaphrodite, that is both male and female. And an hermaphrodite (which is also called
948:) and Aphrodite (Venus). Ovid wrote the most influential narrative of how Hermaphroditus became androgynous, emphasizing that although the handsome youth was on the
260:
1629:). The primary goal of assignment was to choose the sex that would lead to the least inconsistency between external anatomy and assigned psyche (gender identity).
1518:
2696:
3418:
677:...Sixth, she fashioned one with neither penis nor vagina on its body. Enki looked at the one with neither penis nor vagina on its body and gave it the name
983:
2826:
1651:
became the first intersex person known to have successfully sued for damages in a case brought for non-consensual surgical intervention. In April 2015,
1353:
sources provide evidence of alternative perspectives, based upon prevailing visual indications and the performance of gendered roles. The 12th-century
3219:
897:
rather than follow him across the city's adjacent river into banishment. Since he gives this instruction specifically to "all you men and women," his
1517:. Born in Potsdam in 1780, and designated as female at birth, they assumed a male identity around 1807. Traveling intersex persons, like Derrier and
3777:
2094:
Reddy, Gayatri (Spring 2003). ""Men" Who Would Be Kings: Celibacy, Emasculation, and the Re-Production of Hijras in Contemporary Indian Politics".
1691:
1155:, denoting "one who has no generative power, an impotent person, whether by nature or by castration", D 50.16.128) and the more specific subset of
619:
91:
1062:
writes that the hermaphrodite represented a "violation of social boundaries, especially those as fundamental to daily life as male and female."
3400:
2009:
Warne, Garry L.; Raza, Jamal (September 2008). "Disorders of sex development (DSDs), their presentation and management in different cultures".
2738:
634:, "congenital eunuchs", or even congenitally "frigid". Such terms have fallen out of favor, now considered to be misleading and stigmatizing.
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2939:
1695:
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2897:
1102:
highly sophisticated representation, invading the boundaries between the sexes that seem so clear in classical thought and representation.
1865:
1204:
This term, which has been translated as "hermaphrodite," was used to apply to individuals with a range of intersex conditions, including
1179:
are eligible to marry women (D 23.3.39.1), institute posthumous heirs (D 28.2.6), and adopt children (Institutions of Justinian 1.11.9),
717:
2302:"Callo: The first known case of ambiguous genitalia to be surgically repaired in the history of Medicine, described by Diodorus Siculus"
3376:
2959:
2789:
2758:
1260:, such as those with urination from both openings or those with no identifiable sex organs, was assigned the intermediary sex category
582:
3593:
3500:
1798:
2476:
1004:
1655:
became the first country to outlaw non-consensual medical interventions to modify sex anatomy, including that of intersex people.
1636:
The first public demonstration by intersex people took place in Boston on October 26, 1996, outside the venue in Boston where the
1213:
1082:
3628:
2285:
1441:
A few historical accounts of intersex people exist due primarily to the discovery of relevant legal records, including those of
929:"hermaphrodites were not an intermediate sex but a case of doubled or superfluous genitals", and this later influenced Aquinas.
4208:
3755:
517:
69:
1759:
Nguyễn Khắc Thuần (1998), "Việt sử giai thoại (History of Vietnam's tales), vol. 8, Vietnam Education Publishing House, p. 55"
858:
differentiate between "born" and "made" individuals, or those who have physical intersex traits by birth and those who become
4143:
3350:
3156:
3124:
1732:
1521:, who allowed themselves to be examined by physicians were instrumental in the development of codified standards for sexing.
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with atypical biology are formed and Enki gives each of them various forms of status to ensure respect for their uniqueness)
442:
345:
1460:
In 2019 the Smithsonian Channel aired a documentary "American's Hidden Stories: The General was Female?" with evidence that
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male and female. As a result, men who drank from the waters of the spring Salmacis supposedly "grew soft with the vice of
3624:
3289:
Coran, Arnold G.; Polley, Theodore Z. (July 1991). "Surgical management of ambiguous genitalia in the infant and child".
475:
17:
3721:
2933:
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1933:
1422:
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949:
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1900:
1781:
743:
666:, fashioning humanity out of clay. She boasts that she will determine the fate – good or bad – for all she fashions:
3369:
On the management of differences of sex development. Ethical issues relating to "intersexuality".Opinion No. 20/2012
1244:, who attempted to settle an inheritance case between five brothers in which one brother had both a male and female
1114:
that humans were created in two sexes, despite "as happens in some births, in the case of what we call androgynes".
725:
3792:
2301:
106:
4118:
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1500:
417:
284:
267:
1587:
4128:
4113:
3900:
3841:
3817:
3782:
2869:
Greenberg, Julie (1999). "Defining Male and Female: Intersexuality and the Collision Between Law and Biology".
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2284:. Loeb Classical Library Volumes 303 and 340. C H Oldfather (trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1637:
1225:
721:
575:
427:
412:
220:
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Favorinos d'Arles, Oeuvres I. Introduction générale - Témoignages - Discours aux Corinthiens - Sur la Fortune
901:
followers, being neither, remain on the banks of the river for fourteen years until Rama returns from exile.
819:
a third sex category that has been accepted in South Asia for centuries. After interviewing and studying the
137:
79:
1300:
1009:
Pliny notes that "there are even those who are born of both sexes, whom we call hermaphrodites, at one time
924:, a "traditional Hippocratic/Galenic model of sexual difference – popularized by the late antique physician
4271:
4058:
4053:
4037:
4020:
3945:
3826:
3226:
1999:
Nanda, Serena. Neither Man Nor Woman: The hijras of India, p. xx. Canada: Wadworth Publishing Company, 1999
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to be "not defective or diseased, but healthy", because they were anatomically able to procreate just like
357:
352:
332:
315:
250:
132:
1384:
argued that a "perfect hermaphrodite" where no sex prevailed should choose their legal gender under oath.
4078:
4032:
4015:
3846:
3029:
1600:
1576:
377:
327:
310:
157:
2600:"The two laws and the three sexes: ambiguous bodies in canon law and Roman law (12th to 16th centuries)"
2134:
DeVun, Leah (June 2018). "Heavenly hermaphrodites: sexual difference at the beginning and end of time".
4181:
4088:
3989:
1564:, an intersex person in 19th-century USA whose capacity to vote in male-only elections was questioned.
1557:
1465:
1094:
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culture as far back as the first century CE. A statue depicting Ardhanarishvara is included in India's
485:
387:
272:
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4138:
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1430:) shall be heire, either as male or female, according to that kind of sexe which doth prevaile." The
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554:
437:
432:
402:
382:
362:
240:
3303:
3145:
Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite
2023:
1529:
4123:
4108:
4098:
4093:
4073:
4068:
3750:
3016:"This is Not a Hermaphrodite: The Medical Assimilation of Gender Difference in Germany around 1800"
2735:
1248:. 'Ali advised the brothers that sex could be determined by site of urination in a practice called
1205:
1066:
1023:, "woman", from the Greek). However, the era also saw a historical account of a congenital eunuch.
706:
422:
407:
397:
392:
372:
367:
64:
3262:
Armstrong, C. N. (1964) "Intersexuality in Man", IN ARMSTRONG, C. N. & MARSHALL, A. J. (Eds.)
1797:
Dreger, Alice D; Chase, Cheryl; Sousa, Aron; Gruppuso, Phillip A.; Frader, Joel (18 August 2005).
1200:
By the eighth century CE, records of Islamic legal rulings discuss individuals known in Arabic as
3940:
1684:
1507:
himself made the final decision that Mifsud would, from that point forward, wear only male garb.
1081:, Rome's treaty with the gods. But Pliny observed that while hermaphrodites were once considered
710:
670:
Enki answered Ninmah: "I will counterbalance whatever fate – good or bad – you happen to decide.
245:
142:
3526:
1750:
Mason, H.J., Favorinus’ Disorder: Reifenstein's Syndrome in Antiquity?, in Janus 66 (1978) 1–13.
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law expert Abu Zakariya al-Nawawi ruled that an individual whose sex could not be determined by
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3298:
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2018:
1869:
1641:
1514:
1510:
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322:
184:
2923:
2859:, The First Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England, Institutes 8.a. (1st Am. Ed. 1812).
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3760:
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community at birth or in childhood, but I found no evidence to support this belief among the
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1492:
1405:
507:
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225:
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8:
3208:(1923) 'Die Intersexuelle Konstitution.' Jahrbuch fuer sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 23, 3–27.
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and took on different gender roles, sometimes conforming to men's, sometimes to women's.
147:
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2159:
2111:
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1829:
1237:
1050:
1040:
894:
814:
2599:
1799:"Changing the Nomenclature/Taxonomy for Intersex: A Scientific and Clinical Rationale"
1408:
and that "the overall context of the grave indicates that it was a respected person".
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Henrici de Segusio, Cardinalis Hostiensis, Summa aurea, Venice 1574 here at col. 612.
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2512:
Gesink, Indira Falk (July 2018). "Intersex Bodies in Premodern Islamic Discourse".
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2275:
2143:
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2028:
1985:
Herdt, Gilbert, ed. (1996). "Hijras: An Alternative Sex and Gender Role in India".
1860:
1858:
1813:
1568:
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1381:
1370:
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764:
1513:/Karl Dürrge was a German intersex person who made their living for 30 years as a
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gignuntur et utriusque sexus quos hermaphroditos vocamus, olim androgynos vocatos
1595:
satirizes clinical assessments of appropriate clitoris and penis length at birth.
1572:
1496:
1461:
1341:
790:
1855:
3960:
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3085:
1817:
1245:
1047:, both of whom had conditions which would correspond with intersex conditions.
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937:
812:
Due to the presence of intersex traits, Ardhanarishvara is associated with the
663:
539:
101:
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Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung
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A broad sense of the term "eunuch" is reflected in the compendium of ancient
851:
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802:
655:
631:
465:
230:
179:
169:
3675:"Malta passes law outlawing forced surgical intervention on intersex minors"
2975:
2615:
2318:
1943:
1030:(latter 1st-century BC) wrote of "hermaphroditus" in the first century BCE:
847:
I met, all of whom joined the community voluntarily, often in their teens."
4218:
4213:
3863:
3853:
3598:
3571:
3531:
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3448:
3055:
2993:
2960:"Change of Sex Sanctioned by a Maltese Law Court in the Eighteenth Century"
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2048:
1825:
1720:
1626:
1132:(εὐνοῦχος) by birth. Mason and others thus describe Favorinus as having an
824:
777:
611:
527:
522:
174:
164:
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3320:
3038:
3015:
2107:
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could clarify a new dominant sex in intersex individuals who were labeled
956:
had, and likewise at the site of a reflective pool. There the water nymph
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3192:
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1561:
1417:
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1987:
Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History
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1000:
921:
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480:
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2372:, "Priests of the Goddess: Gender Transgression in Ancient Religion,"
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Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia
3176:
2734:. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 March 2009, from
912:, which constitutes "one complete sex" and the ideal physical form.
862:
through penectomy, respectively. According to Indian tradition, the
695:
3730:
3655:"Surgery and Sterilization Scrapped in Malta's Benchmark LGBTI Law"
3557:
3366:
National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics (November 2012).
2827:
1,000-year-old remains in Finland may be non-binary Iron Age leader
2647:"Double sex, double pleasure? Hermaphrodites and the medieval laws"
2646:
1957:
Shankar, Gopi (March–April 2015). "The Many Genders of Old India".
1363:
1151:. Those texts distinguish between the general category of eunuchs (
1148:
1133:
1097:, depictions of Hermaphroditus were very popular among the Romans:
1011:
957:
882:
877:
595:
32:
3629:"In re Völling, Regional Court Cologne, Germany (6 February 2008)"
3341:
Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality
3080:(1). France: École des hautes études en sciences sociales: 51–68.
2219:
Paulus ex Festo 439L; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 549.
809:; this statue clearly shows both male and female bodily elements.
3889:
1401:
1397:
1276:
1272:
1221:
1159:(castrated males, physically incapable of procreation). Eunuchs (
1118:
798:
615:
209:
2412:
520c; Dasen, "Multiple Births in Graeco-Roman Antiquity," p. 61.
2249:; Veronique Dasen, "Multiple Births in Graeco-Roman Antiquity,"
756:
In traditional Jewish culture, intersex individuals were either
4188:
3623:
1304:
1268:
1164:
1129:
941:
905:
659:
627:
544:
492:
2462:
Eugenio Amato (intr., ed., comm.) and Yvette Julien (trans.),
1314:
1005:
Sexuality in ancient Rome § Hermaphroditism and androgyny
681:(eunuch(?)), and decreed as its fate to stand before the king.
3119:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 55–81.
1652:
1480:
968:
925:
794:
784:
652:
607:
4193:
3699:
2794:. Vol. 2 (Thorne ed.). p. 32. Archived from
2763:. Vol. 2 (Thorne ed.). p. 31. Archived from
1484:
890:
886:
623:
497:
2898:"Was the Revolutionary War Hero Casimir Pulaski Intersex?"
1548:
Historical accounts including those of Vietnamese general
3451:(May 1998). ""Ambiguous Sex"--or Ambivalent Medicine?"".
3417:; Community Affairs References Committee (October 2013).
3327:
1241:
599:
549:
2925:
Knight Hospitaller Medicine in Malta [1530–1798]
1796:
831:
as follows: "There is a widespread belief in India that
598:, in humans and other animals, describes variations in
3151:, trans. Richard McDougall. New York: Pantheon Books.
1318:
An illustration from a 13th-century manuscript of the
1163:) sold in the slave markets were deemed by the jurist
783:
recorded the relationship between intersex people and
2582:
Abnormal: Lectures at the Collège de France 1974-1975
2356:
Lynn E. Roller, "The Ideology of the Eunuch Priest,"
1093:
in an exclusive slave market. According to historian
3423:. Canberra: Community Affairs References Committee.
3243:
1075:, an occurrence that signalled a disturbance of the
2712:
1866:"The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature"
1117:Historical accounts of intersex people include the
3562:"Hermaphrodites with Attitude Take to the Streets"
3338:
630:bodies". Intersex people were historically termed
2713:Raming, Ida; Macy, Gary; Bernard J, Cook (2004).
1806:Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
1567:The memoirs of 19th-century intersex Frenchwoman
1552:(18th/19th-century) who helped to unify Vietnam;
1085:, in his day they had become objects of delight (
4263:
3527:"When Max Beck and Morgan Holmes went to Boston"
3177:"Intersexuality and the endocrine aspect of sex"
3117:Bodies in Doubt: an American History of Intersex
2274:
1893:Maraikkappatta Pakkangal: மறைக்கப்பட்ட பக்கங்கள்
1692:Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
1685:"Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex"
620:Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
3333:
2549:
2261:
2259:
1725:Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex
893:instructing his devotees to return to the city
2921:
2847:, 1-19 (15 July 2021), doi:10.1017/eaa.2021.30
2593:
2591:
2435:Swain, Simon (1989). "Favorinus and Hadrian".
1719:
1615:Intersexuality and the endocrine aspect of sex
1362:In the late twelfth century, the canon lawyer
793:, an androgynous composite form of male deity
771:
3715:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2129:
2127:
2125:
1928:(1st ed.). New Delhi: Sarup & Sons.
576:
2256:
2011:Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
1767:
1765:
1396:concluded that a grave from 1050 to 1300 in
3288:
3275:Dewhurst, S. J. & Gordon, R. R. (1969)
3264:Intersexuality in Vertebrates Including Man
3171:
2685:"Decretum Gratiani (Kirchenrechtssammlung)"
2588:
940:was a beautiful youth who was the child of
724:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3722:
3708:
3399:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3279:, London, Baillière Tindall & Cassell.
3220:"Sex In The Making - A Biological Account"
2946:
2917:
2915:
2122:
1771:
1499:and a senior surgeon, both working at the
1449:, a 16th-century intersex person in Spain
1416:The 17th-century English jurist and judge
1147:in the 6th century known as the Digest or
971:, the young companion of Hercules who was
829:Neither Man Nor Woman: The Hijras of India
583:
569:
3667:
3501:"Malta Bans Surgery on Intersex Children"
3302:
3037:
2983:
2868:
2708:
2706:
2317:
2022:
2008:
2002:
1762:
744:Learn how and when to remove this message
3647:
2674:Decretum Gratiani, C. 4, q. 2 et 3, c. 3
2576:
2552:Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science
1677:
1586:
1528:
1313:
982:
622:, "do not fit typical binary notions of
3594:"The origins of Intersex Awareness Day"
3266:, London, New York, Academic Press Ltd.
3013:
2912:
2699:from the original on December 20, 2016.
1956:
1746:
1744:
1214:partial androgen insensitivity syndrome
1069:, a hermaphroditic birth was a kind of
987:Hermaphroditus in a wall painting from
14:
4264:
3591:
3585:
3521:
3515:
3495:
3447:
3253:, London, Heinemann Medical Books Ltd.
3139:
2957:
2784:
2753:
2703:
2644:
2638:
2597:
2514:Journal of Middle East Women's Studies
2511:
1959:The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide
1923:
1890:
1609:The term intersexuality was coined by
1582:
1434:are widely held to be a foundation of
1411:
875:are mentioned in some versions of the
3703:
2545:
2543:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2434:
2133:
2093:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1713:
1375:De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae
3687:from the original on 14 August 2015.
3617:
3539:from the original on 20 October 2015
3375:. Berne, Switzerland. Archived from
3114:
3068:
3021:Canadian Bulletin of Medical History
2895:
1741:
1524:
1380:The thirteenth-century canon lawyer
1171:(D 21.1.6.2). On the other hand, as
1039:Diodorus also recalled the lives of
885:epic poem from around 300 BCE, in a
722:adding citations to reliable sources
689:
3635:from the original on 5 January 2016
3625:International Commission of Jurists
2477:"Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short,
2466:, Paris: Les Belles Lettres (2005).
1575:in 1980. Her birthday is marked in
1283:male, or female in childhood. If a
658:from more than 4,000 years ago has
476:Genital modification and mutilation
24:
3511:from the original on 18 July 2015.
2791:On the Laws and Customs of England
2760:On the Laws and Customs of England
2540:
2494:
2292:
1969:
1423:Institutes of the Lawes of England
991:(first half of the 1st century AD)
685:
641:
40:
25:
4288:
3695:
3592:Driver, Betsy (14 October 2015).
3567:Intersex Society of North America
2958:Cassar, Paul (11 December 1954).
2715:A History of Women and Ordination
1727:. USA: Harvard University Press.
1701:from the original on 4 March 2016
915:
4244:
4243:
3806:
3793:Sex characteristics (legal term)
3556:
3437:from the original on 2015-09-23.
3251:Hermaphoditus the Human Intersex
3217:
2942:from the original on 2017-02-06.
2922:Savona-Ventura, Charles (2015).
2378:35, no. 3 (Feb., 1996): 195-230.
2288:from the original on 2008-09-27.
1924:Swami., Parmeshwaranand (2004).
694:
107:Sex characteristics (legal term)
3550:
3489:
3441:
3407:
3359:
3282:
3269:
3256:
3211:
3199:
3165:
3133:
3108:
3062:
3007:
2889:
2862:
2850:
2845:European Journal of Archaeology
2837:
2818:
2809:
2778:
2747:
2725:
2677:
2668:
2657:from the original on 2015-12-08
2598:Rolker, Christof (2014-01-01).
2570:
2469:
2456:
2447:
2428:
2415:
2402:
2381:
2363:
2350:
2334:
2268:
2235:
2222:
2213:
2200:
2183:
2170:
2087:
2063:
1993:
1950:
1772:Richardson, Ian D. (May 2012).
1483:, 17-year-old Rosa Mifsud from
1394:European Journal of Archaeology
1327:
1275:lawmakers also recognized that
978:
2896:Katz, Brigit (April 9, 2019).
2736:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2453:Horstmanshoff (2000) 103 n. 39
2387:Veit Rosenberger, "Republican
1917:
1884:
1790:
1753:
1638:American Academy of Pediatrics
1471:In a court case, heard at the
1468:hero, may have been intersex.
1445:(17th-century United States),
1387:
1226:congenital adrenal hyperplasia
1190:
1112:The Literal Meaning of Genesis
13:
1:
2689:Bayerische StaatsBibliothek (
2397:A Companion to Roman Religion
2251:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
2230:The Moral Mirror of Roman Art
2208:The Moral Mirror of Roman Art
2191:The Moral Mirror of Roman Art
1965:: 24–26 – via ProQuest.
1891:Winter, Gopi Shankar (2014).
1560:travelling medical case; and
1299:In the sixteenth century CE,
4038:International Intersex Forum
3827:Disorders of sex development
3729:
3313:10.1016/0022-3468(91)90146-K
3291:Journal of Pediatric Surgery
2281:Library of History (Book IV)
1926:Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism
1670:
1665:Timeline of intersex history
1218:5-alpha reductase deficiency
333:International Intersex Forum
133:Disorders of sex development
7:
4033:Intersex Day of Remembrance
3896:Civil society organizations
3030:University of Toronto Press
1658:
1601:History of intersex surgery
1577:Intersex Day of Remembrance
772:Ancient Indian Subcontinent
328:Intersex Day of Remembrance
216:Civil society organizations
10:
4293:
3990:Sex verification in sports
3086:10.14220/lhom.2019.30.1.51
2399:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 295.
1818:10.1515/JPEM.2005.18.8.729
1598:
1466:American Revolutionary War
1420:(Lord Coke), wrote in his
1067:traditional Roman religion
994:
839:and are taken away by the
618:that, according to the UN
602:characteristics including
273:Sex verification in sports
4239:
4231:Sex differences in humans
4164:
4046:
4003:
3882:
3816:
3804:
3737:
3345:. New York: Basic Books.
3277:The Intersexual Disorders
3014:Johnson, Matthew (2005).
2645:Rolker, Christof (2013).
2148:10.1057/s41280-018-0080-8
2033:10.1007/s11154-008-9084-2
1487:, later described in the
3751:Compulsory sterilization
3663:. Reuters. 1 April 2015.
3115:Reis, Elizabeth (2009).
2526:10.1215/15525864-6680205
2071:"Ramayana | Indian epic"
1206:mixed gonadal disgenesis
1195:
973:abducted by water nymphs
950:cusp of sexual adulthood
646:
65:Compulsory sterilization
3249:Cawadias, A. P. (1943)
2976:10.1136/bmj.2.4901.1413
2964:British Medical Journal
2616:10.7767/zrgka-2014-0108
2319:10.14310/horm.2002.1608
2075:Encyclopedia Britannica
1989:. New York: Zone Books.
1776:. Preddon Lee Limited.
1489:British Medical Journal
1026:The Sicilian historian
4209:Non-binary recognition
4028:Intersex Awareness Day
3951:Ancient Greek religion
3874:Sexual differentiation
3454:Hastings Center Report
3028:(2). Toronto, Canada:
2691:Bavarian State Library
1642:Intersex Awareness Day
1596:
1538:
1519:Katharina/Karl Hohmann
1515:human research subject
1511:Maria Dorothea Derrier
1457:(18th-century Spain).
1324:
1104:
1037:
992:
952:, he rejected love as
934:mythological tradition
683:
518:Non-binary recognition
323:Intersex Awareness Day
185:Sexual differentiation
45:
3901:Fictional characters
3842:Medical interventions
3798:Yogyakarta Principles
3783:Medical interventions
3449:Dreger, Alice Domurat
3335:Fausto-Sterling, Anne
3218:Voss, Heinz-Juergen.
3039:10.3138/cbmh.22.2.233
2928:. Lulu. p. 115.
2423:Looking at Lovemaking
2195:Looking at Lovemaking
2108:10.1353/sor.2003.0050
1721:Domurat Dreger, Alice
1605:Intersex human rights
1599:Further information:
1590:
1532:
1317:
1099:
1032:
995:Further information:
986:
668:
221:Fictional characters
153:Medical interventions
112:Yogyakarta Principles
97:Medical interventions
44:
3193:10.1210/endo-1-4-433
2900:. Smithsonianmag.com
2695:. February 5, 2009.
2584:. Verso. p. 67.
2375:History of Religions
2358:Gender & History
2265:Philostratus, VS 489
1493:pseudo-hermaphrodite
1406:Klinefelter syndrome
1392:A 2021 study in the
718:improve this section
508:Anti-gender movement
278:at the Olympic Games
4272:Intersex in history
3883:Society and culture
3525:(17 October 2015).
3003:on 5 February 2017.
2360:9.3 (1997), p. 558.
2253:16.1 (1997), p. 61.
1895:. Srishti Madurai.
1872:on 24 December 2008
1843:on 20 December 2016
1611:Richard Goldschmidt
1583:Contemporary period
1475:in 1774 during the
1412:Early modern period
1045:Callon of Epidaurus
827:writes in her book
204:Society and culture
18:Intersex in history
4004:History and events
3660:The New York Times
3606:on 20 October 2015
2871:Arizona Law Review
2741:2009-03-24 at the
2564:10.1111/zygo.12220
2479:A Latin Dictionary
2391:: Controlling the
2341:Isidore of Seville
2232:, p. 216, note 46.
1649:Christiane Völling
1613:in the 1917 paper
1597:
1571:were published by
1539:
1497:Physician-in-Chief
1455:Fernanda Fernández
1325:
1303:, a member of the
1177:spadones (eunuchs)
1051:Isidore of Seville
1041:Diophantus of Abae
993:
46:
4259:
4258:
4204:Non-binary gender
4172:Children's rights
4047:Rights by country
3926:Intersex and LGBT
3832:Genetic diagnosis
3778:Malta declaration
3773:Legal recognition
3505:The Stranger SLOG
3415:Australian Senate
3352:978-0-465-07713-7
3158:978-0-394-50821-4
3141:Barbin, Herculine
3126:978-0-8018-9155-7
2830:, 9 August 2021,
2786:de Bracton, Henry
2755:de Bracton, Henry
2193:, p. 77; Clarke,
1734:978-0-674-00189-3
1690:. United Nations
1556:, a 19th-century
1554:Gottlieb Göttlich
1533:Bronze statue of
1525:Mid-modern period
1477:Order of St. John
1447:Eleno de Céspedes
1356:Decretum Gratiani
1321:Decretum Gratiani
1301:Ibrahim al-Halabi
1128:, described as a
797:and female deity
754:
753:
746:
593:
592:
471:Children's rights
346:Rights by country
236:Intersex and LGBT
138:Genetic diagnosis
92:Malta declaration
87:Legal recognition
16:(Redirected from
4284:
4247:
4246:
3936:Military service
3810:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3701:
3700:
3689:
3688:
3683:. 2 April 2015.
3671:
3665:
3664:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3602:. Archived from
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3570:. Archived from
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3499:(3 April 2015).
3493:
3487:
3486:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3398:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3381:
3374:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3344:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3306:
3286:
3280:
3273:
3267:
3260:
3254:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3225:. Archived from
3224:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3041:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
2996:. Archived from
2987:
2955:
2944:
2943:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2841:
2835:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2751:
2745:
2732:Henry de Bracton
2729:
2723:
2722:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2578:Foucault, Michel
2574:
2568:
2567:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2509:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2473:
2467:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2432:
2426:
2419:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2385:
2379:
2367:
2361:
2354:
2348:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2276:Diodorus Siculus
2272:
2266:
2263:
2254:
2239:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2204:
2198:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2131:
2120:
2119:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2026:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1868:. Archived from
1862:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1842:
1836:. Archived from
1803:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1769:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1689:
1681:
1569:Herculine Barbin
1501:Sacra Infermeria
1464:, the important
1452:
1443:Thomas(ine) Hall
1382:Henry of Segusio
1371:Henry de Bracton
1231:In Islamic law,
823:for many years,
807:Meenkashi Temple
801:, originated in
749:
742:
738:
735:
729:
698:
690:
585:
578:
571:
29:
28:
21:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4235:
4160:
4042:
3999:
3878:
3812:
3811:
3802:
3733:
3728:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3622:
3618:
3609:
3607:
3590:
3586:
3577:
3575:
3555:
3551:
3542:
3540:
3520:
3516:
3494:
3490:
3467:10.2307/3528648
3446:
3442:
3431:
3412:
3408:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3332:
3328:
3304:10.1.1.628.4867
3287:
3283:
3274:
3270:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3244:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3173:Goldschmidt, R.
3170:
3166:
3159:
3149:Michel Foucault
3138:
3134:
3127:
3113:
3109:
3067:
3063:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2956:
2947:
2936:
2920:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2894:
2890:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2842:
2838:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2801:
2799:
2783:
2779:
2770:
2768:
2752:
2748:
2743:Wayback Machine
2730:
2726:
2719:Scarecrow Press
2711:
2704:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2660:
2658:
2643:
2639:
2596:
2589:
2575:
2571:
2548:
2541:
2510:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2433:
2429:
2420:
2416:
2407:
2403:
2386:
2382:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2351:
2339:
2335:
2297:
2293:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2243:Natural History
2240:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2205:
2201:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2132:
2123:
2096:Social Research
2092:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2024:10.1.1.469.9016
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1983:
1970:
1955:
1951:
1936:
1922:
1918:
1903:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1661:
1607:
1585:
1579:on 8 November.
1573:Michel Foucault
1527:
1462:Casimir Pulaski
1450:
1414:
1390:
1342:Michel Foucault
1330:
1262:khuntha mushkil
1246:urinary opening
1198:
1193:
1007:
981:
967:". The myth of
918:
889:about the hero
791:Ardhanarishvara
774:
750:
739:
733:
730:
715:
699:
688:
686:Ancient Judaism
649:
644:
642:Ancient history
589:
560:
559:
555:Sex differences
461:
453:
452:
348:
338:
337:
301:
290:
289:
205:
197:
196:
128:
117:
116:
60:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4290:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4191:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4146:
4144:United Kingdom
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4007:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3961:Hermaphroditus
3958:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3814:
3813:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3788:Sex assignment
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3758:
3756:Discrimination
3753:
3747:
3745:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3697:
3696:External links
3694:
3691:
3690:
3666:
3646:
3616:
3584:
3549:
3523:Holmes, Morgan
3514:
3488:
3440:
3429:
3406:
3358:
3351:
3326:
3297:(7): 812–820.
3281:
3268:
3255:
3242:
3210:
3206:Hirschfeld, M.
3198:
3187:(4): 433–456,
3164:
3157:
3132:
3125:
3107:
3061:
3006:
2970:(4901): 1413.
2945:
2935:978-1326482220
2934:
2911:
2888:
2861:
2849:
2836:
2817:
2808:
2777:
2746:
2724:
2721:. p. 113.
2702:
2676:
2667:
2637:
2610:(1): 178–222.
2587:
2569:
2558:(4): 809–829.
2539:
2520:(2): 152–173.
2493:
2468:
2455:
2446:
2427:
2414:
2401:
2380:
2362:
2349:
2333:
2312:(3): 459–461.
2291:
2267:
2255:
2234:
2221:
2212:
2199:
2182:
2169:
2142:(2): 132–146.
2121:
2086:
2062:
2017:(3): 227–236.
2001:
1992:
1968:
1949:
1935:978-8176254274
1934:
1916:
1901:
1883:
1854:
1789:
1782:
1774:God's Triangle
1761:
1752:
1740:
1733:
1712:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1584:
1581:
1526:
1523:
1413:
1410:
1389:
1386:
1329:
1326:
1240:caliph named '
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1095:John R. Clarke
997:Hermaphroditus
980:
977:
938:Hermaphroditus
917:
916:Ancient Greece
914:
837:hermaphrodites
773:
770:
752:
751:
702:
700:
693:
687:
684:
664:mother goddess
648:
645:
643:
640:
632:hermaphrodites
591:
590:
588:
587:
580:
573:
565:
562:
561:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
540:Medical ethics
537:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
495:
490:
489:
488:
478:
473:
468:
462:
459:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
445:
443:United Kingdom
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
349:
344:
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
330:
325:
320:
319:
318:
313:
302:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
282:
281:
280:
270:
265:
264:
263:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
161:
160:
150:
145:
140:
135:
129:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
114:
109:
104:
102:Sex assignment
99:
94:
89:
84:
83:
82:
72:
70:Discrimination
67:
61:
52:
51:
48:
47:
37:
36:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4289:
4278:
4277:LGBTQ history
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4252:
4251:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4149:United States
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3911:Gender system
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3869:Quigley scale
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:Phall-O-Meter
3857:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:Hermaphrodite
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3680:Star Observer
3676:
3670:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3588:
3574:on 2015-10-05
3573:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3497:Dreger, Alice
3492:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3430:9781742299174
3426:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3402:
3396:
3382:on 2015-04-23
3378:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3272:
3265:
3259:
3252:
3246:
3232:on 2011-06-01
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3181:Endocrinology
3178:
3174:
3168:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3076:(in German).
3075:
3074:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3010:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2918:
2916:
2899:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2853:
2846:
2840:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2812:
2798:on 2016-10-29
2797:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2767:on 2016-10-29
2766:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2707:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2671:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2592:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2482:
2480:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2411:
2405:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2359:
2353:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2216:
2209:
2203:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2179:
2178:Metamorphoses
2173:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1996:
1988:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1902:9781500380939
1898:
1894:
1887:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:(8): 729–33.
1811:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1783:9780957140103
1779:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1593:Phall-O-Meter
1589:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1543:Victorian era
1536:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1309:jurisprudence
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1258:hukm al-mabal
1255:
1251:
1250:hukm al-mabal
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:Julius Paulus
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:collected by
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1019:, "man," and
1018:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1002:
998:
990:
985:
976:
974:
970:
966:
965:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
927:
923:
920:According to
913:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:
874:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:Gilbert Herdt
850:According to
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
816:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
786:
782:
779:
769:
767:
766:
761:
760:
748:
745:
737:
727:
723:
719:
713:
712:
708:
703:This section
701:
697:
692:
691:
682:
680:
675:
671:
667:
665:
661:
657:
656:creation myth
654:
639:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
586:
581:
579:
574:
572:
567:
566:
564:
563:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
499:
496:
494:
491:
487:
484:
483:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
466:Hermaphrodite
464:
463:
457:
456:
449:
448:United States
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
347:
342:
341:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
307:
304:
303:
299:
294:
293:
286:
283:
279:
276:
275:
274:
271:
269:
266:
262:
259:
258:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
201:
200:
193:
192:
188:
186:
183:
181:
180:Quigley scale
178:
176:
173:
171:
170:Phall-O-Meter
168:
166:
163:
159:
156:
155:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
126:
121:
120:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
81:
78:
77:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
59:
55:
50:
49:
43:
39:
38:
34:
31:
30:
27:
19:
4248:
4219:Third gender
4214:Queer theory
4119:South Africa
4010:
3864:Prader scale
3854:Orchidometer
3761:Human rights
3743:legal issues
3739:Human rights
3678:
3669:
3658:
3649:
3637:. Retrieved
3619:
3608:. Retrieved
3604:the original
3599:Intersex Day
3597:
3587:
3576:. Retrieved
3572:the original
3565:
3552:
3541:. Retrieved
3532:Intersex Day
3530:
3517:
3504:
3491:
3461:(3): 24–35.
3458:
3452:
3443:
3419:
3409:
3384:. Retrieved
3377:the original
3368:
3361:
3340:
3329:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3250:
3245:
3234:. Retrieved
3227:the original
3213:
3201:
3184:
3180:
3167:
3144:
3135:
3116:
3110:
3077:
3071:
3064:
3025:
3019:
3009:
2998:the original
2967:
2963:
2924:
2902:. Retrieved
2891:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2852:
2844:
2839:
2832:The Guardian
2831:
2825:
2824:Jon Henley,
2820:
2811:
2800:. Retrieved
2796:the original
2790:
2780:
2769:. Retrieved
2765:the original
2759:
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1541:During the
1537:in his tomb
1505:Grandmaster
1473:Castellania
1418:Edward Coke
1388:Archaeology
1233:inheritance
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1191:Middle Ages
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1123:philosopher
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989:Herculaneum
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604:chromosomes
533:Transgender
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413:New Zealand
268:Researchers
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4266:Categories
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3931:Literature
3610:2015-10-24
3578:2015-10-24
3543:2015-10-24
3386:2016-08-27
3236:2018-01-04
3147:. introd.
2802:2016-10-02
2771:2016-10-02
2661:2016-08-27
2486:21 October
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2408:Plutarch,
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2080:2018-10-03
1876:9 December
1623:John Money
1436:common law
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1428:Androgynus
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1220:, gonadal
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311:of surgery
300:and events
285:Television
241:Literature
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3395:cite book
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705:does not
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1083:portents
1028:Diodorus
958:Salmacis
878:Ramayana
653:Sumerian
616:genitals
596:Intersex
460:See also
378:Colombia
316:timeline
256:Military
251:Religion
125:Medicine
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4089:Germany
4011:History
3890:Endosex
3847:history
3766:reports
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3475:3528648
3321:1895191
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