Iran hostage crisis

2138: 2129: 2118: 2109: 2098: 2089: 1164: 2431:, which barred such lawsuits. After failing in the courts, the former hostages turned to Congress and won support from both Democrats and Republicans, resulting in Congress passing a bill (2015 United States Victims of State Sponsored Terrorism Act ) in December 2015 that afforded the hostages compensation from a fund to be financed from fines imposed on companies found guilty of breaking American sanctions against Iran. The bill authorised a payment of US$ 10,000 for each day in captivity (per hostage) as well as a lump sum of $ 600,000 in compensation for each of the spouses and children of the Iran hostages. This meant that each hostage would be paid up to US$ 4.4 million. The first funds into the trust account from which the compensation would be paid came from a part of the $ 9 billion penalty paid by the Paris-based bank 57: 739: 1035: 2448: 1862: 834: 246: 166: 1203:. Steve Lauterbach broke a water glass and slashed his wrists after being locked in a dark basement room with his hands tightly bound. He was found and rushed to the hospital by guards. Jerry Miele, a CIA communications technician, smashed his head into the corner of a door, knocking himself unconscious and cutting a deep gash. "Naturally withdrawn" and looking "ill, old, tired, and vulnerable," Miele had become the butt of his guards' jokes, and they had rigged up a mock electric chair to emphasize the fate that awaited him. His fellow hostages applied 1571: 303: 196: 1834: 1787: 1489:. The report found that the pilot could have continued to the refueling point if he had been told that better weather awaited him there, but because of the command for radio silence, he did not ask about the conditions ahead. The report also concluded that "there were ways to pass the information" between the refueling station and the helicopter force "that would have small likelihood of compromising the mission" – in other words, that the ban on communication had not been necessary at this stage. 9855: 291: 279: 264: 183: 1031:. In particular, carefully selected diplomatic dispatches and reports discovered at the embassy and released by the hostage-takers led to the disempowerment and resignation of moderate figures such as Bazargan. The failed rescue attempt and the political danger of any move seen as accommodating America delayed a negotiated release of the hostages. After the crisis ended, leftists and theocrats turned on each other, with the stronger theocratic group annihilating the left. 1229:, first developed dizziness and numbness in his left arm six months before his release. At first, the Iranians misdiagnosed his symptoms as a reaction to drafts of cold air. When warmer confinement did not help, he was told that it was "nothing" because the symptoms would disappear soon. Over the months, the numbness spread to his right side, and the dizziness worsened until he "was literally flat on his back, unable to move without growing dizzy and throwing up." 853:

protesters retreated, with one telling the Americans, "We don't mean any harm." But as it became clear that the guards would not use deadly force and that a large, angry crowd had gathered outside the compound to cheer the occupiers and jeer the hostages, the plan changed. According to one embassy staff member, buses full of demonstrators began to appear outside the embassy shortly after the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line broke through the gates.

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other hand, Khoeiniha knew that if Khomeini first saw that the occupiers were faithful supporters of him (unlike the leftists in the first occupation) and that large numbers of pious Muslims had gathered outside the embassy to show their support for the takeover, it would be "very hard, perhaps even impossible," for him to oppose the takeover, and this would paralyze the Bazargan administration, which Khoeiniha and the students wanted to eliminate.

9797: 794:, supported Asgharzadeh's chosen target, the United States. "Our aim was to object against the American government by going to their embassy and occupying it for several hours," Asgharzadeh said. "Announcing our objections from within the occupied compound would carry our message to the world in a much more firm and effective way." Mirdamadi told an interviewer, "We intended to detain the diplomats for a few days, maybe one week, but no more." 1880: 13993: 13682: 9845: 1731: 1723: 234: 222: 1218: 147: 1478:

pick up the crew of No. 6, and abandoned No. 6 in the desert without destroying it. The report by Holloway's group pointed out that a cracked helicopter blade could have been used to continue the mission and that its likelihood of catastrophic failure would have been low for many hours, especially at lower flying speeds. The report found that the pilot of No. 6 would have continued the mission if instructed to do so.

1148:, and Mike Howland – were at the Foreign Ministry at the time of the takeover. They stayed there for several months, sleeping in the ministry's formal dining room and washing their socks and underwear in the bathroom. At first, they were treated as diplomats, but after the provisional government fell, the treatment of them deteriorated. By March, the doors to their living space were kept "chained and padlocked." 1516:– that is, keeping the mission secret so that the arrival of the rescue team at the embassy would be a complete surprise. This severed the usual relationship between pilots and weather forecasters; the pilots were not informed about the local dust storms. Another security requirement was that the helicopter pilots come from the same unit. The unit picked for the mission was a U.S. Navy mine-laying unit flying 13976: 7456: 1329: 965:-leaning leftists and the Islamists shared a common antipathy toward market-based reforms under the late Shah, and both subsumed individualism, including the unique identity of women, under conservative, though contrasting, visions of collectivism. Accordingly, both groups favored the Soviet Union over the United States in the early months of the Iranian Revolution. The Soviets, and possibly their allies 869: 1249: 735:, returned the embassy to U.S. hands within three hours. Kraus was injured in the attack, kidnapped by the militants, tortured, tried, and convicted of murder. He was to be executed, but President Carter and Sullivan secured his release within six days. This incident became known as the Valentine's Day Open House. 6680:, p. 1: "These allegations hold that Republican presidential campaign operatives and representatives of the Ayatollah Khomeini secretly agreed to delay the release of the American hostages held in Iran until after the November 1980 election, thereby assisting the defeat of incumbent President Jimmy Carter." 1184:

for days or even weeks, long periods of solitary confinement, and months of being forbidden to speak to one another or to stand, walk, or leave their space unless they were going to the bathroom. All of the hostages "were threatened repeatedly with execution, and took it seriously." The hostage-takers played

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The actual treatment of the hostages was far different. They described beatings, theft, and fear of bodily harm. Two of them, William Belk and Kathryn Koob, recalled being paraded blindfolded before an angry, chanting crowd outside the embassy. Others reported having their hands bound "day and night"

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Various leftist student groups also supported the taking of hostages at the US embassy. The embassy take-over was aimed at strengthening the new regime against liberal elements in the government, portraying the regime as a "revolutionary force" while winning over the major following that the People's

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The initial plan was to hold the embassy for only a short time, but this changed after it became apparent how popular the takeover was and that Khomeini had given it his full support. Some attributed the decision not to release the hostages quickly to President Carter's failure to immediately deliver

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At first, the students planned a symbolic occupation, in which they would release statements to the press and leave when government security forces came to restore order. This was reflected in placards saying: "Don't be afraid. We just want to sit in." When the embassy guards brandished firearms, the

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The hostage-taking is considered largely unsuccessful for Iran, as the negotiated settlement with the U.S. did not meet any of Iran's original demands. Iran lost international support for its war against Iraq. However, anti-Americanism intensified, and the crisis served to benefit those Iranians who

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failure but was able to fly on for four hours to the refueling location. There, an inspection showed that a hydraulic fluid leak had damaged a pump and that the helicopter could not be flown safely, nor repaired in time to continue the mission. Six helicopters were thought to be the absolute minimum

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In the United States, the hostage crisis created "a surge of patriotism" and left "the American people more united than they have been on any issue in two decades." The hostage-taking was seen "not just as a diplomatic affront," but as a "declaration of war on diplomacy itself." Television news gave

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One hostage, Michael Metrinko, was kept in solitary confinement for several months. On two occasions, when he expressed his opinion of Ayatollah Khomeini, he was severely punished. The first time, he was kept in handcuffs for two weeks, and the second time, he was beaten and kept alone in a freezing

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Some of the ex-hostages and their families received payments, but then Justice Department lawyers interpreted the law to allow 9/11 family members to get a judgment against Iran as well and to apply to the USVSST fund. Later, victims of the 1983 Beirut bombings also instituted claims against USVSST

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Iranian propaganda stated that the hostages were "guests" and it also stated that they were being treated with respect. Asgharzadeh, the leader of the students, described the original plan as a nonviolent and symbolic action in which the students would use their "gentle and respectful treatment" of

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Two hours into the flight, the crew of helicopter No. 6 saw a warning light indicating that a main rotor might be cracked. They landed in the desert, confirmed visually that a crack had started to develop, and stopped flying in accordance with normal operating procedure. Helicopter No. 8 landed to

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A later study claimed that there had been no American plots to overthrow the revolutionaries, and that a CIA intelligence-gathering mission at the embassy had been "notably ineffectual, gathering little information and hampered by the fact that none of the three officers spoke the local language,

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persuaded them not to do so. Khoeiniha feared that the government would use the police to expel the students as they had the occupiers in February. The provisional government had been appointed by Khomeini, so Khomeini was likely to go along with the government's request to restore order. On the

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Supporters of the takeover claimed that in 1953, the American Embassy had been used as a "den of spies" from which the coup was organized. Later, documents which suggested that some of the members of the embassy's staff had been working with the Central Intelligence Agency were found inside the

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on November 19. Before release, these hostages were required by their captors to hold a press conference in which Kathy Gross and William Quarles praised the revolution's aims, but four further women and six African-Americans were released the following day. According to the then United States

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of 1996. They originally won the case when Iran failed to provide a defense, but the State Department then tried to end the lawsuit, fearing that it would make international relations difficult. As a result, a federal judge ruled that no damages could be awarded to the hostages because of the

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The Marines and embassy staff were blindfolded by the occupiers and then paraded in front of assembled photographers. In the first couple of days, many of the embassy workers who had sneaked out of the compound or had not been there at the time of the takeover were rounded up by Islamists and

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Records of the Prime Minister's Office, Correspondence & Papers; 1979–97 at discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk: IRAN. Internal situation in Iran; Attack on British Embassy; Hostage-taking at US Embassy; Freezing of Iranian Assets; US Mission to release hostages; Relations with US & UK

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demanded that Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi return to Iran for trial and execution. The U.S. maintained that the Shah – who was to die less than a year later, in July 1980 – had come to America for medical attention. The group's other demands included that the U.S. government apologize for its

692:, which they believed was plotting to normalize relations with the U.S. and extinguish Islamic revolutionary order in Iran. The occupation of the embassy on November 4, 1979, was also intended as leverage to demand the return of the Shah to stand trial in Iran in exchange for the hostages. 400:, who was overthrown in 1979. After Shah Pahlavi was overthrown, he was granted asylum and admitted to the U.S. for cancer treatment. The new Iranian regime demanded his return in order to stand trial for the crimes he was accused of committing against Iranians during his rule through 1232:

The cruelty of the Iranian prison guards became "a form of slow torture." The guards often withheld mail – telling one hostage, Charles W. Scott, "I don't see anything for you, Mr. Scott. Are you sure your wife has not found another man?" – and the hostages' possessions went missing.

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According to Bowden, a pattern emerged in President Carter's attempts to negotiate the hostages' release: "Carter would latch on to a deal proffered by a top Iranian official and grant minor but humiliating concessions, only to have it scotched at the last minute by Khomeini."

872: 445:, which were patrolling the waters near Iran. The failed attempt on April 24, 1980, resulted in the death of one Iranian civilian and the accidental deaths of eight American servicemen after one of the helicopters crashed into a transport aircraft. U.S. Secretary of State 6668:, p. 1: "The serious implications of the allegations-generally that members of the 1980 Reagan/Bush campaign met secretly with Iranian nationals to delay the release of American Embassy personnel then being held hostage in Iran-lent added importance to the debate." 805:

from nearby rooftops overlooking the embassy. They also drew on their experiences from the recent revolution, during which the U.S. Embassy grounds were briefly occupied. They enlisted the support of police officers in charge of guarding the embassy and of the Islamic

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At about 6:30 a.m., the ringleaders gathered between three hundred and five hundred selected students and briefed them on the battle plan. A female student was given a pair of metal cutters to break the chains locking the embassy's gates and hid them beneath her

1474:, recommended that the mission be aborted, and his recommendation was approved by President Carter. As the helicopters repositioned themselves for refueling, one ran into a C‑130 tanker aircraft and crashed, killing eight U.S. servicemen and injuring several more. 1059:, in order to buttress their claim that "the Great Satan" (the U.S.) was trying to destabilize the new regime with the assistance of Iranian moderates who were in league with the U.S. The documents – including telegrams, correspondence, and reports from the U.S. 679:

The Shah's admission to the United States intensified Iranian revolutionaries' anti-Americanism and spawned rumors of another U.S.–backed coup that would re-install him. Khomeini, who had been exiled by the shah for 15 years, heightened the rhetoric against the

1528:, were weakened. In America, President Carter's political popularity and prospects for being re-elected in 1980 were further damaged after a television address on April 25 in which he explained the rescue operation and accepted responsibility for its failure. 391:

called the hostage-taking an act of "blackmail" and the hostages "victims of terrorism and anarchy". In Iran, it was widely seen as an act against the U.S. and its influence in Iran, including its perceived attempts to undermine the Iranian Revolution and its

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By midsummer 1980, the Iranians had moved the hostages to prisons in Tehran to prevent escapes or rescue attempts and to improve the logistics of guard shifts and food deliveries. The final holding area, from November 1980 until their release, was the

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to tell Khomeini about it, Khomeini told him to "go and kick them out." But later that evening, back in Tehran, Yazdi heard on the radio that Khomeini had issued a statement supporting the seizure, calling it "the second revolution" and the embassy an

2407:. The only hostage serviceman not issued the medal was Staff Sgt Joseph Subic, Jr., who "did not behave under stress the way noncommissioned officers are expected to act" – that is, he cooperated with the hostage-takers, according to other hostages. 1713:

after the war turned against them. The United States supplied Iraq with, among other things, "helicopters and satellite intelligence that was used in selecting bombing targets." This assistance "deepened and widened anti-American feeling in Iran."

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There were 66 original captives: 63 of them were taken at the embassy and three of them were captured and held at the Foreign Ministry offices. Three of the hostages were operatives of the CIA. One of them was a chemical engineering student from

1770:. However, on November 4, 2009, pro-democracy protesters and reformists demonstrated in the streets of Tehran. When the authorities encouraged them to chant "death to America," the protesters instead chanted "death to the dictator" (referring to 873: 2426:

The deal that freed them reached between the United States and Iran and brokered by Algeria in January 1981 prevented the hostages from claiming any restitution from Iran due to foreign sovereign immunity and an executive agreement known as the

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The hostages were initially held at the embassy, but after the takers took the cue from the failed rescue mission, the detainees were scattered around Iran in order to make a single rescue attempt impossible. Three high-level officials –

894:, the Canadian government and the CIA managed to smuggle them out of Iran on January 28, 1980, using Canadian passports and a cover story that identified them as a film crew. Others went to the Swedish Embassy in Tehran for three months. 2417:

The Air Force Special Operations component of the mission was given the Air Force Outstanding Unit award for performing their part of the mission flawlessly, including evacuating the Desert One refueling site under extreme conditions.

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and perhaps others around the country – printed full-page color American flags in their newspapers for readers to cut out and place in the front windows of their homes as support for the hostages until they were brought home safely.

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After the mission and its failure were made known publicly, Khomeini credited divine intervention on behalf of Islam, and his prestige skyrocketed in Iran. Iranian officials who favored release of the hostages, such as President

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allowing Canadian passports to be issued to some American citizens so that they could escape. In cooperation with the CIA, which used the cover story of a film project, two CIA agents and the six American diplomats boarded a

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reported in 2006 that a group called the Committee for the Commemoration of Martyrs of the Global Islamic Campaign had used the embassy to recruit "martyrdom seekers": volunteers to carry out operations against Western and

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Other hostages described threats to boil their feet in oil (Alan B. Golacinski), cut their eyes out (Rick Kupke), or kidnap and kill a disabled son in America and "start sending pieces of him to your wife" (David Roeder).

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as president and while he was giving his inaugural address, the 52 American hostages were released to U.S. personnel. There are theories and conspiracy theories regarding why Iran postponed the release until that moment.

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A second rescue attempt, planned but never carried out, would have used highly modified YMC-130H Hercules aircraft. Three aircraft, outfitted with rocket thrusters to allow an extremely short landing and takeoff in the

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During the weeks leading up to Christmas in 1979, high school students made cards that were delivered to the hostages. Community groups across the country did the same, resulting in bales of Christmas cards. The

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Following the seizure of the US embassy in Tehran, the MEK participated physically at the site by assisting in defending it from attack. The MEK also offered strong political support for the hostage-taking

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on October 29, 1980, when its braking rockets were fired too soon. The misfire caused a hard touchdown that tore off the starboard wing and started a fire, but all on board survived. After Carter lost the

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required for the rescue mission, so with the force reduced to five, the local commander radioed his intention to abort. This request was passed through military channels to President Carter, who agreed.

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further angered anti-Shah Iranians with a televised toast to Pahlavi, claiming that the Shah was "beloved" by his people. After the revolution commenced in February 1979 with the return of the Ayatollah

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began ending each show by saying how many days the hostages had been captive. President Carter applied economic and diplomatic pressure: Oil imports from Iran were ended on November 12, 1979, and with

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program named "The Iran Crisis: America Held Hostage" got its start as a method for informing viewers of the latest developments during the crisis. The current title premiered on March 24, 1980, with

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The former U.S. Embassy building is now used by Iran's government and affiliated groups. Since 2001 it has served as a museum to the revolution. Outside the door, there is a bronze model based on the

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returned as hostages. Six American diplomats managed to avoid capture and took refuge in the British Embassy before being transferred to the Canadian Embassy. In a joint covert operation known as the

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On November 4, 1979, one of the demonstrations organized by Iranian student unions loyal to Khomeini erupted into an all-out conflict right outside the walled compound housing the U.S. Embassy.

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This has united our people. Our opponents do not dare act against us. We can put the constitution to the people's vote without difficulty, and carry out presidential and parliamentary elections.

11624: 4770: 4198:"National Archives and Records Administration, Access to Archival Databases (AAD): Central Foreign Policy Files, created 7/1/1973 – 12/31/1979; Electronic Telegrams, 1979 (searchable database)" 404:. These demands were rejected, which Iran saw as U.S. complicity in those abuses. The U.S. saw the hostage-taking as an egregious violation of the principles of international law, such as the 10684: 10175: 3594: 1851: 970: 870: 9841: 5790: 684:", as he called the U.S, talking of "evidence of American plotting." In addition to ending what they believed was American sabotage of the revolution, the hostage takers hoped to depose the 2724: 1156:

mansion in Tehran, where the hostages were finally given tubs, showers, and hot and cold running water. Several foreign diplomats and ambassadors – including the former Canadian ambassador

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An anti-Iranian protest in Washington, D.C., in 1979. The front of the sign reads "Deport all Iranians" and "Get the hell out of my country", and the back reads "Release all Americans now".

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reportedly praised Khomeini as a revolutionary anti-imperialist who could find common cause between revolutionary leftists and anti-American Islamists. Both expressed disdain for modern

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and took them as hostages. The hostages were held for 444 days, from November 4, 1979 to their release on January 20, 1981. The crisis is considered a pivotal episode in the history of

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alliance with the Ayatollah. As some of the student leaders had hoped, Iran's moderate prime minister, Bazargan, and his cabinet resigned under pressure just days after the takeover.

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for medical treatment. The State Department had discouraged this decision, understanding the political delicacy. But in response to pressure from influential figures including former

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As the hostages were taken to the aircraft that would fly them out of Tehran, they were led through a gauntlet of students forming parallel lines and shouting, "Marg bar Amrika" ("

1015:, which was scheduled for a referendum vote in less than one month. The referendum was successful, and after the vote, both leftists and theocrats continued to use allegations of 11440: 6611: 6224: 3852: 2993: 1743:

were left in a stronger position, while those associated with – or accused of association with – the U.S. were removed from the political picture. Khomeini biographer,

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provided personnel, intelligence liaisons, funding, and training for Khomeini's forces before and after the revolution and was suspected of playing a role in the embassy crisis.

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in the United States, transferring the mandate to Pakistan in 1992. The United States selected Switzerland as its protecting power in Iran. Relations are maintained through the

630:, the American Embassy was occupied, and its staff held hostage briefly. Rocks and bullets had broken so many of the embassy's front-facing windows that they were replaced with 6412: 5757: 5705: 653:

Iranian government and continuing military cooperation in hopes that the situation would stabilize. However, on October 22, 1979, the United States permitted the Shah, who had

14083: 12847: 10003: 6192: 1240:"). When the pilot announced that they were out of Iran, the "freed hostages went wild with happiness. Shouting, cheering, crying, clapping, falling into one another's arms." 1128:

personally traveled to Tehran to secure a concession. The only African-American hostage not released that month was Charles A. Jones, Jr. One more hostage, a white man named

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along the way to the refueling point, the second more severe than the first, the pilot of No. 5 turned back because the mine-laying helicopters were not equipped with

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in a furnace. The furnace malfunctioned and the staff was forced to use cheap paper shredders. Skilled carpet weavers were later employed to reconstruct the documents.

1656:, where former President Carter, acting as emissary, received them. After medical check-ups and debriefings, the hostages made a second flight to a refueling stop in 10642: 10299: 9014: 8193: 5953: 1648:, the representative of the United States, as a symbolic gesture of appreciation for the Algerian government's help in resolving the crisis. The flight continued to 1470:

At this point, a third helicopter was found to be unserviceable, bringing the total below the six deemed vital for the mission. The commander of the operation, Col.

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According to the group and other sources, Ayatollah Khomeini did not know of the plan beforehand. The students had wanted to inform him, but according to the author

3474: 13212: 10525: 10431: 6114: 5675: 5505: 14143: 11299: 9958: 7388: 6922: 5844: 3310: 13297: 12152: 8876: 8695: 6539: 3778: 2593:) that have emerged in the decades following the earlier investigations, declaring the credibility of the theory to be "all but settled." A 2024 article cites 6581: 6137: 5403: 1520:; these helicopters were considered the best suited for the mission because of their long range, large capacity, and compatibility with shipboard operations. 14128: 12486: 11558: 11484: 10995: 10652: 9317: 6741:

Joint report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980 ("October Surprise Task Force")

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was awarded to the servicemen of Joint Task Force 1–79, the planning authority for Operation Rice Bowl/Eagle Claw, who participated in the rescue attempt.

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The duration of the hostages' captivity has also been attributed to internal Iranian revolutionary politics. As Ayatollah Khomeini told Iran's president:

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fund. Due to depletion of the fund, by February 2019, only 17.8% of the legislated amount had been paid to the freed hostages and their direct families.

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an ultimatum to Iran. His initial response was to appeal for the release of the hostages on humanitarian grounds and to share his hopes for a strategic

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A State Department diplomatic cable of November 8, 1979, details "A Tentative, Incomplete List of U.S. Personnel Being Held in the Embassy Compound."

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By embracing the hostage-taking under the slogan "America can't do a thing," Khomeini rallied support and deflected criticism of his controversial

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Four hostages tried to escape, and all of them were punished with stretches of solitary confinement when their escape attempts were discovered.

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Asgharzadeh later said there were five students at the first meeting, two of whom wanted to target the Soviet Embassy because the USSR was "a

12949: 12942: 12863: 10602: 8993: 5233: 4073: 4030: 3228: 2302: 2137: 2128: 2117: 2108: 2097: 2088: 1160:– visited the hostages over the course of the crisis and relayed information back to the U.S. government, including dispatches from Laingen. 921: 4488: 556:

The United States did not participate in the invasion but it secured Iran's independence after the war ended by applying intense diplomatic

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A small number of hostages, not captured at the embassy, were taken in Iran during the same time period. All were released by late 1982.

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On the day the hostages were seized, six American diplomats evaded capture and remained in hiding at the home of the Canadian diplomat

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The hostage-takers, declaring their solidarity with other "oppressed minorities" and declaring their respect for "the special place of

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which was operating in Iran. The UK retaliated by reducing the amount of revenue which the Iranian government received. In 1953, the

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Supporters of the takeover stated that their motivation was fear of another American-backed coup against their popular revolution.

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Revolutionary teams displayed secret documents purportedly taken from the embassy, sometimes painstakingly reconstructed after

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Revolutionary teams displayed secret documents purportedly taken from the embassy, sometimes painstakingly reconstructed after

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The former US embassy, known as the "espionage den," "den of espionage", and "nest of spies" by the Iranians after the crisis.

1425:, went to Florida on Thursday, April 10, 1980, for a long weekend. On Friday Brzezinski held a newly scheduled meeting of the 759:, a student at the time. He consulted with the heads of the Islamic associations of Tehran's main universities, including the 13933: 13588: 13457: 13196: 13133: 13073: 12958: 12630: 12257: 12043: 11534: 11491: 11479: 11097: 10493: 10463: 9790: 9358: 9255: 9163: 8908: 8790: 8747: 8612: 7580: 7575: 7562: 7233: 7169: 7059: 7018: 5630: 4425: 4309: 4280: 3815: 3420: 3370: 3345: 2877: 2848: 2569: 2225: 8700: 6956: 1364:, Switzerland, on January 28, 1980. Their rescue from Iran, known as the Canadian Caper, was fictionalized in the 1981 film 14138: 13566: 13318: 13029: 12531: 12472: 12454: 11709: 10543: 10336: 10145: 9880: 8574: 7487: 7460: 2495:– interpreter and spokeswoman for the student group that occupied the embassy; later a scientist, journalist, first female 1923: 1897: 1855: 1366: 862: 370: 362: 62: 5945: 3949: 3782: 549:. However, the Shah's declaration of neutrality, and his refusal to allow Iranian territory to be used to train or supply 56: 14133: 13964: 13928: 13064: 12833: 12520: 12222: 12070: 11982: 11950: 11919: 11914: 11579: 11546: 11311: 10284: 10118: 9780: 9197: 8947: 8500: 8440: 8030: 7544: 4345:

Sreberny-Mohammadi, Annabelle; Mohammadi, Ali (January 1987). "Post-Revolutionary Iranian Exiles: A Study in Impotence".

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argues that the dramatic change in American–Iranian relations, from allies to enemies, helped embolden the Iraqi leader,

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As Khomeini's followers had hoped, Khomeini supported the takeover. According to Foreign Minister Yazdi, when he went to

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Iran attempted to use the occupation to provide leverage in its demand for the return of the shah to stand trial in Iran

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who also claimed there was coordination with the Reagan campaign, and argues that this tactic could be used to tip the

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The United States and Iran broke off formal diplomatic relations over the hostage crisis. Iran selected Algeria as its

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and made diplomatic compounds inviolable. The Shah left the U.S. in December 1979 and was ultimately granted asylum in

30:

This article is about the siege of the American embassy in Tehran. For the siege of the Iranian embassy in London, see

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The "October Surprise" allegations and the circumstances surrounding the release of the American hostages held in Iran

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A group photograph of the fifty-two hostages in a Wiesbaden hospital where they spent a few days after their release.

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Four British missionaries, including John Coleman; his wife, Audrey Coleman; and Jean Waddell; released in late 1981

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interference in the internal affairs of Iran, including the overthrow of Prime Minister Mosaddegh in 1953, and that

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Clark, Mark Edmond (2016). "An Analysis of the Role of the Iranian Diaspora in the Financial Support System of the

2713:, United States, erected during the crisis in order to honor the American diplomats who were being held hostage in 2565:

held separate inquiries and concluded that credible evidence supporting the allegation was absent or insufficient.

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the hostages to dramatize the offended sovereignty and dignity of Iran to the entire world. In America, an Iranian

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to suppress their opponents: relatively moderate political forces that included the Iranian Freedom Movement, the

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The timing of the release of the hostages gave rise to allegations that representatives of Reagan's presidential

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for three days, receiving a heroes' welcome all along the route. Ten days after their release, they were given a

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Cynthia Dwyer – American reporter, arrested May 5, 1980, charged with espionage and freed on February 10, 1981.

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on January 19, 1981, the hostages were released on January 20, 1981. That day, minutes after Ronald Reagan was

1310:, an anonymous friend told him, "I had to hide my Iranian identity not to get beaten up, even at university." 1034: 685: 9946: 6500: 6433: 393: 13434: 13420: 13304: 13274: 13126: 13036: 12187: 11862: 11783: 11376: 10346: 10274: 9951: 9609: 9218: 9203: 9138: 9128: 9099: 9089: 8627: 6694: 6320: 5276: 4404:

The Secret War with Iran: the 30-Year Clandestine Struggle against the World's Most Dangerous Terrorist Power

3687: 1459:. They encountered severe dust storms that disabled two of the helicopters, which were traveling in complete 534: 170: 1252:

A heckler in Washington, D.C., leans across a police line toward a demonstration of Iranians in August 1980.

634:. The embassy's staff was reduced to just over 60 from a high of nearly one thousand earlier in the decade. 14118: 14018: 13478: 13332: 12935: 12840: 12097: 12080: 11857: 11681: 11604: 11464: 11383: 11338: 11274: 11232: 10607: 10592: 10250: 9978: 9208: 9182: 9168: 9143: 9133: 9084: 9000: 8607: 8117: 7891: 7785: 7570: 7496: 4205: 2946: 2525: 1168: 1024: 700:." Its work, the study said, was "routine, prudent espionage conducted at diplomatic missions everywhere." 669: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 575:. Mosaddegh led a general strike, demanding an increased share of the nation's petroleum revenue from the 427:

failed to win the release of the hostages. Carter ordered the U.S. military to attempt a rescue mission –

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Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980

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targets. Mohammad Samadi, a spokesman for the group, signed up several hundred volunteers in a few days.

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Thirteen hostages were released on November 19–20, 1979, and one hostage was released on July 11, 1980.

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and raised the alarm, and he was taken to a hospital after a long delay which was caused by the guards.

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Guests of the Ayatollah: The Iran Hostage Crisis: The First Battle in America's War with Militant Islam

5317: 5002: 3726:"Stephen Kinzer on US-Iranian Relations, the 1953 CIA Coup in Iran and the Roots of Middle East Terror" 2502: 2411: 1978: 818: 238: 119: 3050: 2609:

Over 80 songs which are about the Iran hostage crisis or contain references to it have been released.

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The Iranian government commemorates the event every year with a demonstration at the embassy and the

1665: 924:, the embassy's press attaché, was among the hostages. The man on the right holding the briefcase is 576: 6292: 5979: 13838: 13168: 13096: 12780: 12750: 12743: 12339: 11808: 11634: 11584: 11107: 10867: 10750: 10745: 10705: 10667: 10426: 10230: 10106: 9723: 9698: 9614: 9519: 9479: 9071: 8617: 8460: 8445: 8346: 8294: 8252: 8240: 8077: 7879: 7480: 6074:"Iran's pro-democracy protesters to Obama: With us or against us? What a difference 30 years makes" 4453: 2750: 1587: 1548: 1537: 495:

who opposed any normalization of relations with the West. The crisis also led to American economic

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Western media described the crisis as an "entanglement" of "vengeance and mutual incomprehension".

8154: 5241: 4081: 4038: 472:. The hostages were formally released into United States custody the day after the signing of the 13728: 13175: 12928: 12812: 12803: 12060: 10364: 10101: 10086: 9713: 9708: 9688: 9579: 9569: 9564: 9544: 9094: 8622: 7939: 7884: 7685: 5398: 3681: 3191:

Nalle, David (2003). "All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror".

2702: 2365: 2218: 1937: 1890: 1544: 1486: 1464: 1052:. After the Shah entered the United States, Ayatollah Khomeini called for street demonstrations. 911: 7630: 4792: 4480: 2589:

outlining the various allegations and circumstantial evidence (including Barnes' allegations in

2511:– then a student; later a member of Parliament and Iranian ambassador to Syria, died during the 1335:

expressed gratitude for Canadian efforts to rescue American diplomats during the hostage crisis.

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and a preference for authoritarian collectivism. Cuba and its socialist ally Venezuela, under

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A protest in Tehran on November 4, 2015, against the United States, Israel, and Saudi Arabia.

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surrendered the embassy to save lives, and with the assistance of Iranian Foreign Minister

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occurred less than a year after the embassy employees were taken hostage. The journalist

1649: 1414: 1028: 929: 756: 743: 728: 597:, allowing the Shah to extend his power. For the next two decades the Shah reigned as an 557: 409: 354: 12773: 13906: 13891: 13807: 13772: 13593: 12639: 12065: 11867: 11371: 11117: 11092: 10927: 10902: 10887: 10862: 10852: 10802: 10772: 10657: 10632: 10210: 10061: 9624: 9599: 9504: 9444: 9419: 9389: 9379: 8978: 8973: 8963: 8953: 8666: 8644: 8164: 8023: 7998: 7968: 7929: 7812: 7655: 7364: 7294: 6840:"It's All but Settled: The Reagan Campaign Delayed the Release of the Iranian Hostages" 6764: 5785: 4441: 4362: 4301: 2531: 2472: 1677: 1645: 1434: 1226: 1136:. The remaining 52 hostages were held until January 1981, up to 444 days of captivity. 1133: 618: 568: 517: 346: 6315: 4610: 1271:, around US$ 8 billion of Iranian assets in the United States were frozen by the 464:

Political analysts cited the standoff as a major factor in the continuing downfall of

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reported a backlash against them develop in the United States. According to activist

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hosts a gallery of photographs taken from inside the U.S. Embassy during the crisis.

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In 2000, the hostages and their families tried unsuccessfully to sue Iran under the

1463:. Early the next morning, the remaining six helicopters met up with several waiting 589: 457:. These events led the Iranian government to enter negotiations with the U.S., with 13856: 13832: 13713: 13571: 13119: 12249: 11145: 11122: 11112: 11085: 11080: 11030: 11025: 10937: 10857: 10740: 10575: 10379: 10351: 10113: 9963: 9931: 9589: 9469: 9434: 9332: 9247: 9242: 8733: 8171: 8134: 8060: 8018: 7914: 7874: 7675: 7670: 7370: 7265: 6982: 6844: 6748: 6744: 6460: 5491: 4735: 4715: 4383:(May 27, 1980). "Khomeini, the Soviets and U.S.: why the Ayatollah fears America". 4354: 2645: 2585: 2539: 2492: 2482: 2462: 2373: 1847: 1767: 1681: 1372: 1352: 1259: 1237: 1185: 1068: 1060: 795: 787: 697: 598: 523: 326: 6983:"O Superman — Laurie Anderson's experimental hit proved to be uncannily prophetic" 3715:. The activities of the Chase Manhattan Bank triggered the whole hostages crisis. 1574:

Vice President George H. W. Bush and other VIPs wait to welcome the hostages home.

1008:, to buttress their claim that the U.S. was trying to destabilize the new regime. 13862: 13826: 13818: 13399: 13226: 12729: 12399: 12333: 12315: 11788: 11428: 11418: 11366: 10837: 10817: 10797: 10787: 10384: 10314: 10260: 10128: 9657: 9594: 9549: 9449: 8455: 8388: 8284: 8245: 8129: 8072: 7944: 7847: 7745: 7665: 7660: 7610: 7336: 6637:"Americans held in Iran waited decades for relief. Now they face a new challenge" 6480: 6440: 6384: 6287: 5602: 3708: 3390: 3055: 2698: 2613: 1610: 1467:

transport aircraft at a landing site and refueling area designated "Desert One".

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The next attempt to seize the American Embassy was planned for September 1979 by

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tried to mitigate anti-American feeling by promoting a new relationship with the

473: 350: 295: 102: 3941: 3779:"Journal of Homeland Security review of Mark Bowden's "Guests of the Ayatollah"" 2554:, repeated and added to them. This alleged plot to influence the outcome of the 2471:– then a student; later an Iranian political activist and politician, member of 1833: 1786: 13868: 13850: 13786: 13745: 11731: 11408: 10952: 10947: 10767: 10240: 9337: 8405: 8383: 8361: 8339: 8334: 7859: 7790: 7720: 7465: 6823: 4646: 4385: 2651: 2580: 2148: 1706: 1702: 1340: 1323: 1294: 1104: 1056: 1005: 942: 891: 689: 594: 513: 385: 250: 115: 11754:

Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978

7317:

October Surprise: America's Hostages in Iran and the Election of Ronald Reagan

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Nassry Was Political Prisoner In Iran Red Cross Traces Path To Lost Relatives

6188: 6149: 5856: 5671: 4763:"American Ambassador Recalls Israeli Assassination Attempt—With U.S. Weapons" 4409: 3430: 2919: 2323:

SSG Joseph Subic, Jr., USA, – military police, Army, defense attaché's office

2239: 2071: 1740: 1460: 1452: 1433:, a military expedition into Tehran to rescue the hostages. Deputy Secretary 1332: 1307: 1196: 1141: 1129: 1121: 998: 978: 732: 724: 714: 572: 477: 338: 290: 283: 278: 263: 188: 7200: 6756: 5622:

Counterterrorism [2 volumes]: From the Cold War to the War on Terror

4733:

Efty, Alex; 'If Shah Not Returned, Khomeini Sets Trial for Other Hostages';

2558:

between Carter and Reagan became known as the 1980 October Surprise theory.

2287:

Robert C. Ode, – retired foreign service officer on temporary duty in Tehran

1802:

game, were showered on the hostages upon their return to the United States.

1547:

near the embassy, were modified under a rushed, top-secret program known as

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Making Things and Drawing Boundaries: Experiments in the Digital Humanities

6604:"Americans in Iran hostage crisis to receive compensation – 36 years later" 6255: 6138:"Seeking Damages From Iran, Ex-Marine Must Battle Bush Administration, Too" 5884:"52 FORMER HOSTAGES START READAPTING IN U.S. AIR FORCE HOSPITAL IN GERMANY" 4577: 4380: 3267: 2710: 2392:

All State Department and CIA employees who were taken hostage received the

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Capt Neal (Terry) Robinson, USAF, – Air Force military intelligence officer

1821: 1775: 1673: 982: 958: 622: 546: 388: 366: 268: 7355: 6786:"A Four-Decade Secret: One Man's Story of Sabotaging Carter's Re-election" 4673: 2893: 2639:

has pointed out, the song was "punningly political" to American listeners.

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pressure on the Soviet Union which forced it to withdraw from Iran in 1946

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The U.S. military later awarded the 20 servicemen among the hostages the

2185:

IS1 Duane L. Gillette, – Navy communications and intelligence specialist

1406: 814: 742:

Anticipating the takeover of the embassy, the Americans tried to destroy

681: 446: 416:, where he died from complications of cancer at age 60 on July 27, 1980. 3179:

All The Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror

3116:"Thirty-five years after Iranian hostage crisis, the aftershocks remain" 2236:

Frederick Lee Kupke, – communications officer and electronics specialist

13690: 12345: 11625:

Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978

10957: 10782: 10730: 10498: 8515: 8423: 8329: 8262: 8035: 6735: 6665: 5284: 4366: 2754: 2617: 2456: 2377: 1904: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1744: 1625: 1578: 1564: 1493: 1482: 1445: 986: 878: 432: 8351: 5728:"The Republican myth of Ronald Reagan and the Iran hostages, debunked" 3496: 2459:– reformist, journalist, self-taught sociologist, and social activist. 2173:

William J. Daugherty, – third secretary of U.S. mission (CIA officer)

1817:

on one side and a statue portraying one of the hostages on the other.

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Takeover in Tehran: The Inside Story of the 1979 U.S. Embassy Capture

6827: 5781:"New Reports Say 1980 Reagan Campaign Tried to Delay Hostage Release" 5289: 2745: 2725:

Case Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran

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William B. Royer, Jr., – assistant director of Iran–American Society

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on November 5, 1979, read "Revolutionary occupation of U.S. embassy".

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Mojahedin of Iran had amongst students in Iran. According to scholar

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on January 27, 1980. The crisis reached a climax in early 1980 after

307: 13516: 13113:

Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988

11749:

Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980

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Capt Paul M. Needham, Jr., USAF, – Air Force logistics staff officer

2212:

Charles A. Jones, Jr. – communications specialist, teletype operator

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had been published. Many of these volumes are now available online.

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and the CIA – were published in a series of books which were titled

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Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites

10071: 8557: 8495: 8267: 8186: 6831: 6219: 3587:"Shah's surgeons unblock bile duct and also remove his gallbladder" 3233: 2576: 2512: 1810:

agreement the United States had made when the hostages were freed.

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embassy. Afterwards, the CIA confirmed its role and that of MI6 in

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Decision Making in U.S. History. The Cold War & the 1950s

2947:"444 Days in the Dark: An Oral History of the Iran Hostage Crisis" 2561:

After twelve years of varying media attention, both houses of the

2028: 2012: 917: 10389: 6907:"How Trump's Dictator Pals Might Get Him Back to the White House" 6532:"Around the World; Former Iranian Hostage To Get Early Discharge" 4578:

Kamali Dehghan, Saeed; Norton-Taylor, Richard (August 19, 2013).

1790:

Simulation of the first day of the event, 3 November 2016, Tehran

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Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act

6434:'Mohi Sobhani, 70; Held Hostage at U.S. Embassy in Iran in 1980' 4295: 4197: 2272:

SSgt Michael E. Moeller, USMC, – head of Marine Corps guard unit

1421:, for a military solution to the crisis. Vance, struggling with 449:

resigned his position following the failure. In September 1980,

419:

Six American diplomats who had evaded capture were rescued by a

14074:

Conflicts involving the People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran

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Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)

7455: 7048:

Alternative Rock: Third Ear – The Essential Listening Companion

4642:"7 Years after Embassy Seizure, Iran Still Prints U.S. Secrets" 4298:

The United States and Iran: Policy Challenges and Opportunities

2714: 2650:

which won the Academy Award for Best Picture, was based on the

2397: 1629: 1328: 846: 374: 302: 201: 88: 13773:

Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih)

7185:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 5754:"Did Iran Delay Hostages Release To Ensure Reagan's Election?" 2894:"The Bagheri Brothers: One in Operations, One in Intelligence" 2296:

MSG Regis Ragan, USA, – Army soldier, defense attaché's office

1730: 1722: 13958: 13441: 10374: 2534:

had conspired with Iran to delay the release until after the

2078: 2052:

MSgt Joseph Vincent, USAF, – Air Force administrative manager

2034:

Sgt James Hughes, USAF, 30 – Air Force administrative manager

1456: 602: 413: 401: 13465:

Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act

13081:

Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program

7081:

The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution

6729: 6574:"Former American hostages in Iran will receive compensation" 6405:"Jerry Plotkin, 62, Who Spent 444 Days as a Hostage in Iran" 5009:. New York. Associated Press. January 21, 1981. p. A3. 4266: 567:

was engaged in a power struggle with Iran's prime minister,

12494: 9844: 4344: 3664: 3415:. Footscray, Vic.: Lonely Planet Publications. p. 37. 2718: 2351:

Mohi Sobhani – Iranian American engineer and member of the

2348:

Jerry Plotkin – American Businessman released January 1981.

2320:

Sgt Rodney V. (Rocky) Sickmann, USMC, – Marine Corps guard

1633: 1422: 1248: 1116:, the 13 hostages were released with the assistance of the 994: 966: 837:

Two American hostages during the siege of the U.S. Embassy.

723:

stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and took a Marine named

553:, were probably the real reasons for the invasion of Iran. 358: 334: 233: 221: 152: 9994:

Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani

6717: 6348:"A First Tour Like No Other — Central Intelligence Agency" 2920:"What Became of Those Who Seized the US Embassy in Tehran" 2499:, and head of Environment Protection Organization of Iran. 2061:

Cpl Wesley Williams, USMC, 24 – Marine Corps embassy guard

2024:

Sgt William Quarles, USMC, 23 – Marine Corps embassy guard

1508:

review group of six senior military officers, led by Adm.

1195:

Another hostage, U.S. Army medic Donald Hohman, went on a

10300:

United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil

5814:"Former secretary of state Warren Christopher dies at 85" 5698:"Iranian Hostages Released – 1981 Year in Review – Audio" 5234:"Man of the Year: The Mystic Who Lit The Fires of Hatred" 2989: 2657:

In 2022, HBO released a 4-part documentary series titled

2299:

Lt Col David M. Roeder, USAF, – deputy Air Force attaché

933: 857: 584: 580: 499:, which further weakened ties between the two countries. 13213:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

10526:

Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections

10432:

December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria

6671: 5287:, later became a stalwart news magazine under the title 4241:, p. 221; "America Can't do a *** Thing" by Amir Taheri 3668:(Interview). Archived from the original on June 10, 2008 2870:

Days of God: The Revolution in Iran and Its Consequences

2326:

Elizabeth Ann Swift, – deputy head of political section

2065: 2021:

Sgt Ladell Maples, USMC, 23 – Marine Corps embassy guard

1709:, and that the United States' anger with Iran led it to 587:

helped Iranian royalists depose Mosaddegh in a military

9959:

Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights

6631: 6629: 2951: 2209:

Michael Howland, – assistant regional security officer

2055:

Sgt David Walker, USMC, 25 – Marine Corps embassy guard

13298:

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985

10643:

Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act

6822: 6177:"Judge Rules Iran Hostages Can't Receive Compensation" 3810:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 77. 2435:

for violating sanctions against Iran, Cuba and Sudan.

2293:

Jerry Plotkin, – civilian businessman visiting Tehran

2146:

The 52 hostages released in January 1981, pictured in

997:

in alliance with the Islamic Republic as a counter to

14084:

History of the foreign relations of the United States

10996:

Academic relations between Iran and the United States

10653:

United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran

5471:. Vol. 56, no. 3. May 12, 1980. p. 87. 5360:"Sittings of the House – Special or Unusual Sittings" 3520: 3518: 2358:

Zia Nassry – Afghan American. Released November 1982.

2164:

William E. Belk, – communications and records officer

2158:

Thomas L. Ahern, Jr. – narcotics control officer

1781: 1759:"became a sacred word, sometimes more important than 1563:

The failed rescue attempt led to the creation of the

13183:

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986

11821:

Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement

11061:

Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America

9989:

Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei

6626: 4511:

Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran

3248:

The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

2689:

2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran

2290:

Sgt Gregory A. Persinger, USMC, – Marine Corps guard

2263:

Sgt John D. McKeel, Jr., USMC, – Marine Corps guard

2224:

William F. Keough, Jr. – superintendent of the

1739:

had supported it. Politicians such as Khoeiniha and

1628:-200 commercial airliner (registration 7T-VEM) from 1225:

Queen, the hostage who was sent home because of his

1098: 14049:

Attacks on diplomatic missions of the United States

13206:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

10206:

Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner

6868:"'Argo' helps Iran's dictatorship, harms democracy" 6378:"Mainer recalls time as hostage in Iran years ago" 3842: 3335: 3311:"Country name calling: the case of Iran vs. Persia" 3088:. Air Force Magazine. April 5, 2016. Archived from 2200:

Sgt Kevin J. Hermening, USMC, – Marine Corps guard

2161:

Clair Cortland Barnes, – communications specialist

1652:in West Germany and on to an Air Force hospital in 1343:, under the protection of the Canadian ambassador, 484:. In Iran, the crisis strengthened the prestige of 14039:20th-century military history of the United States 13377:Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers 13090:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 12447: 11816:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 11630:Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council 7369:is available for free viewing and download at the 6499: 6313: 5973: 5971: 5805: 4446:Guerrilla Prince: the Untold Story of Fidel Castro 4401: 3660:"Weak Understanding is Cause of Bad Iran Policies" 3515: 3268:"A Review Of US Unilateral Sanctions Against Iran" 3210:Pryce-Jones, David (2003). "A Very Elegant Coup". 2465:– former Iranian ambassador to the United Nations. 2251:Sgt Paul Edward Lewis, USMC, – Marine Corps guard 1865:Operation Eagle Claw remnant in the former embassy 1567:, a helicopter aviation Special Operations group. 12208:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights 10711:Iranian Students Association in the United States 7356:The Iran Hostages: Efforts to Obtain Compensation 7259:444 Days to Freedom: What Really Happened in Iran 5431:The Master of Disguise: My Secret Life in the CIA 5394:"CIA Goes Hollywood: A Classic Case of Deception" 3044: 3042: 2550:, and others, including former Iranian president 2443:Notable hostage-takers, guards, and interrogators 2311:Col Thomas E. Schaefer, USAF, – Air Force attaché 2188:Alan B. Golacinski, – chief of embassy security, 2179:Sgt William Gallegos, USMC, – Marine Corps guard 1347:. In late 1979, the government of Prime Minister 721:Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas 676:, the Carter administration decided to grant it. 14010: 13414:Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 13356:Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983 11804:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 10246:Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini 7495: 5490: 2977: 2568:In May 2023, Sick, former Carter administration 2368:(EDS) employees, rescued by team led by retired 2230:Cpl Steven W. Kirtley, USMC – Marine Corps guard 1043:Documents discovered inside the American embassy 13472:Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988 13190:Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 11774:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act 6244: 6242: 5968: 3340:. New York: Random House. pp. 52, 54, 63. 2260:Sgt James M. Lopez, USMC, – Marine Corps guard 2206:COL Leland J. Holland, USA, – military attaché 2029:Hostages who were released on November 20, 1979 2013:Hostages who were released on November 19, 1979 1987: 1451:to a remote road serving as an airstrip in the 1440:Late in the afternoon of April 24, 1980, eight 14144:United States Marine Corps in the 20th century 10457:February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria 10437:Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad 10407:Deportation of Iranian students at US airports 10295:United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq 9984:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush 9896:Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz 9891:Interests Section of Iran in the United States 7264: 7221:The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich 7214: 7141:"[Iran Hostage] Mission Rescue Report" 6946:"The Hugo Keesing Collection on the Gulf Wars" 3039: 2761:United Nations Security Council Resolution 457 2694:Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad 2635:does not actually refer to the crisis, but as 2335:Phillip R. Ward, – CIA communications officer 1317: 1243: 1199:for several weeks, and two hostages attempted 13532: 12864:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983 12480: 11194: 10603:Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act 9827: 7766:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 7481: 6251:"Iranian group seeks British suicide bombers" 5556: 5226: 4674:"Secrecy & Government Bulletin, Issue 70" 4267:Costigan, Sean S.; Gold, David, eds. (2007). 4028: 3878:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 3867: 3807:US foreign policy and the Iran hostage crisis 3797: 3181:. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. 2867: 2008:Kathleen F. Stafford, 28 – consular assistant 1668:. From Newburgh, they traveled by bus to the 1286:At the time, two Trenton, N.J., newspapers – 14129:Political controversies in the United States 13349:Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act 11672:Tax Reduction and Simplification Act of 1977 11559:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 10721:Organization of Iranian American Communities 8690:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 7299:Hostage: a Chronicle of the 444 Days in Iran 7143:. U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Archived from 6316:"444 days in captivity as the world watched" 6239: 6010:Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution 4475: 4473: 4373: 4127: 4125: 4123: 3936: 3639: 3410: 3360: 2485:– member of Parliament (2000–2004), head of 2387: 2233:Kathryn L. Koob, – embassy cultural officer 801:The students observed the procedures of the 11833:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act 11525:Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978 11394:International Emergency Economic Powers Act 11076:United States and state-sponsored terrorism 9942:Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry 6769:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5946:"HOSTAGES' PARADE SET A RECORD, DIDN'T IT?" 5651: 5388: 5256: 4338: 4296:Roshandel, Jalil; Cook, Alethia H. (2009). 4260: 3209: 2317:CDR Donald A. Sharer, USN, – Naval attaché 2245:Steven Lauterbach, – administrative officer 1444:helicopters flew from the aircraft carrier 1379: 907:Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line 777:Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line 571:, an immediate descendant of the preceding 343:Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line 159:Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line 13539: 13525: 13176:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 13155:National Appliance Energy Conservation Act 12899:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 12487: 12473: 11201: 11187: 11071:United States involvement in regime change 11056:Opposition to military action against Iran 10628:Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act 10469:June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria 9834: 9820: 7488: 7474: 7293: 7273:: Inside America's Most Powerful Law Firms 7178: 7139:; Special Operations Review Group (1980). 6723: 6688: 6686: 6677: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5304:Jimmy Carter: the 39th President, 1977–81. 3773: 3771: 3700:Kirkpatrick, David D. (December 29, 2019) 3387:Iran: From Royal Dictatorship to Theocracy 2944: 2802:Visiting Tehran at time of embassy seizure 2735:List of foreign nationals detained in Iran 2684:2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran 2519: 2176:LCDR Robert Engelmann, USN, – Navy attaché 2079:Hostages who were released in January 1981 1644:, where they were formally transferred to 932:, although he, Iran's government, and the 365:(future Chief of the General Staff of the 13451:Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act 13386:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 13370:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 13282:Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation 12950:Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement 12943:Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement 11794:Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978 11687:Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980 11424:Support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War 10422:2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone 10156:International Maritime Security Construct 8214:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 7377: 7179:Weingarten, Reid H. (November 19, 1992). 7039: 6980: 6865: 6816: 6102: 5842: 4470: 4120: 3873: 3718: 2505:– spiritual leader of the hostage-takers. 2314:COL Charles W. Scott, USA, – Army attaché 2275:Bert C. Moore, – administration counselor 2269:Jerry J. Miele, – communications officer 2266:Michael J. Metrinko, – political officer 2194:John E. Graves, – public affairs officer 2005:Joseph D. Stafford, 29 – consular officer 2002:Henry L. Schatz, 31 – agriculture attaché 1964:Learn how and when to remove this message 1531: 773:Iran University of Science and Technology 719:On the morning of February 14, 1979, the 621:, on New Year's Eve 1977, U.S. President 13645:America can't do a damn thing against us 13393:Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983 13162:National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984 12458:) is being considered for deletion. See 12032:Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project 11828:Three Mile Island accident investigation 11530:Department of Education Organization Act 11041:International Conference on Hollywoodism 10267:America can't do a damn thing against us 9886:Ambassadors of the United States to Iran 9876:Ambassadors of Iran to the United States 7412:following hostage taking at US Embassy. 7393:Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) 7045: 6904: 5943: 5912: 5609:, 2 May 2007. Retrieved: 2 October 2010. 4767:Washington Report on Middle East Affairs 4760: 4639: 3843:Engelmayer, Sheldon (February 4, 1981). 3803: 3585:Altman, Lawrence K. (October 25, 1979). 3561:Altman, Lawrence K. (October 24, 1979). 2793:Only unreleased African-American hostage 2556:1980 United States presidential election 2536:1980 United States presidential election 2446: 2421: 2203:SFC Donald R. Hohman, USA, – Army medic 2197:CW3 Joseph M. Hall, USA, – Army attaché 1860: 1832: 1794:Gifts, including lifetime passes to any 1785: 1729: 1721: 1717: 1577: 1569: 1560:in November, the project was abandoned. 1551:. One crashed during a demonstration at 1327: 1247: 1216: 1162: 1033: 916: 867: 832: 737: 659:New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center 636: 612: 541:to abdicate in favor of his eldest son, 476:, just minutes after American President 14089:History of the Islamic Republic of Iran 13599:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 13291:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 13241:Water Resources Development Act of 1988 13234:Water Resources Development Act of 1986 13044:Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 12629: 11737:National Energy Conservation Policy Act 10761:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran 8369:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 7301:. New York: Caroline House Publishing. 7242:Ebtekar, Massoumeh; Reed, Fred (2000). 6993:from the original on September 19, 2019 6866:Bani-Sadr, Abolhassan (March 5, 2013). 6683: 6328:from the original on September 30, 2007 6044:. University of Chicago Press. p. 118. 5881: 5843:Gwertzman, Bernard (January 21, 1981). 5658:Weisman, Steven R. (January 21, 1981). 5657: 5496:"The Lives They Lived; Out of the Loop" 5475: 5003:"Russian roulette played with hostages" 4704:"Documents from the U.S. Espionage Den" 4399: 4393: 4071: 3836: 3768: 3536: 2810: 2808: 2620:" was a response to the crisis, and to 1841: 1492:Helicopter No. 2 experienced a partial 1401: 1283:was left dark except for the top star. 49:consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 14: 14044:Attacks on diplomatic missions in Iran 14011: 13016:Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act 13007:Office of National Drug Control Policy 11742:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act 10756:National Council of Resistance of Iran 9916:Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group 7004: 6705:from the original on November 12, 2020 6692: 6415:from the original on November 10, 2017 6136:Wald, Matthew L. (February 10, 2002). 5977: 5824:from the original on November 16, 2017 5811: 5618: 5424: 5315: 4654:from the original on November 10, 2019 4621:from the original on November 24, 2019 4580:"CIA admits role in 1953 Iranian coup" 3855:from the original on November 25, 2021 3732:from the original on February 15, 2022 3584: 3560: 3503:from the original on November 26, 2020 3075: 3014: 2900:from the original on February 13, 2024 2679:1979 U.S. embassy burning in Islamabad 2675:– First US diplomat murdered in Persia 2538:to thwart Carter from pulling off an " 2248:Gary E. Lee, – administrative officer 2167:Robert O. Blucker, – economics officer 2043:Lloyd Rollins – administrative officer 1999:Cora A. Lijek, 25 – consular assistant 1093:Timeline of the Iranian hostage crisis 353:(future Iranian Minister of Defense), 13546: 13520: 13458:Surface Transportation Assistance Act 13197:The Emergency Food Assistance Program 13074:Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 12959:Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act 12468: 12258:Jimmy Carter National Historical Park 12044:Jimmy Carter National Historical Park 11492:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978 11480:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 11182: 11098:American Institute of Iranian Studies 10685:Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity 10464:Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape 9815: 9297: 9059: 8721: 7525: 7469: 6783: 6695:"The History of the October Surprise" 6647:from the original on February 4, 2021 6614:from the original on February 4, 2021 6584:from the original on February 4, 2021 6512:from the original on January 11, 2022 6084:from the original on November 8, 2009 5990:from the original on October 26, 2022 5956:from the original on November 5, 2019 5925:from the original on November 5, 2019 5894:from the original on November 5, 2019 5778: 5580: 5316:Bahari, Maziar (September 11, 2008). 5013:from the original on October 17, 2015 4761:Killgore, Andrew I. (November 2002). 4729: 4727: 4725: 4440: 4434: 4379: 3477:from the original on October 29, 2009 3471:"1979: Shah of Iran flees into exile" 3411:Burke, Andrew; Elliott, Mark (2008). 3278:from the original on October 10, 2017 3190: 3159:from the original on February 1, 2022 3063:from the original on October 17, 2015 2978:Sahimi, Muhammad (November 3, 2009). 2926:from the original on February 6, 2024 2834: 2814:One of two unreleased female hostages 2784:Later identified as CIA station chief 2604: 2066:Hostage who was released in July 1980 1778:) and other anti-government slogans. 1481:When the helicopters encountered two 1086: 1081:Documents from the U.S. Espionage Den 1065:Documents from the U.S. Espionage Den 537:, forcing the first Pahlavi monarch, 13965: 13639:Iranian Revolution conspiracy theory 13319:Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983 13030:Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 11710:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 11652:Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act 10544:United States sanctions against Iran 10337:2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 10332:United States diplomatic cables leak 9881:Embassy of the United States, Tehran 7330:Recently-published pictures of event 7005:Sayers, Jentery (January 15, 2018). 6314:Michael B. Farrell (June 27, 2006). 6263:from the original on August 30, 2013 6248: 6227:from the original on January 5, 2016 6195:from the original on January 5, 2016 6174: 6156:from the original on January 5, 2016 6135: 5944:Haberman, Clyde (February 6, 1981). 5913:Haberman, Clyde (January 26, 1981). 5863:from the original on August 25, 2020 5678:from the original on August 29, 2019 5596:"C-130 Hercules on Aircraft carrier" 4803:from the original on January 5, 2016 4773:from the original on August 22, 2021 4072:Macleod, Scott (November 15, 1999). 3537:Daniels, Lee A. (October 24, 1979). 3463: 3048: 2805: 2400:months before the embassy takeover. 2364:Paul Chiapparone and Bill Gaylord – 2339: 2332:, – counselor for political affairs 2221:, – economic and commercial officer 1996:Mark J. Lijek, 29 – consular officer 1902:adding citations to reliable sources 1873: 1734:The November 2015 protest in Tehran. 1367:Escape from Iran: The Canadian Caper 1257:daily updates. In January 1980, the 686:provisional revolutionary government 333:) was a diplomatic standoff between 14054:Carter administration controversies 13929:Imam Khomeini International Airport 13065:United States Sentencing Commission 12071:Continuity of Government Commission 11580:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1980 11547:Federal Emergency Management Agency 10285:Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal 6943: 6804:from the original on March 18, 2023 6542:from the original on March 21, 2008 6291:. December 17, 1979. Archived from 6175:Wald, Matthew L. (April 19, 2002). 6103:Carpenter, Les (January 20, 2006). 5793:from the original on April 25, 2016 5370:from the original on April 18, 2016 5328:from the original on March 15, 2016 4590:from the original on April 12, 2020 4513:. Oxford University Press. p. 139. 4029:Scott Macleod (November 15, 1999). 3489: 3437: 3126:from the original on April 16, 2018 2996:from the original on April 10, 2021 2872:. Simon and Schuster. p. 257. 2215:Malcolm K. Kalp, commercial officer 1601:First inauguration of Ronald Reagan 1072: 885:regarding the hostage crisis (1980) 605:. In the subsequent decades of the 507: 330: 77:November 4, 1979 – January 20, 1981 24: 13934:Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order 12137:We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land 11620:Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977 11615:Fair Debt Collection Practices Act 11434:Iran–United States Claims Tribunal 11046:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism 10908:Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran 10124:Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran 9999:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 9906:Iran–United States Claims Tribunal 8056:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 8046:Assassination of James A. Garfield 7208: 6925:from the original on June 25, 2024 6693:Keller, Jared (October 11, 2016). 6666:"October Surprise Task Force" 1993 6402: 6215:"In pictures: Iran hostage crisis" 5882:Vinocur, John (January 22, 1981). 5760:from the original on April 3, 2016 5708:from the original on July 22, 2013 5508:from the original on June 14, 2017 4722: 4640:Sciolino, Elaine (July 10, 1986). 4491:from the original on March 8, 2014 3597:from the original on July 22, 2018 3573:from the original on March 7, 2021 3549:from the original on March 7, 2021 3113: 3107: 2182:Bruce W. German, – budget officer 1993:Robert Anders, – consular officer 1782:Consequences for the United States 1390: 914:in the United States be released. 786:and anti-God regime". Two others, 769:Amirkabir University of Technology 25: 14155: 14079:Diplomatic crises of the Cold War 13794:Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini 13614:Council of the Islamic Revolution 13407:Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 12462:to help reach a consensus. › 11414:Engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini 10736:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 10716:National Iranian American Council 10679:Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran 10638:Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act 10479:August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident 9871:Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C. 8088:Assassination of William McKinley 7323: 7027:from the original on July 5, 2023 6981:Honigmann, David (May 13, 2019). 6886:from the original on May 29, 2024 6117:from the original on May 13, 2011 6012:. Yale University Press. p. 252. 5779:Lewis, Neil A. (April 15, 1991). 5639:from the original on July 5, 2023 5619:Shanty, Frank (August 17, 2012). 5448:from the original on July 5, 2023 5240:. January 7, 1980. Archived from 4684:from the original on May 10, 2017 4608: 4328:. Yale University Press. p. 196. 4168:"The Hostages and The Casualties" 3998:from the original on May 29, 2012 3952:from the original on May 12, 2008 3824:from the original on July 5, 2023 3728:. Democracy Now!. March 3, 2008. 3657: 3051:"The Long Ordeal of the Hostages" 2980:"The Hostage Crisis, 30 Years On" 2405:Defense Meritorious Service Medal 2370:United States Army Special Forces 1854:of the Pakistani Embassy and the 1413:, had argued against the push by 1118:Palestine Liberation Organization 1099:Living conditions of the hostages 1079:bulletin, by 1995, 77 volumes of 1077:Federation of American Scientists 750: 13991: 13974: 13945: 13944: 13680: 13312:Expedited Funds Availability Act 13261:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 13106:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act 12871:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act 12856:We begin bombing in five minutes 12431: 12430: 11784:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 11662:National Aquaculture Act of 1980 11647:Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 11513:Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 11208: 11165: 11164: 10968:Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees 10290:Disappearance of Robert Levinson 10161:Assassination of Qasem Soleimani 10151:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 10146:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 9853: 9843: 9795: 9786: 9785: 9750: 9749: 8307:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 8100:Nadir of American race relations 7979:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 7454: 7072: 6974: 6937: 6898: 6859: 6777: 6596: 6566: 6554: 6524: 6492: 6467: 6449: 6427: 6396: 6370: 6340: 6307: 6275: 6207: 6168: 6129: 6096: 6066: 6054: 6034: 6022: 6002: 5937: 5906: 5875: 5836: 5772: 5746: 5734:from the original on May 1, 2016 5720: 5690: 5612: 5589: 5567: 5544: 5532: 5520: 5460: 5418: 5382: 5352: 5340: 5309: 5296: 5269: 5214: 5202: 5190: 5178: 5166: 5154: 5142: 5133: 5121: 5109: 5097: 5085: 5073: 5061: 5049: 4208:from the original on May 1, 2016 3804:Houghton, David Patrick (2001). 3702:How a Chase Bank Chairman Helped 3451:from the original on May 8, 2021 3015:Kinzer, Stephen (October 2008). 2959:from the original on May 5, 2021 2796: 2787: 2778: 2487:Islamic Iran Participation Front 2394:State Department Award for Valor 2136: 2127: 2116: 2107: 2096: 2087: 2040:Elizabeth Montagne, – secretary 1878: 1768:burning of an American flag 1692: 1672:at West Point and stayed at the 1609:signified by the signing of the 1545:Shahid Shiroudi football stadium 1411:United States Secretary of State 1386:Iran hostage crisis negotiations 1273:Office of Foreign Assets Control 708: 301: 289: 277: 262: 244: 232: 220: 194: 181: 164: 145: 55: 13268:Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 12223:Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize 12049:Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House 12022:Presidential Library and Museum 11455:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 11441:Diplomatic relations with China 11006:Anti-American sentiment in Iran 10494:2023 Northeastern Syria clashes 10474:July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident 10417:June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 10134:February 2019 Warsaw Conference 8009:First transcontinental railroad 7351:List of hostages and casualties 7162:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah 6905:Hartmann, Thom (May 28, 2024). 6784:Baker, Peter (March 18, 2023). 6393:, Bangor, Maine, Nov. 05, 2009. 6249:Tait, Robert (April 19, 2006). 5812:Barnes, Bart (March 19, 2011). 5037: 5025: 4995: 4983: 4971: 4959: 4947: 4935: 4923: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4815: 4785: 4754: 4742: 4696: 4666: 4633: 4602: 4571: 4559: 4547: 4535: 4523: 4503: 4318: 4289: 4248: 4232: 4220: 4190: 4160: 4148: 4136: 4108: 4096: 4065: 4053: 4022: 4010: 3984: 3964: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3756: 3744: 3694: 3651: 3609: 3530: 3404: 3379: 3365:. 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Cooke, – vice consul 2037:Lillian Johnson, 32 – secretary 1889:needs additional citations for 1662:Stewart Air National Guard Base 1429:where the president authorized 1091:For a chronological guide, see 926:alleged by some former hostages 765:Sharif University of Technology 431:– using warships that included 27:Americans taken hostage in Iran 13670:The Satanic Verses controversy 13340:Dairy Export Incentive Program 12114:Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid 11640:Right to Financial Privacy Act 11575:Agricultural Trade Act of 1978 11344:Solar power at the White House 11225:President of the United States 10613:Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act 10412:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 10397:Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani 10057:United States support for Iraq 9901:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs 7359:Congressional Research Service 7121:. Princeton University Press. 5262:"Doing Satan's Work in Iran", 3874:Daugherty, William J. (1996). 3563:"Jaundice in patient reported" 3008: 2971: 2938: 2912: 2886: 2861: 2828: 1670:United States Military Academy 1621:The hostages were flown on an 1107:," released one woman and two 900: 468:and his landslide loss in the 410:diplomats immunity from arrest 13: 1: 13435:Low-Income Housing Tax Credit 13421:Katie Beckett Medicaid waiver 13363:Internal Revenue Code of 1986 13305:Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 13275:Agriculture Mediation Program 13127:Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 13037:Coastal Barrier Resources Act 12311:(2002 television documentary) 12188:Presidential Medal of Freedom 10484:2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident 7135: 6321:The Christian Science Monitor 5562: 5550: 5538: 5526: 5306:New York: Times, 2010. Print. 4793:"Black Hostage Reports Abuse" 2843:. Routledge. pp. 66–67. 2821: 2599:2024 US Presidential election 2570:Chief Domestic Policy Advisor 2475:(1989–1993), and chairman of 2049:Terri Tedford, 24 – secretary 1755:were "negative words," while 771:(Polytechnic of Tehran), and 502: 331:بحران گروگانگیری سفارت آمریکا 14114:Iran–United States relations 13756:Khomeini's 8-article command 13634:Engagement with Jimmy Carter 13479:Video Privacy Protection Act 13333:Conservation Reserve Program 12936:Trade and Tariff Act of 1984 12841:Strategic Defense Initiative 12264:Georgia State Capitol statue 11682:Trade Agreements Act of 1979 11605:Electronic Fund Transfer Act 11535:U.S. Department of Education 11465:1980 Summer Olympics boycott 10608:Iran Freedom and Support Act 10593:Iran and Libya Sanctions Act 10327:Detention of American hikers 10251:1980 October Surprise theory 9850:Iran–United States relations 9177:Hispanic and Latino American 8031:Second Industrial Revolution 7865:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 7571:Exploration of North America 7497:History of the United States 7078: 6028: 4739:, November 20, 1979, pp. 1–2 4565: 4553: 3876:"A First Tour Like No Other" 3845:"Hostage Suit Tells Torture" 3539:"Medical tests in Manhattan" 3445:"Iran's century of upheaval" 3336:Pollack, Kenneth M. (2004). 3298:Iran Between Two Revolutions 3250:. New York: Dutton. p. 298. 3146:"Doing Satan's Work in Iran" 2767:(1979) on the hostage crisis 2627:The 1982 international hit " 2616:'s surprise 1982 UK #2 hit " 2526:1980 October Surprise theory 2355:. Released February 4, 1981. 2226:American School in Islamabad 1988:Diplomats who evaded capture 1837:Iran hostage crisis memorial 1687: 1590:aircraft, upon their return. 1169:Islamic Republican newspaper 1025:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 670:Council on Foreign Relations 453:invaded Iran, beginning the 379:Iran–United States relations 110:Iran–United States relations 7: 14139:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 13619:Islamic Revolutionary Court 13562:1963 demonstrations in Iran 13148:Minerals Management Service 13000:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 12993:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 12496:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 12455:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 12402:(first cousin once removed) 11720:Synthetic Fuels Corporation 10726:United Against Nuclear Iran 10305:Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi 8701:Indictments of Donald Trump 7892:First Industrial Revolution 7726:Declaration of Independence 7716:Second Continental Congress 7246:. Burnaby, BC: Talonbooks. 7116: 7097: 6560: 5501:The New York Times Magazine 5346: 5220: 5208: 5196: 5184: 5172: 5160: 5148: 5127: 5115: 5103: 5091: 5079: 5067: 5055: 5043: 5031: 4989: 4977: 4965: 4953: 4941: 4929: 4917: 4905: 4893: 4881: 4869: 4857: 4845: 4833: 4821: 4748: 4509:Arjomand, Said Amir (1988) 4324:Abrahamian, Ervand (1989), 4154: 4142: 4131: 4114: 4102: 4059: 4016: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3762: 3645: 3524: 2666: 2018:Kathy Gross, 22 – secretary 1869: 1318:Canadian rescue of hostages 1244:Impact in the United States 828: 491:and the political power of 61:Iranian students crowd the 10: 14160: 14134:Presidency of Jimmy Carter 13845:Farideh Mostafavi Khomeini 13141:Medical Waste Tracking Act 13134:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 12618:Presidential proclamations 12244:Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue 12203:Philadelphia Liberty Medal 11868:State of the Union Address 11779:Antarctic Conservation Act 11595:Community Reinvestment Act 11153:Not for the Faint of Heart 11128:Saint Peter Church, Tehran 11103:American School of Isfahan 11066:State Sponsor of Terrorism 10648:Dames & Moore v. Regan 10489:2022 Erbil missile attacks 10181:Operation Martyr Soleimani 10171:Thirteen revenge scenarios 10141:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 9298: 9060: 8722: 8593:Killing of Osama bin Laden 7681:First Continental Congress 7526: 7335:November 18, 2015, at the 4481:"Iran, 1977–1980/Document" 3942:"Among the Hostage-Takers" 3707:December 29, 2019, at the 2523: 2503:Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha 2412:Humanitarian Service Medal 2058:Joan Walsh, 33 – secretary 1598: 1594: 1535: 1394: 1383: 1321: 1090: 863:American spy den in Tehran 819:Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha 712: 703: 511: 470:1980 presidential election 239:Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha 29: 14104:1981 in the United States 14099:1980 in the United States 14094:1979 in the United States 13942: 13884: 13875:Seyyed Ahmad Musavi Hindi 13817: 13764: 13689: 13678: 13554: 13488: 13326:Food Security Act of 1985 13250: 13227:Water Quality Act of 1987 13051:Armed Career Criminal Act 12975: 12719: 12656:Joint session of Congress 12503: 12409: 12326: 12273: 12236: 12171: 12079: 12007: 11928: 11907: 11898: 11845: 11762: 11705:U.S. Department of Energy 11695: 11657:Motor Carrier Act of 1980 11567: 11500: 11377:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 11357: 11254: 11216: 11162: 10991:1998 FIFA World Cup match 10983: 10693: 10598:Iran Nonproliferation Act 10549:Maximum pressure campaign 10534: 10447:2021 Erbil rocket attacks 10196: 10044: 9924: 9863: 9771: 9737: 9681: 9645: 9633: 9372: 9346: 9308: 9304: 9293: 9066: 9055: 8728: 8717: 8583: 8486: 8414: 8315: 8226: 8177:Wall Street Crash of 1929 8108: 7989: 7974:Emancipation Proclamation 7905: 7828: 7776: 7743:Articles of Confederation 7696: 7581:Native American epidemics 7561: 7536: 7532: 7521: 7503: 7319:. New York: Random House. 7159: 7102:. New York: Grove Press. 6872:Christian Science Monitor 6479:December 8, 2015, at the 6060: 5730:. Vox. January 25, 2016. 5601:December 3, 2008, at the 4541: 4529: 4359:10.1080/01436598708419964 4254: 4238: 4226: 3750: 3686:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3473:. BBC. January 16, 1979. 3447:. BBC. February 2, 2000. 2643:The 2012 Hollywood movie 2388:Hostages who were honored 2190:regional security officer 1852:Iranian Interests Section 1427:National Security Council 1419:National Security Advisor 775:. They named their group 577:Anglo-Iranian Oil Company 535:invaded and occupied Iran 421:joint CIA–Canadian effort 210: 137: 126:Sanctions imposed on Iran 69: 54: 46: 41: 13839:Zahra Mostafavi Khomeini 13169:Nuclear Waste Policy Act 13097:Toxics Release Inventory 12460:templates for discussion 11809:National Priorities List 11635:National security letter 11585:Airline Deregulation Act 11518:Senior Executive Service 11384:Torrijos–Carter Treaties 11108:Community School, Tehran 10868:Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil 10751:National Council of Iran 10746:Kingdom Assembly of Iran 10668:Bank Markazi v. Peterson 10427:2019 K-1 Air Base attack 10342:Strait of Hormuz dispute 10275:Beirut barracks bombings 10231:Operation Credible Sport 10107:Operation Praying Mantis 9947:1953 Iranian coup d'état 9663:Northern Mariana Islands 8236:Strike wave of 1945–1946 7389:Iran Hostage Crisis page 7013:. U of Minnesota Press. 6759:. H. Rept. No. 102-1102. 6383:August 23, 2015, at the 6283:"The Hostages in Danger" 6040:Brumberg, Daniel (2001) 5978:Kinzer, Stephen (2008). 5586:Thigpen, (2001), p. 241. 5467:"The Talk of the Town". 4956:, pp. 307, 344, 405, 540 4615:Encyclopaedia Britannica 4454:Andrews McMeel Universal 3385:Amjad, Mohammed (1989). 3361:O'Reilly, Kevin (2007). 3177:Kinzer, Stephen (2003). 2839:". In David Gold (ed.). 2771: 2583:published an article in 1588:Boeing C-137 Stratoliner 1549:Operation Credible Sport 1538:Operation Credible Sport 1380:Negotiations for release 1073:اسناد لانه جاسوسی امریكا 361:Commander-In-Chief) and 14124:Political controversies 13902:Death and state funeral 13495:← Carter administration 12929:American Homecoming Act 12813:Constructive engagement 12576:Administration scandals 12121:reaction and commentary 12061:Nairobi Agreement, 1999 11853:Moral Equivalent of War 11789:Clean Water Act of 1977 10618:Kyl–Lieberman Amendment 10365:Nuclear program of Iran 10102:Operation Nimble Archer 10087:Operation Eager Glacier 9198:Middle Eastern American 9015:Technology and industry 7885:Seneca Falls Convention 7686:Continental Association 7586:Settlement of Jamestown 7079:Bakhash, Shaul (1984). 7046:Thompson, Dave (2000). 6749:2027/mdp.39015060776773 5399:Studies in Intelligence 4400:Bergman, Ronan (2008). 3974:, Norton. p. 335. 3246:Mackey, Sandra (1996). 2520:October Surprise theory 2366:Electronic Data Systems 2219:Moorhead C. Kennedy Jr. 1605:With the completion of 1582:The hostages disembark 1487:terrain-following radar 1465:Lockheed C-130 Hercules 1281:National Christmas Tree 1112:Ambassador to Lebanon, 1075:). According to a 1997 1013:theocratic constitution 961:, writing in 1980, the 928:to be future President 461:acting as a mediator. 425:diplomatic negotiations 108:Severance (and end) of 14109:Hostage taking in Iran 13653:Supreme Leader of Iran 13428:Tax Reform Act of 1986 12648:"Tear down this wall!" 12129:Beyond the White House 11978:running mate selection 11946:running mate selection 11863:A Crisis of Confidence 11133:Tehran American School 11016:CIA activities in Iran 10694:Groups and individuals 10673:Certain Iranian Assets 10663:United States v. Banki 10402:Arrest of Meng Wanzhou 10186:2020 Camp Taji attacks 10097:Operation Prime Chance 10092:Operation Earnest Will 9952:Abadan Crisis Timeline 9318:Admission to the Union 8684:Afghanistan withdrawal 8679:January 6 insurrection 8598:Rise in mass shootings 8570:Virginia Tech shooting 8123:Paris Peace Conference 7897:Second Great Awakening 7636:American Enlightenment 7378:Declassified documents 7261:. DVD UPC 033909253390 7203:. S. Rpt. No. 102-125. 7164:. Thomas Dunne Books. 7117:Farber, David (1979). 6953:University of Maryland 6439:April 7, 2023, at the 4172:JimmyCarterLibrary.org 3970:Molavi, Afshin (2005) 2868:Buchan, James (2013). 2740:List of hostage crises 2730:Lebanon hostage crisis 2701:, park in the city of 2563:United States Congress 2497:Vice President of Iran 2477:City Council of Tehran 2452: 2376:, funded by EDS owner 2257:, – political officer 1866: 1858:of the Swiss Embassy. 1856:U.S. Interests Section 1838: 1791: 1735: 1727: 1699:Iraqi invasion of Iran 1591: 1575: 1532:Planned second attempt 1472:Charles Alvin Beckwith 1455:of Eastern Iran, near 1336: 1253: 1222: 1172: 1039: 1027:, and later President 954: 937: 886: 838: 803:Marine Security Guards 747: 642: 497:sanctions against Iran 211:Commanders and leaders 63:U.S. Embassy in Tehran 13504:Bush administration → 13058:Sentencing Reform Act 12966:Exon–Florio Amendment 12892:Executive Order 12333 12878:Goldwater–Nichols Act 12553:Judicial appointments 12539:Assassination attempt 12376:Ruth Carter Stapleton 12358:James Earl Carter Sr. 12106:Our Endangered Values 11610:Executive Order 12086 11554:Executive Order 12172 11542:Executive Order 12148 11470:Executive Order 12036 11399:Executive Order 12170 11322:Judicial appointments 11244:Georgia State Senator 11051:Iranian frozen assets 10873:Shahrzad Mirgholikhan 10588:Executive Order 13876 10583:Executive Order 13780 10566:Executive Order 13769 10561:Executive Order 12172 10556:Executive Order 12170 10521:Tower 22 drone attack 10280:Khobar Towers bombing 10226:Guadeloupe Conference 9310:Territorial evolution 8674:George Floyd Protests 8657:Unite the Right rally 8526:Oklahoma City bombing 8521:Republican Revolution 8468:Space Shuttle program 8290:Civil Rights Movement 8258:North Atlantic Treaty 8066:Sherman Antitrust Act 8051:Chinese Exclusion Act 7641:French and Indian War 7631:Prelude to Revolution 7616:First Great Awakening 7576:European colonization 7463:at Wikimedia Commons 7366:Hostage Report (1981) 7297:, Sheldon D. (1981). 7098:Bowden, Mark (2006). 6643:. February 23, 2019. 6610:. December 24, 2015. 6580:. December 25, 2015. 6008:Keddie, Nikki (2003) 5494:(December 29, 2002). 4932:, pp. 65, 144, 507–11 4347:Third World Quarterly 4326:The Iranian Mojahedin 3237:. January 21, 2001. . 2673:Robert Whitney Imbrie 2509:Hossein Sheikholeslam 2450: 2422:Compensation payments 1913:"Iran hostage crisis" 1864: 1836: 1800:Major League Baseball 1789: 1772:Iran's Supreme Leader 1733: 1725: 1718:Consequences for Iran 1646:Warren M. Christopher 1581: 1573: 1558:presidential election 1510:James L. Holloway III 1502:Joint Chiefs of Staff 1395:Further information: 1331: 1269:Executive Order 12170 1251: 1220: 1166: 1037: 950: 920: 876: 836: 741: 713:Further information: 647:Carter administration 640: 613:Carter administration 603:Iranian secret police 565:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 543:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 512:Further information: 398:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 396:of the Shah of Iran, 394:long-standing support 101:Hostages released by 32:Iranian Embassy siege 13923:Homafaran Allegiance 13801:Islam and Revolution 13577:1978 Tabriz protests 12986:AIDS crisis response 12760:Soviet Union summits 12364:Lillian Gordy Carter 12198:Silver Buffalo Award 12027:Habitat for Humanity 11404:Operation Eagle Claw 10973:Abdul Majid Muhammed 10706:Iran–America Society 10452:2021 Natanz incident 10442:2020 Iran explosions 10236:Operation Eagle Claw 10198:Incidents after 1979 10009:Joint Plan of Action 9937:Persian Gulf Command 9224:Palestinian American 8651:Obergefell v. Hodges 8543:September 11 attacks 8379:Second-wave feminism 8300:Cuban Missile Crisis 8160:Bath School disaster 8078:Spanish–American War 8041:The Gospel of Wealth 7920:California Gold Rush 7880:Mexican–American War 7870:Nullification crisis 7838:Era of Good Feelings 7738:Confederation period 7646:Proclamation of 1763 7596:Atlantic slave trade 7277:Simon & Schuster 7257:Harris, Les (1997). 7160:Moin, Baqer (2000). 7052:Miller Freeman Books 6501:"Canon John Coleman" 6295:on November 17, 2007 6080:. November 4, 2009. 6042:Reinventing Khomeini 5980:"Inside Iran's Fury" 5406:on February 19, 2013 5392:(Winter 1999–2000). 5281:America Held Hostage 4799:. January 27, 1981. 4611:"Iranian Revolution" 4273:Taylor & Francis 3785:on November 24, 2010 3497:"January 16 Almanac" 3317:on February 13, 2008 3155:. November 6, 1979. 3095:on November 27, 2012 3083:"Air Force Magazine" 3021:Smithsonian Magazine 3017:"Inside Iran's Fury" 2622:Operation Eagle Claw 2595:Abolhassan Bani-Sadr 2255:John W. Limbert, Jr. 2242:,– chargé d'affaires 1898:improve this article 1842:Diplomatic relations 1553:Eglin Air Force Base 1518:CH-53D Sea Stallions 1514:operational security 1431:Operation Eagle Claw 1402:First rescue attempt 1397:Operation Eagle Claw 1192:cell for two weeks. 1188:with their victims. 1001:American influence. 912:Iran's frozen assets 808:Revolutionary Guards 761:University of Tehran 744:classified documents 727:hostage. Ambassador 429:Operation Eagle Claw 359:Revolutionary Guards 345:, who supported the 14119:Kidnappings in Iran 14019:Iran hostage crisis 13961:Iran hostage crisis 13751:Letter to Gorbachev 13604:Cultural Revolution 13582:Neauphle-le-Château 13220:1982 VRA Amendments 12848:International trips 12820:Invasion of Grenada 12590:Impeachment efforts 12532:Second inauguration 12525:Release of hostages 12370:Gloria Carter Spann 12193:Freedom of the City 11858:Island of Stability 11727:National Energy Act 11715:Energy Security Act 11677:Revenue Act of 1978 11460:International trips 11447:Goldwater v. Carter 11389:Iran hostage crisis 11312:Political positions 11236:Governor of Georgia 11021:Copyright relations 10360:2016 Naval incident 10216:Iran hostage crisis 10067:Iran Air Flight 655 9979:Island of Stability 9911:Iranian Directorate 9673:U.S. Virgin Islands 9159:Lithuanian American 9115:Vietnamese American 8461:End of the Cold War 8451:Invasion of Grenada 8401:Iran hostage crisis 8150:Tulsa race massacre 7957:Election of Lincoln 7952:Dred Scott decision 7940:Kansas–Nebraska Act 7843:Missouri Compromise 7761:Northwest Ordinance 7751:Pennsylvania Mutiny 7746:and Perpetual Union 7706:American Revolution 7621:War of Jenkins' Ear 7461:Iran hostage crisis 7315:Sick, Gary (1991). 7137:Holloway, J. L. III 6739:(January 3, 1993). 6641:The Washington Post 6508:. August 29, 2003. 6403:Ap (June 8, 1996). 6110:The Washington Post 5302:Zelizer, Julian E. 5279:late-night program 5266:, November 6, 1979. 5244:on October 23, 2007 4824:, pp. 151, 219, 372 4442:Geyer, Georgie Anne 4178:on November 8, 2004 3274:. August 26, 2002. 2837:Mujaheddin-e-Khalid 2633:A Flock of Seagulls 2629:I Ran (So Far Away) 2573:Stuart E. Eizenstat 2552:Abolhassan Banisadr 2469:Ebrahim Asgharzadeh 1650:Rhein-Main Air Base 1415:Zbigniew Brzezinski 1351:secretly issued an 1029:Abolhassan Banisadr 993:, would later form 930:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 757:Ebrahim Asgharzadeh 729:William H. Sullivan 466:Carter's presidency 355:Mohammad Ali Jafari 323:Iran hostage crisis 42:Iran hostage crisis 18:Iran Hostage Crisis 13907:Alef-Laam Khomeini 13892:Jamaran Hussainiya 13808:The Greatest Jihad 13709:Shiite clericalism 13624:Interim Government 13594:Iranian Revolution 12827:Iran–Contra affair 12521:First inauguration 12319:(2007 documentary) 12090:Everything to Gain 12066:One America Appeal 11372:Camp David Accords 11118:Iran Bethel School 11093:Alborz High School 10928:Abdolreza Shahlaei 10903:Sahar Nowrouzzadeh 10888:Mohammad Mosaddegh 10863:Amir Mirza Hekmati 10853:Mahmoud Reza Banki 10803:Erwin David Rabhan 10773:Howard Baskerville 10658:Oil Platforms case 10633:Public Law 113-100 10310:2008 Naval dispute 10211:Iranian Revolution 10077:Iran–Contra affair 10062:Bridgeton incident 9323:Historical regions 9279:Transgender people 8837:Capital punishment 8696:Support of Ukraine 8645:Black Lives Matter 8553:War in Afghanistan 8478:Invasion of Panama 8434:Iran–Contra affair 8295:Early–mid Cold War 8165:Harlem Renaissance 8024:Compromise of 1877 7999:Reconstruction era 7935:Fugitive Slave Act 7930:Compromise of 1850 7875:Westward expansion 7813:Louisiana Purchase 7656:Stamp Act Congress 7601:King William's War 7226:St. Martin's Press 6790:The New York Times 6699:smithsonianmag.com 6536:The New York Times 6474:Cynthia Dwyer home 6409:The New York Times 6181:The New York Times 6142:The New York Times 5950:The New York Times 5919:The New York Times 5888:The New York Times 5849:The New York Times 5786:The New York Times 5664:The New York Times 5426:Mendez, Antonio J. 5390:Mendez, Antonio J. 4797:The New York Times 4302:Palgrave Macmillan 3627:on October 4, 2011 3591:The New York Times 3567:The New York Times 3543:The New York Times 3338:The Persian Puzzle 3193:Middle East Policy 3153:The New York Times 2605:In popular culture 2591:The New York Times 2548:The New York Times 2453: 2305:, – press attaché 2281:, – consul general 2074:, 28 – vice consul 1867: 1839: 1792: 1736: 1728: 1684:in New York City. 1678:ticker tape parade 1666:Newburgh, New York 1592: 1576: 1506:Special Operations 1435:Warren Christopher 1370:and the 2012 film 1337: 1254: 1227:multiple sclerosis 1223: 1173: 1134:multiple sclerosis 1087:The 444-day crisis 1040: 1023:, Grand Ayatollah 938: 887: 839: 748: 688:of Prime Minister 663:Secretary of State 643: 619:Iranian Revolution 617:Months before the 569:Mohammad Mosaddegh 532:Soviet governments 518:Iranian Revolution 347:Iranian Revolution 171:People's Mujahedin 65:(November 4, 1979) 14069:Conflicts in 1981 14064:Conflicts in 1980 14059:Conflicts in 1979 13956: 13955: 13780:Tahrir al-Wasilah 13741:Islamic democracy 13548:Ruhollah Khomeini 13514: 13513: 12885:Montreal Protocol 12715: 12714: 12706:1988 SOTU Address 12699:1987 SOTU Address 12692:1986 SOTU Address 12685:1985 SOTU Address 12678:1984 SOTU Address 12671:1983 SOTU Address 12664:1982 SOTU Address 12604:Executive actions 12445: 12444: 12218:Christopher Award 12183:Nobel Peace Prize 12145:White House Diary 12098:The Hornet's Nest 12003: 12002: 11841: 11840: 11667:Staggers Rail Act 11349:Reagan transition 11334:Executive Actions 11176: 11175: 10878:Mohammad Hosseini 10778:William J. Fallon 10701:Iran Action Group 10516:2024 Erbil attack 10322:Project Cassandra 10082:Operation Staunch 9969:Project Dark Gene 9809: 9808: 9767: 9766: 9763: 9762: 9328:American frontier 9289: 9288: 9219:Lebanese American 9204:Egyptian American 9139:Estonian American 9129:Albanian American 9123:European American 9100:Japanese American 9090:Filipino American 9051: 9050: 8713: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8662:COVID-19 pandemic 8565:Hurricane Katrina 8506:Los Angeles riots 8396:Watergate scandal 8241:Start of Cold War 8209:Manhattan Project 7796:Whiskey Rebellion 7626:King George's War 7591:Thirteen Colonies 7552:Pre-Columbian Era 7459:Media related to 7235:978-0-312-57074-3 7171:978-1-85043-128-2 7061:978-0-87930-607-6 7050:. San Francisco: 7020:978-1-4529-5596-4 6962:on August 9, 2019 6486:Bangor Daily News 6445:Los Angeles Times 6390:Bangor Daily News 6358:on August 3, 2019 6078:Los Angeles Times 5632:978-1-59884-545-7 5434:. HarperCollins. 5130:, pp. 344, 507–11 4968:, pp. 149, 351–52 4908:, pp. 257, p. 585 4427:978-1-4165-7700-3 4311:978-0-230-61811-4 4282:978-0-7546-4995-3 4275:. p. 66-67. 4084:on March 13, 2007 4074:"Radicals Reborn" 4041:on March 13, 2007 4031:"Radicals Reborn" 3940:(December 2004). 3882:on August 3, 2019 3817:978-0-521-80509-4 3422:978-1-74104-293-1 3372:978-1-56004-293-8 3347:978-1-4000-6315-4 3114:Kinzer, Stephen. 3027:on April 19, 2013 2922:. March 9, 2024. 2879:978-1-4165-9777-3 2850:978-1-317-04590-8 2579:, and journalist 2515:outbreak in 2020. 2340:Civilian hostages 2330:Victor L. Tomseth 2279:Richard Morefield 1974: 1973: 1966: 1948: 1815:Statue of Liberty 1807:Antiterrorism Act 1500:In May 1980, the 1453:Great Salt Desert 1304:Iranian Americans 1289:The Trenton Times 1178:chargé d'affaires 1167:A headline in an 1146:Victor L. Tomseth 1114:John Gunther Dean 1109:African Americans 874: 792:Habibolah Bitaraf 674:David Rockefeller 632:bulletproof glass 539:Reza Shah Pahlavi 489:Ruhollah Khomeini 482:sworn into office 406:Vienna Convention 402:his secret police 369:), took over the 319: 318: 227:Ruhollah Khomeini 133: 132: 16:(Redirected from 14151: 14004: 13996: 13995: 13994: 13987: 13979: 13978: 13977: 13967: 13948: 13947: 13857:Hussein Khomeini 13833:Mostafa Khomeini 13734:compulsory hijab 13714:Death to America 13684: 13572:1978 Qom protest 13541: 13534: 13527: 13518: 13517: 13507: 13498: 13481: 13474: 13467: 13460: 13453: 13444: 13437: 13430: 13423: 13416: 13409: 13402: 13395: 13388: 13379: 13372: 13365: 13358: 13351: 13342: 13335: 13328: 13321: 13314: 13307: 13300: 13293: 13284: 13277: 13270: 13263: 13243: 13236: 13229: 13222: 13215: 13208: 13199: 13192: 13185: 13178: 13171: 13164: 13157: 13150: 13143: 13136: 13129: 13122: 13120:Grace Commission 13115: 13108: 13099: 13092: 13083: 13076: 13067: 13060: 13053: 13046: 13039: 13032: 13025: 13018: 13009: 13002: 12995: 12988: 12968: 12961: 12952: 12945: 12938: 12931: 12922: 12915: 12908: 12901: 12894: 12887: 12880: 12873: 12866: 12859: 12850: 12843: 12836: 12829: 12822: 12815: 12806: 12804:Governors Island 12799: 12790: 12783: 12776: 12769: 12762: 12753: 12746: 12739: 12732: 12708: 12701: 12694: 12687: 12680: 12673: 12666: 12659: 12651: 12643: 12627: 12626: 12620: 12613: 12611:Executive orders 12606: 12599: 12592: 12585: 12578: 12569: 12562: 12555: 12548: 12541: 12534: 12527: 12516: 12489: 12482: 12475: 12466: 12465: 12434: 12433: 12153:A Call to Action 11905: 11904: 11355: 11354: 11247: 11239: 11228: 11203: 11196: 11189: 11180: 11179: 11168: 11167: 11123:Iranzamin School 11113:Damavand College 11086:Alavi Foundation 11081:650 Fifth Avenue 11031:Dual containment 11026:Death to America 10938:Masoud Soleimani 10858:Haleh Esfandiari 10823:Michael R. White 10576:Trump travel ban 10380:Operation Merlin 10119:Yemeni Civil War 10114:Syrian civil war 9964:Exercise Delawar 9932:Persian Corridor 9864:Diplomatic posts 9858: 9857: 9848: 9847: 9836: 9829: 9822: 9813: 9812: 9799: 9789: 9788: 9753: 9752: 9682:Outlying islands 9639:Washington, D.C. 9634:Federal District 9333:Manifest destiny 9306: 9305: 9295: 9294: 9237:Native Americans 9209:Iranian American 9183:Mexican American 9169:Serbian American 9154:Italian American 9144:Finnish American 9134:English American 9085:Chinese American 9072:African American 9057: 9056: 8862:Direct democracy 8852:The Constitution 8811:Higher education 8734:American Century 8719: 8718: 8172:Great Depression 8145:Women's suffrage 8135:Roaring Twenties 8061:Haymarket affair 8019:Enforcement Acts 7808:Jeffersonian era 7756:Shays' Rebellion 7676:Intolerable Acts 7671:Boston Tea Party 7606:Queen Anne's War 7534: 7533: 7523: 7522: 7490: 7483: 7476: 7467: 7466: 7458: 7371:Internet Archive 7312: 7290: 7239: 7204: 7175: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7132: 7113: 7094: 7066: 7065: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6961: 6955:. 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May 29, 1997. 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4448:(3rd ed.). 4438: 4432: 4431: 4408:(1st ed.). 4407: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4342: 4336: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4245:November 2, 2004 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4202:Aad.archives.gov 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4174:. Archived from 4164: 4158: 4157:, pp. 50, 132–34 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4129: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4080:. Archived from 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4037:. Archived from 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3988: 3982: 3972:The Soul of Iran 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3849:The Deseret News 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3781:. 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Bruce Laingen 2140: 2131: 2120: 2111: 2100: 2091: 1969: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1949: 1947: 1906: 1882: 1874: 1848:protecting power 1682:Canyon of Heroes 1658:Shannon, Ireland 1494:hydraulic system 1353:Order in Council 1275:on November 14. 1260:CBS Evening News 1238:death to America 1186:Russian roulette 1074: 1061:State Department 875: 796:Masoumeh Ebtekar 788:Mohsen Mirdamadi 599:absolute monarch 524:Second World War 508:1953 coup d'état 408:, which granted 363:Mohammad Bagheri 332: 306: 305: 294: 293: 282: 281: 267: 266: 249: 248: 247: 237: 236: 225: 224: 200: 198: 197: 187: 185: 184: 169: 168: 167: 151: 149: 148: 71: 70: 59: 39: 38: 21: 14159: 14158: 14154: 14153: 14152: 14150: 14149: 14148: 14009: 14008: 14007: 13997: 13992: 13990: 13980: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13966:sister projects 13963:at Knowledge's 13957: 13952: 13938: 13880: 13871:(granddaughter) 13863:Hassan Khomeini 13827:Khadijeh Saqafi 13813: 13760: 13729:Sex segregation 13685: 13676: 13663:Israeli support 13629:1979 Referendum 13609:Supreme Council 13550: 13545: 13515: 13510: 13501: 13492: 13484: 13477: 13470: 13463: 13456: 13449: 13440: 13433: 13426: 13419: 13412: 13405: 13400:Reagan tax cuts 13398: 13391: 13384: 13375: 13368: 13361: 13354: 13347: 13338: 13331: 13324: 13317: 13310: 13303: 13296: 13289: 13280: 13273: 13266: 13259: 13252:Economic policy 13246: 13239: 13232: 13225: 13218: 13211: 13204: 13195: 13188: 13181: 13174: 13167: 13160: 13153: 13146: 13139: 13132: 13125: 13118: 13111: 13104: 13095: 13088: 13079: 13072: 13063: 13056: 13049: 13042: 13035: 13028: 13023:Cannabis policy 13021: 13014: 13005: 12998: 12991: 12984: 12977:Domestic policy 12971: 12964: 12957: 12948: 12941: 12934: 12927: 12918: 12911: 12904: 12897: 12890: 12883: 12876: 12869: 12862: 12853: 12846: 12839: 12832: 12825: 12818: 12811: 12802: 12795: 12786: 12779: 12772: 12765: 12758: 12749: 12742: 12735: 12730:Reagan Doctrine 12728: 12711: 12704: 12697: 12690: 12683: 12676: 12669: 12662: 12654: 12646: 12638: 12625: 12616: 12609: 12602: 12597:Opinion polling 12595: 12588: 12583:Bush transition 12581: 12574: 12565: 12558: 12551: 12544: 12537: 12530: 12519: 12512: 12499: 12493: 12463: 12446: 12441: 12422:Ronald Reagan → 12405: 12400:Hugh Carter Jr. 12334:Rosalynn Carter 12322: 12316:Man from Plains 12269: 12232: 12174: 12167: 12075: 12009:Post-presidency 11999: 11924: 11894: 11837: 11765: 11758: 11691: 11568:Economic policy 11563: 11508:Cannabis policy 11501:Domestic policy 11496: 11429:Algiers Accords 11419:1979 oil crisis 11367:Carter Doctrine 11353: 11339:Rabbit incident 11258: 11250: 11242: 11231: 11220: 11212: 11207: 11177: 11172: 11158: 10979: 10838:Saeid Aboutaleb 10818:Craig Wadsworth 10798:Stephen D. Mull 10788:Joseph Macmanus 10689: 10530: 10385:Charming Kitten 10347:RQ-170 incident 10315:Filipino Monkey 10261:Algiers Accords 10192: 10129:Abraham Accords 10040: 10034:U.S. withdrawal 9920: 9859: 9852: 9842: 9840: 9810: 9805: 9759: 9733: 9677: 9641: 9629: 9368: 9342: 9300: 9285: 9191:Jewish American 9164:Polish American 9105:Korean American 9095:Indian American 9062: 9047: 8902:Merchant Marine 8872:Law enforcement 8724: 8705: 8579: 8575:Great Recession 8482: 8456:Reagan Doctrine 8410: 8389:Stonewall riots 8311: 8285:Project Mercury 8246:Truman Doctrine 8222: 8130:First Red Scare 8104: 8073:Progressive Era 7985: 7945:Bleeding Kansas 7901: 7848:Monroe Doctrine 7824: 7772: 7731:Treaty of Paris 7692: 7666:Boston Massacre 7661:Sons of Liberty 7557: 7528: 7517: 7499: 7494: 7452: 7380: 7363:The short film 7345:The Memory Hole 7337:Wayback Machine 7326: 7309: 7287: 7236: 7211: 7209:Further reading 7193: 7172: 7150: 7148: 7129: 7110: 7091: 7083:. Basic Books. 7075: 7070: 7069: 7062: 7054:. p. 142. 7044: 7040: 7030: 7028: 7021: 6996: 6994: 6987:Financial Times 6979: 6975: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6948: 6944:Keesing, Hugo. 6942: 6938: 6928: 6926: 6903: 6899: 6889: 6887: 6864: 6860: 6850: 6848: 6838:(May 3, 2023). 6824:Alter, Jonathan 6821: 6817: 6807: 6805: 6782: 6778: 6762: 6761: 6734: 6730: 6724:Weingarten 1992 6722: 6718: 6708: 6706: 6691: 6684: 6678:Weingarten 1992 6676: 6672: 6664: 6660: 6650: 6648: 6635: 6634: 6627: 6617: 6615: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6587: 6585: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6559: 6555: 6545: 6543: 6530: 6529: 6525: 6515: 6513: 6498: 6497: 6493: 6481:Wayback Machine 6472: 6468: 6464:, March 2, 1993 6454: 6450: 6441:Wayback Machine 6432: 6428: 6418: 6416: 6401: 6397: 6385:Wayback Machine 6375: 6371: 6361: 6359: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6312: 6308: 6298: 6296: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6266: 6264: 6247: 6240: 6230: 6228: 6213: 6212: 6208: 6198: 6196: 6173: 6169: 6159: 6157: 6134: 6130: 6120: 6118: 6101: 6097: 6087: 6085: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6039: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5976: 5969: 5959: 5957: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5911: 5907: 5897: 5895: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5864: 5841: 5837: 5827: 5825: 5818:Washington Post 5810: 5806: 5796: 5794: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5679: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5640: 5633: 5617: 5613: 5603:Wayback Machine 5594: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5537: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5511: 5509: 5489: 5476: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5451: 5449: 5442: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5407: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5331: 5329: 5314: 5310: 5301: 5297: 5274: 5270: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5245: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4732: 4723: 4709: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4576: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4540: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4479: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4456:. p. 348. 4439: 4435: 4428: 4398: 4394: 4378: 4374: 4343: 4339: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4237: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4027: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3818: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3777: 3776: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3709:Wayback Machine 3699: 3695: 3679: 3678: 3671: 3669: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3583: 3576: 3574: 3559: 3552: 3550: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3423: 3409: 3405: 3391:Greenwood Press 3384: 3380: 3373: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3334: 3330: 3320: 3318: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3295: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3245: 3241: 3227: 3223: 3212:National Review 3208: 3204: 3189: 3185: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3047: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2866: 2862: 2851: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2818: 2813: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2699:Avenue of Flags 2669: 2614:Laurie Anderson 2607: 2601:towards Trump. 2528: 2522: 2445: 2429:Algiers Accords 2424: 2390: 2342: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2133: 2132: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2113: 2112: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2093: 2092: 2081: 2068: 2031: 2015: 1990: 1970: 1959: 1953: 1950: 1907: 1905: 1895: 1883: 1872: 1844: 1784: 1720: 1695: 1690: 1611:Algiers Accords 1603: 1597: 1586:, an Air Force 1540: 1534: 1504:commissioned a 1404: 1399: 1393: 1391:Rescue attempts 1388: 1382: 1326: 1320: 1265:Walter Cronkite 1246: 1154:Teymur Bakhtiar 1101: 1096: 1089: 1045: 1017:pro-Americanism 903: 868: 831: 753: 717: 711: 706: 666:Henry Kissinger 615: 520: 510: 505: 474:Algiers Accords 351:Hossein Dehghan 315: 312: 300: 296:James B. Vaught 288: 276: 261: 255: 245: 243: 231: 219: 206: 195: 193: 182: 180: 165: 163: 146: 144: 114:Prime Minister 103:Algiers Accords 92: 78: 60: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14157: 14147: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14006: 14005: 14003:from Wikiquote 13988: 13959: 13954: 13953: 13943: 13940: 13939: 13937: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13888: 13886: 13882: 13881: 13879: 13878: 13872: 13869:Zahra Eshraghi 13866: 13860: 13854: 13851:Ahmad Khomeini 13848: 13842: 13836: 13830: 13823: 13821: 13815: 13814: 13812: 13811: 13804: 13797: 13790: 13787:Kashf al-Asrar 13783: 13776: 13768: 13766: 13762: 13761: 13759: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13737: 13736: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13699:American Islam 13695: 13693: 13687: 13686: 13679: 13677: 13675: 13674: 13673: 13672: 13667: 13666: 13665: 13650: 13649: 13648: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13591: 13589:Return to Iran 13586: 13585: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13564: 13558: 13556: 13552: 13551: 13544: 13543: 13536: 13529: 13521: 13512: 13511: 13509: 13508: 13499: 13489: 13486: 13485: 13483: 13482: 13475: 13468: 13461: 13454: 13447: 13446: 13445: 13438: 13431: 13424: 13417: 13410: 13396: 13389: 13382: 13381: 13380: 13366: 13359: 13352: 13345: 13344: 13343: 13336: 13322: 13315: 13308: 13301: 13294: 13287: 13286: 13285: 13278: 13264: 13256: 13254: 13248: 13247: 13245: 13244: 13237: 13230: 13223: 13216: 13209: 13202: 13201: 13200: 13186: 13179: 13172: 13165: 13158: 13151: 13144: 13137: 13130: 13123: 13116: 13109: 13102: 13101: 13100: 13086: 13085: 13084: 13070: 13069: 13068: 13061: 13054: 13040: 13033: 13026: 13019: 13012: 13011: 13010: 12996: 12989: 12981: 12979: 12973: 12972: 12970: 12969: 12962: 12955: 12954: 12953: 12946: 12932: 12925: 12924: 12923: 12916: 12909: 12895: 12888: 12881: 12874: 12867: 12860: 12851: 12844: 12837: 12830: 12823: 12816: 12809: 12808: 12807: 12800: 12793: 12792: 12791: 12777: 12770: 12756: 12755: 12754: 12747: 12733: 12725: 12723: 12721:Foreign policy 12717: 12716: 12713: 12712: 12710: 12709: 12702: 12695: 12688: 12681: 12674: 12667: 12660: 12652: 12644: 12635: 12633: 12624: 12623: 12622: 12621: 12614: 12600: 12593: 12586: 12579: 12572: 12571: 12570: 12563: 12549: 12542: 12535: 12528: 12517: 12509: 12507: 12501: 12500: 12492: 12491: 12484: 12477: 12469: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12439: 12426: 12425: 12418: 12410: 12407: 12406: 12404: 12403: 12397: 12391: 12385: 12379: 12373: 12367: 12361: 12355: 12349: 12343: 12337: 12330: 12328: 12324: 12323: 12321: 12320: 12312: 12304: 12299: 12293: 12292: 12291: 12286: 12277: 12275: 12271: 12270: 12268: 12267: 12261: 12255: 12247: 12240: 12238: 12234: 12233: 12231: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12179: 12177: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12165: 12157: 12149: 12141: 12133: 12125: 12124: 12123: 12110: 12102: 12094: 12085: 12083: 12077: 12076: 12074: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12052: 12051: 12041: 12036: 12035: 12034: 12024: 12019: 12013: 12011: 12005: 12004: 12001: 12000: 11998: 11997: 11996: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11965: 11964: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11932: 11930: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11922: 11917: 11911: 11909: 11902: 11896: 11895: 11893: 11892: 11891: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11849: 11847: 11843: 11842: 11839: 11838: 11836: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11824: 11823: 11813: 11812: 11811: 11806: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11770: 11768: 11760: 11759: 11757: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11745: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11732:Energy Tax Act 11724: 11723: 11722: 11712: 11707: 11701: 11699: 11693: 11692: 11690: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11643: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11571: 11569: 11565: 11564: 11562: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11550: 11549: 11539: 11538: 11537: 11527: 11522: 11521: 11520: 11510: 11504: 11502: 11498: 11497: 11495: 11494: 11489: 11488: 11487: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11451: 11450: 11438: 11437: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11409:Canadian Caper 11406: 11401: 11396: 11386: 11381: 11380: 11379: 11369: 11363: 11361: 11359:Foreign policy 11352: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11330: 11329: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11308: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11277: 11272: 11266: 11264: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11248: 11240: 11229: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11206: 11205: 11198: 11191: 11183: 11174: 11173: 11163: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11156: 11149: 11142: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11089: 11088: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 11001:American Islam 10998: 10993: 10987: 10985: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10977: 10976: 10975: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10953:Karan Vafadari 10950: 10948:Kian Tajbakhsh 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10768:Elliott Abrams 10765: 10764: 10763: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10697: 10695: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10687: 10682: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10579: 10578: 10573: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10552: 10551: 10540: 10538: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10460: 10459: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10362: 10357: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10318: 10317: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10241:Canadian Caper 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10213: 10208: 10202: 10200: 10194: 10193: 10191: 10190: 10189: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10137: 10136: 10131: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10110: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10048: 10046: 10042: 10041: 10039: 10038: 10037: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9955: 9954: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9928: 9926: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9867: 9865: 9861: 9860: 9839: 9838: 9831: 9824: 9816: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9803: 9793: 9783: 9781:Historiography 9778: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9765: 9764: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9757: 9747: 9741: 9739: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9719:Navassa Island 9716: 9711: 9706: 9704:Johnston Atoll 9701: 9696: 9694:Howland Island 9691: 9685: 9683: 9679: 9678: 9676: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9653:American Samoa 9649: 9647: 9643: 9642: 9637: 9635: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9575:South Carolina 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9540:North Carolina 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9376: 9374: 9370: 9369: 9367: 9366: 9364:The West Coast 9361: 9356: 9350: 9348: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9340: 9338:Indian removal 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9314: 9312: 9302: 9301: 9291: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9259: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9245: 9233: 9232: 9231: 9229:Saudi American 9226: 9221: 9216: 9214:Iraqi American 9211: 9206: 9194: 9187: 9186: 9185: 9173: 9172: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9149:Irish American 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9119: 9118: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9079:Asian American 9075: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9053: 9052: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9011: 9010: 9009: 9007:Sexual slavery 8997: 8990: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8944: 8943: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8905: 8898: 8891: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8877:Postal service 8874: 8869: 8867:Foreign policy 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8822: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8801: 8800: 8799: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8744: 8737: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8715: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8670: 8669: 8659: 8654: 8647: 8642: 8641: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8595: 8589: 8587: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8545: 8540: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8492: 8490: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8464: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8443: 8441:Crack epidemic 8438: 8437: 8436: 8431: 8420: 8418: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8408: 8406:Moral Majority 8403: 8398: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8384:Gay liberation 8381: 8376: 8374:Counterculture 8371: 8366: 8365: 8364: 8362:Fall of Saigon 8359: 8354: 8344: 8343: 8342: 8340:Apollo program 8337: 8335:Project Gemini 8327: 8321: 8319: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8303: 8302: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8253:Early Cold War 8250: 8249: 8248: 8238: 8232: 8230: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8216: 8206: 8201: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8132: 8127: 8126: 8125: 8114: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8102: 8097: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8033: 8028: 8027: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 7995: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7981: 7976: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7948: 7947: 7937: 7932: 7925:Prelude to War 7922: 7917: 7915:Antebellum Era 7911: 7909: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7860:Trail of Tears 7855:Jacksonian era 7852: 7851: 7850: 7845: 7834: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7791:Federalist Era 7788: 7786:Bill of Rights 7782: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7721:Lee Resolution 7718: 7713: 7702: 7700: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7567: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7548: 7540: 7538: 7530: 7529: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7515: 7510: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7493: 7492: 7485: 7478: 7470: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7414: 7409: 7408: 7407:United Kingdom 7404: 7403: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7361: 7353: 7348: 7342: 7340:tarikhirani.ir 7325: 7324:External links 7322: 7321: 7320: 7313: 7307: 7291: 7285: 7266:Stewart, James 7262: 7255: 7240: 7234: 7216:Ammann, Daniel 7210: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7191: 7176: 7170: 7157: 7147:on May 2, 2013 7133: 7127: 7114: 7108: 7095: 7089: 7074: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7060: 7038: 7019: 7007:"Introduction" 6973: 6936: 6897: 6858: 6836:Eizenstat, Stu 6815: 6776: 6728: 6726:, p. 114. 6716: 6682: 6670: 6658: 6625: 6595: 6565: 6553: 6523: 6491: 6489:, Feb 12, 1981 6466: 6448: 6426: 6395: 6376:Totter, Bill, 6369: 6339: 6306: 6274: 6238: 6206: 6167: 6128: 6105:"Safe at Home" 6095: 6065: 6053: 6033: 6021: 6001: 5967: 5936: 5905: 5874: 5851:. p. A1. 5835: 5804: 5771: 5745: 5719: 5689: 5666:. p. A1. 5650: 5631: 5611: 5588: 5579: 5566: 5555: 5543: 5531: 5519: 5474: 5469:The New Yorker 5459: 5440: 5417: 5381: 5351: 5339: 5308: 5295: 5283:, anchored by 5268: 5264:New York Times 5255: 5225: 5213: 5201: 5199:, pp. 257, 570 5189: 5177: 5165: 5153: 5141: 5132: 5120: 5108: 5096: 5084: 5072: 5060: 5048: 5036: 5024: 4994: 4982: 4970: 4958: 4946: 4944:, pp. 258, 284 4934: 4922: 4910: 4898: 4886: 4874: 4862: 4850: 4838: 4826: 4814: 4784: 4753: 4741: 4721: 4695: 4665: 4647:New York Times 4632: 4609:Afary, Janet. 4601: 4570: 4558: 4546: 4544:, pp. 229, 231 4534: 4522: 4502: 4469: 4462: 4433: 4426: 4392: 4386:New York Times 4372: 4353:(1): 108–129. 4337: 4334:978-0300052671 4317: 4310: 4304:. p. 78. 4288: 4281: 4259: 4247: 4243:New York Post, 4231: 4219: 4189: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4119: 4107: 4095: 4064: 4052: 4021: 4009: 3994:. Iran Negah. 3983: 3963: 3929: 3917: 3905: 3893: 3866: 3835: 3816: 3796: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3717: 3713:New York Times 3693: 3682:cite interview 3650: 3638: 3608: 3593:. p. A1. 3569:. p. A1. 3545:. p. A1. 3529: 3514: 3488: 3462: 3436: 3421: 3403: 3378: 3371: 3353: 3346: 3328: 3302: 3289: 3259: 3239: 3221: 3202: 3183: 3170: 3137: 3106: 3074: 3038: 3007: 2970: 2937: 2911: 2885: 2878: 2860: 2849: 2841:Microeconomics 2826: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2804: 2795: 2786: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2758: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2668: 2665: 2652:Canadian Caper 2641: 2640: 2625: 2624:in particular. 2606: 2603: 2581:Jonathan Alter 2524:Main article: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2506: 2500: 2490: 2480: 2466: 2460: 2444: 2441: 2423: 2420: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2349: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303:Barry M. Rosen 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2149:State Magazine 2145: 2144: 2135: 2134: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2115: 2114: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2095: 2094: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1989: 1986: 1972: 1971: 1886: 1884: 1877: 1871: 1868: 1843: 1840: 1783: 1780: 1719: 1716: 1711:aid the Iraqis 1707:Saddam Hussein 1703:Stephen Kinzer 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1596: 1593: 1536:Main article: 1533: 1530: 1403: 1400: 1392: 1389: 1384:Main article: 1381: 1378: 1341:John Sheardown 1324:Canadian Caper 1322:Main article: 1319: 1316: 1295:The Trentonian 1245: 1242: 1105:women in Islam 1100: 1097: 1088: 1085: 1050:Operation Ajax 1044: 1041: 1021:National Front 943:anti-communist 902: 899: 892:Canadian caper 830: 827: 752: 751:Second attempt 749: 710: 707: 705: 702: 690:Mehdi Bazargan 614: 611: 595:Operation Ajax 563:By the 1950s, 514:Operation Ajax 509: 506: 504: 501: 386:U.S. President 317: 316: 314: 313: 311: 310: 298: 286: 273: 271: 258: 256: 254: 253: 251:Massoud Rajavi 241: 229: 216: 213: 212: 208: 207: 205: 204: 191: 177: 175: 174: 173: 161: 140: 139: 135: 134: 131: 130: 129: 128: 123: 116:Mehdi Bazargan 112: 98: 94: 93: 87: 85: 81: 80: 75: 67: 66: 52: 51: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14156: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14016: 14014: 14002: 14001: 13989: 13985: 13984: 13972: 13971: 13968: 13962: 13951: 13941: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13924: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13889: 13887: 13883: 13877:(grandfather) 13876: 13873: 13870: 13867: 13864: 13861: 13858: 13855: 13852: 13849: 13846: 13843: 13840: 13837: 13834: 13831: 13828: 13825: 13824: 13822: 13820: 13816: 13810: 13809: 13805: 13803: 13802: 13798: 13796: 13795: 13791: 13789: 13788: 13784: 13782: 13781: 13777: 13775: 13774: 13770: 13769: 13767: 13763: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13735: 13732: 13731: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13696: 13694: 13692: 13688: 13683: 13671: 13668: 13664: 13661: 13660: 13659: 13658:Iran–Iraq War 13656: 13655: 13654: 13651: 13647: 13646: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13596: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13569: 13568: 13567:Life in exile 13565: 13563: 13560: 13559: 13557: 13553: 13549: 13542: 13537: 13535: 13530: 13528: 13523: 13522: 13519: 13506: 13505: 13500: 13497: 13496: 13491: 13490: 13487: 13480: 13476: 13473: 13469: 13466: 13462: 13459: 13455: 13452: 13448: 13443: 13439: 13436: 13432: 13429: 13425: 13422: 13418: 13415: 13411: 13408: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13397: 13394: 13390: 13387: 13383: 13378: 13374: 13373: 13371: 13367: 13364: 13360: 13357: 13353: 13350: 13346: 13341: 13337: 13334: 13330: 13329: 13327: 13323: 13320: 13316: 13313: 13309: 13306: 13302: 13299: 13295: 13292: 13288: 13283: 13279: 13276: 13272: 13271: 13269: 13265: 13262: 13258: 13257: 13255: 13253: 13249: 13242: 13238: 13235: 13231: 13228: 13224: 13221: 13217: 13214: 13210: 13207: 13203: 13198: 13194: 13193: 13191: 13187: 13184: 13180: 13177: 13173: 13170: 13166: 13163: 13159: 13156: 13152: 13149: 13145: 13142: 13138: 13135: 13131: 13128: 13124: 13121: 13117: 13114: 13110: 13107: 13103: 13098: 13094: 13093: 13091: 13087: 13082: 13078: 13077: 13075: 13071: 13066: 13062: 13059: 13055: 13052: 13048: 13047: 13045: 13041: 13038: 13034: 13031: 13027: 13024: 13020: 13017: 13013: 13008: 13004: 13003: 13001: 12997: 12994: 12990: 12987: 12983: 12982: 12980: 12978: 12974: 12967: 12963: 12960: 12956: 12951: 12947: 12944: 12940: 12939: 12937: 12933: 12930: 12926: 12921: 12917: 12914: 12910: 12907: 12903: 12902: 12900: 12896: 12893: 12889: 12886: 12882: 12879: 12875: 12872: 12868: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12852: 12849: 12845: 12842: 12838: 12835: 12834:Libya bombing 12831: 12828: 12824: 12821: 12817: 12814: 12810: 12805: 12801: 12798: 12794: 12789: 12785: 12784: 12782: 12778: 12775: 12771: 12768: 12764: 12763: 12761: 12757: 12752: 12748: 12745: 12741: 12740: 12738: 12734: 12731: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12722: 12718: 12707: 12703: 12700: 12696: 12693: 12689: 12686: 12682: 12679: 12675: 12672: 12668: 12665: 12661: 12657: 12653: 12649: 12645: 12641: 12640:"Evil empire" 12637: 12636: 12634: 12632: 12628: 12619: 12615: 12612: 12608: 12607: 12605: 12601: 12598: 12594: 12591: 12587: 12584: 12580: 12577: 12573: 12568: 12567:controversies 12564: 12561: 12560:Supreme Court 12557: 12556: 12554: 12550: 12547: 12543: 12540: 12536: 12533: 12529: 12526: 12522: 12518: 12515: 12511: 12510: 12508: 12506: 12502: 12497: 12490: 12485: 12483: 12478: 12476: 12471: 12470: 12467: 12461: 12457: 12456: 12451: 12438: 12437: 12428: 12427: 12424: 12423: 12419: 12417: 12416: 12415:← Gerald Ford 12412: 12411: 12408: 12401: 12398: 12395: 12392: 12389: 12386: 12383: 12380: 12377: 12374: 12371: 12368: 12365: 12362: 12359: 12356: 12353: 12350: 12347: 12344: 12341: 12338: 12335: 12332: 12331: 12329: 12325: 12318: 12317: 12313: 12310: 12309: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12297: 12294: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12281: 12279: 12278: 12276: 12272: 12265: 12262: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12253: 12248: 12245: 12242: 12241: 12239: 12235: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12180: 12178: 12176: 12170: 12163: 12162: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12150: 12147: 12146: 12142: 12139: 12138: 12134: 12131: 12130: 12126: 12122: 12119: 12118: 12116: 12115: 12111: 12108: 12107: 12103: 12100: 12099: 12095: 12092: 12091: 12087: 12086: 12084: 12082: 12078: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12050: 12047: 12046: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12033: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12017:Carter Center 12015: 12014: 12012: 12010: 12006: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11968:1980 campaign 11966: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11938: 11937: 11936:1976 campaign 11934: 11933: 11931: 11927: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11912: 11910: 11908:Gubernatorial 11906: 11903: 11901: 11897: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11850: 11848: 11844: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11822: 11819: 11818: 11817: 11814: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11771: 11769: 11767: 11764:Environmental 11761: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11729: 11728: 11725: 11721: 11718: 11717: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11702: 11700: 11698: 11697:Energy policy 11694: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11627: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11572: 11570: 11566: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11548: 11545: 11544: 11543: 11540: 11536: 11533: 11532: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11519: 11516: 11515: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11505: 11503: 11499: 11493: 11490: 11486: 11483: 11482: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11449: 11448: 11444: 11443: 11442: 11439: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11391: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11378: 11375: 11374: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11364: 11362: 11360: 11356: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11328: 11327:controversies 11325: 11324: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11282: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11257: 11253: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11223: 11219: 11218: 11215: 11211: 11204: 11199: 11197: 11192: 11190: 11185: 11184: 11181: 11171: 11161: 11155: 11154: 11150: 11148: 11147: 11143: 11140: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11087: 11084: 11083: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10988: 10986: 10982: 10974: 10971: 10970: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10923:Maryam Rajavi 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10898:Siamak Namazi 10896: 10894: 10893:Baquer Namazi 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10848:Sirous Asgari 10846: 10844: 10843:Shahram Amiri 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10833:Saeed Abedini 10831: 10829: 10828:Roxana Saberi 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10808:Jason Rezaian 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10793:Robert Malley 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10762: 10759: 10758: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10692: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10680: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10568: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10550: 10547: 10546: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10537: 10533: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10506: 10502: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10458: 10455: 10454: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10355: 10354:Maersk Tigris 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10269: 10268: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10218: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10199: 10195: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10163: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10054: 10053: 10052:Iran–Iraq War 10050: 10049: 10047: 10043: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10001: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9923: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9868: 9866: 9862: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9837: 9832: 9830: 9825: 9823: 9818: 9817: 9814: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9792: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9776:List of years 9774: 9773: 9770: 9756: 9748: 9746: 9745:Urban history 9743: 9742: 9740: 9736: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9724:Palmyra Atoll 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9699:Jarvis Island 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9684: 9680: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9646:Insular areas 9644: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9615:West Virginia 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9520:New Hampshire 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9480:Massachusetts 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9371: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9345: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9296: 9292: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9265: 9264: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9200: 9199: 9195: 9193: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9125: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9110:Thai American 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9081: 9080: 9076: 9074: 9073: 9069: 9068: 9065: 9058: 9054: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9017: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9003: 9002: 8998: 8996: 8995: 8991: 8989: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8949: 8948:Party Systems 8945: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8911: 8910: 8906: 8904: 8903: 8899: 8897: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8887:Voting rights 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8827: 8823: 8821: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8749: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8736: 8735: 8731: 8730: 8727: 8720: 8716: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8691: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8652: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8582: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8548:War on terror 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8485: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8446:Late Cold War 8444: 8442: 8439: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8413: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8348: 8345: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8325:Great Society 8323: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8314: 8308: 8305: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8280:Post-war boom 8278: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8254: 8251: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8215: 8212: 8211: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8174: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8107: 8101: 8098: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8074: 8071: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7988: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7775: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7695: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7524: 7520: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7502: 7498: 7491: 7486: 7484: 7479: 7477: 7472: 7471: 7468: 7464: 7462: 7457: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7406: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7383:United States 7382: 7381: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7334: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7308:0-89803-084-6 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7286:0-671-42023-2 7282: 7278: 7274: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7256: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7213: 7212: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7192:0-16-039795-2 7188: 7184: 7183: 7177: 7173: 7167: 7163: 7158: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7128:1-4008-2620-9 7124: 7120: 7119:Taken Hostage 7115: 7111: 7109:0-87113-925-1 7105: 7101: 7096: 7092: 7090:0-465-06887-1 7086: 7082: 7077: 7076: 7073:Cited sources 7063: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7042: 7026: 7022: 7016: 7012: 7008: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6977: 6958: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6901: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6862: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6772: 6766: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6687: 6679: 6674: 6667: 6662: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6630: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6569: 6562: 6557: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6527: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6487: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6470: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6430: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6399: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6373: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6310: 6294: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6278: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6245: 6243: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6210: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6106: 6099: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6062: 6057: 6051: 6050:9780226077581 6047: 6043: 6037: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6018:9780300098563 6015: 6011: 6005: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5972: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5909: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5808: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5775: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5693: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5615: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5592: 5583: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5559: 5552: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5523: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5470: 5463: 5447: 5443: 5441:0-06-095791-3 5437: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5348: 5343: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5318:"Inside Iran" 5312: 5305: 5299: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5265: 5259: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5169: 5162: 5157: 5150: 5145: 5139:December 1979 5136: 5129: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5105: 5100: 5093: 5088: 5081: 5076: 5069: 5064: 5057: 5052: 5045: 5040: 5033: 5028: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4979: 4974: 4967: 4962: 4955: 4950: 4943: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4896:, pp. 81, 295 4895: 4890: 4883: 4878: 4871: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4823: 4818: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4745: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4717: 4705: 4699: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4636: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4605: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4567: 4562: 4555: 4550: 4543: 4538: 4531: 4526: 4520: 4519:9780195042580 4516: 4512: 4506: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4474: 4465: 4463:0-7407-2064-3 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4405: 4396: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4381:Pipes, Daniel 4376: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4341: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4313: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4228: 4223: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4139: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4116: 4111: 4104: 4099: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4061: 4056: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4013: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3926: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3897: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3800: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3772: 3764: 3759: 3752: 3747: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3703: 3697: 3689: 3683: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3642: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3400: 3399:9780313264412 3396: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3374: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3299: 3293: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3256:9780525940050 3253: 3249: 3243: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3199:(4): 148–155. 3198: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3174: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3141: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3091: 3084: 3078: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3043: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3011: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2974: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2941: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2881: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2857: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2827: 2811: 2809: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2777: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2707:Mercer County 2704: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2664: 2662: 2661: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2647: 2638: 2637:Dave Thompson 2634: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2374:"Bull" Simons 2371: 2367: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2150: 2139: 2130: 2119: 2110: 2099: 2090: 2073: 2072:Richard Queen 2070: 2069: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1968: 1965: 1957: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1915: – 1914: 1910: 1909:Find sources: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1887:This section 1885: 1881: 1876: 1875: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1835: 1831: 1829: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1788: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1741:Behzad Nabavi 1732: 1724: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1693:Iran–Iraq War 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1539: 1529: 1527: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1461:radio silence 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1398: 1387: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1308:Maziar Bahari 1305: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1290: 1284: 1282: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1250: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1228: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1197:hunger strike 1193: 1189: 1187: 1181: 1179: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1142:Bruce Laingen 1137: 1135: 1131: 1130:Richard Queen 1127: 1123: 1122:Yassir Arafat 1119: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 979:Yasser Arafat 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 953: 949: 946: 944: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 913: 908: 898: 895: 893: 884: 880: 877:A two-minute 866: 864: 859: 854: 850: 848: 842: 835: 826: 823: 820: 816: 811: 809: 804: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 745: 740: 736: 734: 733:Ebrahim Yazdi 730: 726: 725:Kenneth Kraus 722: 716: 715:Kenneth Kraus 709:First attempt 701: 699: 693: 691: 687: 683: 677: 675: 671: 667: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 639: 635: 633: 629: 624: 620: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 591: 586: 582: 578: 574: 573:Qajar dynasty 570: 566: 561: 559: 554: 552: 551:Soviet troops 548: 544: 540: 536: 533: 529: 525: 519: 515: 500: 498: 494: 490: 487: 483: 479: 478:Ronald Reagan 475: 471: 467: 462: 460: 456: 455:Iran–Iraq War 452: 448: 444: 443: 437: 436: 430: 426: 422: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 390: 387: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 339:United States 336: 328: 324: 309: 304: 299: 297: 292: 287: 285: 284:Ronald Reagan 280: 275: 274: 272: 270: 265: 260: 259: 257: 252: 242: 240: 235: 230: 228: 223: 218: 217: 215: 214: 209: 203: 192: 190: 189:United States 179: 178: 176: 172: 162: 160: 157: 156: 155: 154: 142: 141: 136: 127: 124: 121: 117: 113: 111: 107: 106: 105: 104: 99: 96: 95: 90: 86: 83: 82: 76: 73: 72: 68: 64: 58: 53: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 14034:1981 in Iran 14029:1980 in Iran 14024:1979 in Iran 13998: 13986:from Commons 13981: 13960: 13921: 13917:Refah School 13806: 13799: 13792: 13785: 13778: 13771: 13724:Little Satan 13704:Anti-Zionism 13643: 13502: 13493: 12524: 12453: 12429: 12420: 12413: 12388:Emily Dolvin 12382:Billy Carter 12352:Jason Carter 12314: 12308:Jimmy Carter 12306: 12302:UFO incident 12252:Jimmy Carter 12251: 12228:Grammy Award 12213:Hoover Medal 12159: 12151: 12143: 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Gore 8535: 8473:War on drugs 8400: 8347:Mid Cold War 8199:Pearl Harbor 8194:World War II 8014:Ku Klux Klan 7611:Dummer's War 7550: 7543: 7537:Pre-Colonial 7453: 7410: 7402:Center site. 7365: 7339: 7316: 7298: 7275:. New York: 7271:The Partners 7269: 7258: 7243: 7224:. New York: 7219: 7181: 7161: 7151:December 12, 7149:. Retrieved 7145:the original 7118: 7099: 7080: 7047: 7041: 7031:November 14, 7029:. Retrieved 7010: 6997:November 14, 6995:. Retrieved 6986: 6976: 6964:. Retrieved 6957:the original 6952: 6939: 6927:. Retrieved 6910: 6900: 6888:. Retrieved 6871: 6861: 6849:. Retrieved 6843: 6818: 6806:. Retrieved 6789: 6779: 6740: 6731: 6719: 6709:November 14, 6707:. Retrieved 6698: 6673: 6661: 6649:. Retrieved 6640: 6616:. Retrieved 6608:The Guardian 6607: 6598: 6586:. Retrieved 6577: 6568: 6556: 6544:. Retrieved 6535: 6526: 6514:. Retrieved 6505: 6494: 6484: 6469: 6459: 6451: 6444: 6429: 6419:September 1, 6417:. Retrieved 6408: 6398: 6388: 6372: 6360:. 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In 1992, 2529: 2479:(1999–2003). 2437: 2428: 2425: 2416: 2409: 2402: 2391: 2353:Baháʼí Faith 2343: 2147: 1983: 1975: 1960: 1954:October 2020 1951: 1941: 1934: 1927: 1920: 1908: 1896:Please help 1891:verification 1888: 1845: 1822:The Guardian 1820: 1819: 1812: 1804: 1796:minor league 1793: 1776:Ali Khamenei 1774:, Ayatollah 1765: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1737: 1696: 1680:through the 1674:Thayer Hotel 1620: 1607:negotiations 1604: 1583: 1562: 1541: 1522: 1499: 1491: 1480: 1476: 1469: 1447: 1439: 1405: 1371: 1365: 1338: 1312: 1301: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1277: 1258: 1255: 1235: 1231: 1224: 1213: 1209: 1194: 1190: 1182: 1174: 1150: 1138: 1102: 1080: 1064: 1054: 1049: 1046: 1010: 1003: 983:Fidel Castro 959:Daniel Pipes 955: 951: 947: 939: 904: 896: 888: 855: 851: 843: 840: 824: 817:, Ayatollah 812: 800: 781: 754: 718: 694: 678: 650: 644: 623:Jimmy Carter 616: 588: 562: 555: 547:Nazi Germany 521: 463: 441: 434: 418: 389:Jimmy Carter 383: 371:U.S. Embassy 367:Iranian Army 349:, including 322: 320: 269:Jimmy Carter 143: 138:Belligerents 100: 47:Part of the 36: 13912:Fajr decade 13746:Imam's Line 13719:Great Satan 12498:(1981–1989) 12448:‹ The 12394:Hugh Carter 12340:Jack Carter 12296:Mary Prince 12280:Residences 12161:A Full Life 12056:White House 11475:Refugee Act 11246:(1963–1967) 11238:(1971–1975) 11227:(1977–1981) 11036:Great Satan 10963:Nizar Zakka 10933:Ali Shakeri 10918:Trita Parsi 10883:Esha Momeni 10536:Legislation 10499:Seizure of 9974:Safari Club 9729:Wake Island 9495:Mississippi 9410:Connecticut 9354:New England 9021:Agriculture 8940:Coast Guard 8935:Space Force 8783:Immigration 8511:WTC bombing 8429:Reaganomics 8357:Vietnam War 8273:McCarthyism 8155:Second Klan 8140:Prohibition 8118:World War I 8093:Square Deal 8083:Imperialism 7818:War of 1812 7545:Prehistoric 7397:Joint Staff 6651:January 21, 6618:January 21, 6588:January 21, 6546:February 9, 6332:January 11, 6088:November 4, 5994:October 26, 5984:Smithsonian 5960:November 5, 5929:November 5, 5898:November 5, 5643:October 18, 5529:, pp. 9–10. 5410:November 1, 5106:, pp. 81–83 4450:Kansas City 4416:. pp. 4182:November 4, 4019:, pp. 8, 13 3886:October 12, 3859:October 18, 3672:February 8, 2930:February 6, 2433:BNP Paribas 1749:imperialism 1623:Air Algeria 1584:Freedom One 1483:dust storms 1407:Cyrus Vance 991:Hugo Chávez 922:Barry Rosen 901:Motivations 815:Mark Bowden 682:Great Satan 657:, to enter 590:coup d'état 522:During the 447:Cyrus Vance 120:his cabinet 14013:Categories 14000:Quotations 13865:(grandson) 13859:(grandson) 13847:(daughter) 13841:(daughter) 12788:INF Treaty 12781:Washington 12514:Transition 12354:(grandson) 12348:(daughter) 12346:Amy Carter 12284:Birthplace 12175:and honors 12039:The Elders 11983:convention 11951:convention 11485:FISA Court 11270:Transition 11256:Presidency 10958:Xiyue Wang 10783:Brian Hook 10731:Farashgard 10505:St Nikolas 10501:Suez Rajan 9610:Washington 9530:New Mexico 9525:New Jersey 9400:California 8895:Journalism 8847:Corruption 8826:Government 8777:Demography 8764:Newspapers 8613:Sandy Hook 8516:Waco siege 8424:Reagan era 8330:Space Race 8263:Korean War 8204:home front 8036:Gilded Age 8004:Amendments 7295:Engelmayer 7252:0889224439 6828:Sick, Gary 6259:. London. 6231:January 5, 6199:January 5, 6160:January 5, 5867:August 25, 5682:August 25, 5364:Parl.gc.ca 5285:Ted Koppel 4807:January 4, 4777:August 22, 4414:Free Press 3980:0393325970 3507:January 5, 3481:January 5, 3455:January 5, 3163:January 4, 3000:January 6, 2963:January 6, 2822:References 2757:as anchor. 2755:Ted Koppel 2618:O Superman 2473:Parliament 2457:Abbas Abdi 2380:, in 1979. 2378:Ross Perot 1924:newspapers 1757:revolution 1753:liberalism 1745:Baqer Moin 1626:Boeing 727 1599:See also: 1565:160th SOAR 1360:flight to 1345:Ken Taylor 1158:Ken Taylor 999:neoliberal 987:capitalism 936:deny this. 593:codenamed 503:Background 79:(444 days) 13897:Mausoleum 13691:Positions 12920:H-2B visa 12913:H-2A visa 12774:Reykjavík 12384:(brother) 12250:USS 11973:primaries 11941:primaries 11900:Elections 11799:Superfund 11600:DIDMC Act 11146:Overthrow 11139:Bomb Iran 10741:Jundallah 10571:reactions 10166:reactions 10045:Conflicts 10029:Aftermath 10024:Criticism 10019:Reactions 10014:Framework 9925:Diplomacy 9620:Wisconsin 9585:Tennessee 9490:Minnesota 9465:Louisiana 9359:The South 8930:Air Force 8805:Education 8667:recession 8623:Las Vegas 8531:Columbine 8488:1991–2008 8416:1980–1991 8317:1964–1980 8228:1945–1964 8182:Dust Bowl 8110:1917–1945 7991:1865–1917 7969:Civil War 7962:Secession 7907:1849–1865 7830:1815–1849 7801:Quasi-War 7778:1789–1815 7698:1776–1789 7651:Sugar Act 6966:August 9, 6919:0028-6583 6880:0882-7729 6832:Bird, Kai 6798:0362-4331 6765:cite book 6516:August 1, 6506:Telegraph 6299:April 25, 6189:0362-4331 6150:0362-4331 5857:0362-4331 5756:. 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