Second Polish Republic

5339:) failed as soon as Germany invaded in 1939. The Polish losses in combat against Germans (killed and missing in action) amounted to ca. 70,000 men. Some 420,000 of them were taken prisoners. Losses against the Red Army (which invaded Poland on 17 September) added up to 6,000 to 7,000 of casualties and MIA, 250,000 were taken prisoners. Although the Polish Army – considering the inactivity of the Allies – was in an unfavourable position – it managed to inflict serious losses to the enemies: 20,000 German soldiers were killed or MIA, 674 tanks and 319 armored vehicles destroyed or badly damaged, 230 aircraft shot down; the Red Army lost (killed and MIA) about 2,500 soldiers, 150 combat vehicles and 20 aircraft. The Soviet invasion of Poland, and lack of promised aid from the Western Allies, contributed to the Polish forces defeat by 6 October 1939. 2858: 753: 1492: 83: 4274: 2870: 739: 67: 3110: 3067: 781: 767: 4798: 4476: 4821: 3132:), and 2,500 were modern, with an asphalt or concrete surface. In different parts of the country, there were sections of paved roads, which suddenly ended, and were followed by dirt roads. The poor condition of the roads was the result of both long-lasting foreign dominance and inadequate funding. On 29 January 1931, the Polish Parliament created the State Road Fund, the purpose of which was to collect money for the construction and conservation of roads. The government drafted a 10-year plan, with road priorities: a highway from Wilno, through Warsaw and Kraków, to 5381:, when two squadrons of the Polish 18th Lancers armed with sabers surprised and wiped out a German infantry formation with a mounted saber charge. Shortly after midnight the 2nd (Motorized) Division was compelled to withdraw by Polish cavalry, before the Poles were caught in the open by German armored cars. The story arose because some German armored cars appeared and gunned down 20 troopers as the cavalry escaped. Even this failed to persuade everyone to reexamine their beliefs—there were some who thought Polish cavalry had been improperly employed in 1939. 148: 1584: 1415: 4706: 5199: 4250: 4752: 4333: 5207: 3753: 3739: 4614: 4425: 3260: 4775: 4182: 2423: 4844: 4545: 4258: 4379: 4402: 1711: 5343: 4683: 4729: 4448: 4522: 3363: 4356: 4310: 4660: 4568: 4637: 136: 2886: 1820: 4591: 3252: 4499: 2438: 2695: 714: 1866: 5090: 3428: 5106:), and 1,081 km (672 mi) with other countries (Lithuania, Romania, Latvia, Danzig). The warmest yearly average temperature was in Kraków among major cities of the Second Polish Republic, at 9.1 °C (48.4 °F) in 1938; and the coldest in Wilno (7.6 °C or 45.7 °F in 1938). Extreme geographical points of Poland included Przeświata River in Somino to the north (located in the 2370: 5321: 3136:(called Marshal Piłsudski Highway), asphalt highways from Warsaw to Poznań and Łódź, as well as a Warsaw ring road. However, the plan turned out to be too ambitious, with insufficient money in the national budget to pay for it. In January 1938, the Polish Road Congress estimated that Poland would need to spend three times as much money on roads to keep up with 3303:, where agriculture was quite backward and primitive, with a large number of small farms, unable to succeed in either the domestic or international market. Another problem was the overpopulation of the countryside, which resulted in chronic unemployment. Living conditions were so bad in several eastern regions, such as the counties inhabited by the 3530: 3388:

of eastern Poland. In 1921, one-third of citizens of Poland remained illiterate (38% in the countryside). The process was slow, but by 1931 the illiteracy level had dropped to 23% overall (27% in the countryside) and further down to 18% in 1937. By 1939, over 90% of children attended school. In 1932,

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were a competent body of men with expert knowledge and high ideals. The officers, both senior and junior, constantly refreshed their training in the field and in the lecture hall, where modern technical achievement and the lessons of contemporary wars were demonstrated and discussed. The equipment of

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Poles from the Soviet Union occurred during the reconstitution of sovereign Poland. In the second wave, between November 1919 and June 1924, some 1,200,000 people left the territory of the USSR for Poland. It is estimated that some 460,000 of them spoke Polish as the first language. According to the

2452:

After regaining its independence, Poland was faced with major economic difficulties. In addition to the devastation brought by the First World War, the exploitation of the Polish economy by the German and Russian occupying powers, and the sabotage performed by retreating armies, the new republic was

2722:

throughout its existence. Poland had one of the lowest taxation rates in Europe, with 9.3% of taxes as a distribution of national income. Piłsudski's regime was also heavily dependent on foreign investments and economies, with 45.4% of Polish equity capital controlled by foreign corporations. After

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Interwar Poland had a large army of 270,000 soldiers on active duty: in 37 infantry divisions, 11 cavalry brigades, and two armored brigades, plus artillery units. Another 700,000 men served in the reserves. At the outbreak of the war, the Polish Army was able to put in the field almost one million

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shows 30.8% of the population consisted of ethnic minorities, compared with a share of 1.6% (solely identifying with a non-Polish ethnic group) or 3.8% (including those identifying with both the Polish ethnicity and with another ethnic group) in 2011. The first spontaneous flight of about 500,000

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Theatre was immensely popular in the interbellum, with three main centres in the cities of Warsaw, Wilno and Lwów. Altogether, there were 103 theatres in Poland and a number of other theatrical institutions (including 100 folk theatres). In 1936, different shows were seen by 5 million people, and

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The country's total area, after the annexation of Trans-Olza, was 389,720 km (150,470 sq mi). It extended 903 km (561 mi) from north to south and 894 km (556 mi) from east to west. On 1 January 1938, total length of boundaries was 5,529 km (3,436 mi),

4240:

By 1931, Poland had the second largest Jewish population in the world, with one-fifth of all the world's Jews residing within its borders (approx. 3,136,000). The urban population of interbellum Poland was rising steadily; in 1921, only 24% of Poles lived in the cities, in the late 1930s, that

3105:

In the interbellum, the road network of Poland was dense, but the quality of the roads was very poor – only 7% of all roads were paved and ready for automobile use, and none of the major cities were connected with each other by a good-quality highway. In 1939 the Poles built only one highway:

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intensified their efforts, which triggered violence in extreme cases in smaller towns across the country. In 1937, the National Democracy movement passed resolutions that "its main aim and duty must be to remove the Jews from all spheres of social, economic, and cultural life in Poland". The

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Statistically, the majority of citizens lived in the countryside (75% in 1921). Farmers made up 65% of the population. In 1929, agricultural production made up 65% of Poland's GNP. After 123 years of partitions, regions of the country were very unevenly developed. The lands of the former

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for nearly a decade; it involved tariffs and broad economic restrictions. After 1933 the trade war ended. The new agreements regulated and promoted trade. Germany became Poland's largest trading partner, followed by Britain. In October 1938, Germany granted a credit of 60,000,000

3078:, the total length of the railways in Poland (as of 31 December 1937) was 20,118 km (12,501 mi). Rail density was 5.2 km (3.2 mi) per 100 km (39 sq mi). Railways were very dense in the western part of the country, while in the east, especially 2453:

faced with the task of economically unifying disparate economic regions, which had previously been part of different countries and different empires. Within the borders of the Republic were the remnants of three different economic systems, with five different currencies (the

1474:. Next day, due to his popularity and support from most political parties, the Regency Council appointed Piłsudski as Commander in Chief of the Polish Armed Forces. On 14 November, the Council dissolved itself and transferred all its authority to Piłsudski as Chief of State ( 125: 6927: 5062:(after the Second World War and its border changes, the average elevation of Poland decreased to 173 m (568 ft)). Only 13% of territory, along the southern border, was higher than 300 m (980 ft). The highest elevation in the country was 2812:), with the eleventh one planned to be opened in the autumn of 1939. Furthermore, in 1935, Polish engineers began working on TV services. By early 1939, experts of the Polish Radio built four TV sets. The first movie broadcast by experimental Polish TV was 4210:: 69% of the population was Polish, 14% were Ukrainian, around 10% Jewish, 3% Belarusian, 2% German and 3% other, including Lithuanian, Czech, Armenian, Russian, and Romani. The situation of minorities was a complex subject and changed during the period. 1640:'s consent. Moreover, his power to pass decrees was limited by the requirement that the Prime Minister and the appropriate other Minister had to verify his decrees with their signatures. Poland was one of the first countries in the world to recognise 5033:

was restricted in every field possible, especially in governmental institutions, and the term "Ruthenian" was enforced in an attempt to ban the use of the term "Ukrainian". Ukrainians were categorised as uneducated second-class peasants or

2731:'s government introduced economic reforms with more government interventions with an increase in tax revenues and public spending after Piłsudski's death. These interventionist policies saw Poland's economy recover from the recession. 2409:

The Polish command system at the level of the entire Polish military and the armies was obsolete. The generals in command of armies had to ask permission from the high command. The Polish military attempted to organize fronts made of

1077: – became major European cities and the sites of internationally acclaimed universities and other institutions of higher education. Although Polish Jews were some of the biggest supporters of Second Republic leader 6526: 4962:

From the 1920s, the Polish government excluded Jews from receiving government bank loans, public sector employment, and obtaining business licenses. From the 1930s, measures were taken against Jewish shops, Jewish export firms,

2772:: Central Industrial Region). Unfortunately, these developments were interrupted and largely destroyed by the German and Soviet invasion and the start of the Second World War. Other achievements of interbellum Poland included 4241:

proportion grew to 30%. In more than a decade, the population of Warsaw grew by 200,000, Łódź by 150,000, and Poznań – by 100,000. This was due not only to internal migration, but also to an extremely high birth rate.

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Interbellum Poland was unofficially divided into two parts – better developed "Poland A" in the west, and underdeveloped "Poland B" in the east. Polish industry was concentrated in the west, mostly in Polish

123: 5306: 1089:

ruling the Republic began to openly discriminate against its Jewish (and, to a lesser extent, its Ukrainian) citizens, restricting Jewish entry into professions and placing limitations on Jewish businesses.

848: 124: 2821:

Interbellum Poland was also a country with numerous social problems. Unemployment was high, and poverty in the countryside was widespread, which resulted in several cases of social unrest, such as the

5628: 6621: 3344:

4,800,000) which was never realised, due to the outbreak of war. Germany would deliver factory equipment and machinery in return for Polish timber and agricultural produce. This new trade was to be

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was an agricultural institute. By 1939, there were around 50,000 students enrolled in further education. 28% of students at universities were women, which was the second highest share in Europe.

4969:

as well as limitations being placed on Jewish admission to the medical and legal professions, Jews in business associations and the enrollment of Jews into universities. The political movement

5876:"Hagen, William W. "Before the" final solution": Toward a comparative analysis of political anti-Semitism in interwar Germany and Poland." The Journal of Modern History 68.2 (1996): 351-381" 3413:), with two levels – 4 grades of comprehensive middle school and 2 grades of specified high school (classical, humanistic, natural and mathematical). A graduate of middle school received a 2427: 5298: 1026:, the number of inhabitants was 25.7 million. By 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II, this had grown to an estimated 35.1 million. Almost a third of the population came from 841: 3082:, rail was non-existent in some counties. During the interbellum period, the Polish Government constructed several new lines, mainly in the central part of the country (see also 2661:

with all neighbours amounted to only 21% of Poland's total. Trade with Germany, Poland's most important neighbour, accounted for 14.3% of Polish exchange. Foreign trade with the

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Contemporary map showing language frequency in 1931 across Poland; red: more than 50% native Polish speakers; green: more than 50% native language other than Polish, including

1391: 5806: 4189:

Historically, Poland was almost always a multiethnic country. This was especially true for the Second Republic, when independence was once again achieved in the wake of the

3707: 7623: 1447: 834: 4167: 6001: 7168: 6663: 6622:

https://www.historiaposzukaj.pl/wiedza,obiekty,1883,obiekt_fotografia_z_okolic_lazisk_gornych_autorstwa_henryka_poddebskiego_ze_zbiorow_muzeum_historii_polski.html

5945: 6955: 5515: 5102:), the 1,412 km (877 mi) with Soviet Union, 948 kilometers with Czechoslovakia (until 1938), 1,912 km (1,188 mi) with Germany (together with 6304: 5855: 8372: 3106:

28 km of straight concrete road connecting the villages of Warlubie and Osiek (mid-northern Poland). It was designed by Italian engineer Piero Puricelli.

1315:

from 1918 to 1921. The extent of the eastern half of the interwar territory of Poland was settled diplomatically in 1922 and internationally recognised by the

5728:"Ustawa z dnia 31 lipca 1924 r. o języku państwowym i języku urzędowania rządowych i samorządowych władz administracyjnych (Dz.U. z 1924 r. nr 73, poz. 724)" 3701: 6023: 2473:) and with little or no direct infrastructural links. The situation was so bad that neighbouring industrial centres, as well as major cities, lacked direct 6885: 5289:- which Poland had annexed from Czechoslovakia in October 1938. Poland did not surrender to the invaders, but continued fighting under the auspices of the 2830: 2477:

links because they had been parts of different jurisdictions and different empires. For example, there was no direct railway connection between Warsaw and

1740: 8367: 6473:"Także reformę Grabskiego przeprowadziliśmy sami, kosztem społeczeństwa, choć tym razem zapłacili obywatele z wyższych sfer, głównie posiadacze ziemscy." 3022:. One of the characteristic features of the Polish economy in the interbellum was the gradual nationalisation of major plants. This was the case for the 82: 7031: 5974: 5903: 6851: 5222: 5042:

and restrictions imposed. Numerous attempts at restoring the Ukrainian state were suppressed and any existent violence or terrorism initiated by the

5807:"Główny Urząd Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, drugi powszechny spis ludności z dn. 9.XII 1931 r. - Mieszkania i gospodarstwa domowe ludność" 147: 8397: 6583: 2016: 2011: 6993: 2536:

as a single common currency for Poland (replacing the marka), which remained a stable currency. The currency helped Poland to control the massive

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in May 1926, he emphasised that he wanted to heal Polish society and politics of excessive partisan politics. His regime, accordingly, was called

5373:

armed with lances charged German tanks during the September 1939 campaign. This often repeated account, first reported by Italian journalists as

2754:(which was under heavy German pressure to boycott Polish coal exports). The second was construction of the 500-kilometre rail connection between 2386:

soldiers, 4,300 guns, around 1,000 armored vehicles including in between 200 and 300 tanks (the majority of the armored vehicles were outclassed

7228: 7091: 5377:, concerned an action by the Polish 18th Lancer Regiment near Chojnice. This arose from misreporting of a single clash on 1 September 1939 near 7219: 6042: 5731: 5700: 1791: 7385:(2013); covers Old Rusyns, Moscophiles and National Movement Activists, & the political role of the Greek Catholic and Orthodox Churches 1278: 6640: 8392: 7695: 5301:

on 28 September 1939, Polish areas occupied by Nazi Germany either became directly incorporated into Nazi Germany, or became part of the

3176: 1618: 6399: 170: 8407: 3460: 2123: 1771:

was approved in the spring of 1935. During the last four years of the Second Polish Republic, the major politicians included President

6735: 8382: 8258: 7514: 5470: 5814: 5754: 3488: 2838: 1668: 5486: 4625: 1496: 8402: 7573: 6756: 3377: 1695:), made them increasingly unpopular. Major politicians at this time, in addition to General Piłsudski, included peasant activist 1548: 1299:

imperial powers, Poland re-emerged as a sovereign state at the end of the First World War in Europe in 1917–1918. The victorious

1019: 873: 3975: 8377: 8170: 5548: 5310: 5043: 3151:. At that time, LOT maintained several services, both domestic and international. Warsaw had regular domestic connections with 1680: 3954: 3849: 3027: 7608: 7064: 6879: 6845: 6818: 6393: 6146: 5939: 5809:[Central Statistical Office the Polish Republic, the second census dated 9.XII 1931 - Abodes and household populace] 1676: 774: 7254: 6262: 6235: 6152: 4413: 3891: 1382:. More than a month before Germany surrendered on 11 November 1918 and the war ended, the Regency Council had dissolved the 66: 8362: 7659: 7639: 7613: 5995: 5457: 4146: 4018: 3172: 3087: 2390:) and 745 aircraft (however, only around 450 of them were bombers and fighters available to fight as of 1 September 1939). 1851: 1672: 1246: 1140: 7524: 7165: 4820: 2814: 8327: 7956: 7876: 7685: 6943: 5314: 2173: 1993: 1532: 1398:), most Polish political parties supported this move. On 23 October the Regency Council appointed a new government under 6659: 6509: 5929: 4040: 7792: 7721: 6709: 6466: 5436: 4797: 4082: 3492: 3312: 3083: 3015: 2857: 2842: 2719: 1897: 1132: 1015: 8322: 7961: 7903: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7631: 6920: 6571: 6300: 6195: 5849: 5507: 5478: 5421: 3689: 3357: 3124:

In the mid-1930s, Poland had 340,000 km (211,266 mi) of roads, but only 58,000 had a hard surface (gravel,

2809: 2345: 1937: 1664: 1359: 1274: 732: 719: 425: 1057:

The Second Republic maintained moderate economic development. The cultural hubs of interwar Poland –

8016: 7991: 7891: 6989: 6450: 6429: 4321: 3912: 3870: 3828: 3014:). Apart from already-existing industrial areas, in the mid-1930s an ambitious, state-sponsored project called the 2764: 2351: 1917: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1736: 1688: 1684: 1637: 1439: 948: 485: 457: 357: 2540:. It was the only country in Europe able to do this without foreign loans or aid. The average annual growth rate ( 8417: 8387: 8317: 6017: 5154:

of the Vistula within boundaries of the Second Polish Republic was 180,300 km (69,600 sq mi), the

5127: 5111: 4222: 4125: 3480: 2762:, which served freight trains with coal. The third was the creation of a central industrial district named COP – 1725:

Piłsudski led an intentionally modest life, writing historical books for a living. After he took power through a

1218:

traditionally refers exclusively to Polish states. Additionally, between 8 November 1918 and 16 August 1919, the

760: 17: 6869: 6609: 5021:

The pre-war government also restricted the rights of people who declared Ukrainian nationality, belonged to the

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for all children aged 7 to 14, in an effort to limit illiteracy, which was widespread, especially in the former

2909:, where the bulk of coal mines and steel plants was located. Furthermore, heavy industry plants were located in 2657:

Hostile relations with neighbours were a major problem for the economy of interbellum Poland. In the year 1937,

1480:). After consultation with Piłsudski, Daszyński's government dissolved itself and a new government formed under 6792: 6248: 6118: 6110: 6095: 6071: 4218: 3180: 2116: 1892: 1423: 1386:

and announced its intention to restore Polish independence (7 October 1918). With the notable exception of the

5374: 3633: 1798:

in 1936. The government that ruled the Second Polish Republic in its final years is frequently referred to as

1491: 8357: 7910: 7680: 6924: 5490: 5278: 5265:

on 28 September after a twenty-day siege. Open organised Polish resistance ended on 6 October 1939 after the

5166:(10,400 km or 4,000 sq mi). The remaining part of the country was drained southward, into the 4436: 4278: 3468: 3328: 3311:), and the situation began to change in the late 1930s, due to the construction of several factories for the 3308: 2826: 2519: 2406:

and its rearmament was slowed by confidence in Western European military support and by budget difficulties.

2077: 2054: 298: 7027: 5970: 4475: 3499: 7331: 7189: 5875: 5540: 5119: 5013:, by 1939, prior to the war, Polish Jews were threatened with conditions similar to those in Nazi Germany. 4717: 4061: 3507: 2918: 2861:

Coal power station in Łaziska Górne in 1939. It was the largest Polish power plant in the years 1927-1953 (

2746:, which oversaw the building of three key infrastructural elements. The first was the establishment of the 2049: 1768: 1707:; e.g. in 1928 – 1930 there was the Ukrainian-Belarusian Club, with 26 Ukrainian and 4 Belarusian members. 1520: 1383: 1363: 1308: 6835: 5439:, also known as the "First Polish Republic" and described as a "republic under the presidency of the King" 4705: 4273: 3716:, local town and village governments akin to districts or parishes. These were then grouped together into 2956: 2789: 1544: 8193: 7881: 7822: 7797: 7741: 7566: 5393: 5244: 4970: 1983: 1978: 1952: 1656: 1556: 1552: 1336: 1242: 888: 135: 5098:

including: 140 km (87 mi) of coastline (out of which 71 km (44 mi) were made by the

2906: 927:

that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939. The state was established in the final stage of

8228: 8160: 8043: 7690: 7675: 7600: 7269:

Emblem of Good Will: a Polish Declaration of Admiration and Friendship for the United States of America

6981: 6490: 6063: 5616: 5385: 5290: 3464: 3168: 2394: 1957: 1660: 1610: 1399: 1172: 952: 924: 6210: 3706:

The administrative division of the Second Republic was based on a three-tier system, referring to the

2161: 1799: 1086: 401: 8412: 8332: 8263: 8140: 8021: 7971: 7849: 7756: 7731: 7529: 7434: 7299: 7083: 6187: 5657: 5255: 5248: 4751: 3564:, the 1920s were marked by the domination of poetry. Polish poets were divided into two groups – the 3432: 3051: 2109: 1560: 1379: 1156: 944: 940: 903: 583: 277: 265: 7053:

Radziejowski, Janusz; Studies, University of Alberta Canadian Institute of Ukrainian (8 July 1983).

6587: 6039: 5792: 5727: 5692: 4977:, from the abbreviation "ND") often organised anti-Jewish business boycotts. Following the death of 3511: 2834: 8422: 8352: 8347: 7802: 7766: 7746: 7519: 7204:

The Foreign Policy of Józef Pi£sudski and Józef Beck, 1926–1939: Misconceptions and Interpretations

5294: 5146:

Almost 75% of the territory of interbellum Poland was drained northward into the Baltic Sea by the

4613: 4226: 3366: 3300: 2398: 1988: 1947: 1692: 1622: 1524: 1508: 1367: 878: 7383:

The Lemko Region in the Second Polish Republic: Political and Interdenominational Issues 1918–1939

7220:

Poland the Western Powers, 1938–1939. A Study in the Interdependence of Eastern and Western Europe

5354: 4832: 4648: 4344: 3621: 3581: 1932: 1922: 1691:) and other negative publicity the politicians received (such as accusations of corruption or the 1547:). Meanwhile, in western Poland, another war of national liberation began under the banner of the 1540: 8342: 8337: 7981: 7951: 7859: 7736: 7618: 6810: 6087: 5054:

The Second Polish Republic was mainly flat with an average elevation of 233 m (764 ft)

5022: 4774: 4332: 4230: 3448: 2869: 2739: 2561: 2243: 1841: 1787: 1512: 1500: 303: 6448:

Nikolaus Wolf, "Path dependent border effects: the case of Poland's reunification (1918–1939)",

6199: 5695:

Ustawa Konstytucyjna z dnia 15 lipca 1920 r. zawierająca statut organiczny Województwa Śląskiego

4824: 3523: 3090:

was never finished due to the war, while Polish railways were famous for their punctuality (see

2261: 8241: 8236: 8180: 8073: 8011: 7827: 7807: 7559: 7546: 6731: 5262: 5214: 4990: 4843: 4786: 4763: 4694: 4602: 4464: 3730:, akin to provinces). This administrative system passed into the modern Third Polish Republic. 3609: 3291:, farming and crops were on a Western European level. The situation was much worse in parts of 3066: 2759: 2527: 2255: 2204: 1764: 1756: 1652: 1435: 596: 106: 88: 5852: 3394: 3390: 2327: 2294: 2186: 1927: 1481: 1467: 1054:. At the same time, a significant number of ethnic Poles lived outside the country's borders. 826: 444: 8213: 8165: 7996: 7941: 7832: 7533: 6684:

Urzędowy Rozkład Jazy i Lotów, Lato 1939. Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Komunikacji, Warszawa 1939

6383: 6218: 5409: 5388:

operated in London, presenting itself as the only legal and legitimate representative of the

5266: 5074:. Between October 1938 and September 1939, the highest elevation was Lodowy Szczyt (known in 4544: 4424: 4281:

establishing the Polish-Czechoslovak border; they are pictured near the summit of Popadia in

4233:, 2,771,949 (approx. 10.8%) were Jewish, and 940,232 (approx. 3.7%) were Protestants (mostly 4214: 4202: 4194: 3307:

minority, that there was permanent starvation. Farmers rebelled against the government (see:

3148: 3019: 2743: 2495: 2192: 1572: 1340: 1300: 1023: 883: 610: 6867: 5286: 5135: 4459: 4447: 4390: 4378: 3099: 2494:

In addition to this was the massive destruction left after both the First World War and the

2482: 8251: 8115: 7976: 7871: 7812: 7490:

Kenney, Padraic. "After the Blank Spots Are Filled: Recent Perspectives on Modern Poland",

7246:(New York: Scolar Press 1995), scholarly biography; one-vol version of 4 vol Polish edition 6464:

Godzina zero. Interview with professor Wojciech Roszkowski, Tygodnik Powszechny, 04.11.2008

5544: 5059: 4981: 4556: 4510: 4401: 4213:

Poland was also a nation of many religions. In 1921, 16,057,229 Poles (approx. 62.5%) were

4104: 3452: 3109: 3095: 2846: 2442: 2309: 2285: 2225: 2142: 1902: 1606: 1590: 1516: 1463: 1455: 1311:. Poland solidified its independence in a series of border wars fought by the newly formed 1304: 1284: 1078: 539: 376: 338: 6837:

European Philosophy of Science - Philosophy of Science in Europe and the Viennese Heritage

5561: 4682: 4521: 3498:

Polish science in the interbellum was renowned for its mathematicians gathered around the

1594: 1476: 8: 8218: 8208: 8135: 8100: 8006: 7898: 7886: 7866: 7839: 7817: 7709: 7274: 7121: 6183: 5640: 5607: 5536: 5474: 5401: 5397: 5026: 4809: 4309: 3996: 3688:. Also, before the outbreak of the war, there were approximately one million radios (see 3296: 3144: 2800: 2751: 2082: 1827: 1641: 1614: 1431: 1188: 1180: 1022:. In 1938, the Second Republic was the sixth largest country in Europe. According to the 983: 234: 229: 5532: 5494: 5346: 5002: 4855: 4728: 4659: 4636: 4567: 4367: 3933: 3577: 2822: 1443: 8198: 8145: 8105: 7780: 7251:

Unvanquished: Joseph Pilsudski, Resurrected Poland, and the Struggle for Eastern Europe

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Unvanquished: Joseph Piłsudski, Resurrected Poland, and the Struggle for Eastern Europe

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people, and rarely settled outside the Eastern Borderland region due to the prevailing

5030: 4911: 4892: 4740: 4671: 4579: 4533: 4487: 4355: 4207: 3661: 3537: 3472: 3385: 2321: 2155: 2059: 1568: 1292: 1288: 1164: 995: 932: 898: 569: 388: 239: 5001:

in Germany, Hungary, and Romania. OZON advocated mass emigration of Jews from Poland,

3617: 3613: 3605: 3593: 2728: 2167: 1823: 1772: 414: 8282: 8155: 8110: 8065: 8055: 8001: 7986: 7929: 7761: 7726: 7591: 7060: 7054: 6916: 6875: 6841: 6814: 6788: 6567: 6546: 6389: 6244: 6191: 6142: 6114: 6091: 6067: 5935: 5899: 5845: 4978: 4498: 3657: 3641: 3637: 3561: 3515: 3476: 3381: 2510:) parts of the country, with the western half, especially areas that had belonged to 2231: 2216: 1887: 1831: 1784: 1726: 1722: 1714: 1587: 1316: 1296: 1082: 971: 7915: 7422:

Warsaw Between the Wars. Profile of the Capital City in a Developing Land, 1918–1939

7341: 7268: 6504:

The World Economy Volume 1: A Millennial Perspective Volume 2: Historical Statistics

5813:(in Polish). Central Statistical office of the Polish Republic. 1938. Archived from 4590: 3601: 2333: 1644:. Women in Poland were granted the right to vote on 28 November 1918 by a decree of 1583: 1414: 8083: 7966: 7946: 7854: 6538: 5887: 5405: 5228: 5198: 5010: 4998: 4249: 3665: 3653: 3484: 3369: 3035: 2769: 2735: 2724: 2718:

Piłsudski's regime followed the conservative free-market economic tradition of the

2273: 1485: 1238: 964: 344: 293: 7520:

Polish Cinema's Golden Age: The Glamour & Progress Of Poland's Inter-War Films

7282:

Politics in Independent Poland, 1921–1939: The Crisis of Constitutional Government

6944:"Przynależność narodowo-etniczna ludności – wyniki spisu ludności i mieszkań 2011" 6353:

Politics in Independent Poland, 1921–1939: The Crisis of Constitutional Government

5082:), which rises 2,627 m (8,619 ft) above sea level. The largest lake was 2339: 2315: 2303: 8291: 8203: 8150: 8125: 8120: 7172: 7162:

Poland, 1918–1945: An Interpretive and Documentary History of the Second Republic

6931: 6527:"National Heritage and Economic Policies in Free and Sovereign Poland after 1918" 6513: 6470: 6433: 6239: 6232: 6165:

The rebirth of Poland was one of the great stories of the Paris Peace Conference.

6134: 6046: 6027: 6005: 5859: 5752: 5632: 5599: 5573: 5131: 5075: 5067: 5055: 4709: 4266: 4190: 4066: 3677: 3649: 3625: 3541: 3533: 3456: 3436: 3292: 3255:

Manual harvesting in Żarki, Lesser Poland Voivodeship in August 1938 (Agfacolor).

2874: 2794: 2688: 2499: 2470: 2374: 2198: 1912: 1907: 1882: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1328: 1227: 1195: 1148: 1103: 1007: 979: 525: 512: 224: 205: 47: 8026: 6871:

The Golden Age of Polish Philosophy: Kazimierz Twardowski's Philosophical Legacy

3645: 3529: 2703: 2532: 1536: 683: 8246: 8088: 7751: 6732:"Białe plamy II RP, interview with professor Andrzej Garlicki, 5 December 2011" 5837: 5431: 5426: 5370: 5274: 5151: 5006: 4755: 4002: 3758:

Administrative Map in 1939 showing April 1938 voivodeship revisions, reclaimed

3597: 3553: 3341: 3280: 3137: 3003: 2785: 2707: 2666: 2541: 2537: 2462: 2267: 2249: 2210: 1696: 1511:(formerly Austrian-ruled southern Poland) included the National Council of the 1119: 1035: 1027: 975: 893: 815: 72: 7538: 7495: 7148: 7126:

Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981. pp 393–434

6542: 6487:

The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: Volume 2, 1870 to the Present

5282: 5130:); and Mukocinek near Warta River and Meszyn Lake to the west (located in the 4479: 3259: 3070:

Industry and communications in Poland before the start of the Second World War

2910: 1488:

became the first country in Europe to recognise Poland's renewed sovereignty.

8311: 8296: 8188: 7844: 7116: 6780: 6693: 6610:

https://forsal.pl/galeria/777419,oto-10-najwiekszych-elektrowni-w-polsce.html

6550: 6263:"The Poles in the First World War: a Nation as Football for the Great Powers" 6179: 5842:

The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999

5389: 5206: 5175: 5163: 5099: 5039: 4198: 4181: 3752: 3738: 3685: 3681: 3629: 3545: 3284: 3276: 3267: 3129: 3023: 2960: 2902: 2898: 2755: 2658: 2515: 2446: 2422: 2378: 2098: 1700: 1564: 1332: 1143:. In other regionally-used official languages, the state was referred to as: 1128: 554: 327: 323: 185: 172: 6834:

Galavotti, Maria Carla; Nemeth, Elisabeth; Stadler, Friedrich, eds. (2013).

6705: 6463: 3569: 1776: 974:, the borders of the state were finalised in 1922, Poland's neighbours were 8130: 6868:

Sandra Lapointe; Jan Wolenski; Mathieu Marion; Wioletta Miskiewicz (2009).

5668: 5587: 5307:

Elections to the People's Assemblies of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus

5252: 5240: 5236: 5103: 4257: 3589: 3573: 3549: 3519: 2926: 2805: 2773: 2662: 2518:, being much more developed and prosperous. Frequent border closures and a 2466: 2414:

only when it was already too late during the Polish Defensive War in 1939.

2403: 2237: 2039: 1795: 1760: 1375: 1356: 1111: 1014:. Between March and August 1939, Poland also shared a border with the then- 999: 936: 746: 678: 271: 6507: 4778: 4617: 4336: 3959: 3854: 2948: 2929:(brand new industrial city, which was built from scratch in 1937 – 1938), 1710: 8093: 6840:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 408, 175–176, 180–183. 5756:

Population of Poland according to religious denominations and nationality

5362: 5342: 5231:

in September 1939 ended the sovereign Second Polish Republic. The German

5210: 5083: 5035: 4801: 3727: 3669: 3125: 2454: 2021: 1780: 1403: 1312: 1194:

Between 14 November 1918 and 13 March 1919, the state was referred to in

1051: 1039: 928: 7203: 6946:[Ethnic makeup of Polish citizenry according to census of 2011] 6421: 5767:. Warszawa: GUS. page 80/109 in PDF, page 56 in census results: Table XI 4847: 3362: 3315:, which gave employment to thousands of rural and small town residents. 2930: 1563:(ca 1919–1920) began, and, in August 1919, Polish-speaking residents of 1374:). The Council administered the country under German auspices (see also 970:

When, after several regional conflicts, most importantly the victorious

8078: 7515:

Polish Tangos: The Unique Inter-War Soundtrack to Poland's Independence

7403: 7235:

Drzewieniecki, Walter M. "The Polish Army on the Eve of World War II",

5511: 5482: 5063: 3980: 3759: 3333: 3324: 3188: 3091: 2411: 1031: 1003: 6694:

Sprawa reformy rolnej w I Sejmie Âlàskim (1922–1929) by Andrzej Drogon

5089: 4548: 3526:

counted among the most important anthropologists of the 20th century.

3043: 2885: 2818:, and by 1940, a regular TV service was scheduled to begin operation. 2784:, with a large nitrate factory), and the creation of the central bank 2777: 2526:

also had negative economic impacts on Poland. In 1924, Prime Minister

1819: 1279:

Timeline of Polish history § The Second Polish Republic (1918–39)

1253:. In the Polish language, the country is traditionally referred to as 7542: 5358: 5350: 5336: 5332: 5167: 4525: 4451: 3779: 3565: 3467:, Poznań, in 1919; and finally, in 1922, after the annexation of the 3288: 3266:

was the first Polish farm tractor, produced from 1922 to 1927 in the

3251: 3212: 3196: 3011: 2987: 2944: 2862: 2699: 2679: 1459: 987: 811: 472: 7229:

From Versailles to Locarno, Keys to Polish Foreign Policy, 1919–1925

6785:

God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume II: 1795 to the Present

5186:, all together 61,500 km or 23,700 sq mi) as well as 5071: 4405: 4382: 4045: 3896: 3160: 2952: 2781: 2478: 1066: 1062: 5891: 5269:, with Germany and the Soviet Union occupying most of the country. 5187: 5070:

of the Carpathians, approximately 95 km (59 mi) south of

4965: 4502: 4234: 4109: 4088: 3585: 3220: 3216: 3164: 3133: 2983: 2976: 2940: 2833:, relations with Polish neighbours were sometimes complicated (see 2738:

was the mass economic development plans of the new government (see

2487: 2387: 2044: 1731: 1571:. The most critical military conflict of that period, however, the 1471: 819: 7551: 7059:. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta. 5122:); Spasibiorki near railway to Połock to the east (located in the 4686: 4024: 2991: 2437: 5973:. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America. 8 July 2001. 5171: 5147: 5107: 5046:

was emphasised to create the image of a "brutal Eastern savage".

4997:

and subsequently drafted anti-Semitic legislation similar to the

4282: 4262: 4130: 3236: 3184: 3114: 3079: 2995: 2694: 2684: 2674: 2523: 2511: 2474: 1645: 1387: 1070: 1043: 807: 803: 318: 4359: 2968: 2878: 1794:, and those politicians who were forced to leave Poland founded 1739:

were still considered free and fair, although the pro-Piłsudski

1535:

and the Polish irregular units made up of students known as the

1528: 1462:, returned by train to Warsaw. Piłsudski, together with Colonel 7582: 7362:

Orphans of Versailles. The Germans in Western Poland, 1918–1939

6660:"Piotr Osęka, Znoje na wybojach. Polityka weekly, 21 July 2011" 5299:

German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation

5155: 5123: 4732: 4640: 4594: 4571: 4313: 4244: 3917: 3875: 3833: 3812: 3718: 3416: 3304: 3240: 3228: 3224: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3152: 3007: 2999: 2967:, industrial centres included two major cities of the region – 2935: 2889: 2747: 2711: 2670: 1962: 1873: 1836: 1811:

Presidents and Prime ministers (November 1918 – September 1939)

1427: 1058: 1047: 1011: 991: 960: 856: 799: 164: 6706:"Godzina zero, interview with Wojciech Roszkowski. 04.11.2008" 3475:

became the Republic's sixth university. There were also three

3427: 2788:. There were several trade fairs, with the most popular being 1865: 1392:

Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania

152:

Administrative divisions of the Second Polish Republic in 1930

6913:

Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919–1939

5258: 5179: 5115: 4663: 4428: 4185:% of ethnic Poles by voivodeship according to the 1931 census 4152: 3712: 3708:

administrative division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

3192: 3156: 2972: 2964: 2845:). On top of this, there were natural disasters, such as the 2829:. There were conflicts with national minorities, such as the 2458: 2431: 2369: 956: 7525:'Pakty i Fakty': The Last-Ever Polish Interwar Cabaret Revue 2691:

was responsible for as much as 23% of Polish foreign trade.

2402:

the Polish Army was less developed technically than that of

1555:

forces attacked Polish units in the area of Trans-Olza (see

7500:

Polonsky, Antony. "The History of Inter-War Poland Today",

6874:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 127, 56. 5183: 5159: 3938: 3323:

Beginning in June 1925, there was a customs' war, with the

3232: 2776:(a brand new city, built in a forest around a steel mill), 1632:

s (lower house's) approval, but he could only dissolve the

1627: 1074: 497: 5753:

Central Statistical Office of the Polish Republic (1927).

3405:), with three levels – 4 grades + 2 grades + 1 grade; and 2727:, the Polish economy crumbled and failed to recover until 1767:

won huge majorities in them. Piłsudski died just after an

1743:

won them. The following three parliamentary elections (in

7429:

Border of Europe. A Study of the Polish Eastern Provinces

7404:

The Agrarian Problem in Poland between the Two World Wars

6807:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Vol. 1

6608:

Oto 10 największych elektrowni w Polsce 13 February 2014

5325: 4269:, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Russian and less frequent others 3424:, which enabled them to seek university-level education. 1448:

Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland

1434:

was established. On 6 November socialists proclaimed the

6584:"70 years of television in Poland, TVP INFO, 26.08.2009" 5869: 5867: 5621: 5400:, handed the presidential insignia to the newly elected 5320: 5309:(22 October 1939), annexed eastern Poland partly to the 5281:

seized areas along Poland's southern border – including

5009:), and other limitations on Jewish rights. According to 4166:

The borders of several western and central voivodeships

3120:

was the first serially-built car manufactured in Poland.

2982:

Besides coal mining, Poland also had deposits of oil in

2498:. There was also a great economic disparity between the 2282:

Kazimierz Bartel (27 September 1926 – 30 September 1926)

1426:

sprang up on Polish territories; on 5 November 1918, in

5662: 3393:, the Minister for Religion and Education, carried out 6833: 1755:) were manipulated, with opposition activists sent to 7532:

from the Leventhal Map & Education Center at the

7435:

Eva Plach, "Dogs and dog breeding in interwar Poland"

6340:

White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20

5864: 3702:

Administrative division of the Second Polish Republic

2530:, who was also the Economic Minister, introduced the 1667:, and political groups of ethnic minorities (German: 1307:

of June 1919. It was one of the great stories of the

931:. The Second Republic ceased to exist in 1939, after 7390:

An Outline of Polish Art and Architecture, 1890–1980

5965: 5963: 5931:

For East is East: Liber Amicorum Wojciech Skalmowski

4217:, 3,031,057 citizens of Poland (approx. 11.8%) were 3722:(akin to counties), which, in turn, were grouped as 2831:

Pacification of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia (1930)

1741:

Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government

1466:, was greeted at Warsaw's railway station by Regent 7052: 6381: 5162:(46,700 km or 18,000 sq mi) and the 2750:seaport, which allowed Poland to completely bypass 2300:

Kazimierz Bartel (29 December 1929 – 15 March 1930)

1699:(Prime Minister three times) and right-wing leader 1539:, who were later supported by the Polish Army (see 1458:, newly freed from 16 months in a German prison in 1241:, and the establishment of the later states of the 6385:Poland Betrayed: The Nazi-Soviet Invasions of 1939 5066:, which rises 2,499 m (8,199 ft) in the 4285:during the formation of the Second Republic, 1915. 3640:. Among other notable artists there were sculptor 2279:Kazimierz Bartel (8 June 1926 – 24 September 1926) 1651:The major political parties at this time were the 1507:Centres of government that formed at that time in 7338:Jozef Pilsudski: Founding Father of Modern Poland 7307:Polish Diplomacy 1914–1945: Aims and Achievements 7226:Cienciala, Anna M., and Titus Komarnicki (1984), 7056:The Communist Party of Western Ukraine, 1919-1929 6952:Materiał Na Konferencję Prasową W Dniu 2013-01-29 6724: 6233:Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. 5960: 5799: 5761:Ludność według wyznania religijnego i narodowości 5396:in Warsaw. In 1990, the last president in exile, 5223:List of World War II military equipment of Poland 4993:(OZON), which in 1938 took control of the Polish 4277:Officers from the Second Mountain Brigade of the 3203:, international connections were maintained with 2734:The basis of Poland's gradual recovery after the 1575:(1919-1921), ended in a decisive Polish victory. 27:Country in Central and Eastern Europe (1918–1939) 8309: 5158:(51,600 km or 19,900 sq mi), the 3676:main figures of Polish theatre of the time were 3348:to the existing German-Polish trade agreements. 3147:, which was established in 1929, had its hub at 5408:, signifying continuity between the Second and 4197:, the latter war being officially ended by the 3397:which introduced two main levels of education: 2291:Kazimierz Bartel (27 June 1928 – 13 April 1929) 2222:Antoni Ponikowski (10 March 1922 – 6 June 1922) 1830:(left), Warsaw, 10 November 1936, awarding the 1454:) in Lublin. On Sunday, 10 November at 7 a.m., 7328:Warsaw 1920: Lenin's Failed Conquest of Europe 6375: 5114:); Manczin River to the south (located in the 4952: 8373:States and territories disestablished in 1939 7567: 7415:The Economic Development of Poland, 1919–1950 7347: 6969:– via PDF file, direct download 192 KB. 6759:(Internet Archive), Encyklopedia PWN, Biznes. 6635: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6481: 6479: 6139:Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World 6084:Heart of Europe: The Past in Poland's Present 5923: 5921: 5193: 3510:. There were world-class philosophers in the 3420:, while a graduate of high school received a 2892:, a modern Polish seaport established in 1926 2544:) was 5.24% in 1920–29 and 0.34% in 1929–38. 2117: 1322: 1249:, the historical state is referred to as the 1135:(considered to be the First Polish Republic, 842: 7186:Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate, 1918–1939 6678: 6288:Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate, 1918–1939 5581: 4863: 4245:Largest cities in the Second Polish Republic 3447:Before 1918, Poland had three universities: 2481:until 1934. This situation was described by 1703:. Ethnic minorities were represented in the 1409: 1006:via a short strip of coastline known as the 104: 39: 7376:The Polish Economy in the Twentieth Century 7157:Hippocrene, 1987. 321 pp. new designed maps 5190:(41,400 km or 16,000 sq mi) 3695: 3612:), new names appeared in the interbellum – 2852: 8368:States and territories established in 1918 7574: 7560: 6626: 6476: 6422:The Polish Army on the Eve of World War II 6108:The Lands of Partitioned Poland 1795-1918. 5927: 5918: 5235:began on 1 September 1939, one week after 5093:Physical map of the Second Polish Republic 3604:). Apart from well-established novelists ( 2124: 2110: 1578: 1355:as quickly as possible, Berlin set up the 849: 835: 146: 134: 7369:The Jews of Poland Between Two World Wars 7196: 6774: 6260: 6175: 6173: 6129: 6076: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5251:attacked Poland, and on 17 September the 3143:In 1939, before the outbreak of the war, 1763:). As a result, the pro-government party 1452:Tymczasowy Rząd Ludowy Republiki Polskiej 1081:, even after he returned to politics and 636:388,634 km (150,052 sq mi) 7147:Cambridge U. Press, 2nd ed 2006. 408pp. 6757:Wojna celna (German–Polish customs' war) 6652: 6496: 5341: 5319: 5205: 5197: 5088: 4272: 4256: 4248: 4180: 3528: 3489:AGH University of Science and Technology 3426: 3361: 3351: 3258: 3250: 3108: 3065: 2884: 2868: 2856: 2693: 2436: 2421: 2368: 2017:Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth 2012:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth 1818: 1709: 1683:). Frequently changing governments (see 1669:German Social Democratic Party of Poland 1582: 1531:(1 November 1918) between forces of the 1490: 1413: 1349:Russian-ruled part of what became Poland 949:European theatre of the Second World War 8398:Former countries of the interwar period 6485:Stephen Broadberry, Kevin H. O'Rourke. 6444: 6442: 6141:. New York: Random House. p. 207. 5217:during the first days of September 1939 3329:imposing a trade embargo against Poland 2951:(the seat of Polish textile industry), 1601:between November 1918 and December 1922 1303:confirmed the rebirth of Poland in the 1098:The official name of the state was the 14: 8310: 7143:Lukowski, Jerzy and Zawadzki, Hubert. 7025: 6827: 6750: 6620:Portal "Historia:Poszukaj" NIMOZ 2022 6301:"Rady Delegatów Robotniczych w Polsce" 6215:The origins of modern Polish democracy 6170: 5824: 5818:(PDF, direct download, table: page 30) 5746: 5715: 5392:and challenging the legitimacy of the 5311:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 5044:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists 3556:before and during the Second World War 1681:Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance 1621:elected him, and he could appoint the 1220:Journal of Laws of the State of Poland 919:, at the time officially known as the 7555: 7291:(Johns Hopkins University Press 1971) 7034:from the original on 15 February 2021 6907: 6905: 6903: 6804: 6698: 6524: 6506:. Academic Foundation. 2007. p. 478. 6040:Journal of Laws, no. 66, position 400 5873: 5734:from the original on 18 December 2021 5703:from the original on 18 December 2021 4989:government in response organised the 4279:Polish Legions in the First World War 3518:founded Polish sociological studies. 2258:(19 December 1923 – 14 November 1925) 1677:United Jewish Socialist Workers Party 1362:on 14 January 1917, with a governing 1351:. In a failed attempt to resolve the 830: 6973: 6936: 6457: 6439: 5928:Skalmowski, Wojciech (8 July 2003). 5518:, and several municipilaties of the 5170:, by the rivers that drain into the 2839:Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts 2195:(18 January 1919 – 27 November 1919) 2189:(18 November 1918 – 16 January 1919) 2158:(9 December 1922 – 16 December 1922) 2145:(22 November 1918 – 9 December 1922) 1673:General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland 1515:(established in November 1918), the 7581: 7008: 6979: 6888:from the original on 18 August 2020 6854:from the original on 19 August 2020 6787:. Oxford University Press, p. 175. 6687: 6666:from the original on 5 January 2012 6557: 6307:from the original on 5 October 2018 5906:from the original on 8 January 2020 5315:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 4253:Poland's population density in 1930 4229:), 2,815,817 (approx. 10.95%) were 3744:Administrative map of Poland (1930) 3522:invented a vaccine against typhus. 3187:. Furthermore, in cooperation with 1625:as well as the government with the 1549:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919) 1372:Rada Regencyjna Królestwa Polskiego 24: 7445: 7431:(London: Hollis & Carter 1950) 7399:(Cambridge University Press, 1991) 7314:Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917–1921 7289:German-Polish Relations, 1918–1933 7179:Poland Between the Wars, 1918–1939 7110: 6900: 6738:from the original on 13 March 2012 6155:from the original on 14 April 2021 5697:(Dz.U. z 1920 r. nr 73, poz. 497)" 5213:with anti-aircraft artillery near 3773:Polish voivodeships (1 April 1937) 3552:who worked at breaking the German 3493:Warsaw University of Life Sciences 3372:, also a scholar and mathematician 3084:Polish State Railroads Summer 1939 3030:) and several steelworks, such as 2843:1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania 2665:(0.8%) was virtually nonexistent. 2312:(25 August 1930 – 4 December 1930) 2219:(19 September 1921 – 5 March 1922) 2213:(24 July 1920 – 13 September 1921) 2180: 2170:– 1 June 1926 – 30 September 1939) 1779:and the Commander-in-Chief of the 1523:(28 October). Soon afterward, the 140:The Second Polish Republic in 1930 25: 8434: 8408:States succeeding Austria-Hungary 7632:Partitions, duchies and kingdoms 7508: 7484: 7408:Slavonic and East European Review 7340:(Harvard University Press, 2022) 7140:Cambridge U. Press, 1980. 494 pp. 7138:The History of Poland since 1863. 6996:from the original on 6 April 2016 6771:Volume 3, (October 1938) p. 3283. 5977:from the original on 29 July 2021 5948:from the original on 29 July 2021 3690:Radio stations in interwar Poland 3358:Polish culture in the Interbellum 3086:). Construction of the extensive 2810:Radio stations in interwar Poland 2677:for 0.8%. By mid-1938, after the 2354:(15 May 1936 – 30 September 1939) 2342:(28 March 1935 – 12 October 1935) 2297:(14 April 1929 – 7 December 1929) 2240:(31 July 1922 – 14 December 1922) 2164:: 20 December 1922 – 14 May 1926) 2136: 1605:The Second Polish Republic was a 1418:Coat of arms of Poland, 1919-1927 1123:being a traditional name for the 733:Military Administration in Poland 8383:1939 disestablishments in Poland 8017:Upper Silesian Industrial Region 7469:Small Statistical Yearbook, 1939 7453:Small Statistical Yearbook, 1932 7131:Reconstruction of Poland 1914–23 7094:from the original on 8 July 2019 7015:Powszechny Spis Ludnosci r. 1921 6990:Polish Scientific Publishers PWN 6961:from the original on 15 May 2020 6712:from the original on 12 May 2012 6451:Explorations in Economic History 6303:. Internetowa encyklopedia PWN. 4842: 4819: 4796: 4773: 4750: 4727: 4704: 4681: 4658: 4635: 4612: 4589: 4566: 4543: 4520: 4497: 4474: 4446: 4423: 4400: 4377: 4354: 4331: 4308: 3751: 3737: 3491:in Kraków, established in 1919. 2947:(oil refinery, opened in 1895), 2306:(29 March 1930 – 23 August 1930) 2252:(28 May 1923 – 14 December 1923) 2246:(16 December 1922 – 26 May 1923) 2201:(13 December 1919 – 9 June 1920) 1918:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 1864: 1689:1922 Polish legislative election 1685:1919 Polish legislative election 1533:Military Committee of Ukrainians 1402:and began conscription into the 779: 765: 751: 737: 712: 121: 81: 65: 7417:(Cornell University Press 1952) 7397:Landowners in Poland, 1918–1939 7374:Landau, Z. and Tomaszewski, J. 7316:(Harvard University Press 1969) 7076: 7046: 7019: 6798: 6769:Keesing's Contemporary Archives 6762: 6614: 6602: 6576: 6518: 6414: 6402:from the original on 1 May 2016 6388:. Stackpole Books. p. 21. 6358: 6345: 6332: 6319: 6293: 6280: 6254: 6224: 6204: 6123: 6100: 6052: 6033: 6011: 5989: 5874:Hagen, William W. (June 1996). 5593: 5567: 5029:of the Second Polish Republic. 4176: 3481:Warsaw University of Technology 3378:introduced compulsory education 3376:In 1919, the Polish government 3318: 3088:Warszawa Główna railway station 2348:(13 October 1935 – 15 May 1936) 2318:(4 December 1930 – 26 May 1931) 2288:(2 October 1926 – 27 June 1928) 2264:(20 November 1925 – 5 May 1926) 1790:. The country was divided into 1222:referred to the country as the 947:, marking the beginning of the 8393:History of Ukraine (1918–1991) 7539:Poland in 1938 just before WW2 7473:Mały rocznik statystyczny 1939 7457:Mały rocznik statystyczny 1932 7210:(2011) 56#1 pp. 111–151; 7069:– via Internet Archive. 7028:"Polish Atrocities in Ukraine" 6111:University of Washington Press 5685: 5554: 5525: 5500: 5463: 5450: 5437:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 5305:. The Soviet Union, following 5202:Polish infantry marching, 1939 5058:, except for the southernmost 3710:. On the lowest rung were the 3246: 3076:Statistical Yearbook of Poland 3028:Państwowe Zakłady Inżynieryjne 2720:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2174:Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski 1898:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1893:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 1813: 1442:. The same day the Socialist, 1133:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1010:on either side of the city of 13: 1: 8378:1918 establishments in Poland 7541:early color movie summary by 7494:(2007) 79#1 pp. 134–61, 7410:(1964) 43#100 pp. 23–33. 7084:"II RP nie lubiła Ukraińców?" 6531:Contemporary European History 6454:, 42, 2005, pp. 414–438. 5880:The Journal of Modern History 5678: 5485:) as well as in parts of the 5422:History of Poland (1918–1939) 5016: 4867: 3469:Republic of Central Lithuania 3461:Catholic University of Lublin 3309:1937 peasant strike in Poland 2827:1937 peasant strike in Poland 2336:(15 May 1934 – 28 March 1935) 2234:(14 July 1922 – 31 July 1922) 2207:(27 June 1920 – 24 July 1920) 2149: 2078:Republic of Central Lithuania 2055:Military Government of Lublin 1721:After the Polish–Soviet War, 1366:and (from 15 October 1917) a 1301:Allies of the First World War 1275:History of Poland (1918–1939) 1268: 212:Recognized regional languages 7321:The United States and Poland 7261:Piłsudski. A Life for Poland 7145:A Concise History of Poland. 7071:ukrainophobia poland rights. 7026:Revyuk, Emil (8 July 1931). 6502:(1929-1930) Angus Maddison. 6382:David G. Williamson (2011). 6370:Piłsudski. A Life for Poland 5365:during the Second World War. 5049: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4930:31 December 1938 (estimate) 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4851: 4838: 4828: 4815: 4805: 4792: 4782: 4769: 4759: 4746: 4736: 4723: 4713: 4700: 4690: 4677: 4667: 4654: 4644: 4631: 4621: 4608: 4598: 4585: 4575: 4562: 4552: 4539: 4529: 4516: 4506: 4493: 4483: 4470: 4455: 4442: 4432: 4419: 4409: 4396: 4386: 4373: 4363: 4350: 4340: 4327: 4317: 4304: 4168:were revised on 1 April 1938 4142: 4121: 4100: 4078: 4057: 4036: 4014: 3992: 3971: 3950: 3929: 3908: 3887: 3866: 3845: 3824: 3805: 3508:Warsaw School of Mathematics 3504:Kraków School of Mathematics 3061: 2346:Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski 2228:(28 June 1922 – 7 July 1922) 2050:Government General of Warsaw 1804: 1737:1928 parliamentary elections 1567:initiated a series of three 1521:Polish Liquidation Committee 1384:Provisional Council of State 1364:Provisional Council of State 7: 8363:Political history of Poland 7798:Central European Initiative 7609:Prehistory and protohistory 7263:(1982), scholarly biography 7217:Cienciala, Anna M. (1968), 7155:Poland: A Historical Atlas. 6915:, Mouton Publishing, 1983, 6525:Dadak, Casimir (May 2012). 5663: 5622: 5415: 5384:Between 1945 and 1990, the 5297:. After the signing of the 5247:. On that day, Germany and 4953:Status of ethnic minorities 4944:Upward trend in immigration 4159: 4156: 4137: 4134: 4116: 4113: 4095: 4092: 4073: 4070: 4052: 4049: 4031: 4028: 4009: 4006: 3987: 3984: 3966: 3963: 3945: 3942: 3924: 3921: 3903: 3900: 3882: 3879: 3861: 3858: 3840: 3837: 3819: 3816: 3634:Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz 3441:Muzeum Narodowe w Warszawie 3279:were the most advanced; in 3056:Scheibler and Grohman Works 3018:was started under Minister 2765:Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy 2364: 2352:Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski 2330:(10 May 1933 – 13 May 1934) 2276:(15 May 1926 – 4 June 1926) 2270:(10 May 1926 – 14 May 1926) 1979:Union of Hungary and Poland 1617:having limited powers. The 1309:1919 Paris Peace Conference 884:Polish–Soviet War (1919–21) 10: 8439: 8403:Post–Russian Empire states 8328:Former countries in Europe 7530:Map of Poland (March 1920) 7392:(Warsaw: Interpress 1989.) 7348:Social and economic topics 7244:Józef Piłsudski, 1867–1935 6491:Cambridge University Press 6420:Walter M. Drzewieniecki, " 6327:Józef Piłsudski, 1867–1935 6267:The World of the Habsburgs 6064:Greenwood Publishing Group 5386:Polish government-in-exile 5291:Polish government-in-exile 5220: 5194:Invasion of Poland in 1939 4929: 4910: 4893:30 September 1921 (census) 4891: 4887:Ethnic minorities (total) 4854: 4841: 4831: 4818: 4808: 4795: 4785: 4772: 4762: 4749: 4739: 4726: 4716: 4703: 4693: 4680: 4670: 4657: 4647: 4634: 4624: 4611: 4601: 4588: 4578: 4565: 4555: 4542: 4532: 4519: 4509: 4496: 4486: 4473: 4458: 4445: 4435: 4422: 4412: 4399: 4389: 4376: 4366: 4353: 4343: 4330: 4320: 4307: 3699: 3500:Lwów School of Mathematics 3465:Adam Mickiewicz University 3355: 2417: 2324:(27 May 1931 – 9 May 1933) 1994:Union of Poland and Saxony 1958:Polish government-in-exile 1913:Congress Kingdom of Poland 1769:authoritarian constitution 1611:Small Constitution of 1919 1438:at Tarnobrzeg in Austrian 1323:End of the First World War 1272: 1139:), and later, the current 1127:when referring to various 1085:, after his death in 1935 953:Polish government-in-exile 925:Central and Eastern Europe 8276: 8227: 8179: 8064: 8051: 8042: 7937: 7928: 7788: 7779: 7717: 7708: 7668: 7599: 7590: 7492:Journal of Modern History 7353:Abramsky, C. et al. eds. 7300:Columbia University Press 7266:Kantorosinski, Zbigniew. 7181:(1998) essays by scholars 7153:Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. 7042:– via Google Books. 6988:. Stanisław Gregorowicz. 6982:"Rosja. Polonia i Polacy" 6805:Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). 6543:10.1017/S0960777312000112 6368:(2012); W. Jędrzejewicz, 6325:Andrzej Garlicki (1995), 6243:Routledge. 1997. p. 101. 6188:Columbia University Press 6045:17 September 2021 at the 6004:17 September 2021 at the 5985:– via Google Books. 5956:– via Google Books. 5844:, Yale University Press, 5652: 5611: 5141: 4864:Prewar population density 4299: 4296: 4293: 4223:Ukrainian Greek Catholics 4164: 3771: 3762:and Slovak border changes 3514:of logic and philosophy. 3463:was established in 1918; 3433:National Museum in Warsaw 3313:Central Industrial Region 3016:Central Industrial Region 2925:, founded in 1837–1839), 2790:Poznań International Fair 2399:non-commissioned officers 2377:was a Polish twin-engine 1938:Regency Kingdom of Poland 1545:Battle of Przemyśl (1918) 1410:Formation of the Republic 1237:Following the end of the 1214:is a general term, while 869: 795: 691: 673: 669: 659: 649: 645: 640: 630: 625: 621: 606: 593: 580: 565: 550: 535: 522: 518: 508: 503: 491: 479: 468: 464: 450: 440:• 1918–1919 (first) 438: 434: 424: 420: 408: 394: 382: 370: 366: 356: 333: 317: 250: 211: 201: 157: 145: 133: 113: 99: 61: 56: 34: 8323:Modern history of Poland 7793:Administrative divisions 7504:(1970) pp. 143–159. 7439:Canadian Slavonic Papers 7357:(Oxford: Blackwell 1986) 6925:Google Books, p. 17 6238:16 December 2019 at the 5443: 5295:Polish Underground State 5263:Warsaw fell to the Nazis 4912:9 December 1931 (census) 4291: 3696:Administrative divisions 3299:, and what was formerly 2853:Major industrial centres 1953:Polish People's Republic 1948:Polish Underground State 1693:1919 Polish coup attempt 1559:). Soon afterwards, the 1335:gradually dominated the 1243:Polish People's Republic 1106:, it was referred to as 874:Greater Poland (1918–19) 452:• 1936–1939 (last) 114:"Poland Is Not Yet Lost" 7992:Regional GDP per capita 7367:Gutman, Y. et al. eds. 7332:excerpt and text search 7296:Piłsudski's Coup d'État 7255:excerpt and text search 7223:. PDF, Kansas U. Press. 7190:excerpt and text search 7177:Stachura, Peter D. ed. 6811:Oxford University Press 6432:4 February 2017 at the 6338:Norman Richard Davies, 6261:Mutschlechner, Martin. 6211:Mieczysław B. Biskupski 6088:Oxford University Press 5369:A popular myth is that 5245:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 5120:Stanisławów Voivodeship 5023:Eastern Orthodox Church 4957: 4718:Stanisławów Voivodeship 4227:Armenian Rite Catholics 4215:Roman (Latin) Catholics 3449:Jagiellonian University 3336:to Poland (120,000,000 3173:Kraków-Rakowice-Czyżyny 2919:Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski 2758:and Gdynia, called the 2459:Imperial Russian rouble 2441:Polish pavilion at the 2162:Stanisław Wojciechowski 1984:Polish–Lithuanian union 1792:104 electoral districts 1607:parliamentary democracy 1579:Politics and government 1557:Polish–Czechoslovak War 1513:Principality of Cieszyn 1422:In 1918–1919, over 100 1327:Over the course of the 1137:Pierwsza Rzeczpospolita 1093: 1002:. It had access to the 899:Upper Silesia (1919–21) 458:Felicjan S. Składkowski 402:Stanisław Wojciechowski 202:Official languages 8418:Military dictatorships 8388:20th century in Poland 8318:Second Polish Republic 8259:Orders and decorations 7547:Marie Sklodowska-Curie 7197:Politics and diplomacy 7192:, comprehensive survey 7124:. A History of Poland. 6641:Spłata długu po II RP. 6428:(1981) 26#3 pp 54–64. 6058:Mieczysław Biskupski. 6026:15 August 2018 at the 5934:. Peeters Publishers. 5644: 5636: 5603: 5582: 5577: 5549:Volhynian Voivodeships 5366: 5328: 5218: 5215:Warsaw Central Station 5203: 5094: 4991:Camp of National Unity 4787:Pomeranian Voivodeship 4764:Pomeranian Voivodeship 4695:Pomeranian Voivodeship 4603:Pomeranian Voivodeship 4465:Pomeranian Voivodeship 4286: 4270: 4254: 4219:Eastern Rite Catholics 4186: 3557: 3444: 3373: 3271: 3256: 3121: 3074:According to the 1939 3071: 2959:), Kraków and Warsaw ( 2893: 2882: 2866: 2835:Soviet raid on Stołpce 2808:had ten stations (see 2760:Polish Coal Trunk-Line 2715: 2506:) and western (called 2449: 2434: 2382: 1943:Second Polish Republic 1844: 1765:Camp of National Unity 1757:Bereza Kartuska prison 1718: 1653:Polish Socialist Party 1602: 1504: 1499:, during the decisive 1436:Republic of Tarnobrzeg 1419: 1380:the election of a king 1343:fell back. German and 1251:Second Polish Republic 1206:. Both terms mean the 1131:states, including the 917:Second Polish Republic 861:Second Polish Republic 339:parliamentary republic 105: 40: 7534:Boston Public Library 7402:Staniewicz, Witold. " 7336:Zimmerman, Joshua D. 7249:Hetherington, Peter. 7239:(1981) 26#3 pp 54–64. 7232:PDF, Kansas U. Press. 7136:Leslie, R. F. et al. 6564:Atlas Historii Polski 6493:. 2010. pp. 188, 190. 6230:Richard J. Crampton. 6219:Ohio University Press 6090:. 2001. pp. 100-101. 6060:The history of Poland 5604:Rzeczpospolita Polska 5487:Białystok Voivodeship 5345: 5323: 5227:The beginning of the 5209: 5201: 5092: 4626:Białystok Voivodeship 4276: 4260: 4252: 4184: 3622:Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz 3582:Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz 3532: 3430: 3365: 3352:Education and culture 3262: 3254: 3149:Warsaw Okęcie Airport 3112: 3069: 3020:Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski 2957:H. Cegielski – Poznań 2888: 2872: 2860: 2815:Barbara Radziwiłłówna 2744:Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski 2697: 2440: 2425: 2372: 1933:Grand Duchy of Kraków 1923:Grand Duchy of Poznań 1822: 1713: 1586: 1561:Polish–Lithuanian War 1541:Battle of Lwów (1918) 1494: 1417: 1341:Imperial Russian Army 1285:century of partitions 1247:Third Polish Republic 1204:Rzeczpospolita Polska 1141:Third Polish Republic 1108:Rzeczpospolita Polska 1083:staged a coup in 1926 889:Czechoslovakia (1919) 859:Establishment of the 775:Republic of Lithuania 186:52.23000°N 21.01111°E 41:Rzeczpospolita Polska 8171:World Heritage Sites 7202:Cienciala, Anna M. " 6364:Peter Hetherington, 5583:Druga Rzeczpospolita 5458:Silesian Voivodeship 5394:communist government 5313:, and partly to the 5060:Carpathian Mountains 4825:Piotrków Trybunalski 4557:Silesian Voivodeship 4511:Silesian Voivodeship 3524:Bronisław Malinowski 3453:University of Warsaw 3052:Siemianowice Śląskie 2963:). Further east, in 2939:, founded in 1919), 2917:, founded in 1896), 2847:1934 flood in Poland 2669:accounted for 3.9%, 2393:The training of the 2262:Aleksander Skrzyński 1989:Polish–Swedish union 1903:Partitions of Poland 1800:Piłsudski's colonels 1613:) to 1926, with the 1525:Polish–Ukrainian War 1517:Republic of Zakopane 1464:Kazimierz Sosnkowski 1305:Treaty of Versailles 1259:Druga Rzeczpospolita 540:Treaty of Versailles 493:• Lower chamber 481:• Upper chamber 307:0.5% Other Christian 107:Mazurek Dąbrowskiego 7911:Political prisoners 7275:Library of Congress 7242:Garlicki, Andrzej. 7171:26 May 2019 at the 7160:Stachura, Peter D. 7149:excerpts and search 7088:klubjagiellonski.pl 6566:, Demart Sp, 2004, 6512:21 May 2022 at the 6469:12 May 2012 at the 6200:Google Print, p.299 6135:"17: Poland Reborn" 6131:MacMillan, Margaret 5971:"The Polish Review" 5858:9 June 2020 at the 5664:Pol's'ka Respublika 5653:Польська Республіка 5645:Lenkijos Respublika 5623:Polskaja Respublika 5612:Польская Рэспубліка 5398:Ryszard Kaczorowski 5027:Eastern Borderlands 4810:Polesie Voivodeship 4193:and the subsequent 3391:Janusz Jędrzejewicz 3297:Eastern Borderlands 3145:LOT Polish Airlines 3002:), potassium salt ( 2907:Zagłębie Dąbrowskie 2901:, and the adjacent 2780:(now a district of 2554: 2426:Polish pavilion at 2328:Janusz Jędrzejewicz 2295:Kazimierz Świtalski 2187:Jędrzej Moraczewski 2083:Free City of Danzig 2034:Occupational powers 1928:Free City of Kraków 1828:President of Poland 1775:, Foreign Minister 1715:The May Coup d'État 1665:Christian Democrats 1551:. In January 1919, 1495:Polish defences at 1482:Jędrzej Moraczewski 1468:Zdzisław Lubomirski 1432:Soviet of Delegates 1261:), which means the 1185:Lenkijos Respublika 1177:Poĺskaja Respublika 1169:Польская Рэспубліка 1161:Polʹsʹka Respublika 1153:Польська Республіка 984:Free City of Danzig 955:was established in 923:, was a country in 611:Complete occupation 445:Jędrzej Moraczewski 182: / 7381:Moklak, Jaroslaw. 7355:The Jews in Poland 7287:Riekhoff, H. von. 6930:5 May 2016 at the 6106:Piotr S. Wandycz. 5520:Wilno-Troki County 5495:Wołkowysk Counties 5479:Wilno Voivodeships 5367: 5331:Polish war plans ( 5329: 5303:General Government 5287:Tatranská Javorina 5243:signed the secret 5233:invasion of Poland 5219: 5204: 5136:Poznań Voivodeship 5095: 5025:and inhabited the 4971:National Democracy 4882:Population density 4741:Kielce Voivodeship 4672:Kielce Voivodeship 4580:Lublin Voivodeship 4534:Kielce Voivodeship 4488:Kielce Voivodeship 4460:Poznań Voivodeship 4414:Kraków Voivodeship 4391:Poznań Voivodeship 4322:Warsaw Voivodeship 4287: 4271: 4255: 4208:1931 Polish Census 4187: 3796:in 1,000s km 3662:Feliks Nowowiejski 3558: 3512:Lwów–Warsaw school 3477:technical colleges 3445: 3386:Austrian Partition 3374: 3272: 3257: 3169:Katowice-Muchowiec 3122: 3100:Latający Wilnianin 3072: 3046:– Królewska Huta, 2894: 2883: 2875:Eastern Trade Fair 2867: 2742:) under economist 2716: 2714:, 18 December 1937 2547: 2483:Melchior Wańkowicz 2450: 2435: 2397:was thorough. The 2383: 2322:Aleksander Prystor 2244:Władysław Sikorski 2156:Gabriel Narutowicz 2060:General Government 1963:Republic of Poland 1845: 1842:Edward Rydz-Śmigły 1788:Edward Rydz-Śmigły 1719: 1657:National Democrats 1603: 1569:Silesian Uprisings 1505: 1420: 1347:armies seized the 1283:After more than a 1100:Republic of Poland 933:Poland was invaded 921:Republic of Poland 524:• End of the 389:Gabriel Narutowicz 191:52.23000; 21.01111 36:Republic of Poland 8305: 8304: 8272: 8271: 8194:Ethnic minorities 8038: 8037: 7924: 7923: 7877:Political parties 7823:Foreign relations 7775: 7774: 7704: 7703: 7660:Poland since 1989 7388:Olszewski, A. K. 7378:(Routledge, 1985) 7259:Jędrzejewicz, W. 7208:The Polish Review 7184:Watt, Richard M. 7129:Latawaski, Paul. 7066:978-0-920862-25-4 7030:. Svoboda Press. 6881:978-90-481-2401-5 6847:978-3-319-01899-7 6820:978-0-19-514890-9 6639:Witold Gadomski, 6395:978-0-8117-0828-9 6286:Richard M. Watt, 6148:978-0-307-43296-4 5941:978-90-429-1298-4 5820:on 17 March 2014. 5661: 5620: 5578:II Rzeczpospolita 5508:Wilno Voivodeship 5375:German propaganda 5317:(November 1939). 5275:the area of Wilno 5128:Wilno Voivodeship 5112:Wilno Voivodeship 4950: 4949: 4946: 4861: 4860: 4802:Brześć nad Bugiem 4437:Wilno Voivodeship 4195:Polish–Soviet War 4174: 4173: 4003:Brześć nad Bugiem 3799:Population (1931) 3658:Karol Szymanowski 3642:Xawery Dunikowski 3638:Witold Gombrowicz 3610:Władysław Reymont 3562:Polish literature 3516:Florian Znaniecki 3506:, as well as the 3443:) opened in 1938. 3403:szkoła powszechna 3382:Russian Partition 3227:, London, Paris, 2655: 2654: 2528:Władysław Grabski 2502:(commonly called 2496:Polish–Soviet War 2443:1939 World's Fair 2362: 2361: 2256:Władysław Grabski 2232:Wojciech Korfanty 2217:Antoni Ponikowski 2205:Władysław Grabski 2193:Ignacy Paderewski 2176:– 1 October 1939) 2134: 2133: 2092: 2091: 1888:Kingdom of Poland 1679:, and Ukrainian: 1648:Józef Piłsudski. 1597:Naczelnik Państwa 1573:Polish–Soviet War 1477:Naczelnik Państwa 1424:workers' councils 1360:Kingdom of Poland 1331:(1914-1918), the 1317:League of Nations 1255:II Rzeczpospolita 1117:), with the term 972:Polish-Soviet war 912: 911: 879:Ukraine (1918–19) 825: 824: 791: 790: 787: 786: 725: 724: 720:Kingdom of Poland 602:28 September 1939 589:17 September 1939 410:• 1926–1939 396:• 1922–1926 372:• 1918–1922 126: 16:(Redirected from 8430: 8413:Former countries 8333:Former republics 8285: 8049: 8048: 8030: 7957:Economic history 7947:Balcerowicz Plan 7935: 7934: 7786: 7785: 7722:Cities and towns 7715: 7714: 7655:Communist Poland 7635: 7627: 7597: 7596: 7576: 7569: 7562: 7553: 7552: 7480: 7464: 7326:Zamoyski, Adam. 7273:Washington, DC: 7122:God's Playground 7104: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7023: 7017: 7012: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6986:Encyklopedia PWN 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6960: 6949: 6940: 6934: 6909: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6802: 6796: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6702: 6696: 6691: 6685: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6662:. 21 July 2011. 6656: 6650: 6648: 6637: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6586:. Archived from 6580: 6574: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6522: 6516: 6500: 6494: 6483: 6474: 6461: 6455: 6446: 6437: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6379: 6373: 6362: 6356: 6349: 6343: 6336: 6330: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6297: 6291: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6258: 6252: 6228: 6222: 6208: 6202: 6184:God's Playground 6177: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6160: 6127: 6121: 6113:. 1974. p. 368. 6104: 6098: 6080: 6074: 6056: 6050: 6037: 6031: 6015: 6009: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5967: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5925: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5871: 5862: 5835: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5812: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5790: 5786: 5784: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5766: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5724: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5689: 5672: 5666: 5656: 5654: 5631: 5625: 5615: 5613: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5571: 5565: 5558: 5552: 5529: 5523: 5516:Święciany County 5504: 5498: 5467: 5461: 5454: 5229:Second World War 5011:William W. Hagen 4999:Anti-Jewish laws 4942: 4879:rural population 4868: 4856:Lwów Voivodeship 4846: 4833:Łódź Voivodeship 4823: 4800: 4777: 4754: 4731: 4708: 4685: 4662: 4649:Łódź Voivodeship 4639: 4616: 4593: 4570: 4547: 4524: 4501: 4478: 4450: 4427: 4404: 4381: 4368:Lwów Voivodeship 4358: 4345:Łódź Voivodeship 4335: 4312: 4289: 4288: 3783:(starting 1937) 3769: 3768: 3755: 3741: 3666:Artur Rubinstein 3654:Jacek Malczewski 3578:Antoni Słonimski 3485:Lwów Polytechnic 3473:Wilno University 3370:Kazimierz Bartel 3327:Weimar Republic 2915:Huta Częstochowa 2823:1923 Kraków riot 2736:Great Depression 2725:Great Depression 2555: 2552: 2546: 2274:Kazimierz Bartel 2126: 2119: 2112: 1968: 1967: 1868: 1859:Polish statehood 1847: 1846: 1814: 1805: 1642:women's suffrage 1595:Chief of State ( 1501:Battle of Warsaw 1486:Kingdom of Italy 1444:Ignacy Daszyński 1400:Józef Świeżyński 1345:Austro-Hungarian 1239:Second World War 1200:Republika Polska 904:Lithuania (1920) 864: 863: 851: 844: 837: 828: 827: 783: 782: 769: 768: 755: 754: 741: 740: 729: 728: 716: 715: 709: 708: 693: 692: 687: 613: 576:1 September 1939 572: 557: 542: 531:11 November 1918 460: 404: 350: 294:Eastern Orthodox 243: 197: 196: 194: 193: 192: 187: 183: 180: 179: 178: 175: 160:and largest city 150: 138: 128: 127: 115: 110: 85: 69: 51: 43: 32: 31: 21: 8438: 8437: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8423:Democratization 8358:Józef Piłsudski 8353:1930s in Poland 8348:1920s in Poland 8308: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8288: 8281: 8268: 8223: 8175: 8141:Public holidays 8060: 8034: 8028: 8022:Venture capital 7920: 7850:Law enforcement 7771: 7757:Protected areas 7700: 7664: 7633: 7625: 7586: 7580: 7511: 7487: 7478: 7462: 7448: 7446:Primary sources 7395:Roszkowski, W. 7350: 7319:Wandycz, P. S. 7312:Wandycz, P. S. 7305:Wandycz, P. S. 7294:Rothschild, J. 7212:earlier version 7199: 7173:Wayback Machine 7113: 7111:Further reading 7108: 7107: 7097: 7095: 7082: 7081: 7077: 7067: 7051: 7047: 7037: 7035: 7024: 7020: 7013: 7009: 6999: 6997: 6978: 6974: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6947: 6942: 6941: 6937: 6932:Wayback Machine 6911:Joseph Marcus, 6910: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6882: 6857: 6855: 6848: 6832: 6828: 6821: 6813:. p. 470. 6803: 6799: 6779: 6775: 6767: 6763: 6755: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6730: 6729: 6725: 6715: 6713: 6704: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6679: 6669: 6667: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6638: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6593: 6591: 6590:on 16 June 2010 6582: 6581: 6577: 6562: 6558: 6523: 6519: 6514:Wayback Machine 6501: 6497: 6484: 6477: 6471:Wayback Machine 6462: 6458: 6447: 6440: 6434:Wayback Machine 6419: 6415: 6405: 6403: 6396: 6380: 6376: 6363: 6359: 6350: 6346: 6337: 6333: 6324: 6320: 6310: 6308: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6285: 6281: 6271: 6269: 6259: 6255: 6240:Wayback Machine 6229: 6225: 6221:. 2010. p. 130. 6209: 6205: 6178: 6171: 6158: 6156: 6149: 6128: 6124: 6105: 6101: 6082:Norman Davies. 6081: 6077: 6066:. 2000. p. 51. 6057: 6053: 6049:, 31 July 1919. 6047:Wayback Machine 6038: 6034: 6028:Wayback Machine 6016: 6012: 6006:Wayback Machine 5999:, no. 203, 1918 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5969: 5968: 5961: 5951: 5949: 5942: 5926: 5919: 5909: 5907: 5872: 5865: 5860:Wayback Machine 5836: 5825: 5817: 5810: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5788: 5787: 5778: 5777: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5751: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5726: 5725: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5675: 5627: 5598: 5594: 5572: 5568: 5559: 5555: 5530: 5526: 5506:In the part of 5505: 5501: 5468: 5464: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5418: 5361:serving in the 5326:7TP light tanks 5225: 5211:Polish soldiers 5196: 5150:(total area of 5144: 5056:above sea level 5052: 5019: 5003:numerus clausus 4982:Józef Piłsudski 4960: 4955: 4883: 4878: 4866: 4462: 4247: 4191:First World War 4179: 4062:stanisławowskie 3800: 3795: 3787: 3782: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3756: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3742: 3704: 3698: 3678:Juliusz Osterwa 3650:Wojciech Kossak 3626:Jan Parandowski 3618:Maria Dąbrowska 3614:Zofia Nałkowska 3606:Stefan Żeromski 3594:Bruno Jasieński 3542:Henryk Zygalski 3534:Marian Rejewski 3457:Lwów University 3360: 3354: 3321: 3293:Congress Poland 3249: 3185:Wilno-Porubanek 3096:Strzała Bałtyku 3064: 2905:'s province of 2855: 2795:Targi Wschodnie 2729:Ignacy Mościcki 2689:Greater Germany 2553: 2548: 2420: 2367: 2358: 2357: 2310:Józef Piłsudski 2286:Józef Piłsudski 2226:Artur Śliwiński 2199:Leopold Skulski 2183: 2181:Prime ministers 2168:Ignacy Mościcki 2152: 2143:Józef Piłsudski 2139: 2130: 2088: 2087: 2073: 2065: 2064: 2035: 2027: 2026: 2007: 1999: 1998: 1974: 1908:Duchy of Warsaw 1883:Duchy of Poland 1824:Ignacy Mościcki 1816: 1812: 1773:Ignacy Mościcki 1735:in Polish. The 1661:Peasant Parties 1609:from 1919 (see 1591:Józef Piłsudski 1581: 1484:. In 1918, the 1470:and by Colonel 1456:Józef Piłsudski 1412: 1368:Regency Council 1353:Polish question 1329:First World War 1325: 1281: 1271: 1263:Second Republic 1232:Państwo Polskie 1224:State of Poland 1104:Polish language 1096: 1079:Józef Piłsudski 1028:minority groups 1018:governorate of 1008:Polish Corridor 945:Slovak Republic 913: 908: 865: 858: 857: 855: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 780: 766: 761:Slovak Republic 752: 738: 713: 682: 677: 662: 652: 633: 614: 609: 599: 586: 584:Soviet invasion 573: 570:German invasion 568: 558: 553: 543: 538: 528: 526:First World War 513:Interwar period 494: 482: 456: 453: 441: 415:Ignacy Mościcki 411: 400: 397: 385: 377:Józef Piłsudski 373: 348: 313: 312: 308: 306: 301: 296: 290: 284: 260: 254: 246: 238: 233: 228: 223: 220: 219: 190: 188: 184: 181: 176: 173: 171: 169: 168: 167: 161: 153: 141: 129: 122: 119: 117: 111: 95: 94: 93: 91: 86: 78: 77: 75: 70: 52: 45: 37: 28: 23: 22: 18:Interwar Poland 15: 12: 11: 5: 8436: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8343:1919 in Poland 8340: 8338:1918 in Poland 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8294: 8287: 8286: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8255: 8254: 8244: 8239: 8233: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8185: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8097: 8096: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8070: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7997:Stock exchange 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7916:Visegrád Group 7913: 7908: 7907: 7906: 7899:Prime Minister 7896: 7895: 7894: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7860:Prison Service 7857: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7803:Climate change 7800: 7795: 7789: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7752:Poland A and B 7749: 7747:National parks 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7672: 7670: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7645:Interwar years 7642: 7637: 7629: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7605: 7603: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7585: articles 7579: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7536: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7510: 7509:External links 7507: 7506: 7505: 7498: 7486: 7485:Historiography 7483: 7482: 7481: 7477:complete text 7465: 7461:complete text 7447: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7432: 7427:Żółtowski, A. 7425: 7418: 7413:Taylor, J. J. 7411: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7379: 7372: 7365: 7358: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7334: 7324: 7317: 7310: 7303: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7264: 7257: 7247: 7240: 7233: 7224: 7215: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7182: 7175: 7158: 7151: 7141: 7134: 7127: 7117:Davies, Norman 7112: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7075: 7065: 7045: 7018: 7007: 6972: 6935: 6899: 6880: 6846: 6826: 6819: 6797: 6773: 6761: 6749: 6723: 6697: 6686: 6677: 6651: 6625: 6613: 6601: 6575: 6556: 6537:(2): 193–214. 6517: 6495: 6475: 6456: 6438: 6413: 6394: 6374: 6357: 6344: 6342:(2nd ed. 2003) 6331: 6318: 6292: 6279: 6253: 6223: 6203: 6169: 6147: 6122: 6099: 6075: 6051: 6032: 6021:, no. 59, 1919 6019:Monitor Polski 6010: 5997:Monitor Polski 5988: 5959: 5940: 5917: 5892:10.1086/600769 5886:(2): 351–381. 5863: 5838:Timothy Snyder 5823: 5798: 5745: 5714: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5637:Republik Polen 5592: 5566: 5562:Chief of State 5553: 5524: 5499: 5462: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5434: 5432:1939 in Poland 5429: 5427:1938 in Poland 5424: 5417: 5414: 5371:Polish cavalry 5267:Battle of Kock 5259:eastern Poland 5195: 5192: 5152:drainage basin 5143: 5140: 5134:county of the 5126:county of the 5118:county of the 5110:county of the 5051: 5048: 5018: 5015: 5007:Ghetto benches 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4872: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4850: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4827: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4804: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4781: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4758: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4735: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4712: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4689: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4666: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4643: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4620: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4597: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4574: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4551: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4528: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4505: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4482: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4457: 4454: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4431: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4408: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4388: 4385: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4362: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4316: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4246: 4243: 4203:census of 1921 4178: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4162: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4150: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4022: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4000: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3810: 3809:City of Warsaw 3807: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3789: 3784: 3776: 3775: 3757: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3700:Main article: 3697: 3694: 3602:Julian Przyboś 3598:Aleksander Wat 3554:Enigma ciphers 3546:mathematicians 3411:szkoła średnia 3395:a major reform 3367:Prime Minister 3356:Main article: 3353: 3350: 3320: 3317: 3281:Greater Poland 3264:Ciągówka Ursus 3248: 3245: 3138:Western Europe 3063: 3060: 3040:Huta Królewska 3038:– Nowy Bytom, 2923:Huta Ostrowiec 2854: 2851: 2801:Targi Północne 2798:, and Wilno's 2786:Bank Polski SA 2740:Four Year Plan 2673:for 0.3%, and 2667:Czechoslovakia 2653: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2550:GDP per capita 2542:GDP per capita 2538:hyperinflation 2463:Austrian krone 2419: 2416: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2334:Leon Kozłowski 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2271: 2268:Wincenty Witos 2265: 2259: 2253: 2250:Wincenty Witos 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2214: 2211:Wincenty Witos 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2138: 2137:Chief of State 2135: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2094: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1975: 1973:Personal union 1972: 1971: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1877: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1817: 1809: 1808: 1697:Wincenty Witos 1623:Prime Minister 1580: 1577: 1411: 1408: 1324: 1321: 1270: 1267: 1216:Rzeczpospolita 1145:Republik Polen 1120:Rzeczpospolita 1095: 1092: 1036:Ashkenazi Jews 976:Czechoslovakia 965:fall of France 910: 909: 907: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 870: 867: 866: 854: 853: 846: 839: 831: 823: 822: 816:Czech Republic 797: 793: 792: 789: 788: 785: 784: 777: 771: 770: 763: 757: 756: 749: 743: 742: 735: 726: 723: 722: 717: 705: 704: 699: 689: 688: 675: 671: 670: 667: 666: 663: 660: 657: 656: 653: 650: 647: 646: 643: 642: 638: 637: 634: 631: 628: 627: 623: 622: 619: 618: 617:6 October 1939 615: 607: 604: 603: 600: 597:Fall of Warsaw 594: 591: 590: 587: 581: 578: 577: 574: 566: 563: 562: 559: 551: 548: 547: 544: 536: 533: 532: 529: 523: 520: 519: 516: 515: 510: 509:Historical era 506: 505: 501: 500: 495: 492: 489: 488: 483: 480: 477: 476: 470: 466: 465: 462: 461: 454: 451: 448: 447: 442: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 426:Prime Minister 422: 421: 418: 417: 412: 409: 406: 405: 398: 395: 392: 391: 386: 383: 380: 379: 374: 371: 368: 367: 364: 363: 360: 354: 353: 352: 351: 335: 331: 330: 321: 315: 314: 291: 286: 285: 283: 282: 281: 280: 278:Greek Catholic 274: 272:Roman Catholic 261: 255: 252: 248: 247: 245: 244: 217: 216: 215: 213: 209: 208: 203: 199: 198: 162: 159: 155: 154: 151: 143: 142: 139: 131: 130: 120: 97: 96: 87: 80: 79: 71: 64: 63: 62: 59: 58: 54: 53: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8435: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8280: 8279: 8275: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8226: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8041: 8031: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7977:Merchant Navy 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7897: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7778: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7667: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7630: 7628: 7624:Early Modern 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7584: 7577: 7572: 7570: 7565: 7563: 7558: 7557: 7554: 7548: 7545:the daughter 7544: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7503: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7488: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7449: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7426: 7423: 7420:Wynot, E. D. 7419: 7416: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7387: 7384: 7380: 7377: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7352: 7351: 7343: 7342:online review 7339: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7311: 7308: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7280:Polonsky, A. 7279: 7276: 7272: 7270: 7265: 7262: 7258: 7256: 7253:(2012) 752pp 7252: 7248: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7237:Polish Review 7234: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7072: 7068: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7049: 7033: 7029: 7022: 7016: 7011: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6976: 6957: 6953: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6921:90-279-3239-5 6918: 6914: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6887: 6883: 6877: 6873: 6872: 6866: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6830: 6822: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6801: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6781:Norman Davies 6777: 6770: 6765: 6758: 6753: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6711: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6690: 6681: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6645: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6589: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6572:83-89239-89-2 6569: 6565: 6560: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6521: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6499: 6492: 6488: 6482: 6480: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6460: 6453: 6452: 6445: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6426:Polish Review 6423: 6417: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6378: 6371: 6367: 6361: 6354: 6351:A. Polonsky, 6348: 6341: 6335: 6328: 6322: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6289: 6283: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6201: 6197: 6196:0-231-12819-3 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6180:Norman Davies 6176: 6174: 6166: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6036: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6014: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5992: 5976: 5972: 5966: 5964: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5924: 5922: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5868: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5850:0-300-10586-X 5847: 5843: 5839: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5816: 5808: 5802: 5794: 5782: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5749: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5702: 5698: 5696: 5688: 5684: 5670: 5665: 5659: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5570: 5563: 5557: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5459: 5453: 5449: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5390:Polish nation 5387: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5100:Hel Peninsula 5091: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5040:Ukrainophobia 5037: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4984:in 1935, the 4983: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4945: 4928: 4913: 4909: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4877:Percentage of 4876: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4814: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4768: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4538: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4441: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4418: 4415: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4303: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4251: 4242: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4199:Peace of Riga 4196: 4192: 4183: 4170: 4169: 4163: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3823: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3793: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3761: 3754: 3740: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3686:Leon Schiller 3683: 3682:Stefan Jaracz 3679: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3630:Bruno Schultz 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3566:Skamanderites 3563: 3555: 3551: 3550:cryptologists 3547: 3543: 3539: 3538:Jerzy Różycki 3535: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3412: 3408: 3407:middle school 3404: 3400: 3399:common school 3396: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3285:Upper Silesia 3282: 3278: 3277:German Empire 3269: 3268:Ursus Factory 3265: 3261: 3253: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3181:Poznań-Ławica 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3068: 3059: 3057: 3054:, as well as 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3024:Ursus Factory 3021: 3017: 3013: 3012:Janowa Dolina 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2961:Ursus Factory 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2903:Lesser Poland 2900: 2899:Upper Silesia 2891: 2887: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2864: 2859: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2756:Upper Silesia 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659:foreign trade 2650: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2516:German Empire 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2447:New York City 2444: 2439: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2415: 2413: 2407: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2380: 2379:medium bomber 2376: 2371: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2340:Walery Sławek 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2316:Walery Sławek 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2304:Walery Sławek 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2099:Poland portal 2096: 2095: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2072:Miscellaneous 2069: 2068: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1727:military coup 1724: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1701:Roman Dmowski 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1598: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565:Upper Silesia 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1527:broke out in 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1503:, August 1920 1502: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1416: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1337:Eastern Front 1334: 1333:German Empire 1330: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1280: 1276: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1202:, instead of 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1173:transcription 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1157:transcription 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 871: 868: 862: 852: 847: 845: 840: 838: 833: 832: 829: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 798: 796:Today part of 794: 778: 776: 773: 772: 764: 762: 759: 758: 750: 748: 745: 744: 736: 734: 731: 730: 727: 721: 718: 711: 710: 707: 706: 703: 700: 698: 695: 694: 690: 685: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 658: 654: 648: 644: 639: 635: 629: 624: 620: 616: 612: 605: 601: 598: 592: 588: 585: 579: 575: 571: 564: 561:18 March 1921 560: 556: 555:Peace of Riga 549: 545: 541: 534: 530: 527: 521: 517: 514: 511: 507: 504:Establishment 502: 499: 496: 490: 487: 484: 478: 474: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 449: 446: 443: 437: 433: 429: 427: 423: 419: 416: 413: 407: 403: 399: 393: 390: 387: 381: 378: 375: 369: 365: 361: 359: 355: 346: 345:authoritarian 342: 341: 340: 336: 332: 329: 325: 322: 320: 316: 311: 305: 300: 295: 289: 279: 275: 273: 269: 268: 267: 263: 262: 259: 256: 249: 241: 236: 231: 226: 222: 221: 214: 210: 207: 204: 200: 195: 166: 163: 156: 149: 144: 137: 132: 109: 108: 102: 98: 90: 84: 74: 68: 60: 55: 49: 42: 33: 30: 19: 8242:Coat of arms 8181:Demographics 8131:Polish names 8101:Folk beliefs 8074:Architecture 8012:Unemployment 7952:Central bank 7828:Human rights 7808:Constitution 7650:World War II 7501: 7491: 7472: 7468: 7456: 7452: 7438: 7428: 7421: 7414: 7407: 7396: 7389: 7382: 7375: 7368: 7361: 7354: 7337: 7327: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7267: 7260: 7250: 7243: 7236: 7227: 7218: 7207: 7185: 7178: 7161: 7154: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7120: 7096:. Retrieved 7087: 7078: 7070: 7055: 7048: 7036:. Retrieved 7021: 7014: 7010: 6998:. Retrieved 6985: 6980:PWN (2016). 6975: 6963:. Retrieved 6951: 6938: 6912: 6892:11 September 6890:. Retrieved 6870: 6864: 6858:11 September 6856:. Retrieved 6836: 6829: 6806: 6800: 6784: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6752: 6740:. Retrieved 6726: 6714:. Retrieved 6700: 6689: 6680: 6668:. Retrieved 6654: 6643: 6616: 6604: 6592:. Retrieved 6588:the original 6578: 6563: 6559: 6534: 6530: 6520: 6503: 6498: 6486: 6459: 6449: 6425: 6416: 6404:. Retrieved 6384: 6377: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6352: 6347: 6339: 6334: 6326: 6321: 6309:. Retrieved 6295: 6287: 6282: 6272:15 September 6270:. Retrieved 6266: 6256: 6231: 6226: 6214: 6206: 6164: 6159:14 September 6157:. Retrieved 6138: 6125: 6107: 6102: 6083: 6078: 6059: 6054: 6035: 6018: 6013: 5996: 5991: 5979:. Retrieved 5950:. Retrieved 5930: 5908:. Retrieved 5883: 5879: 5841: 5815:the original 5801: 5769:. Retrieved 5760: 5755: 5748: 5736:. Retrieved 5705:. Retrieved 5694: 5687: 5595: 5569: 5556: 5527: 5510:(until 1926 5502: 5481:(until 1926 5465: 5452: 5383: 5368: 5330: 5241:Soviet Union 5237:Nazi Germany 5226: 5145: 5104:East Prussia 5096: 5079: 5053: 5020: 4994: 4985: 4974: 4964: 4961: 4943: 4300:Voivodeship 4239: 4212: 4188: 4177:Demographics 4165: 4105:tarnopolskie 4021:(Pomeranian) 3976:nowogródzkie 3850:białostockie 3772: 3728:voivodeships 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3674: 3656:, composers 3646:Julian Fałat 3590:Anatol Stern 3574:Julian Tuwim 3559: 3520:Rudolf Weigl 3497: 3446: 3440: 3421: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3375: 3345: 3337: 3322: 3319:German trade 3273: 3263: 3177:Lwów-Skniłów 3142: 3123: 3117: 3104: 3075: 3073: 3055: 3047: 3039: 3031: 2981: 2934: 2927:Stalowa Wola 2922: 2914: 2895: 2820: 2813: 2806:Polish Radio 2799: 2793: 2774:Stalowa Wola 2763: 2733: 2717: 2704:MS Piłsudski 2678: 2663:Soviet Union 2656: 2549: 2531: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2486: 2485:in his book 2467:Polish marka 2451: 2408: 2404:Nazi Germany 2392: 2384: 2238:Julian Nowak 2097: 2040:Vistula Land 1942: 1835: 1810: 1796:Front Morges 1761:Brest trials 1730: 1720: 1704: 1650: 1633: 1626: 1604: 1596: 1553:Czechoslovak 1537:Lwów Eaglets 1506: 1475: 1451: 1430:, the first 1421: 1395: 1376:Mitteleuropa 1371: 1326: 1287:between the 1282: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1236: 1231: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1193: 1184: 1176: 1168: 1160: 1152: 1144: 1136: 1124: 1118: 1114: 1107: 1099: 1097: 1087:Pilsudskites 1056: 1020:Subcarpathia 1000:Soviet Union 969: 941:Soviet Union 937:Nazi Germany 920: 916: 914: 894:Sejny (1919) 860: 747:Soviet Union 702:Succeeded by 701: 696: 686:(after 1924) 681:(until 1924) 661:• 1931 651:• 1921 632:• Total 546:28 June 1919 384:• 1922 309: 287: 257: 242:(since 1924) 237:(since 1924) 232:(since 1924) 227:(since 1920) 100: 89:Coat of arms 29: 8214:Health care 8166:Video games 8106:Folk dances 7942:Agriculture 7882:Politicians 7681:Demographic 7640:World War I 7634:(1795–1918) 7626:(1569–1795) 7614:Middle Ages 7479:(in Polish) 7463:(in Polish) 7360:Blanke, R. 7298:(New York: 6716:24 November 6670:24 November 6647:(in Polish) 5853:p. 144 5789:|work= 5738:18 December 5707:18 December 5541:Stanisławów 5412:republics. 5406:Lech Wałęsa 5363:Polish Navy 5293:and of the 5283:Górna Orawa 5084:Lake Narach 5080:Ľadový štít 5068:Tatra Range 5036:third world 4710:Stanisławów 4480:Częstochowa 4297:Population 4149:(Volhynian) 4067:Stanisławów 3829:warszawskie 3794:Area (1930) 3786:Voivodeship 3724:województwa 3670:Jan Kiepura 3644:, painters 3346:in addition 3247:Agriculture 3126:cobblestone 3036:Ruda Śląska 2911:Częstochowa 2520:customs war 2455:German mark 2412:army groups 2395:Polish Army 2022:Intermarium 1781:Polish Army 1446:, set up a 1404:Polish Army 1378:), pending 1313:Polish Army 1210:; however, 1052:Lithuanians 1040:Belarusians 1024:1921 census 929:World War I 697:Preceded by 469:Legislature 349:(1926–1939) 310:0.02% Other 288:Minorities: 266:Catholicism 189: / 118:(1927–1939) 92:(1928–1939) 76:(1928–1939) 8312:Categories 8161:Traditions 8111:Literature 8029:(currency) 7872:Parliament 7813:Corruption 7441:60. no 3–4 6793:0199253390 6742:6 December 6644:Liberte.pl 6406:11 October 6249:1317799518 6119:0295953586 6096:0192801260 6072:0313305714 5771:14 October 5679:References 5641:Lithuanian 5608:Belarusian 5512:Wilno Land 5483:Wilno Land 5471:Nowogródek 5359:submarines 5221:See also: 5132:Międzychód 5064:Mount Rysy 5017:Ukrainians 5005:(see also 4933:34,849,000 4916:32,348,000 4897:27,177,000 4874:Population 4085:(Silesian) 4041:poznańskie 3981:Nowogródek 3892:krakowskie 3801:in 1,000s 3780:Car plates 3760:Trans-Olza 3584:) and the 3570:Jan Lechoń 3422:big matura 3325:revanchist 3211:, Berlin, 3189:Air France 3092:Luxtorpeda 3048:Huta Laura 3032:Huta Pokój 2841:, and the 2375:PZL.37 Łoś 2150:Presidents 1777:Józef Beck 1759:(see also 1671:, Jewish: 1659:, various 1619:Parliament 1390:-oriented 1295:, and the 1273:See also: 1269:Background 1189:Lithuanian 1181:Belarusian 1032:Ukrainians 1004:Baltic Sea 963:after the 959:and later 943:, and the 665:31,915,779 655:25,694,700 641:Population 334:Government 319:Demonym(s) 304:Protestant 235:Lithuanian 230:Belarusian 177:21°00′40″E 174:52°13′48″N 112:(English: 8219:Languages 8209:Education 8136:Name days 8007:Transport 7887:President 7840:Judiciary 7818:Elections 7742:Mountains 7710:Geography 7543:Eve Curie 7038:29 August 6551:1469-2171 5981:29 August 5900:153790671 5791:ignored ( 5781:cite book 5658:romanized 5649:Ukrainian 5629:‹See Tfd› 5617:romanized 5402:President 5355:her class 5351:lead ship 5347:ORP Orzeł 5337:Plan East 5333:Plan West 5271:Lithuania 5168:Black Sea 5050:Geography 5031:Ukrainian 4779:Grudziądz 4756:Włocławek 4618:Białystok 4526:Sosnowiec 4452:Bydgoszcz 4318:1,289,000 4147:wołyńskie 4126:wileńskie 4019:pomorskie 3999:(Polesia) 3913:lubelskie 3871:kieleckie 3855:Białystok 3668:, singer 3586:Futurists 3544:, Polish 3289:Pomerelia 3213:Bucharest 3197:Lufthansa 3062:Transport 3058:in Łódź. 2988:Drohobycz 2945:Trzebinia 2863:Agfacolor 2792:, Lwów's 2706:, at the 2700:MS Batory 2698:Poland's 2680:Anschluss 2428:Expo 1937 2388:tankettes 1636:with the 1615:President 1460:Magdeburg 1212:republika 1165:Ukrainian 1102:. In the 1046:and 3.4% 1016:Hungarian 988:Lithuania 967:in 1940. 812:Lithuania 473:Bicameral 358:President 343:under an 258:Majority: 251:Religion 240:Ukrainian 57:1918–1939 8292:Category 8199:Refugees 8146:Religion 7867:Military 7781:Politics 7691:Military 7686:Economic 7676:Cultural 7669:By topic 7619:Monarchs 7601:Timeline 7496:in JSTOR 7169:Archived 7092:Archived 7032:Archived 6994:Archived 6956:Archived 6954:: 3, 4. 6928:Archived 6886:Archived 6865:Also in: 6852:Archived 6783:(2005), 6736:Archived 6710:Archived 6664:Archived 6510:Archived 6467:Archived 6430:Archived 6400:Archived 6305:Archived 6236:Archived 6190:, 2005, 6153:Archived 6133:(2007). 6043:Archived 6024:Archived 6002:Archived 5975:Archived 5946:Archived 5904:Archived 5856:Archived 5732:Archived 5701:Archived 5545:Tarnopol 5537:Polesian 5416:See also 5379:Krojanty 5349:was the 5279:Slovakia 5273:annexed 5256:attacked 5249:Slovakia 5239:and the 5188:Dniester 4966:Shechita 4884:(per km) 4848:Przemyśl 4503:Katowice 4235:Lutheran 4231:Orthodox 4221:(mostly 4160:2,085.6 4138:1,276.0 4117:1,600.4 4110:Tarnopol 4096:1,533.5 4089:Katowice 4074:1,480.3 4053:2,339.6 4032:1,884.4 4010:1,132.2 3997:poleskie 3988:1,057.2 3967:2,650.1 3946:3,126.3 3934:lwowskie 3925:2,116.2 3904:2,300.1 3883:2,671.0 3862:1,263.3 3841:2,460.9 3820:1,179.5 3791:Capital 3788:or city 3487:and the 3384:and the 3235:, Rome, 3221:Helsinki 3217:Budapest 3165:Langfuhr 3134:Zakopane 2984:Borysław 2977:Elektrit 2941:Jaworzno 2931:Chrzanów 2708:sea port 2514:and the 2508:Poland A 2504:Poland B 2488:Sztafeta 2471:Ostrubel 2469:and the 2365:Military 2045:Ober Ost 2006:Proposed 1852:a series 1850:Part of 1519:and the 1472:Adam Koc 1293:Prussian 1289:Austrian 1245:and the 1208:Republic 1125:republic 1030:: 13.9% 998:and the 820:Slovakia 674:Currency 337:Unitary 8283:Outline 8264:Polonia 8229:Symbols 8156:Theatre 8089:Cuisine 8066:Culture 8056:Lawyers 8044:Society 8002:Tourism 7987:Poverty 7972:Exports 7930:Economy 7762:Regions 7732:Islands 7727:Forests 7592:History 7371:(1989). 7330:(2008) 7188:(1998) 7164:(2004) 7000:20 July 6965:20 July 6311:30 July 5952:29 July 5660:: 5619:: 5590:: II RP 5560:As the 5475:Polesie 5324:Polish 5253:Soviets 5176:Pripyat 5172:Dnieper 5164:Daugava 5148:Vistula 5108:Braslaw 4986:Endecja 4979:Marshal 4975:Endecja 4925:31.09% 4906:30,77% 4622:107,000 4599:120,000 4576:122,000 4553:128,000 4549:Chorzów 4530:130,000 4507:134,000 4484:138,000 4456:141,000 4433:209,000 4410:259,000 4387:272,000 4364:318,000 4341:672,000 4283:Gorgany 4263:Yiddish 4083:śląskie 3955:łódzkie 3719:powiaty 3301:Galicia 3237:Tallinn 3118:Torpedo 3115:CWS T-1 3080:Polesie 3044:Chorzów 3006:), and 2996:Gorlice 2778:Mościce 2770:English 2685:Austria 2675:Romania 2524:Germany 2512:Prussia 2500:eastern 2475:railway 2418:Economy 1832:Marshal 1785:Marshal 1732:Sanacja 1723:Marshal 1646:General 1588:Marshal 1509:Galicia 1497:Miłosna 1440:Galicia 1388:Marxist 1339:as the 1297:Russian 1044:Germans 1042:; 2.3% 1038:; 3.1% 996:Romania 980:Germany 808:Ukraine 804:Belarus 608:• 595:• 582:• 567:• 552:• 537:• 158:Capital 101:Anthem: 8297:Portal 8237:Anthem 8084:Cinema 8027:Złoty 7982:Mining 7967:Energy 7855:Police 7767:Rivers 7696:Postal 7583:Poland 7502:Survey 7424:(1983) 7364:(1993) 7323:(1980) 7309:(1988) 7284:(1972) 7277:(1997) 7166:online 7133:(1992) 7098:8 July 7063: 6919: 6878: 6844: 6817: 6791: 6570: 6549: 6392: 6372:(1982) 6355:(1972) 6290:(1998) 6247: 6194: 6145: 6117: 6094: 6070: 5938: 5910:27 May 5898: 5848: 5763:] 5633:German 5600:Polish 5574:Polish 5547:, and 5514:), in 5491:Grodno 5477:, and 5277:, and 5156:Niemen 5142:Waters 5124:Dzisna 5076:Slovak 5072:Kraków 4852:51,000 4829:51,000 4806:51,000 4783:54,000 4760:56,000 4737:58,000 4733:Kielce 4714:60,000 4691:62,000 4668:78,000 4645:81,000 4641:Kalisz 4595:Gdynia 4572:Lublin 4463:later 4406:Kraków 4383:Poznań 4314:Warsaw 4267:Hebrew 4201:. 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