Iranian Jews - Knowledge

3981: 5363:(IBD) across these Jewish groups (63% of all shared segments). Jewish populations shared more and longer segments with one another than with non-Jewish populations, highlighting the commonality of Jewish origin. Among pairs of populations ordered by total sharing, 12 out of the top 20 were pairs of Jewish populations, and "none of the top 30 paired a Jewish population with a non-Jewish one". Atzmon concludes that "Each Jewish group demonstrated Middle Eastern ancestry and variable admixture from host population, while the split between Middle Eastern and European/Syrian Jews, calculated by simulation and comparison of length distributions of IBD segments, occurred 100–150 generations ago, which was described as "compatible with a historical divide that is reported to have occurred more than 2500 years ago" as the Jewish community in Iraq and Iran were formed by Jews in the Babylonian and Persian empires during and after Babylonian exile. The main difference between 3833:

time, eight Muslim mullahs and three European and five Armenian priests translated the Koran and the Gospels. The commission was supervised by Mīrzā Moḥammad Mahdī Khan Monšī, the court historiographer and author of the Tārīḵ-ejahāngošā-ye nāderī. Finished translations were presented to Nāder Shah in Qazvīn in June, 1741, who, however, was not impressed. There had been previous translations of the Jewish holy books into Persian, but Bābāʾī's translation is notable for the accuracy of the Persian equivalents of Hebrew words, which has made it the subject of study by linguists. Bābāʾī's introduction to the translation of the Psalms of David is unique, and sheds a certain amount of light on the teaching methods of Iranian Jewish schools in eighteenth-century Iran. He is not known to have written anything else.

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For the same reason, they are prohibited to go out when it rains; for it is said the rain would wash dirt off them, which would sully the feet of the Mussulmans… If a Jew is recognized as such in the streets, he is subjected to the greatest insults. The passers-by spit in his face, and sometimes beat him… unmercifully… If a Jew enters a shop for anything, he is forbidden to inspect the goods… Should his hand incautiously touch the goods, he must take them at any price the seller chooses to ask for them... Sometimes the Persians intrude into the dwellings of the Jews and take possession of whatever please them. Should the owner make the least opposition in defense of his property, he incurs the danger of atoning for it with his life... If... a Jew shows himself in the street during the three days of the

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emigration has been low. Between October 2005 and September 2006, 152 Jews left Iran, down from 297 during the same period the previous year, and 183 the year before that. Most of those who left allegedly cited economic and family reasons as their main incentives for leaving. In July 2007, Iran's Jewish community rejected financial emigration incentives to leave Iran. Offers ranging from 5,000 to 30,000 British pounds, financed by a wealthy expatriate Jew with the support of the Israeli government, were turned down by Iran's Jewish leaders. To place the incentives in perspective, the sums offered were up to 3 times or more than the average annual income for an Iranian. However, in late 2007 at least forty Iranian Jews accepted financial incentives offered by Jewish charities for immigrating to Israel.

4532:, and as a result they are less naturally inclined to emigrate. According to Ran Amrani, an Iranian-born Israeli director of a Persian language radio station with close ties inside Iran, wealthy Iranian Jews won't leave because the international sanctions on Iran have so downgraded Iran's currency in value that they would see a massive drop in their standard of living in Israel, with those who own multiple homes in Iran unable to afford a single apartment in Israel, while poor Iranian Jews would find it difficult to restart their lives in Israel in middle age. Amrani claimed that while Jews are allowed to practice their religion, they live in fear of being accused of spying for Israel and that they publicly distance themselves from Israel and Zionism to ensure their own security. 5420:) years ago. Although African admixture was determined among some South European and Near Eastern populations too, this admixture was found to be younger compared to the Jewish populations. This findings the authors explained as evidence regarding common origin of these 8 main Jewish groups. "It is intriguing that the Mizrahi Iranian and Iraqi Jews—who are thought to descend at least in part from Jews who were exiled to Babylon about 2,600 years ago share the signal of African admixture. A parsimonious explanation for these observations is that they reflect a history in which many of the Jewish groups descend from a common ancestral population which was itself admixed with Africans (most likely 5519: 4800: 4762: 3627:, which the Muslim population was required to pay. Like other Dhimmis, Jews were exempt from military draft. Viewed as "People of the Book", they had some status as fellow monotheists, though they were treated differently depending on the ruler at the time. On the one hand, Jews were granted significant economic and religious freedom when compared to their co-religionists in European nations during these centuries. Many served as doctors, scholars, and craftsman, and gained positions of influence in society. On the other hand, like other non-Muslims, they were treated as somewhat inferior. 4669:

religious practice. However, it strongly discourages the distribution of Hebrew texts, in practice making it difficult to teach the language. Moreover, the government has required that several Jewish schools remain open on Saturdays, the Jewish Sabbath, in conformity with the schedule of other schools in the school system. Since certain kinds of work (such as writing or using electrical appliances) on the Sabbath violates Jewish law, this requirement to operate the schools has made it difficult for observant Jews both to attend school and adhere to a fundamental tenet of their religion.

4743: 171: 153: 3007: 64: 4333: 117: 4463: 3745: 5530: 4781: 12889: 5508: 4223:, 80,000–100,000 Jews were living in Iran. From then on, Jewish emigration from Iran dramatically increased, as about 20,000 Jews left within several months of the revolution alone. The majority of Iran's Jewish population, some 60,000 Jews, emigrated in the aftermath of the revolution, of whom 35,000 went to the United States, 20,000 to Israel, and 5,000 to Europe (mainly to the United Kingdom, France, Denmark, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland). 3204: 99: 12903: 13125: 135: 229: 5455: 3073:, that Cyrus, like earlier rulers, was through these decrees trying to gain support from those who might be strategically important, particularly those close to Egypt which Cyrus wished to conquer. She also wrote that "appeals to Marduk in the cylinder and to Yahweh in the biblical decree demonstrate the Persian tendency to co-opt local religious and political traditions in the interest of imperial control." 3849: 4454:, visited the family of Soleimani and issued anti-Israel statements. He later discussed the matter with an American audience, saying that Israel's attacks on Soleimani had stoked tensions in the Jewish community in Iran, and he felt the need to take public action to de-escalate the situation. He is reported to have said that the Iranian Jewish community prefers to avoid such political entanglements. 3757: 3430: 3787:. Any physical contact would require Shi'as to undertake ritual purification before doing regular prayers. Thus, Persian rulers, and the general populace, sought to limit physical contact between Muslims and Jews. Jews were excluded from public baths used by Muslims. They were forbidden to go outside during rain or snow, as an "impurity" could be washed from them upon a Muslim. 10664: 5359:

relationship between Jewish communities and European populations, 2407 European subjects were assigned and divided into 10 groups based on geographic region of their origin. This study confirmed previous findings of shared Middle Eastern origin of the above Jewish groups and found that "the genetic connections between the Jewish populations became evident from the frequent

3484:. This resulted in the suppression of other religions. A priestly Zoroastrian inscription from the time of King Bahram II (276–293 AD) contains a list of religions (including Judaism, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism etc.) that Sassanid rule claimed to have "smashed". "The false doctrines of Ahriman and of the idols suffered great blows and lost credibility. The Jews ( 4914:. In the 2000s, the Jewish population of Iran was estimated by most sources to be 25,000, (sources date from 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively) though estimates varied, with some as high as 40,000 in 1998. and some as low as 17,000 by 2010 However, the official census in August 2012 indicated that there were only 8,756 Jews still living in Iran. In the 2016 3794:(1588–1629) was initially benign; Jews prospered throughout Persia and were encouraged to settle in Isfahan, which was made a new capital. Toward the end of his rule, treatment of Jews became more harsh. Shi'a clergy (including a Jewish convert) persuaded the shah to require Jews to wear a distinctive badge on clothing and headgear. In 1656, Shah 5225:. They still hold identity papers from Iran, the country their ancestors left almost 80 years ago. These Persian Jews lived near the border of Iran and commonly practiced trade to sustain their communities. The most popular Lakhloukh Jewish family being the Malihi family, whom are all descendants of Jaha Malihi (A noble in the Persian Empire) 4944:. As of 2007, Israel is home to just over 47,000 Iranian-born Jews and roughly 87,000 Israeli-born Jews with fathers born in Iran. While these numbers add up to about 135,000, when Israelis with more distant or solely maternal Iranian roots are included the total number of Persian Jews in Israel is estimated to be between 200,000–250,000. 4645:, or retribution, in the Iranian judicial system. For example, if a Jew were to kill a Muslim, the family of the victim would have the right to ask that the death penalty be imposed, but if a Muslim kills a Jew, the penalty would be left to the discretion of the judges with the wishes of the victim's family carrying no legal weight. 3825:, many members of the Jewish community were forced to convert to Islam or left Mashhad, to Herat in Afghanistan or cities such as Bukhara in today's Uzbekistan. They became known as "Jadid al-Islams" (new Muslims) and appeared to superficially accept the new religion, but continued to practice many Jewish traditions, i.e. as 4548:. Criticism of this policy was the downfall of the last remaining newspaper of the Iranian Jewish community which was closed in 1991 after it criticized government control of Jewish schools. Instead of expelling Jews en masse like in Libya, Iraq, Egypt, and Yemen, the Iranians have adopted a policy of keeping Jews in Iran. 4010:, Reza Shah's pro-Nazi sympathies seriously threatened Iranian Jewry. There were no persecutions of the Jews, but, as with other minorities, anti-Jewish articles were published in the media. Unlike religiously motivated prejudice, anti-Jewish sentiments acquired an ethnonational character, a direct import from Germany. 3876:

that the Jews faced two options, conversion to Islam or death. Amidst the chaos, Jews had converted, but most refused to convert to Islam – described within the document was a boy of age 16 named Yahyia who refused to convert to Islam and was subsequently killed. The same year saw a forcible conversion of the Jews of

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which is a clinically silent condition in individuals who are not exposed to exogenous sources of choline esters. One possible outcome beyond prolonged general paralysis is paralysis of the muscles control respiratory function. This condition is found in the general population at a rate of 1 in 3000,

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In 2011, Moorjani et al. detected 3%–5% sub-Saharan African ancestry in all eight of the diverse Jewish populations (Ashkenazi Jews, Syrian Jews, Iranian Jews, Iraqi Jews, Greek Jews, Turkish Jews, Italian Jews) that they analyzed. The timing of this African admixture among all Jewish populations was

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estimated that at that time there were still 60,000–85,000 Jews in Iran; most other sources put the figure at 25,000. In 2011 the Jewish population numbered 8,756. In 2016 Jewish population numbered 9,826. In 2019 the Jewish Population numbered 8,300 and they constitute 0.01% of Iranian population, a

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The Iranian Jewish emigration to Israel is not a recent phenomenon. Of the Iranian Jews living in Israel in the early 1900s, 41% immigrated to British Mandatory Palestine before the establishment of Israel there in 1948; only 15% were admitted between 1975 and 1991. They immigrated chiefly because of

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They are obliged to live in a separate part of town…; for they are considered as unclean creatures… Under the pretext of their being unclean, they are treated with the greatest severity and should they enter a street, inhabited by Mussulmans, they are pelted by the boys and mobs with stones and dirt…

5126:, a village constituting part of Great Neck, has the greatest percentage of Iranians in the United States (approximately 40%). Unlike the Iranian community in Los Angeles, which contains a large number of non-Jewish Iranians, the Iranian population in and around Great Neck is almost entirely Jewish. 4953:

blog article about Iranian-Israeli Jews showing solidarity with the Iranian protestors said, "The Israeli community of Iranian Jews numbers about 170,000 – including the first generation of Israeli-born – and is deeply proud of its roots." The largest concentration of Persian Jews in Israel is found

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In principle, but with some exceptions, there is little restriction of or interference with the Jewish religious practice; however, education of Jewish children has become more difficult in recent years. The government reportedly allows Hebrew instruction, recognizing that it is necessary for Jewish

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In the holy Quran, Moses, salutations upon him and all his kin, has been mentioned more than any other prophet. Prophet Moses was a mere shepherd when he stood up to the might of pharaoh and destroyed him. Moses, the Speaker-to-Allah, represented pharaoh's slaves, the downtrodden, the mostazafeen of

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The Iranian American Jewish Federation (IAJF) of Los Angeles is a prominent non-profit organization that has been serving the Iranian Jewish community of Greater Los Angeles for the last forty-one years. IAJF is a leading organization in their efforts to fight local and global Antisemitism, protect

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The desire for survival may prompt Iranian Jews to overstate their anti-Israel positions. Their response to the questions regarding Israel have been outright denial of Israel or staying quiet. An example of the dilemma of Iranian Jews can be observed in this example :"We hear the ayatollah say

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In June 2007, though there were reports that wealthy expatriate Jews established a fund to offer incentives to Iranian Jews to immigrate to Israel, few took them up on the offer. The Society of Iranian Jews dismissed this act as "immature political enticements" and said that their national identity

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Some sources put the Iranian Jewish population in the mid and late 1980s as between 50,000 and 60,000. An estimate based on the 1986 census put the figure considerably higher for the same time, around 55,000. From the mid-1990s to the present there has been more uniformity in the figures, with most

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In the 19th century, the colonial powers from Europe began noting numerous forced conversions and massacres, usually generated by Shi'a clergy. Two major blood-libel conspiracies had taken place during this period, one in Shiraz and the other in Tabriz. A document recorded after the incident states

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Bābāʾī ben Nūrīʾel, a ḥāḵām (rabbi) from Isfahan translated the Pentateuch and the Psalms of David from Hebrew into Persian at the behest of Nāder Shah. Three other rabbis helped him in the translation, which was begun in Rabīʿ II 1153/May 1740, and completed in Jomādā I 1154/June 1741. At the same

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didn't mix up our community with Israel and Zionism—he saw us as Iranians." Privately, many Jews complain of "discrimination, much of it of a social or bureaucratic nature." The Islamic government appoints the officials who run Jewish schools, most of these being Muslims, and until 2015, required

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describes the process of dispossession : "There were two waves of confiscation of homes, farmlands and factories of Jews in Iran. In the first wave, the authorities seized the properties of a small group of Jews who were accused of helping Zionism financially. In the second wave, authorities

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in 1948, there were, by varying estimates, 100,000–150,000 Jews in Iran with relatively few Persian Jews residing outside the country. Today, there are an estimated 300,000–350,000 Jews of full or partial Persian ancestry living predominantly in Israel, with significant communities in the United

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Iranian Jews are generally allowed to travel to Israel and emigrate abroad, though they must submit passport and visa requests to a special section of the passport office, face restrictions on families leaving en masse, and travels to Israel must be done via a third country. However, the rate of

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Habib Elghanian was arrested and sentenced to death by an Islamic revolutionary tribunal shortly after the Islamic revolution for charges including corruption, contacts with Israel and Zionism, and "friendship with the enemies of God", and was executed by a firing squad. He was the first Jew and

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prohibited mass conversion of Jews and eliminated the concept of uncleanness of non-Muslims. He allowed incorporation of modern Hebrew into the curriculum of Jewish schools and publication of Jewish newspapers. Jews were also allowed to hold government jobs. Reza Shah's ascent brought temporary

5085:, tens of thousands of Persian Jews migrated from Iran, forming one of the wealthiest waves of immigrants to ever come to the United States. The community is credited with revitalizing Beverly Hills and re-developing its architecture, and for the development of ornate mansions across the city. 3060:

The historical nature of the "Cyrus decree" has been challenged. Professor Lester L Grabbe argues that there was no decree, but that there was a policy that allowed exiles to return to their homelands and rebuild their temples. He also argues that the archaeology suggests that the return was a

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It has been asserted that the majority of Iranian Jews prefer to stay in Iran because they are allowed to live a comfortable Jewish life there, but Sam Kermanian, who served as Secretary-General of the Iranian American Jewish Federation for fifteen years, disputed this claim, stating that the

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was the most prosperous era for the Jews of Iran. By the 1970s, only 1% of Iranian Jews were classified as lower class; 80% were middle class and 10% wealthy. Although Jews accounted for only a fraction of a percent of Iran's population, in 1979 two of the 18 members of the Iranian Academy of

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called the authenticity of the decree "dubious", citing Grabbe. Arguing against the authenticity of Ezra 1.1–4 is J. Briend, in a paper given at the Institut Catholique de Paris on 15 December 1993, who denies that it resembles the form of an official document but reflects rather the biblical

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An autosomal DNA study carried out in 2010 by Atzmon et al. examined the origin of Iranian, Iraqi, Syrian, Turkish, Greek, Sephardic, and Ashkenazi Jewish communities. The study compared these Jewish groups with 1043 unrelated individuals from 52 worldwide populations. To further examine the

3308:, fell into the hands of the Parthians, who, according to their custom, cut off his ears in order to render him unfit for rulership. The Jews of Babylonia, it seems, had the intention of founding a high-priesthood for the exiled Hyrcanus, which they would have made quite independent of the 9419:یافته های طرح آمارگیری جامع فرهنگی کشور، فضاهای فرهنگی ایران، آمارنامه اماکن مذهبی، 2003، وزارت فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی، ص 344 (Findings of a comprehensive survey of the country's cultural spaces, Iran, religious statistical report, 2003, the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, p. 344) 5343:

Another study of L. Hao et al. studied seven groups of Jewish populations with different geographic origin (Ashkenazi, Italian, Greek, Turkish, Iranian, Iraqi, and Syrian) and showed that the individuals all shared a common Middle Eastern background, although they were also genetically

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The Iranian American Jewish Federation (IAJF) of New York has been serving the Iranian Jewish community for the last sixteen years. The organisation's goal is to be a unifier amongst Iranian Jews in the Greater New York metropolitan area and engagement in philanthropic activities.

5096:, a Persian Jew who immigrated to the United States in 1958, became the Mayor of Beverly Hills. This election made Delshad one of the highest ranking elected Iranian-American officials in the United States. He once again took the post of mayor of Beverly Hills on March 16, 2010. 4515:

on the charge of having been in contact with Israel, among others. In May 1998, Jewish businessman Ruhollah Kadkhodah-Zadeh was hanged in prison without a public charge or legal proceeding, apparently for assisting Jews to emigrate. In 2024, the pending execution of Persian Jew

5388:". Citing Behar, Atzmon states that "Evidence for founder females of Middle Eastern origin has been observed in all Jewish populations based on non-overlapping mitochondrial haplotypes with coalescence times >2000 years". The closest people related to Jewish groups were the 3693:, a physician of Hamadani origin who was also a historian and statesman; and who adopted Islam in order to advance his career in Öljeitü's court in Tabriz. However, in 1318 he was executed on charges of poisoning Öljeitü and his severed head was carried around the streets of 10907: 3967:. Muslims plundered the whole Jewish quarter. The first to start looting were soldiers sent by the local governor to defend the Jews against the enraged mob. Twelve Jews who tried to defend their property were killed, and many others were injured. Representatives of the 2989:'s country study on Iran states that "Over the centuries the Jews of Iran became physically, culturally, and linguistically indistinguishable from the non-Jewish population. The overwhelming majority of Jews speak Persian as their mother language, and a tiny minority, 10890: 3959:

In 1901, the riot of Shaykh Ibrahim was sparked against the Jews of Tehran. An imam began preaching on the importance of eliminating alcohol for the sake of Islamic purity, leading to an assault against Jews for refusing to give up the wine they drank for Sabbath.

4845:, the Iranian Jewish parliamentarian. "There is a distinction between us as Jews and Israel," added a shopkeeper in the historic city of Isfahan. "We consider ourselves Iranian Jews, and it has nothing to do with Israel whatsoever. This is the country we love." 4639:, Jews may not become a member of the Majlis through general elections. A Jew may not inherit property from a Muslim. By law, if one member of a Jewish family converts to Islam, that person inherits all family property. Jews also do not have equal rights to 4496:, a former Jewish Iranian parliamentarian states that in recent years, the Iranian government has allowed Jewish Iranians to visit their family members in Israel and it has also allowed those Iranians who are living in Israel to return to Iran for a visit. 4617:

has a Jewish population of about 1,500, consisting mostly of businesspeople. As of 2015 there were 13 synagogues, including the primary synagogue on Palestine Square. In Esfahan, many Jewish businesses are concentrated in an area called "Jewish Passage".

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Jews was the absence of Southern European components in the former. According to these results, European/Syrian Jewish populations, including the Ashkenazi Jewish community, were formed later, as a result of the expulsion and migration of Jews from the

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Jews in the Islamic Republic of Iran are formally to be treated equally and free to practice their religion. There is even a seat in the Iranian parliament reserved for the representative of the Iranian Jews. However, de facto discrimination is common.

9873: 4799: 4918:, the remaining Jewish population of Iran was 9,826 As of 2021, only 8,500 Jews still live in Iran. After Israel, it is home to the second-largest Jewish population in the Middle East. Notable population centers include Tehran, Isfahan (1,200), and 3992:

implemented modernizing reforms, which greatly improved the life of Jews. The influence of the Shi'a clergy was weakened, and the restrictions on Jews and other religious minorities were abolished. According to Charles Recknagel and Azam Gorgin of

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recorded numerous instances of persecution and debasement of Persian Jews. In the late 19th to early 20th century, thousands of Persian Jews immigrated to the territory of present-day Israel within the Ottoman Empire to escape such persecution.

3689:, Ghazan Khan's successor, destroyed many synagogues and decreed that Jews had to wear a distinctive mark on their heads; Christians endured similar persecutions. Under pressure, many Jews converted to Islam. The most famous such convert was 3385:

speaks of the numerous Jews resident in that country, a population that was likely increased by immigrants after the destruction of Jerusalem. In Jerusalem from early times, Jews had looked to the east for help. With the fall of Jerusalem,

5408:. Regarding this relationship, the authors conclude that "These observations are supported by the significant overlap of Y chromosomal haplogroups between Israeli and Palestinian Arabs with Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi Jewish populations". 3411:. Until then they had used the Jews as collectors of revenue. The Parthians may have given them recognition for services, especially by the Davidic house. Establishment of the Resh Galuta provided a central authority over the numerous 3863:

described 19th-century regional differences in the situation of the Persian Jews: "In Isfahan, where they are said to be 3,700 and where they occupy a relatively better status than elsewhere in Persia, they are not permitted to wear

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and other Iranian cities. When revolts broke out in Persia, he ruthlessly suppressed them, massacring the populations of whole cities. When Timur plundered Persia its artists and artisans were deported to embellish Timur's capital

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drove increased anti-Jewish sentiment in Iran. This continued until 1953, in part because of the weakening of the central government and strengthening of clergy in the political struggles between the shah and prime minister

3605:, non-Muslim subjects of the Islamic empire. Dhimmis were allowed to practice their religion, but were required to pay jizya to cover the cost of financial welfare, security and other benefits that Muslims were entitled to ( 3892:

continued to practice Judaism in secret despite a fear of further persecutions. Famous Iranian-Jewish teachers such as Mullah Daoud Chadi continued to teach and preach Judaism, inspiring Jews throughout the nation. Jews of

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Iranian Jews remain under various discriminatory legal restrictions regarding their position in society. Jews are prohibited from holding significant governmental and decision-making positions. A Jew may not serve on the

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confiscated the properties of Jews who had to leave the country after the Revolution. They left everything in fear for their lives and the Islamic Republic confiscated their properties using their absence as an excuse".

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Iranian Jews domestically and abroad, promote a unified community, participating in social and public affairs, provide financial and psychosocial assistance to those in need through philanthropic activities, and more.

4878:(in particular Paris and London), and in Australia, Canada, and South America. A number of groups of Jews of Persia have split off since ancient times. They have been identified as separate communities, such as the 14404: 5315:, and some other cities all speak various dialects that may or may not be intelligible to each other. There are less than 5,000 known speakers today and the language faces extinction in the next few decades. 4865:

estimated that in 1900 there were 35,000 Persian Jews in Iran (almost all of whom lived in present-day Iran), although other sources estimate somewhat higher numbers for the same time. On the eve of Israel's

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Thirteen Jews have been executed in Iran since the Islamic revolution, most of them, at least in part for their alleged connections to Israel. Among them, one of the most prominent Jews of Iran in the 1970s,

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The history of Jews in Rawalpindi dates back to 1839 when many Jewish families from Mashhad fled to save themselves from the persecutions and settled in various parts of subcontinent including Peshawar and

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An Israeli news outlet, Israel Hayom, reported that Iranian Jews in Israel say that they viewed Iran as their home and were allowed to practice Judaism freely, but that there was suspicion and fear too.

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that Israel was cooperating with the Shah and SAVAK, and we would be fools to say we support Israel. So we just keep quiet about it... Maybe it will work out. Anyway, what can we do? This is our home."

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government sources since then estimating roughly 25,000 Jews remaining in Iran. These less recent official figures are considered bloated, and the Jewish community may not amount to more than 10,000. A

5380:, during Roman rule. Concerning Ashkenazi Jews, this study found that genetic dates "are incompatible with theories that Ashkenazi Jews are for the most part the direct lineal descendants of converted 3319:

was based on a loosely configured system of vassal kings. The lack of rigidly centralized rule over the empire had drawbacks, for instance, allowing the rise of a Jewish robber-state in Nehardea (see

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The Mountain Jews are an Iranian-speaking community that took shape in the eastern and northern Caucasus after the areas in which they lived were annexed by Russia from Qajar Iran in 1812 and 1813.

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was delayed by a month after a global campaign calling for his commutation and criticism that Ghahremani was being subjected to a discriminatory judicial system that prioritized Muslims over Jews.

3829:. Except a few individuals, the community permanently left Mashhad in 1946, either to Tehran, but also to Bombay and Palestine. Most of them still live as a tightly knit community in Israel today. 14115: 9973: 4240:

met with the Jewish community upon his return from exile in Paris, when heads of the community, disturbed by the execution of one of their most distinguished representatives, the industrialist

10983: 9646: 3343:. These instances and others show not only the tolerance of Parthian kings, but are also a testament to the extent at which the Parthians saw themselves as the heir to the preceding empire of 2968:

convenience rather than actual historical relationship with one another. Scholars believe that during the peak of the Persian Empire, Jews may have comprised as much as 20% of the population.

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king of Persia" (Ezra 6:14). This great event in Jewish history took place in the late sixth-century BC, by which time there was a well-established and influential Jewish community in Persia.

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upon performing them privately for almost a century. The Mashadi community in Great Neck operates its own synagogues and community centers, and members typically marry within the community.

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Levy, Habib. "Part 1/ Part 11." Comprehensive History of The Jews of Iran The Outset of the Diaspora, edited by Hooshang Ebrami, translated by George W. Maschke, Mazda Publishers, 1999.

3821:. As many Jews were traders, they were able to prosper due to the connection of Mashhad to other cities along the Silk Road, most notably in Central Asia. In 1839, in an event known as 2937:

Jews in ancient Persia mostly lived in their own communities. Persian Jews lived in the ancient (and until the mid-20th century still extant) communities not only of Iran, but also the

2785:. According to the 2016 Iranian census, the remaining Jewish population of Iran stood at 9,826 people, though independent third-party estimates have placed the figure at around 8,500. 3671:, and after Arghun's death in 1291, al-Daula was murdered and Persian Jews in Tabriz suffered a period of violent persecutions from the Muslim populace instigated by the clergy. The 14439: 7434: 9662:

Iranian Jews Find a Beverly Hills Refuge : Immigrants: Khomeini's revolution drove 40,000 of them into exile. At least 30,000 may live in or near the city that symbolizes weal

8307: 7559: 3685:'s conversion to Islam in 1295 heralded for Persian Jews in Tabriz a pronounced turn for the worse, as they were once again relegated to the status of dhimmis (Covenant of Omar). 4396:

was the spiritual leader for the Jewish community of Iran from 1994 to 2007, when he was succeeded by Mashallah Golestani-Nejad. In August 2000, Cohen met with Iranian President

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Opinion over the condition of Jews in Iran is divided. One Jewish voice presenting a benevolent view of the Iranian Islamic government and society toward Jews is film producer

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organization conducts Hebrew lessons on Fridays. The government monitors activities in Jewish schools to ensure that the main language of education is Persian and not Hebrew.

3312:. But the reverse was to come about: the Judeans received a Babylonian, Ananel by name, as their high priest, which indicates the importance enjoyed by the Jews of Babylonia. 8537: 5355:, and one of the authors of this study, concluded, "We have shown that Jewishness can be identified through genetic analysis, so the notion of a Jewish people is plausible." 3798:

ordered the expulsion from Isfahan of all Jews because of the common belief of their "impurity". They were forced to convert to Islam. The treasury suffered from the loss of

3897:, Mazandaran were forcibly converted in 1866. When the French and British ambassadors intervened to allow them to practice their traditional religion, a mob killed 18 Jews. 3806:

in secret. For whatever reason, the government in 1661 allowed Jews to take up their old religion, but still required them to wear a distinctive patch upon their clothing.

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as well (I Macc. xv. 22); it is not, however, specified which Arsaces. Not long after this, the Partho-Babylonian country was trodden by the army of a Jewish prince; the

14399: 6901: 3659:. The Ilkhanate Mongol rulers abolished the inequality of dhimmis, and all religions were deemed equal. It was shortly after this time when one of the Ilkhanate rulers, 1278: 3872:

they are also to be found in large numbers and enjoying a fair position. In Shiraz they are very badly off. In Bushire they are prosperous and free from persecution."

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In 1996, there were still three schools in Tehran in which Jews were in a majority, but Jewish principals had been replaced. The school curriculum is Islamic and the

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Jews first arrived in Rawalpindi's Babu Mohallah neighbourhood from Mashhad, Persia in 1839, in order to flee from anti-Jewish laws instituted by the Qajar dynasty.

6317: 3037:, Cyrus granted all the Jews citizenship. Though he allowed the Jews to return to Israel (around 537 BC), many chose to remain in Persia. Thus, the events of the 13883: 9205: 7846: 3868:

or Persian headdress, to have shops in the bazaar, to build the walls of their houses as high as a Moslem neighbour's, or to ride in the street. In Teheran and

6313: 1856: 6572: 1511: 1206: 3587:. In addition, Raba sometimes referred to his top student Abaye with the term Shvur Malka meaning "Shapur King" because of his bright and quick intellect. 10844: 7487: 1398: 14338: 10853: 9970: 3775:

the state religion. This led to a deterioration in their treatment of Persian Jews. Safavids Shi'ism assigns importance to the issues of ritual purity –

8616: 2606: 14455: 13113: 10599: 8992: 5928: 5417: 3174:(son of Darius the Great) in the 6th century BC. According to the story, Haman and his wife Zeresh instigated a plot to kill all the Jews of ancient 370: 10434:

Nasser Makarem-Shirazi, one of the Shia Grand Ayatollahs, who is close to the government, had Jewish ancestors. He is now known as a radical cleric.

7715: 14467: 12393: 10342: 9857:

The traditional language of the Mountain Jews, Juhuri, is part of the Iranian language family and contains many Hebrew elements. (...) In reality,

9810: 7897: 4922:. Historically, Jews maintained a presence in many more Iranian cities. Jews are protected in the Iranian constitution and allowed one seat in the 1393: 3534:) were smashed in the empire, their idols destroyed, and the habitations of the idols annihilated and turned into abodes and seats of the gods"." 2960:

Some of the communities have been isolated from other Jewish communities to the extent that their classification as "Persian Jews" is a matter of

13828: 13523: 12941: 12783: 6501: 3860: 1641: 10078:"Abraham's children in the genome era: major Jewish diaspora populations comprise distinct genetic clusters with shared Middle Eastern Ancestry" 9501: 9091: 7411: 4833:

On December 16, 2014, authorities in Tehran unveiled a monument to slain Iranian Jewish soldiers who died during the country's long and bitter

4906:. While immigration to Israel had slowed in the 1970s and the Jewish population of Iran had stabilized, the majority of Iran's remaining Jews 4412:

is the chairman of the Jewish Committee of Tehran and leader of Iran's Jewish community. On January 26, 2007, Yashayaei's letter to President

13962: 13429: 11466: 3332: 1895: 14427: 8363: 4761: 3292:

Sidetes, marched, in company with Hyrcanus I, against the Parthians; and when the allied armies defeated the Parthians (129 BC) at the

14503: 14238: 13539: 4432: 4253:

At the end of the discussion Khomeini declared, "We recognize our Jews as separate from those godless, bloodsucking Zionists" and issued a

10974: 9565: 9036: 8692: 8659: 7441: 3186:. As a result, Ahasuerus ordered the hanging of Haman and his ten sons. The events of the Book of Esther are celebrated as the holiday of 12743: 7218: 4263:

businessman to be executed by the Islamic government. His execution caused fear among the Jewish community and caused many to flee Iran.

880: 843: 3405:

had reason to side with the Parthians, their protectors. Parthian kings elevated the princes of the Exile to a kind of nobility, called

11261: 11039: 4923: 7803: 7784: 7752: 5205:(present day Uzbekistan and Tajikistan). Most Bukharian Jews have immigrated to Israel or the United States since the collapse of the 4419:

The Jews of Iran have been best known for certain occupations like making gold jewelry and dealing in antiques, textiles and carpets.

14508: 14298: 14018: 10618: 10509: 9743: 5891: 5040: 3351:

saying tells, "When you see a Parthian charger tied up to a tomb-stone in the Land of Israel, the hour of the Messiah will be near".

1819: 9120: 7192: 4387:'s largest charity hospital of any religious minority community in the country; however, most of its patients and staff are Muslim. 11290: 5785: 4841:" in Farsi and Hebrew inscriptions. "We are not tenants in this country. We are Iranians, and we have been for 30 centuries," said 3739: 1842: 9303: 3956:: "...every time that a priest wishes to emerge from obscurity and win a reputation for piety, he preaches war against the Jews". 14110: 13861: 13091: 12789: 10364: 1192: 936: 9953: 8953: 8256: 7617: 7613: 7272: 14157: 14006: 11889: 11343: 5104: 5064: 4882:. In addition, there are a large number of people in Iran who are, or who are the direct descendants of, Jews who converted to 4742: 2599: 1769: 1704: 1586: 7586: 3564:

was half-Jewish, and this gave the Jewish community relative freedom of religion and many advantages. He was also friend of a

14223: 13866: 13544: 13106: 11884: 10865: 10834: 10793: 10770: 10732: 10714: 10413: 9536: 9406:

Iranian Jews: 'Take revenge on Israel for Haniyeh assassination' 31 July 2024 Israel National News access-date=01 August 2024

8819: 8490: 8158: 8029: 7696: 7596: 7569: 7177: 7080: 4380: 4279: 3943:

archival record indicates that a group of 200 Iranian Jews who tried to migrate to the Land of Israel were returned to Iran.

885: 9449: 8840: 4511:

who was the head of the Iranian Jewish community was executed by a firing squad by the Islamic government shortly after the

3936:

In 1868, Jews were the most significant minority in Tehran, numbering 1,578 people. By 1884 this figure had risen to 5,571.

13253: 10076:

Atzmon G, Hao L, Pe'er I, Velez C, Pearlman A, Palamara PF, Morrow B, Friedman E, Oddoux C, Burns E, Ostrer H (June 2010).

9934: 9358: 3984:

A ketubah Jewish marriage contract Iran 1930, Younes & Soraya Nazarian library, University of Haifa Digital collections

1328: 11793: 9618: 7734: 3697:, chanting, "This is the head of the Jew who abused the name of God; may God's curse be upon him!" About 100 years later, 3679:

wrote that the violence committed against the Jews during that period "neither tongue can utter, nor the pen write down".

14053: 13821: 13508: 12934: 11904: 11899: 11323: 9675: 8926: 7085: 5848: 5288:, and Persian Jews elsewhere will tend to speak the local language (e.g. English in the United States) with sprinkles of 4867: 4285:

In the Islamic republic, Jews have become more religious. Families who had been secular in the 1970s started adhering to

2655: 1596: 1413: 1403: 643: 10818:

Conference on Contextualizing Ethnicity: Discussions across Disciplines, Center for the International Study of Ethnicity

9712: 8938: 3381:

that they made their hatred felt; so, the revolt of the Babylonian Jews helped prevent Rome from becoming master there.

14373: 14147: 13453: 13213: 12716: 11593: 10987: 9850: 8547: 5068: 5032: 3272:

prince Sanatroces, of the royal house of the Arsacides, is mentioned in the "Small Chronicle" as one of the successors

1992: 1942: 1907: 1601: 1466: 1333: 252: 10243:

Moorjani P, Patterson N, Hirschhorn JN, Keinan A, Hao L, Atzmon G, Burns E, Ostrer H, Price AL, Reich D (April 2011).

9066: 14120: 13994: 13709: 13632: 13422: 11744: 11598: 11130: 10471: 7843: 7646: 6031: 5932: 5494: 5186:

of 1813. However, they maintained a Judeo-Persian language that shares a great deal of vocabulary and structure with

5036: 3853: 3251: 2592: 1684: 1646: 1621: 1541: 1526: 1373: 1313: 1268: 14130: 9859:

the Mountain Jews primarily descend from Persian Jews who came to the Caucasus during the fifth and sixth centuries.

7686: 5077:. Persian Jews constitute a great percentage of the 26% of the total population of Beverly Hills that identifies as 3948: 3233: 14074: 13659: 13580: 13099: 11653: 11561: 8768: 5048: 4555:

On July 31,2024 the Tehran Central Jewish committee issued a statement condemning the elimination of Hamas leader

3122:

came to power in the Persian Empire and ordered the completion of the temple. According to the Bible, the prophets

1977: 1959: 1865: 1759: 1611: 1606: 1531: 1496: 1363: 7989: 7316: 4915: 4613:

and some other cities of Iran were home to large populations of Jews. At present there are 25 synagogues in Iran.

4593:

restaurants, an old-age home and a cemetery. There is a Jewish library with 20,000 titles. Traditionally however,

4228: 14200: 14152: 14140: 14135: 14011: 13967: 13942: 13498: 12818: 12012: 7198: 5820: 5437: 5052: 4375:

Iranian Jews have their own newspaper (called "Ofogh-e-Bina") with Jewish scholars performing Judaic research at

3579:, Raba's friendship with Shapur II enabled him to secure a relaxation of the oppressive laws enacted against the 3130:

urged this work. The temple was ready for consecration in the spring of 515 BC, more than twenty years after the

2495: 2394: 1949: 1932: 1885: 1784: 1694: 1631: 1581: 1561: 1556: 1476: 1450: 1425: 1303: 1293: 1283: 1263: 1258: 7561:

A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud: A History of the Persian Province of Judah

5424:), prior to the beginning of the Jewish diaspora that occurred in 8th to 6th century BC" the authors concludes. 4343:

Iran's Jewish community is officially recognized as a religious minority group by the government, and, like the

14228: 14179: 14096: 14069: 13972: 13957: 13814: 13559: 13488: 13458: 13313: 12927: 11694: 11254: 11032: 10294: 9235: 8334: 7484: 7471: 7421: 5762: 3229: 2938: 1968: 1954: 1922: 1902: 1870: 1814: 1789: 1764: 1744: 1734: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1689: 1679: 1674: 1651: 1566: 1551: 1471: 1430: 1383: 1378: 1298: 1243: 17: 9317: 8564: 6438: 4635:, or as a military commander. Jews may not serve as judges, and aside from the seat reserved for a Jew in the 14498: 14493: 14323: 14048: 14043: 14033: 13483: 13478: 12795: 12116: 10883: 9345: 8697: 8542: 7007:– author, blogger, and humor writer best known for Man Repeller, an independent fashion and lifestyle website 6515: 6511: 5630: 5020: 4636: 4482:, which has historically been opposed to the existence of Israel have visited Iran on several occasions. The 4022: 3225: 2707: 2389: 1927: 1912: 1875: 1837: 1809: 1799: 1794: 1779: 1774: 1754: 1739: 1724: 1699: 1665: 1636: 1536: 1521: 1445: 1435: 1353: 1323: 1248: 1234: 9582:"Jews of Iran and Rabbinical Literature: Preliminary Notes | Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner" 9429: 4898:

Iran's Jewish population was reduced from 150,000 to 100,000 in 1948 to about 80,000 immediately before the

3904:

wrote about the life of Persian Jews, describing conditions and beliefs that went back to the 16th century:

14389: 14125: 14079: 13989: 13871: 13518: 13513: 13503: 13463: 13415: 12858: 12726: 12721: 11909: 11894: 11658: 11613: 11358: 9700: 8792:

2011 General Census Selected Results (PDF), Statistical Center of Iran, 2012, p. 26, ISBN 978-964-365-827-4

8282: 7182: 7157: 7095: 5876: 4974: 4768: 4678: 4124: 1997: 1917: 1880: 1804: 1749: 1616: 1591: 1516: 1491: 1481: 1420: 1343: 1338: 1318: 1308: 1288: 1273: 1166: 870: 634: 629: 11184: 11008: 10536: 9910: 7874: 2914:

contain references to the life and experiences of Jews in Persia and accounts of their relations with the

14104: 13493: 13473: 13468: 13288: 13192: 12823: 12808: 11689: 11549: 11135: 10600:

Fashion's Tahari: `My head's in N.Y., heart's in Israel'|j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California

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Several thousand of the Great Neck area's 10,000 Persian Jews trace their origins to the Iranian city of

4677:

Many cities in Iran have Jewish sites or sites related to Judaism in some way. Prominent among these are

4483: 3997:, during the reign of Reza Shah "the political and social conditions of the Jews changed fundamentally." 2918:. In the book of Ezra, the Persian kings are credited with permitting and enabling the Jews to return to 2699: 1987: 1982: 1937: 1890: 1576: 1546: 1506: 1501: 1358: 664: 8444: 7435:"Բեն Օլանդերի հատուկ ներկայացումը Նյու Յորքում նվիրված Ռաուլ Վալլենբերգին,Երեքշաբթի 9 Նոյեմբերի 2010 թ." 4780: 14394: 14355: 12777: 12671: 12322: 12216: 11924: 11857: 11418: 11308: 10940: 10461: 9661: 7905: 7187: 5476: 5465: 4568: 4512: 4047:

The violence and disruption in Arab life associated with the founding of Israel and its victory in the

3596: 3469: 3127: 2915: 2782: 2461: 2306: 2014: 1408: 604: 594: 330: 7105: 7100: 3041:

are set entirely in Iran. Various biblical accounts say that over forty thousand Jews did return (See

2973: 14333: 14028: 14001: 13754: 13386: 12893: 12833: 12731: 12711: 12581: 12506: 12366: 12233: 11919: 11879: 11247: 11025: 10950: 10742: 10390: 9633: 9274: 9256: 9210: 7065: 6878: 5412:

identical The exact date was not determined, but it was estimated to have taken place between 1,600 (

5103:

and the Eretz-Siamak Cultural Center. Persian Jews also constitute a large part of the membership at

5089: 5074: 5024: 4848: 4057: 4048: 4030: 2803:. In various scholarly and historical texts, the term is used in reference to Jews who speak various 2770: 2575: 2268: 2119: 2060: 951: 10677: 10316: 4304:

Haroun Yashyaei, a film producer and former chairman of the Central Jewish Community in Iran said, "

4068:

Sciences, 80 of the 4,000 university lecturers, and 600 of the 10,000 physicians in Iran were Jews.

13744: 12813: 12644: 11943: 11818: 11140: 10640: 9798: 9634:

ISRAEL: Iranian Jews show solidarity with Iranian protesters|Babylon & Beyond|Los Angeles Times

9581: 6907: 5546: 5518: 5028: 5008: 4907: 4787: 3640: 3461: 3214: 3077: 3061:"trickle", taking place over perhaps decades, resulting in a maximum population of perhaps 30,000. 2278: 2258: 1368: 848: 389: 14174: 13121: 10816:

Wasserstein, Bernard (2003). "Evolving Jewish Ethnicities or Jewish Ethnicity: End of the Road?".

9897: 8538:"Jews in Iran Describe a Life of Freedom Despite Anti-Israel Actions by Tehran|csmonitor.com" 8398: 2694:) bring together an extensive narrative shedding light on contemporary Jewish life experiences in 14363: 14162: 14063: 13785: 13694: 13637: 13617: 13396: 12766: 12755: 12349: 12270: 11975: 11874: 11813: 11699: 11672: 10955: 10682: 10200:

Balter M (June 2010). "Human genetics. Who are the Jews? Genetic studies spark identity debate".

10053: 9010: 8374: 7638: 7296: 7172: 6361: 6348: 6125: 6061: 5973: 5912: 5329: 5324: 4860: 4132: 4128: 3663:

Khan, preferred Jews for the administrative positions and appointed Sa'd al-Daula, a Jew, as his

3218: 2865: 2419: 2409: 2374: 2253: 2243: 2026: 1197: 1139: 973: 652: 609: 324: 199: 9730:

Universe: Total population more information 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

5332:

show that Persian and Iraqi Jews form a distinct cluster amongst the Jewish People and that the

4725:

There are also tombs of several outstanding Jewish scholars in Iran such as Harav Ohr Shraga in

4060:

puts the total figure of Iranian Jews who immigrated to Israel between 1948 and 1978 at 70,000.

2811:. In Iran, Persian Jews and Jewish people in general are both described with four common terms: 14266: 13790: 13689: 13228: 12802: 12772: 11835: 10964: 10510:"Da Vinci® Prostatectomy – is There Sex After Surgery? Yes – if You Choose the Right Procedure" 9561: 8702: 8584: 7110: 7075: 6929: 6917: 6561: 6109: 5992: 5766: 5624: 5605: 5352: 4935: 4056:. From 1948 to 1953, about one-third of Iranian Jews, most of them poor, immigrated to Israel. 3690: 2738: 2538: 2273: 2187: 1253: 805: 424: 394: 8600: 7831: 5472: 14488: 14256: 14233: 14189: 13554: 13391: 13365: 13003: 12950: 12828: 12749: 12531: 12238: 12121: 11862: 11852: 11845: 11830: 11716: 10701: 9548: 9341: 9177: 8411: 7090: 6889: 6770: 6234: 6003: 5861: 5852: 5826: 5646: 5511: 5123: 4903: 4486:, protested against one such visit by members of a Neturei Karta faction after they attended 4393: 4208: 4064: 3289: 3285: 3092:, with assistance from the Persians, and the Israelites assumed an important position in the 3069:

Mary Joan Winn Leith believes that the decree in Ezra might be authentic and, along with the

2711: 2429: 2424: 2369: 2157: 1072: 800: 787: 682: 399: 9150: 8914: 8717: 8519: 8399:

Migration Information Source – Iran: A Vast Diaspora Abroad and Millions of Refugees at Home

7688:

Historical Fictions and Hellenistic Jewish Identity: Third Maccabees in Its Cultural Context

4002:

relief to Jews. In the 1920s, Jewish schools were closed again. In the 1930s, shortly after

13197: 13187: 13171: 12967: 12863: 12853: 12356: 11328: 11152: 11125: 10209: 9466: 9206:"Iranian Jew's execution reportedly delayed after prayer campaign by Jews around the world" 8054: 7800: 7780: 7749: 7024: 6871: 6582: 6434: 6307: 6279: 6228: 6173: 5593: 5108: 5012: 4686: 4428: 4401: 4348: 4344: 3473: 2774: 2719: 2500: 2452: 2192: 2050: 863: 728: 717: 675: 10513: 9751: 9602: 9405: 9396:

Religious Minorities in Iran, Eliz Sanasarian, Cambridge University Press, 2000, page 150.

8780: 6911: 6620: 6051: 5007:

The United States is home to 60,000–80,000 Iranian Jews, most of whom have settled in the

4887: 8: 13977: 13612: 13360: 13318: 13298: 13283: 13238: 13057: 12511: 12479: 12405: 12314: 12260: 11867: 11667: 11401: 11366: 9117: 9053: 7927: 7212: 6941: 6830: 6824: 6486: 6179: 5360: 5349: 5201:

traditionally speak a dialect of Judeo-Persian and lived mainly in the former emirate of

5044: 5016: 4967: 4413: 4369: 4267: 3926: 3599:, the government assigned Jews, along with Christians and Zoroastrians, to the status of 3277: 2986: 2725:

After 1979, Jewish emigration from Iran increased dramatically in light of the country's

2553: 2248: 921: 793: 696: 689: 619: 507: 382: 31: 10858:

The Jews of Iran. The History, Religion, and Culture of a Community in the Islamic World

10213: 9359:"Rouhani accommodates Iran's Jewish students - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East" 7527: 5257: 5190:. Most Azerbaijani Jews have immigrated to Israel since Azerbaijan gained independence. 3029:

was "God's anointed", having freed the Jews from Babylonian rule. After the conquest of

3006: 2874:

since around 727 BC, having arrived in the region as slaves after being captured by the

13323: 13308: 13278: 13233: 12843: 12838: 12649: 12371: 12248: 12243: 12228: 12198: 12151: 12074: 11980: 11840: 11413: 11318: 11285: 11179: 10582: 10463:

Eminent Persians The Men and Women Who Made Modern Iran, 1941-1979, Volumes One and Two

10271: 10244: 10177: 10152: 10102: 10077: 9971:

Iranian Jews Rediscover Their Roots In Judeo-Persian Literature | Iranian American Jews

8164: 8129: 8112:

Sohrabi, Narciss M. (2023). "The politics of in/visibility: The Jews of urban Tehran".

7243: 7167: 7132: 6728: 6638: 6415: 5902: 5789: 5721: 5636: 5611: 5183: 5082: 4899: 4405: 4356: 4220: 4184: 4075:

or Islamic Revolution in 1979, there were 100,000 Jews in Iran, mostly concentrated in

4072: 4053: 4026: 3964: 3795: 3576: 3549: 3513: 2907: 2726: 2404: 2354: 2301: 2296: 2210: 2080: 1348: 1177: 931: 856: 710: 276: 14089: 12126: 12002: 9990: 3701:

destroyed Rashid al-Din's tomb, and his remains were reburied at the Jewish cemetery.

3647:

caliphate. In Persia and surrounding areas, the Mongols established a division of the

2922:

and rebuild their Temple; its reconstruction was effected "according to the decree of

14460: 14345: 14271: 13951: 13344: 13339: 13293: 13248: 13243: 13155: 13150: 13050: 13043: 13036: 13029: 12627: 12558: 12440: 12425: 12208: 12079: 12044: 11333: 10861: 10830: 10789: 10766: 10728: 10710: 10574: 10467: 10276: 10225: 10182: 10107: 9950: 9846: 9104: 8950: 8858: 8815: 8568: 8463: 8341:, The Council of Immigrant Associations in Israel (Pop-up info when clicking on Iran) 8154: 8133: 8035: 8025: 7692: 7660: 7652: 7642: 7592: 7565: 7467: 7417: 7280: 7162: 6966: 6947: 6752: 6704: 6542: 6352: 6273: 6066: 6015: 5943: 5810: 5599: 5421: 5296: 5217:

There are estimated to be approximately four dozen Persian Jewish families living in

4949: 4842: 4834: 4632: 4540: 4436: 4275: 3994: 3930: 3881: 3822: 3791: 3584: 3391: 3347:. So protective were the Parthians of the minority over whom they ruled, that an old 3320: 3034: 2804: 2667: 2548: 2490: 2470: 2287: 1847: 1486: 946: 817: 747: 624: 537: 404: 191: 9786: 8887: 8243: 8168: 8148: 7515: 5267: 3744: 14248: 13549: 13303: 13273: 13223: 13129: 12693: 12661: 12622: 12593: 12576: 12526: 12327: 12136: 12069: 12022: 11970: 11938: 11929: 11914: 11788: 11763: 11739: 11623: 11554: 11471: 11338: 11223: 11218: 11048: 10266: 10256: 10217: 10172: 10164: 10130: 10097: 10089: 9136: 8807: 8121: 7768: 7033: 6984: 6935: 6852: 6782: 6740: 6686: 6662: 6469: 6295: 6261: 6246: 6103: 6093: 6078: 6072: 5908: 5804: 5740: 5289: 5238: 5234: 5100: 5092:, 26% of Beverly Hills' 34,000 residents are of Iranian origin. On March 21, 2007, 5078: 4995:

Since at least the 1980s, Persian Jews in Israel have traditionally tended to vote

4729:

and Hakham Mullah Moshe Halevi (Moshe-Ha-Lavi), a 16th-century Spanish scholar, in

4658: 4628: 4536: 4529: 4517: 4409: 4397: 4364: 4091:(3,000). Jews were also located in other various cities throughout Iran, including 3802:

collected from the Jews. There were rumors that the converts continued to practice

3497: 3489: 3171: 3119: 3062: 2990: 2978: 2927: 2903: 2816: 2715: 2691: 2625: 2518: 2399: 2359: 2323: 2021: 1571: 1082: 838: 742: 657: 547: 339: 215: 207: 195: 10421: 10221: 10015: 8494: 5137:

made their Jewish observances more public again following the rise of the secular

4694: 4416:

concerning his Holocaust denial comments brought about worldwide media attention.

3713: 2807:. Iranian immigrants in Israel (nearly all of whom are Jewish) are referred to as 14328: 14261: 13982: 13876: 13721: 13682: 13575: 13381: 13218: 13009: 12603: 12598: 12410: 12337: 12170: 12141: 12064: 12054: 12017: 11992: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11783: 11778: 11768: 11753: 11544: 11461: 11428: 11386: 11376: 11228: 11012: 10978: 10911: 10894: 10782: 10487: 10261: 9977: 9957: 9938: 9877: 9569: 9525: 9292: 9124: 8957: 8844: 8837: 8772: 8693:""Jews in Iran Describe a Life of Freedom Despite Anti-Israel Actions by Tehran"" 8338: 7850: 7807: 7788: 7756: 7738: 7719: 7491: 7374: 7039: 6883: 6845:– Iranian-born American actor, recipient of the Sephard award at the Los Angeles 6722: 6606: 6536: 6492: 6465: 6443: 6403: 6267: 6203: 6185: 6169: 6154: 6150: 6088: 6084: 6047: 5988: 5881: 5772: 5744: 5735: 5615: 5433: 5285: 5272: 5245: 5138: 4508: 4493: 4447: 4404:, which was the first time a President of Iran had visited a synagogue since the 4360: 4241: 3989: 3672: 3505: 3445: 3433: 3398: 3344: 3316: 3026: 3010: 2923: 2856:), a term having negative connotations and considered by many Jews as offensive. 2703: 2695: 2651: 2638: 2480: 2439: 2434: 2414: 2336: 2330: 2263: 2215: 2055: 2036: 1187: 911: 828: 811: 355: 211: 10245:"The history of African gene flow into Southern Europeans, Levantines, and Jews" 9931: 8811: 8602:

Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States

5133:, constituting the largest Mashadi community in the United States. Many Mashadi 14315: 14286: 14276: 14195: 13846: 13837: 13716: 12907: 12882: 12703: 12610: 12568: 12548: 12536: 12516: 12430: 12420: 12388: 12381: 12361: 12332: 12304: 12299: 12265: 12175: 12099: 12089: 12027: 11825: 11773: 11684: 11679: 11441: 11436: 11371: 11300: 11097: 10673: 10093: 9823: 9182: 8150:

Jews and Palestinians in the Late Ottoman Era, 1908-1914: Claiming the Homeland

7730: 7205: 7147: 7004: 6972: 6923: 6806: 6764: 6692: 6612: 6480: 6391: 6339: 6255: 6216: 6069:– neurosurgeon specializing in surgical treatment of brain tumors and aneurysms 6009: 5979: 5955: 5949: 5838: 5781: 5731: 5652: 5533: 5413: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5187: 5179: 5174:) are direct descendants of Persian Jews. They took shape as a community after 5167: 5073:

In particular, Persian Jews make up a sizeable proportion of the population of

4875: 4586: 4556: 4545: 4352: 4044:, the historical center of Persian Jewry. Over 95% have since migrated abroad. 3940: 3901: 3772: 3725:. Skilled Persian Jews were imported to develop the empire's textile industry. 3481: 3477: 3437: 3324: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3280:. Among other Asiatic princes, the Roman rescript in favor of the Jews reached 3143: 3131: 3070: 3038: 3014: 2911: 2895: 2891: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2580: 2379: 2234: 2114: 2093: 2070: 2065: 2043: 2031: 1626: 1107: 1041: 1006: 984: 916: 759: 737: 599: 578: 554: 320: 302: 10934: 10613: 10168: 9037:"In US, Iran's head rabbi says he condemned Soleimani killing to protect Jews" 8970: 8875: 8747:. The Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture (FASSAC) 8125: 5432:

Patients with prolonged paralysis following administration of the anaesthetic

14482: 14167: 14084: 13931: 13924: 13759: 13699: 13677: 13644: 13627: 13602: 13597: 13585: 13076: 13071: 13022: 13013: 12997: 12973: 12676: 12521: 12448: 12255: 12189: 12162: 12111: 12059: 12032: 12007: 11997: 11758: 11704: 11638: 11618: 11608: 11603: 11576: 11522: 11451: 11396: 11092: 11076: 10758: 10720: 10668: 10578: 9898:

Mountain Jews – by Sarah Marcus – Tablet Magazine – A New Read on Jewish Life

9562:

Jews in Iran Describe a Life of Freedom Despite Anti-Israel Actions by Tehran

9342:

Jews in Iran Describe a Life of Freedom Despite Anti-Israel Actions by Tehran

8039: 7634: 7142: 6994: 6990: 6875: 6818: 6812: 6794: 6734: 6717: 6674: 6644: 6566: 6409: 6357: 6250: 6191: 6141: 6115: 6099: 6057: 6021: 5961: 5924: 5918: 5829:– Iranian Shia religious leader (alleged by a critic to have Jewish ancestry) 5799: 5795: 5725: 5704: 5676: 5337: 5278: 5262: 5198: 5159: 5093: 4879: 4703: 4479: 4451: 4332: 4025:. During the Allied occupation, many Polish and Jewish refugees that escaped 3842: 3749: 3682: 3648: 3151: 3115: 3109: 3085: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2734: 2528: 2523: 1729: 1656: 1182: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1011: 989: 941: 703: 542: 447: 409: 360: 260: 256: 248: 244: 122: 63: 10945: 10878: 9479: 8902: 8765: 8744: 8679: 7664: 14293: 13749: 13654: 13592: 13438: 13064: 12985: 12656: 12453: 12415: 12376: 11965: 11709: 11648: 11628: 11588: 11571: 11539: 11527: 11488: 11406: 11381: 11147: 10280: 10229: 10186: 10111: 9279: 9261: 7624: 7115: 7010: 6960: 6895: 6788: 6713: 6668: 6594: 6557: 6526: 6496: 6455: 6428: 6419: 6371: 6365: 6344: 6335: 6301: 6289: 6197: 6159: 6135: 6043: 6027: 5967: 5866: 5700: 5694: 5667: 5658: 5389: 5364: 5345: 5206: 4970: 4812:: Here, four Jewish prophets are said to be buried. Their Arabic names are 4662: 4594: 4462: 4160: 4018: 4014: 4007: 4003: 3884:

of 1839 was mentioned above. European travellers reported that the Jews of

3777: 3686: 3676: 3612: 3561: 3453: 3370: 3018: 2985:, have retained their ethnic, linguistic, and religious identity." But the 2899: 2687: 2671: 2558: 2384: 2225: 2220: 2178: 2131: 1225: 1092: 1077: 1036: 1001: 614: 456: 264: 10134: 8660:"Revolutionary Guards honor Jewish soldiers at religious memorial in Iran" 8019: 6910:– Baháʼí leader (born to a family of Jewish descent that converted to the 6656: 5529: 4499:

Limited cultural contacts are also allowed, such as the March 2006 Jewish

3118:

in the same place as the first; however, he died before it was completed.

14038: 13806: 12666: 12181: 12106: 12084: 11987: 11581: 11510: 11505: 11493: 11483: 10803:

Shalom, Sabar. "Esther's Children: A Portrait of Iranian Jews (review)".

8596: 6836: 6800: 6776: 6698: 6680: 6650: 6632: 6626: 6616: 6551: 6546: 6520: 6474: 6397: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6240: 5997: 5937: 5896: 5887: 5872: 5857: 5832: 5816: 5715: 5682: 5619: 5134: 4981: 4390: 4278:, which lasted from 1980 to 1988, Iranian Jews were conscripted into the 4200: 3922: 3826: 3636: 3407: 3328: 3305: 2961: 2882:

kings. According to one Jewish legend, the first Jew to enter Persia was

2766: 2762: 2543: 2485: 2150: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1016: 203: 13903: 12919: 10667: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 10586: 10446: 8641: 7273:"Iranian Jews Living in U.S. Have Complex Feelings About Mideast Crisis" 5019:. Those in metropolitan Los Angeles have settled mostly in the affluent 2761:. In the United States, there are sizable Iranian Jewish communities in 14303: 14023: 13917: 13649: 12760: 12467: 12049: 11643: 11391: 11313: 11108: 10706: 10562: 8642:"They Killed My Husband and Took My Home: Religious Minorities in Iran" 7822:) "baptists" is tentative, and has also been suggested to refer to the 7052: 7048: 6978: 6842: 6746: 6600: 6578: 6532: 6449: 6222: 6121: 5844: 5581: 5218: 5175: 5163: 5099:

Prominent Persian Jewish congregations in the Los Angeles area include

4715: 4500: 4196: 4152: 4084: 3814: 3705: 3449: 2946: 2201: 1215: 1144: 1102: 926: 906: 470: 377: 297: 13407: 8903:

Report of Iranian President's visit from Yousef-Abad Synagogue, Tehran

7712:

http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/exhibit/parthians/essay.html

7485:

Genetic study offers clues to history of North Africa's Jews | Reuters

5991:– Iranian-born Senior Vice President of International Affairs for the 5507: 3456:), destroyed the rule of the Arsacids, and founded the dynasty of the 13896: 13704: 13607: 12681: 12146: 12037: 11948: 11566: 11500: 11194: 11189: 10125:

Katsnelson, Alla (3 June 2010). "Jews worldwide share genetic ties".

9845:(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 223. 7823: 7588:

Words Remembered, Texts Renewed: Essays in Honour of John F.A. Sawyer

7137: 7028: 6846: 6325: 6130:

Comprehensive History of the Jews of Iran: The Outset of the Diaspora

5671: 5571: 4753: 4698: 4582: 4488:

International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust

4467: 4298: 4291:

dietary laws and more strictly observed rules against driving on the

4234: 4144: 3998: 3917:

A group of Persian Jewish refugees escaping persecution back home in

3722: 3717: 3698: 3652: 3557: 3521: 3457: 3387: 3366: 3293: 3167: 3093: 3089: 3042: 3030: 2982: 2965: 2919: 2879: 2778: 2754: 2742: 2364: 2349: 1439: 1387: 1149: 1097: 1087: 768: 764: 754: 669: 429: 176: 13769: 11517: 10827:

Persia as It Is: Being Sketches of Modern Persian Life and Character

10537:"Ehsan Yarshater, Iran Scholar With a Monumental Vision, Dies at 98" 9415: 9413: 8331: 7810:. The interpretation of the listed terms is based on J. Wiesehöfer, 7503: 6619:

in Tehran (born to a family of Jewish descent that converted to the

3848: 3733: 3590: 3331:. One account suggests the conversion of a small number of Parthian 3203: 2931: 1117: 13889: 13855: 13726: 12961: 12400: 12342: 12287: 12282: 11953: 11239: 11017: 6858: 6424: 5749: 5662: 5640: 5576: 5561: 5522: 5441:

while the condition is found in Persian Jews at a rate of 1 in 10.

5405: 5393: 5308: 5171: 4963: 4749: 4606: 4503:

festival in Russia, in which a female team from Iran participated.

4400:

for the first time. In 2003, Cohen and Motamed met with Khatami at

4305: 4237: 4172: 4156: 4148: 4116: 4100: 3781:. Non-Muslims, including Jews, are deemed to be ritually unclean – 3768: 3537: 3424: 3336: 3327:

dynasty was as legendary as that of the first Persian dynasty, the

3050: 2746: 2533: 2143: 2075: 901: 414: 365: 30:"Jews of Iran" redirects here. For the 2005 Dutch documentary, see 9932:

In Kazakhstan, Jewish Families Carry On a Tradition Born in Persia

9715:

By Sonya Geis, Washington Post Staff Writer, Sunday, April 1, 2007

9549:

The Conversion of Religious Minorities to the Baháʼí Faith in Iran

9011:"All the Jews there live in fear that their telephones are tapped" 8491:"Iran Jewish leader calls recent mass aliyah 'misinformation' bid" 7462:

James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas Charles Pappas.

5835:– Prime Minister of Iran (alleged to have Iranian Jewish ancestry) 3468:, the Sassanids intensified the Persian side of life, favored the 14281: 13910: 13764: 12615: 12499: 12494: 12484: 12472: 12292: 12277: 12221: 12156: 12131: 12094: 11958: 11633: 11532: 11456: 11348: 11274: 11118: 10242: 9799:

The double lives of Mashha... JPost – Cafe Oleh – Ask the Experts

9410: 8776: 8079: 7119: 6758: 6321: 5983: 5776: 5688: 5381: 5251: 5241:

have been associated with the community over time. They include:

5222: 5202: 4978: 4772: 4682: 4614: 4598: 4313: 4293: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4140: 4108: 4088: 4040:

in 1948, there were approximately 140,000–150,000 Jews living in

3952:, a Jewish humanitarian and educational organization, wrote from 3918: 3818: 3803: 3760: 3644: 3565: 3545: 3465: 3378: 3355: 3340: 3281: 3269: 3265: 3155: 2875: 2750: 2509: 2475: 2344: 2138: 1127: 1122: 994: 780: 776: 772: 521: 516: 493: 475: 350: 345: 335: 313: 288: 232: 10309: 9079: 9067:

Neturei Karta sect pays visit to Iran|Jewish News|Jerusalem Post

7656: 3548:

form of the name) was friendly to the Jews. His friendship with

3429: 2799:

is mostly used in reference to Jews who are from the country of

228: 14435:

Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture

12979: 12686: 12553: 12489: 11113: 11103: 7630: 7464:

An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires

6581:– entrepreneur, venture capitalist, professor, and inventor of 6459: 6329: 6162:– professor of religious studies and Middle Eastern History at 5709: 5566: 5551: 5401: 5312: 5304: 5130: 4989: 4959: 4941: 4919: 4838: 4809: 4730: 4708: 4654: 4602: 4590: 4578: 4574: 4471: 4376: 4337: 4309: 4297:. They stopped going to restaurants, cafes and cinemas and the 4287: 4136: 4120: 4112: 4096: 4080: 4076: 4037: 4013:

By 1932, Tehran's Jewish population had risen to 6,568. During

3953: 3889: 3885: 3877: 3869: 3817:(1736–1747) allowed Jews to settle in the Shi'ite holy city of 3694: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3617: 3601: 3572: 3553: 3530: 3415:

subjects, who proceeded to develop their own internal affairs.

3412: 3374: 3348: 3296:(Lycus), the king ordered a halt of two days on account of the 3183: 3179: 3175: 3163: 3159: 3147: 3123: 2871: 2730: 2169: 2164: 2124: 2109: 1220: 1112: 532: 498: 484: 419: 158: 104: 11005: 9636:. Latimesblogs.latimes.com (2009-06-23). Retrieved 2011-05-09. 8802:

Dellapergola, Sergio (2018). "World Jewish Population, 2017".

7828:

Gnosis und Spätantike Religionsgeschichte: Gesammelte Aufsätze

7352: 7350: 7348: 3756: 14205: 12637: 12632: 12586: 12541: 12462: 12457: 11721: 11476: 11446: 9080:

Neturei Karta Prepares Persia for Purim with Solidarity Visit

8927:

Iran: Jewish Leader Criticizes President For Holocaust Denial

7152: 7127: 7123: 7118:– a small community of Persian Jewish descent which lives in 7043: 6283: 6145: 5397: 5385: 5333: 5300: 4996: 4955: 4883: 4847:

The tombs of Mordechai and Esther were desecrated during the

4719: 4641: 4610: 4255: 4164: 4104: 4092: 4063:

After the deposition of Mossadegh in 1953, the reign of shah

3925:

around the year 1839. Most of the Jewish families settled in

3894: 3783: 3709: 3668: 3623: 3607: 3568: 3382: 3362: 3187: 3097: 2887: 2883: 2758: 1132: 561: 465: 434: 11000: 9092:

Rabbis visit Tehran to support call for Israel's destruction

7545:

Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-Muslims in Iran

7398:

Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-Muslims in Iran

6237:– leading Iranian conservative politician (convert to Islam) 3852:

A Jewish gathering celebrates the second anniversary of the

3448:

influences were on the rise again. In the winter of 226 AD,

14368: 13795: 13124: 12991: 12736: 11270: 10958:

The Cyrus Prism: The Decree of return for the Jews, 539 BCE

10820:. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. 9674:

Hennessy-Fiske, Molly; Abdollah, Tami (15 September 2008).

7345: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7013:– journalist, author, and feminist activist. Columnist for 6785:– prominent Iranian architect (convert to the Bahá’í Faith) 6505: 6163: 5556: 5299:

or other various dialects of Jewish Neo-Aramaic. Jews from

4985: 4911: 4874:

Iranian Jews also emigrated to form smaller communities in

4837:. Banners showed the images of fallen soldiers, hailed as " 4791: 4726: 4690: 4439:(1980–1988) as drafted soldiers, and about 15 were killed. 4384: 4192: 4041: 3580: 3402: 3358: 3081: 3046: 2846:) the term by which Jewish people refer to themselves; and 2800: 2663: 2659: 284: 140: 9960:. Jewish-languages.org (2002-12-27). Retrieved 2012-01-07. 9664:. Articles.latimes.com (1990-02-13). Retrieved 2021-10-05. 6176:(born to Jewish parents who converted to the Baháʼí Faith) 6050:(born to a family of Jewish descent that converted to the 4435:

like all Iranian men. Many Iranian Jews fought during the

4359:

is the current Jewish member of the parliament, replacing

9433: 8863: 7799:

Translation of the inscription of Bahram II, cited after

7591:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 219. 6997:. Founded the first Iranian Jewish women's organization ( 6124:– historian best known for his extensive research on the 3667:. The appointment, however, provoked resentment from the 3464:

influence had been felt amongst the religiously tolerant

3390:

became a kind of bulwark of Judaism. The collapse of the

3054: 9178:"Iran's regime postpones execution of young Iranian Jew" 7781:

https://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/eieol/armol-4.html

7302: 6270:– prominent businessman executed by the Islamic Republic 10922: 10075: 9811:

In Great Neck, New Orthodox Synagogues – New York Times

9619:שנתון סטטיסטי לישראל 2008 – מספר 59 פרק 2 – מספר לוח 24 8153:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh University Press. p. 47. 3268:

influence; "Parthia" does not appear in the texts. The

10745:(1979). "Jews Under Muslim Rule: The Case Of Persia". 10563:"Khwaja Israel Sarhad: Armenian Merchant and Diplomat" 9673: 9008: 6138:– professor of the history and culture of Iranian Jews 5790:

United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division

3929:(specifically in the Babu Mohallah neighbourhood) and 10039:

Häberl, Charles. "The Middle East and North Africa".

9430:

Iran's Jewish community in Esfahan: We 'feel at home'

8585:

Iran young, urbanized and educated population: census

6523:– Iranian industrialist (convert to the Bahá’í Faith) 6298:– real estate developer in Los Angeles and journalist 5921:– Israeli politician and former member of the Knesset 5475:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 5344:

distinguishable from each other. In public comments,

4244:, arranged to meet him in Qom. At one point he said: 3921:, Qajar Persia, were granted rights to settle in the 3708:

started the military conquest of Persia. He captured

2729:. Today, the vast majority of Iranian Jews reside in 2632: 9773: 9139:. Iranjewish.com (2006-03-28). Retrieved 2011-05-09. 8939:

Iran's Jews uneasy over Holocaust-denier Ahmadinejad

8520:"Iran Jewish MP criticizes 'anti-human' Israel acts" 8021:

Islam, race, and pluralism in the Pakistani diaspora

6024:– international lawyer (convert to the Bahá’í faith) 5813:– former Major General in the Israeli Defence Forces 5284:

In addition, Persian Jews in Israel generally speak

4528:

majority of Iranian Jews are elderly and only speak

3193: 2645: 2148: 2129: 552: 10908:"Aliya to Mandatory Palestine and Israel from Iran" 9118:

Tehran Jews Talk of Future in Iran|Community Briefs

8675: 8673: 6993:– women's rights activist who pioneered reforms on 3963:In 1910, there were rumors that the Jews of Shiraz 2777:. Smaller Iranian Jewish communities also exist in 10788:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 10781: 10602:. Jewishsf.com (1996-12-20). Retrieved 2011-05-09. 10447:"Ayatollah Gives Thumbs Down to Women in Stadiums" 9801:. Jpost.com. August 22, 2007 Retrieved 2012-01-07. 9647:Israel's Iranian Jews worry about the nuclear deal 9564:. The Christian Science Monitor. February 3, 1998 9275:Iran's Jews spurn cash lure to immigrate to Israel 7691:. University of California Press. pp. 16–17. 6320:, landowners, diplomats, and tycoons hailing from 6310:– billionaire property developer and art collector 5703:– one of the most influential families during the 4266:Soli Shahvar, professor of Iranian Studies at the 4214: 2650:) constitute one of the oldest communities of the 10763:Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present 9813:. Nytimes.com (1997-12-14). Retrieved 2012-01-07. 9151:"Iran's Jews reject cash offer to move to Israel" 8898: 8896: 8718:"Iran's Jews reject cash offer to move to Israel" 8457: 8455: 8453: 8401:. Migrationinformation.org. Retrieved 2011-05-29. 7990:"The lost Jewish history of Rawalpindi, Pakistan" 7538: 7536: 6400:– Iranian-born businessman and convicted criminal 5929:Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism 5340:descend from a small number of female ancestors. 4984:are of Persian Jewish origin. Katsav was born in 4036:At the time of the establishment of the state of 3734:Conversion of Iran from Sunni Islam to Shia Islam 3591:Arab conquest and early Islamic period (634–1255) 3394:likely also added to Jewish refugees in Babylon. 2996: 68:Gathering of the Zionist Federation in Iran, 1920 14480: 10411: 10146: 10144: 10071: 10069: 10067: 10041:Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages 9951:Judeo-Iranian – Jewish Language Research Website 9824:"Iranian American Jewish Federation of New York" 9502:"Iran unveils a memorial honoring Jewish heroes" 8917:Kashrut Authorities in Iran and Around the World 8670: 7292: 7290: 6833:– Israeli hip-hop singer and right-wing activist 5860:– American politician and current member of the 5633:– philosopher and translator, converted to Islam 5348:, the director of the Human Genetics Program at 5295:Many Jews from the Northwest area of Iran speak 4562: 4457: 4379:'s "Central Library of Jewish Association". The 4363:in the 2008 election. In 2000, former Jewish MP 2977:: "The Jews trace their heritage in Iran to the 10331: 10118: 9657: 9655: 9539:. Jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2011-05-29. 9469:. State.gov (2004-01-01). Retrieved 2011-05-29. 9351: 9315: 9257:Iran's Jews reject cash offer to move to Israel 8833: 8831: 8364:"An Annotated Bibliography : Amnon Netzer" 8080:"Rawalpindi – Rawalpindi Development Authority" 7585:Davies, Philip R. (1995). John D Davies (ed.). 6286:agent, central figure in the Iran–Contra affair 6166:, and author of books on Iranian Jewish culture 5775:– Israeli politician and current member of the 4544:that those schools must open on Saturdays, the 3845:in 1794 brought back the earlier persecutions. 3809: 3418: 10984:Cenrer for Iranian Jewish Oral History Archive 10153:"The population genetics of the Jewish people" 10150: 9941:. Ncsj.org (1951-02-17). Retrieved 2011-05-29. 9701:Letter from Los Angeles: Persia On the Pacific 9335: 8893: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8450: 8349: 8347: 8230: 8228: 7614:"Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period" 7533: 6725:– writer, translator (convert to Bahá’í Faith) 5031:and the Los Angeles Westside neighborhoods of 4940:The largest group of Persian Jews is found in 4301:became the focal point of their social lives. 4259:decreeing that the Jews were to be protected. 3975: 3728: 3712:, Khorasan and all eastern Persia to 1385 and 13822: 13423: 13107: 12935: 11255: 11033: 10141: 10064: 8682:. Sephardicstudies.org. Retrieved 2011-05-29. 8257:"Polish Refugees in Iran during World War II" 8084:Rawalpindi Development Authority (rda.gop.pk) 7287: 7267: 7265: 7263: 6437:– businessman, played a critical role in the 5819:– former conservative Deputy Minister of the 5798:– Iranian-American former two-term mayor of 5148: 4733:, which are also visited by Muslim pilgrims. 2851: 2828: 2823:), which is considered the most proper term; 2600: 14239:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries 13540:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries 10295:"Genes Tell Tale of Jewish Ties to Africa –" 9652: 9629: 9627: 9236:"Iranian Jews Reject Outside Calls To Leave" 9002: 8828: 8801: 8308:"Iran During World War II and the Holocaust" 7928:"BĀBĀʾĪ BEN NŪRĪʾEL – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 7889: 7731:http://www.loyno.edu/~seduffy/parthians.html 6545:– businessman, founder of the international 6206:– plastic surgeon and television personality 5884:– former Jewish member of the Majlis of Iran 5823:(alleged by critics to have Jewish ancestry) 5221:, which call themselves Lakhloukh and speak 3836: 2838: 47: 12744:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 10815: 10672: 10391:"Treatment of Muslims with Jewish ancestry" 9725: 9723: 9721: 9436:. March 11, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2015. 9230: 9228: 8559: 8557: 8478: 8344: 8225: 8218: 8216: 8214: 7860: 7858: 7219:International Holocaust Cartoon Competition 6716:– comedian and businessman. Founder of the 6006:– Israeli politician, member of the Knesset 5178:ceded the areas in which they lived to the 3361:wanted to fight in common cause with their 3232:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 844:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 13836: 13829: 13815: 13430: 13416: 13114: 13100: 12942: 12928: 11262: 11248: 11040: 11026: 10779: 10567:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 10124: 9913:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 31 August 1991 9713:Iran Native Becomes Mayor of Beverly Hills 9551:. Bahai-library.com. Retrieved 2011-05-29. 9444: 9442: 9169: 9105:Middle East|Iran's proud but discreet Jews 9009:Elias, Bat-Hen Epstein (12 October 2012). 8614: 8325: 8107: 8105: 8103: 7611: 7516:Iran on the Britannica Online Encyclopedia 7416:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006 7260: 7027:– philanthropist, founder and director of 6468:– co-founder of Everipedia, co-founder of 6406:– founder of Empire Management Real Estate 6258:– Iranian-American attorney, entrepreneur 6182:– Israeli neurologist, neuropharmacologist 5752:– Persian saint, converted to Christianity 5655:– prominent philosopher, religious scholar 3639:invaded parts of Persia, and in 1258 they 3630: 3137: 3076:By some accounts, the tomb of the prophet 3013:allowing Hebrew pilgrims to return to the 2607: 2593: 62: 12949: 11172: 10968:, directed by Cyrus Kar, in production. ( 10916:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World 10905: 10899:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World 10727:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 10693:Comprehensive History of the Jews of Iran 10619:The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles 10535:Radjy, Amir-Hussein (18 September 2018). 10270: 10260: 10176: 10101: 9882:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World 9624: 8951:On the Jewish Presence in Iranian History 8608: 8605:, Yale University Press, 2007. p. 8. 8580: 8578: 8017: 7530:. Country-data.com. Retrieved 2011-05-29. 6210: 5892:Los Angeles Department of Water and Power 5495:Learn how and when to remove this message 5444: 5088:According to the US Census Bureau's 2010 4977:and former head of the opposition in the 4910:in the aftermath of the overthrow of the 4714:There is a pilgrimage site near Isfahan ( 3748:Synagogue in Tehran. A postcard from the 3264:Jewish sources contain no mention of the 3252:Learn how and when to remove this message 3103: 11291:Index of Jewish history-related articles 10829:. Cambridge: Adamant Media Corporation. 10614:"A Night at the Sephardic Film Festival" 10611: 9865: 9718: 9225: 9197: 9175: 8856:Harrison, Francis (September 22, 2006). 8850: 8554: 8461: 8211: 7855: 7619:The Oxford History of the Biblical World 6963:– Persian-language broadcaster in Israel 6659:– Iranian-born Mexican actress and model 6588: 6452:– co-founder of Magnum Real Estate Group 6292:– real estate developer in New York City 6231:– Iranian billionaire (convert to Islam) 6087:– historical-comparative linguistics in 5786:United States Assistant Attorney General 5756: 5528: 5517: 5514:, an Israeli pop star of Persian descent 5506: 5471:Relevant discussion may be found on the 4461: 4331: 3979: 3847: 3755: 3743: 3740:Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam 3428: 3304:. In 40 BC the Jewish puppet-king, 3005: 3001: 2741:is mostly concentrated in the cities of 13437: 12790:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 11427: 10845:Persian Jews politicking on Rodeo Drive 10741: 9980:. Jewish Journal. Retrieved 2012-01-07. 9871: 9703:. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2011-05-29. 9499: 9450:"Iran Week: Why Some Iranian Jews Stay" 9439: 9318:"'The Jews of Iran are in grave peril'" 9142: 9127:. Jewish Journal. Retrieved 2011-05-09. 9069:. Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2011-05-09. 8514: 8512: 8462:Harrison, Frances (22 September 2006). 8146: 8111: 8100: 7684: 7518:. Britannica.com. Retrieved 2011-05-29. 7494:. In.reuters.com. Retrieved 2013-04-16. 6037: 4672: 4621: 4422: 3913:(Muharram)…, he is sure to be murdered. 14: 14481: 10888: 10824: 10560: 10459: 10199: 10151:Ostrer H, Skorecki K (February 2013). 10046: 9900:. Tabletmag.com. Retrieved 2012-01-07. 9603:Op-Ed Columnist – What Iran's Jews Say 8847:. Persian Rabbi. Retrieved 2011-05-29. 8575: 7605: 7584: 7557: 7542: 7395: 6635:– Israeli performer, singer, and actor 6276:– billionaire shopping mall developers 5065:History of the Iranians in Los Angeles 4023:invaded by Anglo-Soviet forces in 1941 14224:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 13810: 13545:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 13411: 13095: 12923: 11243: 11021: 10860:. I.B. Tauris, London/New York 2014, 10757: 10719: 10534: 10418:Institute for War and Peace Reporting 9840: 9203: 8615:Elghanayan, Shahrzad (27 June 2012). 8447:. Mongabay.com. Retrieved 2011-05-09. 8280: 7987: 7178:Dr. Sapir Hospital and Charity Center 7081:History of the Jews under Muslim rule 6737:– Canadian film director and producer 6575:– co-founder of Staple Street Capital 6394:– New York City real estate developer 6264:– real estate developer New York City 5915:and leader of Iran's Jewish community 5905:– Jewish member of the Majlis of Iran 5661:– Sassanian queen consort, mother of 5427: 5237:as their primary tongue, but various 4648: 4559:and called for an Iranian response. 4351:, they are allocated one seat in the 4280:Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces 2833:), which is less formal but correct; 11269: 11047: 10936:Documentary about Iranians in Israel 10690: 10357: 9774:"Iranian American Jewish Federation" 9741: 9500:Tharoor, Ishaan (18 December 2014). 9148: 8915:The Jewish Community of Tehran, Iran 8715: 8509: 8283:"When Iran Welcomed Jewish Refugees" 8052: 7895: 7506:. Dangoor.com. Retrieved 2011-05-29. 6865: 6701:– prominent American music executive 6439:1953 Overthrow of Mohammed Mossadegh 6102:– compiled an early and influential 5982:– Israeli politician, member of the 5807:– former Jewish member of the Majlis 5765:– Iranian-born British businessman; 5724:– Persian poet, author of the first 5448: 5111:congregations in the United States. 3230:adding citations to reliable sources 3197: 2981:of the 6th century BC and, like the 91:Regions with significant populations 14504:Jews and Judaism in Persia and Iran 14423:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies 10848:JTA International Wire News Service 10695:. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers. 10317:"Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency –" 9621:. Cbs.gov.il. Retrieved 2011-05-29. 9609:(2009-02-22). Retrieved 2011-05-09. 9316:Hanan Greenwood (12 January 2020). 8806:. Vol. 117. pp. 297–377. 7814:(1993), p. 266. The translation of 7466:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994 7427: 7317:"Jewish Population by Country 2023" 7086:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 6018:– Israeli journalist and politician 5596:– Persian astrologer and astronomer 4835:war with Iraq between 1980 and 1988 3965:had ritually murdered a Muslim girl 3900:In the middle of the 19th century, 3017:and rebuild Jerusalem, painting by 2852: 2829: 2820: 2642: 2629: 48: 24: 14374:Sephardim and Oriental Communities 12737:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 12717:American Jewish Historical Society 10988:Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library 10802: 10705:(CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed. 10612:Schleier, Curt (28 October 1999). 10460:Milani, Abbas (19 December 2008). 10339:"Review of serial murders in Iran" 10082:American Journal of Human Genetics 10054:"Genetics and the Jewish identity" 9176:Weinthal, Benjamin (19 May 2024). 9082:. Jewschool. Retrieved 2011-05-09. 9056:. Nkusa.org. Retrieved 2011-05-09. 9034: 8993:Iran's Jews feel very much at home 8972:Iran President on Holocaust Denial 8742: 8412:"Iran Virtual Jewish History Tour" 8244:The History Of Jews In Persia/Iran 7898:"The "Jadid al-Islams" of Mashhad" 7867: 7299:. Jpost.com. Retrieved 2011-05-29. 6707:– writer, best known as author of 6418:– businessman, longtime friend of 6060:– professor of Iranian studies at 5069:History of the Jews in Los Angeles 3452:overthrew the last Parthian king ( 3025:According to the biblical account 25: 14520: 13710:Bukharian (Judeo-Persian dialect) 10951:Iranian Jewish Chronicle Magazine 10872: 10765:. London: Oneworld publications. 10676:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). 9649:, Washington Post, April 24, 2015 9526:Israel National News OCtober 2023 9107:. BBC News. Retrieved 2011-05-09. 8281:Dekel, Mikhal (19 October 2019). 8053:Khan, Naveed Aman (12 May 2018). 7616:. In Michael David Coogan (ed.). 7246:shows that 3% of them are Jewish. 6489:– Manhattan real estate developer 6172:– historian & founder of the 6032:United States Department of State 5933:United States Department of State 5899:– humanitarian and peace activist 5670:– Sassanid noblewoman, mother of 5587: 5233:Most Persian Jews speak standard 5212: 5193: 4962:, Persian Jews are classified as 4327: 4308:didn't mix up our community with 4282:, and 13 were killed in the war. 4021:declared itself neutral, but was 3946:In 1894, a representative of the 3854:Iranian Constitutional Revolution 3194:Parthian period (247 BC – 224 AD) 2739:Israeli community of Iranian Jews 635:Historical population comparisons 14509:Ethnic groups in the Middle East 13123: 12901: 12888: 12887: 10686:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 10662: 10633: 10605: 10593: 10554: 10528: 10502: 10480: 10453: 10439: 10405: 10383: 10287: 10236: 10193: 10033: 10008: 9991:"Glottolog 4.2.1 – Lishán Didán" 9983: 9963: 9944: 9925: 9903: 9891: 9834: 9816: 9804: 9792: 9780: 9766: 9735: 9706: 9693: 9667: 9639: 9612: 9596: 9574: 9554: 9542: 9530: 9519: 9493: 9472: 9460: 9422: 9399: 9390: 9377: 9309: 9304:Iranian Jews immigrate to Israel 9297: 9286: 9268: 9250: 9103:Harrison, Frances. (2006-09-22) 8876:Iran: Kisher Info and Synagogues 8779:, February 16, 2000, cited from 8464:"Iran's proud but discreet Jews" 7564:. T & T Clark. p. 355. 7483:Begley, Sharon. (7 August 2012) 7335:"Jews of Iran: A Modern History" 6954: 6569:– American real estate developer 6477:– Canadian real estate developer 5691:– self-proclaimed Jewish prophet 5453: 5153: 5107:in Westwood, one of the largest 5058: 5002: 4798: 4779: 4760: 4741: 4372:, a leading Jewish demographer. 3202: 1279:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1193:Historical population by country 227: 169: 151: 133: 115: 97: 14440:Institute for Sephardic Studies 10341:. Aidanederland. Archived from 9699:Bahrampour, Tara. (2009-01-07) 9480:"Mullah Moshe Halevi in Kashan" 9130: 9110: 9097: 9085: 9072: 9059: 9054:Second Historic Mission to Iran 9047: 9028: 8986: 8963: 8944: 8932: 8920: 8908: 8881: 8869: 8795: 8786: 8759: 8736: 8709: 8685: 8652: 8634: 8590: 8530: 8438: 8429: 8404: 8392: 8356: 8300: 8274: 8249: 8237: 8202: 8193: 8184: 8175: 8140: 8072: 8046: 8011: 7981: 7972: 7963: 7954: 7945: 7920: 7880: 7837: 7801:A brief history of Iranian Jews 7793: 7774: 7762: 7750:A brief history of Iranian Jews 7743: 7724: 7705: 7678: 7612:Winn Leith, Mary Joan (2001) . 7578: 7551: 7521: 7509: 7497: 7477: 7456: 7279:. 7 August 2006. Archived from 6815:– Iranian-born American actress 6653:– actor, producer, screenwriter 6535:– art dealer, owner of several 6427:– co-founder and former CEO of 5970:– political activist and writer 5911:– chairman of the board of the 5718:– religious leader from Hamadan 5608:– doctor, writer, and historian 5540: 5438:Pseudocholinesterase deficiency 4854: 4808:("the place of the prophets"), 4446:Following the assassination of 4231:put the figure at about 8,756. 4215:Islamic Republic (1979–present) 3552:gained many advantages for the 3472:language, and restored the old 3178:. The plot was foiled by Queen 14229:Antisemitism in the Arab world 13560:Antisemitism in the Arab world 12809:Relations with other religions 10986:on the Digital collections of 10923:Former Jewish Ghetto in Tehran 10825:Willis, Charles James (2002). 9969:Melamed, Karmel. (2007-02-08) 9238:. Forward.com. 12 January 2007 9137:Iranian Jewish Group in Moscow 9116:Krichevsky, Lev. (2006-04-20) 9065:Freund, Michael. (2006-03-08) 8859:Iran's proud but discreet Jews 8804:American Jewish Year Book 2017 7904:. Bethesda, MD. Archived from 7902:Foundation for Iranian Studies 7547:. Lexington Books. p. 17. 7404: 7389: 7367: 7327: 7237: 7036:– Iranian-Israeli chess master 6767:– Israeli writer, screenwriter 6731:– author of historical fiction 5792:under the Trump Administration 5763:David Alliance, Baron Alliance 3969:Alliance Israélite Universelle 3949:Alliance Israélite Universelle 3621:, a land tax) in place of the 2997:Achaemenid period (550–330 BC) 2788: 2698:; there has been a continuous 13: 1: 12796:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 10961:, edited by Charles F. Horne, 10466:. Syracuse University Press. 10222:10.1126/science.328.5984.1342 9584:. Bjpa.org. 20 September 2010 9346:The Christian Science Monitor 9149:Tait, Robert (12 July 2007). 8866:. Retrieved October 28, 2006. 8745:"Life of Jews Living in Iran" 8716:Tait, Robert (12 July 2007). 8698:The Christian Science Monitor 8543:The Christian Science Monitor 7400:. Lexington Books. p. 8. 7297:Why are people going to Iran? 7225: 7051:– founder of the micronation 6981:– American Paralympic athlete 6904:– current chief rabbi of Iran 6615:– architect, designer of the 6560:– businessman, figure in the 6516:Kohan Retail Investment Group 5631:Muhammad ibn Muhammad Tabrizi 4563:Synagogues and Hebrew schools 4458:Contact with non-Persian Jews 3880:over a similar incident. The 3771:(1502–1794), they proclaimed 3655:, building a capital city in 3397:In the struggles between the 3323:). Yet, the tolerance of the 3114:Cyrus ordered rebuilding the 850:Christianity and Judaism 14390:American Sephardi Federation 14383:Major communal organizations 12727:Leo Baeck Institute New York 12722:American Sephardi Federation 10966:In Search of Cyrus the Great 10784:Religious Minorities in Iran 10297:. Forward.com. 2 August 2011 10262:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001373 9204:Klein, David (19 May 2024). 9078:Kelsey, David. (2006-03-08) 8888:Khatami Meets Jewish leaders 8617:"How Iran killed its future" 7988:Tahir, Saif (3 March 2016). 7363:. Iranian Statistics Agency. 7358:"Iranian Census Report 2016" 7253: 7193:List of Synagogues in Tehran 7183:List of Chief Rabbis of Iran 7158:Religious minorities in Iran 6932:– prominent religious leader 6926:– former chief rabbi of Iran 6898:– former chief rabbi of Iran 6892:– former chief rabbi of Iran 5869:– former President of Israel 5228: 4769:Tomb of Esther and Mordechai 4679:Tomb of Esther and Mordechai 4478:Rabbis from the Haredi sect 3810:Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796) 3444:By the early third century, 3419:Sasanian period (226–634 AD) 3088:was eventually (re)built in 7: 14105:Western Europe and overseas 11550:Constantinopolitan Karaites 11006:Persian Jewish TV Committee 10906:Rahimiyan, Orly R. (2015). 10884:History of the Iranian Jews 10805:The Jewish Quarterly Review 10747:The Wiener Library Bulletin 10561:Husain, Ruquiya K. (2004). 9676:"Community torn by tragedy" 9387:, Touchstone, (2000), p.218 8812:10.1007/978-3-319-70663-4_7 8680:Life of Jews Living in Iran 7685:Johnson, Sara Raup (2005). 7377:. Forward.com. 28 July 2006 7071:History of the Jews in Iran 7058: 7021:daily newspaper (1964–1973) 6999:Sazman Banovan Yahud i Iran 6839:– high-end fashion designer 6225:– American fashion designer 6096:– physicist and philosopher 6030:– attorney, worked for the 6012:– former Israeli politician 5536:, activist and entrepreneur 5318: 5118: 4484:Jewish Defense Organization 3976:Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979) 3729:Safavid dynasty (1501–1736) 3369:; but it was not until the 2714:and subsequently freed the 2702:since at least the time of 2646: 2633: 2149: 2130: 1857:Latin America and Caribbean 553: 10: 14525: 14395:Sephardi Community Council 12778:National Library of Israel 11419:Zionism, race and genetics 10709:. Keter Publishing House. 10655: 10094:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015 9874:"Caucasus (Mountain Jews)" 9872:Shapira, Dan D.Y. (2010). 9841:Brook, Kevin Alan (2006). 8332:Immigration and absorption 8147:Fishman, Louis A. (2020). 7849:December 31, 2006, at the 7787:November 22, 2005, at the 7714:(see esp para's 3 and 5) 7558:Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). 7543:Gorder, Christian (2010). 7396:Gorder, Christian (2010). 7188:List of synagogues in Iran 6944:– rabbi, religious scholar 6554:– Iranian-born businessman 6046:– professor of history at 5958:– Israeli poet, researcher 5322: 5149:Related Jewish communities 5062: 4933: 4661:, rather than Hebrew. The 4569:List of synagogues in Iran 4566: 4513:Islamic Revolution of 1979 4450:, the head rabbi of Iran, 4316:– he saw us as Iranians." 3737: 3716:almost all inhabitants of 3597:Islamic conquest of Persia 3480:which became the official 3422: 3170:, generally identified as 3107: 2870:Jews had been residing in 2863: 2859: 2658:, they originate from the 2462:Jewish political movements 2159:Conversion to Judaism 29: 14448: 14415: 14400:World Sephardi Federation 14382: 14354: 14314: 14247: 14216: 13941: 13845: 13778: 13755:Sephardic law and customs 13737: 13670: 13568: 13532: 13446: 13387:Foreign relations of Iran 13374: 13353: 13332: 13266: 13206: 13180: 13164: 13143: 13136: 12957: 12876: 12732:Yeshiva University Museum 12712:Center for Jewish History 12702: 12567: 12439: 12313: 12207: 11738: 11357: 11299: 11281: 11211: 11165: 11085: 11069: 11062: 11055: 11011:26 September 2023 at the 10946:Pictures of Persian Jews 10780:Sanasarian, Eliz (2000). 10414:"Sad Fate of Iran's Jews" 10169:10.1007/s00439-012-1235-6 9789:. The Scribe. Spring 2003 9787:Mashhadi Jews in New-York 9742:West, Kevin (July 2009). 9568:December 5, 2006, at the 9211:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 8565:'How Iran Kept Its Jews,' 8246:, ParsTimes. July 3, 2000 8199:Littman (1979), pp. 12–14 8126:10.1177/00084298231152642 8018:Considine, Craig (2017). 7718:February 5, 2005, at the 7321:worldpopulationreview.com 6987:– track and field athlete 6975:– educator, public figure 6902:Mashallah Golestani-Nejad 6529:– art dealer, businessman 6081:– physician, entrepreneur 5952:– attorney and politician 5602:– physician and statesman 5436:are often diagnosed with 5090:American Community Survey 5075:Beverly Hills, California 4929: 4466:A Persian Jew prays in a 4381:Dr. Sapir Jewish Hospital 4029:settled within Iran (see 3837:Qajar dynasty (1789–1925) 3132:Jews' return to Jerusalem 2840: 2839: 865:Hinduism and Judaism 243: 238: 226: 221: 190: 185: 167: 149: 131: 113: 95: 90: 78: 73: 61: 53: 45: 13745:Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah 11324:Ancient Israel and Judah 10891:"Bahaism, Conversion to" 10641:"A Prayer for my Father" 9732:. Factfinder2.census.gov 8435:Sanasarian (2000), p. 48 8416:Jewishvirtuallibrary.org 8371:Thegraduatesocietyla.org 8353:Sanasarian (2000), p. 47 8234:Sanasarian (2000), p. 46 8055:"Pakistani Jews and PTI" 7978:Lewis (1984), pp. 181–83 7877:. Jewish Virtual Library 7490:29 December 2015 at the 7230: 7096:Islamic–Jewish relations 6827:– Israeli hip-hop singer 6695:– director, screenwriter 6671:– Iranian-born architect 6665:– French-Iranian painter 6597:– creator of Bratz dolls 6360:– co-founder and former 6347:– American billionaire, 5964:– journalist, politician 5821:Ministry of Intelligence 5009:Greater Los Angeles area 4336:Yusef Abad synagogue in 4219:At the time of the 1979 3767:During the reign of the 3635:In 1255, Mongols led by 2890:. The biblical books of 2886:, grand daughter of the 691:Temple in Jerusalem 384:Bar and bat mitzvah 27:Jewish community of Iran 13884:Expulsion from Portugal 13618:Jewish tribes of Arabia 13397:Iranian nationality law 11700:North African Sephardim 11673:Jewish tribes of Arabia 11001:Tehran Jewish Committee 10879:Sephardic Studies, Iran 10683:The Jewish Encyclopedia 9306:, JTA, 25 December 2007 9283:, Retrieved 2011-05-09. 9265:, Retrieved 2011-05-09. 8999:. Retrieved 2011-05-29. 7994:blogs.timesofisrael.com 7886:Lewis (1984), pp. 33–34 7639:Oxford University Press 7173:Tehran Jewish Committee 7106:Judæo-Persian languages 7101:Judæo-Iranian languages 6362:chief marketing officer 6349:chief executive officer 6338:– president and CEO of 6243:– American restaurateur 6126:history of Jews in Iran 6062:George Mason University 5974:Nitsana Darshan-Leitner 5913:Tehran Jewish Committee 5743:– prominent scholar of 5325:Genetic studies on Jews 4893: 4427:Iranian Jewish men are 4129:Chichakluy-e Bash Qaleh 3631:Mongol rule (1256–1318) 3138:Under Ahasuerus (Bible) 2974:Encyclopædia Britannica 2866:History of Jews in Iran 2710:army's conquest of the 2700:Jewish presence in Iran 2666:during the time of the 653:Twelve Tribes of Israel 12803:Holocaust Encyclopedia 12773:Jewish Virtual Library 10889:Sharon, Moshe (2010). 10412:Parvaneh Vahidmanesh. 9744:"The Persian Conquest" 8261:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 7438:Friends-of-armenia.org 7111:Judeo-Persian dialects 7076:Exodus of Iranian Jews 6995:women's status in Iran 6930:Younes Hamami Lalehzar 6918:Menahem Shemuel Halevy 6779:– writer, entrepreneur 6318:Khwaja Fanous Kalantar 6211:Business and economics 6118:– academic and chemist 6110:Hakim Yazghel Haqnazar 6075:– professor, physician 5946:– political journalist 5625:Meulana Shahin Shirazi 5537: 5526: 5515: 5445:Prominent Persian Jews 5353:Langone Medical Center 4988:and Mofaz was born in 4936:Iranian Jews in Israel 4475: 4340: 4251: 3985: 3915: 3857: 3764: 3753: 3691:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 3643:putting an end to the 3441: 3440:'s "Khosrow va Shirin" 3182:, the Jewish Queen of 3104:Under Darius the Great 3022: 2783:Minneapolis–Saint Paul 14234:Antisemitism in Islam 13952:Eastern Mediterranean 13555:Antisemitism in Islam 12951:Ethnic groups in Iran 12750:Encyclopaedia Judaica 12532:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 11717:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 11467:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 10990:, University of Haifa 10956:Iran Chamber Society 10702:Encyclopaedia Judaica 10699:"Iran. 1997" (1997). 10135:10.1038/news.2010.277 9428:Pleitgen, Frederik. " 9041:www.timesofisrael.com 8222:Littman (1979), p. 5. 8208:Lewis (1984), p. 183. 8181:Littman (1979), p. 10 8024:. Milton: Routledge. 7969:Lewis (1984), p. 168. 7960:Littman (1979), p. 4. 7737:May 15, 2006, at the 7091:Antisemitism in Islam 7066:Iran–Israel relations 6890:Yousef Hamadani Cohen 6879:Chief Rabbi of Israel 6589:Art and entertainment 6249:– founder and CEO of 6235:Habibollah Asgaroladi 6219:– British businessman 6004:Galit Distel-Atbaryan 5940:– American politician 5890:– former head of the 5862:New York State Senate 5853:Israel Defense Forces 5827:Naser Makarem Shirazi 5757:Politics and military 5679:– Qajar royal consort 5618:scholar of the early 5532: 5521: 5510: 5323:Further information: 5081:. Following the 1979 4904:immigration to Israel 4849:2023 Israel–Hamas war 4577:, the capital. Today 4465: 4394:Yousef Hamadani Cohen 4335: 4246: 4209:religious persecution 4065:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 4049:1948 Arab–Israeli War 4031:Iran–Poland relations 3983: 3906: 3851: 3759: 3747: 3615:, and initially also 3432: 3009: 3002:Under Cyrus the Great 2712:Neo-Babylonian Empire 2654:. Dating back to the 1399:São Tomé and Príncipe 1394:Republic of the Congo 788:Second Temple Judaism 659:Kingdom of Judah 630:Modern historiography 239:Related ethnic groups 14499:Jewish ethnic groups 14494:Sephardi Jews topics 14339:Sephardi chief rabbi 14316:Religion and culture 13872:Expulsion from Spain 13738:Religion and culture 13254:United Arab Emirates 11329:Second Temple period 10977:4 March 2010 at the 10850:, February 20, 2007. 10691:Levy, Habib (1999). 9956:29 July 2016 at the 9843:The Jews of Khazaria 9094:, AFP, 12 March 2006 8646:IranWire | خانه 8169:10.3366/j.ctv2f4v64p 7951:Lewis (1984), p. 167 7908:on 11 September 2019 7864:Littman (1979), p. 3 7826:, see Kurt Rudolph, 7413:The Jews of Khazaria 7339:myjewishlearning.com 7025:Albert Elay Shaltiel 6872:Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron 6689:– architect, painter 6583:ambient intelligence 6483:– American financier 6435:Assadollah Rashidian 6412:– investment advisor 6314:Khwaja Israel Sarhad 6308:Nasser David Khalili 6280:Manucher Ghorbanifar 6229:Asadollah Asgaroladi 6194:– orthopedic surgeon 6174:Encyclopedia Iranica 6038:Science and academia 5976:– attorney, activist 5841:– political activist 5643:, converted to Islam 5627:– early Persian poet 5594:Mashallah ibn Athari 5464:factual accuracy is 5336:of Persian Jews and 5013:Great Neck, New York 4673:Ancient Jewish sites 4622:Legal discrimination 4585:, many of them with 4433:Iranian Armed Forces 4423:Societal environment 4402:Yusef Abad Synagogue 4368:number confirmed by 4027:Nazi-occupied Poland 3401:and the Romans, the 3226:improve this section 2720:Babylonian captivity 2501:World Agudath Israel 1642:United Arab Emirates 729:Second Temple period 719:Babylonian captivity 13624:North African Jews 12767:Jewish Encyclopedia 12512:Hekhalot literature 12323:Religious movements 11858:Judeo-Tripolitanian 10895:Stillman, Norman A. 10753:(New series 49/50). 10365:"The Chain Murders" 10214:2010Sci...328.1342B 9878:Stillman, Norman A. 9754:on 5 September 2014 9560:Michael Theodoulou 8975:, 23 September 2009 8705:on 5 December 2006. 8572:, 30 December 2014. 8526:. Ynet. 7 May 2008. 8497:on 29 December 2007 8114:Studies in Religion 7213:Madare sefr darajeh 6942:Ben Zion Abba Shaul 6603:– stand-up comedian 6573:Hootan Yaghoobzadeh 6487:Fraydun Manocherian 6180:Moussa B. H. Youdim 5877:Minister of Defense 5685:– Persian physician 5649:– religious scholar 5525:, founder of Tinder 5361:identity by descent 5350:New York University 5045:San Fernando Valley 5017:Baltimore, Maryland 4975:Minister of Defense 4862:Jewish Encyclopedia 4581:has 11 functioning 4414:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 4370:Sergio DellaPergola 4268:University of Haifa 3752:(1794–1925) period. 3528:) and Manichaeans ( 3166:under Persian King 2987:Library of Congress 794:Hellenistic Judaism 372:Land of Israel 331:Principles of faith 42: 32:Jews of Iran (film) 13392:Iran's brain drain 12908:Judaism portal 12844:Jews and Halloween 12839:Jews and Christmas 12229:Rabbinic authority 11981:Judaeo-Piedmontese 11414:Xueta Christianity 11319:Origins of Judaism 11286:Outline of Judaism 10912:Norman A. Stillman 10541:The New York Times 10490:. 13 November 2018 10424:on 4 November 2014 10345:on 19 January 2008 10058:The Jerusalem Post 9976:2009-05-14 at the 9937:2007-10-11 at the 9506:Washingtonpost.com 9383:Sciolino, Elaine, 9365:. 17 February 2015 9123:2006-05-30 at the 8956:2008-10-18 at the 8843:2006-05-19 at the 8771:2007-10-12 at the 8550:on 30 August 2005. 8337:2017-05-15 at the 7812:Das antike Persien 7806:2011-07-09 at the 7783:(see esp para. 5) 7759:(see esp para. 20) 7755:2011-07-09 at the 7733:(see esp para. 2) 7410:Kevin Alan Brook. 7244:Iranian Australian 7168:Shiraz blood libel 7133:List of Asian Jews 6950:– biblical scholar 6797:– performance poet 6773:– Israeli pop star 6729:Dora Levy Mossanen 6639:Richard Danielpour 6562:Iran–Contra affair 6416:Erwin David Rabhan 6388:snack food company 6378:snack food company 6188:– cosmetic surgeon 5903:Siamak Moreh Sedgh 5637:Munabbih ibn Kamil 5612:Benjamin Nahawandi 5538: 5527: 5516: 5428:Medical conditions 5184:Treaty of Gulistan 5083:Iranian Revolution 4900:Iranian Revolution 4649:Islamic curriculum 4573:Most Jews live in 4476: 4406:Islamic Revolution 4357:Siamak Moreh Sedgh 4353:Iranian Parliament 4341: 4320:was not for sale. 4221:Islamic Revolution 4185:Torbat-e Heydarieh 4073:Iranian Revolution 4054:Mohammad Mossadegh 3986: 3858: 3841:The advent of the 3790:The reign of Shah 3765: 3754: 3442: 3066:prophetic idiom." 3023: 2727:Islamic Revolution 2355:Jewish Koine Greek 1897:Dominican Republic 1178:Judaism by country 857:Jews and Christmas 712:Assyrian captivity 40: 14476: 14475: 14272:Judaeo-Portuguese 13804: 13803: 13405: 13404: 13262: 13261: 13089: 13088: 12917: 12916: 12883:extinct languages 12784:YIVO Encyclopedia 12559:Hebrew literature 12527:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 12367:Reconstructionist 12045:Judaeo-Portuguese 11734: 11733: 11690:Eastern Sephardim 11334:Synagogal Judaism 11237: 11236: 11207: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11161: 11160: 10866:978-1-78076-888-5 10854:Houman M. Sarshar 10836:978-1-4021-9297-5 10811:(2, Spring 2005). 10795:978-0-521-77073-6 10772:978-1-78074-308-0 10734:978-0-691-00807-3 10725:The Jews of Islam 10715:978-965-07-0665-4 9680:Los Angeles Times 9348:, 3 February 1998 8929:Radio Free Europe 8821:978-3-319-70662-7 8743:Demick, Barbara. 8621:Los Angeles Times 8380:on 12 August 2017 8160:978-1-4744-5399-8 8031:978-1-315-46276-9 7932:Iranicaonline.org 7896:Pirnazar, Jaleh. 7844:Battuta's Travels 7769:Art & Culture 7698:978-0-520-23307-2 7598:978-1-85075-542-5 7571:978-0-567-08998-4 7283:on 8 August 2006. 7163:Allahdad incident 6967:Soleyman Binafard 6948:Ezra Zion Melamed 6938:– Sephardic rabbi 6866:Religious figures 6809:– English actress 6753:Morteza Neidavoud 6743:– American author 6705:Faranak Margolese 6677:– writer and poet 6543:Sasson Khakshouri 6353:MGA Entertainment 6274:Ghermezian family 6200:– plastic surgeon 6112:– court physician 6067:Aaron Cohen-Gadol 6016:Sharon Roffe Ofir 6000:– Israeli colonel 5944:Moshfegh Hamadani 5875:– former Israeli 5811:Eitan Ben Eliyahu 5734:– founder of the 5697:– Jewish exilarch 5639:– a companion of 5505: 5504: 5497: 5422:Ancient Egyptians 5043:, as well as the 4950:Los Angeles Times 4871:States and Iran. 4843:Ciamak Moresadegh 4006:came to power in 3995:Radio Free Europe 3882:Allahdad incident 3823:Allahdad incident 3392:Bar Kochba revolt 3365:brethren against 3321:Anilai and Asinai 3262: 3261: 3254: 3142:According to the 3035:Achaemenid Empire 2805:Iranian languages 2668:Achaemenid Empire 2662:who relocated to 2634:Yahudiyān-e Irāni 2617: 2616: 2566: 2565: 2314: 2313: 2061:Reconstructionist 2005: 2004: 1157: 1156: 964: 963: 801:Jewish–Roman wars 749:Hasmonean dynasty 665:Kingdom of Israel 569: 568: 270: 269: 192:Iranian languages 16:(Redirected from 14516: 14464: 14431: 14408: 14334:Rite and customs 14307: 14190:Crypto-Sephardim 13831: 13824: 13817: 13808: 13807: 13705:Juhuri/Judeo-Tat 13633:Alexandrian Jews 13613:Musta'arabi Jews 13550:Palestinian Jews 13432: 13425: 13418: 13409: 13408: 13141: 13140: 13130:Iranian diaspora 13128: 13127: 13116: 13109: 13102: 13093: 13092: 13079: 13067: 13060: 13053: 13046: 13039: 13032: 13025: 12944: 12937: 12930: 12921: 12920: 12906: 12905: 12904: 12891: 12890: 12023:Judeo-Golpaygani 11624:Palestinian Jews 11599:Alexandrian Jews 11555:Crimean Karaites 11472:Unterlander Jews 11425: 11424: 11339:Rabbinic Judaism 11264: 11257: 11250: 11241: 11240: 11170: 11169: 11067: 11066: 11060: 11059: 11049:Religion in Iran 11042: 11035: 11028: 11019: 11018: 10937: 10919: 10902: 10843:Karmel Melamed, 10840: 10821: 10812: 10799: 10787: 10776: 10754: 10738: 10696: 10687: 10666: 10665: 10649: 10648: 10637: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10626: 10609: 10603: 10597: 10591: 10590: 10558: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10547: 10532: 10526: 10525: 10523: 10521: 10512:. Archived from 10506: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10495: 10488:"Anna M. Kaplan" 10484: 10478: 10477: 10457: 10451: 10450: 10443: 10437: 10436: 10431: 10429: 10420:. Archived from 10409: 10403: 10402: 10400: 10398: 10387: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10376: 10361: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10350: 10335: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10324: 10313: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10291: 10285: 10284: 10274: 10264: 10240: 10234: 10233: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10180: 10148: 10139: 10138: 10122: 10116: 10115: 10105: 10073: 10062: 10061: 10050: 10044: 10037: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10026: 10012: 10006: 10005: 10003: 10001: 9987: 9981: 9967: 9961: 9948: 9942: 9929: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9907: 9901: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9884:. Brill Online. 9869: 9863: 9862: 9838: 9832: 9831: 9820: 9814: 9808: 9802: 9796: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9770: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9750:. Archived from 9739: 9733: 9727: 9716: 9710: 9704: 9697: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9671: 9665: 9659: 9650: 9643: 9637: 9631: 9622: 9616: 9610: 9600: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9578: 9572: 9558: 9552: 9546: 9540: 9534: 9528: 9523: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9497: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9486: 9476: 9470: 9464: 9458: 9457: 9446: 9437: 9426: 9420: 9417: 9408: 9403: 9397: 9394: 9388: 9381: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9355: 9349: 9339: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9328: 9313: 9307: 9301: 9295: 9290: 9284: 9272: 9266: 9254: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9232: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9201: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9173: 9167: 9166: 9164: 9162: 9146: 9140: 9134: 9128: 9114: 9108: 9101: 9095: 9089: 9083: 9076: 9070: 9063: 9057: 9051: 9045: 9044: 9032: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9021: 9006: 9000: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8967: 8961: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8918: 8912: 8906: 8900: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8854: 8848: 8835: 8826: 8825: 8799: 8793: 8790: 8784: 8763: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8701:. Archived from 8689: 8683: 8677: 8668: 8667: 8656: 8650: 8649: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8627: 8612: 8606: 8594: 8588: 8582: 8573: 8561: 8552: 8551: 8546:. Archived from 8534: 8528: 8527: 8516: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8493:. Archived from 8487: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8459: 8448: 8445:Iran – Geography 8442: 8436: 8433: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8379: 8373:. Archived from 8368: 8360: 8354: 8351: 8342: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8304: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8253: 8247: 8241: 8235: 8232: 8223: 8220: 8209: 8206: 8200: 8197: 8191: 8188: 8182: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8144: 8138: 8137: 8109: 8098: 8097: 8092: 8090: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8002: 8000: 7985: 7979: 7976: 7970: 7967: 7961: 7958: 7952: 7949: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7893: 7887: 7884: 7878: 7871: 7865: 7862: 7853: 7841: 7835: 7797: 7791: 7778: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7747: 7741: 7728: 7722: 7709: 7703: 7702: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7628: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7540: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7504:The Jews of Iraq 7501: 7495: 7481: 7475: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7440:. Archived from 7431: 7425: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7354: 7343: 7342: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7313: 7300: 7294: 7285: 7284: 7269: 7247: 7241: 7122:, a city in the 7034:Houshang Mashian 6985:Janet Kohan-Sedq 6936:Eliyahu Ben Haim 6908:Lutfu'lláh Hakím 6886:– American rabbi 6853:Elham Yaghoubian 6783:Hooshang Seyhoun 6741:Ottessa Moshfegh 6687:Kamran Khavarani 6663:Chohreh Feyzdjou 6384:– co-founder of 6374:– co-founder of 6296:Moussa Kermanian 6262:Henry Elghanayan 6247:J. Darius Bikoff 6155:robotic oncology 6144:– discoverer of 6104:Persian language 6094:Avshalom Elitzur 6079:Pedram Salimpour 6073:Pejman Salimpour 5909:Haroun Yashayaei 5805:Manuchehr Eliasi 5767:Liberal Democrat 5741:Daniel al-Kumisi 5736:Karaite Movement 5500: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5480: 5477:reliably sourced 5457: 5456: 5449: 5258:Judæo-Golpaygani 5254:(Judæo-Bukharic) 5239:Jewish languages 5101:Nessah Synagogue 5079:Iranian-American 5041:West Los Angeles 4908:left the country 4902:, due mostly to 4802: 4783: 4764: 4745: 4695:Tomb of Habakkuk 4629:Guardian Council 4537:Haroun Yashayaei 4518:Arvin Ghahremani 4410:Haroun Yashayaei 4398:Mohammad Khatami 4365:Manuchehr Eliasi 3641:captured Baghdad 3373:waged war under 3257: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3237: 3206: 3198: 3172:Xerxes the Great 3120:Darius the Great 3063:Philip R. Davies 2979:Babylonian Exile 2855: 2854: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2832: 2831: 2822: 2793:Today, the term 2649: 2644: 2636: 2631: 2609: 2602: 2595: 2458: 2457: 2339: 2160: 2154: 2135: 2099: 2098: 2046: 1993:New Zealand 1945: 1908:El Salvador 1898: 1830:Northern America 1822: 1416: 1172: 1171: 1083:Crimean Karaites 979: 978: 957: 955: 876: 874: 866: 860: 851: 839:Rabbinic Judaism 820: 814: 808: 796: 784: 750: 743:Maccabean Revolt 720: 713: 707: 699: 692: 686: 678: 660: 584: 583: 558: 453: 452: 385: 373: 272: 271: 231: 175: 173: 172: 157: 155: 154: 139: 137: 136: 121: 119: 118: 103: 101: 100: 74:Total population 66: 55: 51: 50: 43: 39: 21: 14524: 14523: 14519: 14518: 14517: 14515: 14514: 14513: 14479: 14478: 14477: 14472: 14458: 14456:Philosephardism 14444: 14425: 14411: 14402: 14378: 14350: 14310: 14301: 14262:Sephardi Hebrew 14243: 14212: 13937: 13877:Alhambra Decree 13841: 13838:Sephardi Jewish 13835: 13805: 13800: 13774: 13733: 13666: 13576:Babylonian Jews 13564: 13528: 13442: 13436: 13406: 13401: 13382:Iranian peoples 13370: 13349: 13328: 13258: 13202: 13176: 13160: 13132: 13122: 13120: 13090: 13085: 13077: 13065: 13058: 13051: 13044: 13037: 13030: 13023: 12953: 12948: 12918: 12913: 12902: 12900: 12872: 12698: 12563: 12435: 12309: 12203: 12018:Judeo-Borujerdi 11993:Judeo-Malayalam 11939:Judeo-Aragonese 11910:Lishanid Noshan 11742: 11730: 11462:Oberlander Jews 11423: 11353: 11295: 11277: 11268: 11238: 11233: 11212:Other religions 11199: 11157: 11081: 11051: 11046: 11013:Wayback Machine 10979:Wayback Machine 10935: 10918:. Brill Online. 10901:. Brill Online. 10875: 10870: 10837: 10796: 10773: 10735: 10674:Singer, Isidore 10663: 10658: 10653: 10652: 10639: 10638: 10634: 10624: 10622: 10610: 10606: 10598: 10594: 10559: 10555: 10545: 10543: 10533: 10529: 10519: 10517: 10508: 10507: 10503: 10493: 10491: 10486: 10485: 10481: 10474: 10458: 10454: 10445: 10444: 10440: 10427: 10425: 10410: 10406: 10396: 10394: 10389: 10388: 10384: 10374: 10372: 10371:. December 2009 10363: 10362: 10358: 10348: 10346: 10337: 10336: 10332: 10322: 10320: 10315: 10314: 10310: 10300: 10298: 10293: 10292: 10288: 10255:(4): e1001373. 10241: 10237: 10198: 10194: 10149: 10142: 10123: 10119: 10074: 10065: 10052: 10051: 10047: 10038: 10034: 10024: 10022: 10014: 10013: 10009: 9999: 9997: 9989: 9988: 9984: 9978:Wayback Machine 9968: 9964: 9958:Wayback Machine 9949: 9945: 9939:Wayback Machine 9930: 9926: 9916: 9914: 9911:"Bukharan Jews" 9909: 9908: 9904: 9896: 9892: 9870: 9866: 9853: 9839: 9835: 9822: 9821: 9817: 9809: 9805: 9797: 9793: 9785: 9781: 9772: 9771: 9767: 9757: 9755: 9740: 9736: 9728: 9719: 9711: 9707: 9698: 9694: 9684: 9682: 9672: 9668: 9660: 9653: 9644: 9640: 9632: 9625: 9617: 9613: 9601: 9597: 9587: 9585: 9580: 9579: 9575: 9570:Wayback Machine 9559: 9555: 9547: 9543: 9535: 9531: 9524: 9520: 9510: 9508: 9498: 9494: 9484: 9482: 9478: 9477: 9473: 9465: 9461: 9456:. 30 June 2017. 9454:Tablet Magazine 9448: 9447: 9440: 9427: 9423: 9418: 9411: 9404: 9400: 9395: 9391: 9385:Persian Mirrors 9382: 9378: 9368: 9366: 9357: 9356: 9352: 9340: 9336: 9326: 9324: 9314: 9310: 9302: 9298: 9293:Economy of Iran 9291: 9287: 9273: 9269: 9255: 9251: 9241: 9239: 9234: 9233: 9226: 9216: 9214: 9202: 9198: 9188: 9186: 9174: 9170: 9160: 9158: 9147: 9143: 9135: 9131: 9125:Wayback Machine 9115: 9111: 9102: 9098: 9090: 9086: 9077: 9073: 9064: 9060: 9052: 9048: 9035:Berman, Lazar. 9033: 9029: 9019: 9017: 9007: 9003: 8991: 8987: 8978: 8976: 8969: 8968: 8964: 8958:Wayback Machine 8949: 8945: 8937: 8933: 8925: 8921: 8913: 8909: 8901: 8894: 8886: 8882: 8874: 8870: 8855: 8851: 8845:Wayback Machine 8836: 8829: 8822: 8800: 8796: 8791: 8787: 8773:Wayback Machine 8764: 8760: 8750: 8748: 8741: 8737: 8727: 8725: 8714: 8710: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8678: 8671: 8664:Times of Israel 8658: 8657: 8653: 8640: 8639: 8635: 8625: 8623: 8613: 8609: 8595: 8591: 8583: 8576: 8563:Roya Hakakian, 8562: 8555: 8536: 8535: 8531: 8518: 8517: 8510: 8500: 8498: 8489: 8488: 8479: 8469: 8467: 8460: 8451: 8443: 8439: 8434: 8430: 8420: 8418: 8410: 8409: 8405: 8397: 8393: 8383: 8381: 8377: 8366: 8362: 8361: 8357: 8352: 8345: 8339:Wayback Machine 8330: 8326: 8316: 8314: 8306: 8305: 8301: 8291: 8289: 8279: 8275: 8265: 8263: 8255: 8254: 8250: 8242: 8238: 8233: 8226: 8221: 8212: 8207: 8203: 8198: 8194: 8189: 8185: 8180: 8176: 8161: 8145: 8141: 8110: 8101: 8088: 8086: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8063: 8061: 8051: 8047: 8032: 8016: 8012: 7998: 7996: 7986: 7982: 7977: 7973: 7968: 7964: 7959: 7955: 7950: 7946: 7936: 7934: 7926: 7925: 7921: 7911: 7909: 7894: 7890: 7885: 7881: 7872: 7868: 7863: 7856: 7851:Wayback Machine 7842: 7838: 7808:Wayback Machine 7798: 7794: 7789:Wayback Machine 7779: 7775: 7767: 7763: 7757:Wayback Machine 7748: 7744: 7739:Wayback Machine 7729: 7725: 7720:Wayback Machine 7710: 7706: 7699: 7683: 7679: 7669: 7667: 7649: 7641:. p. 285. 7622: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7556: 7552: 7541: 7534: 7526: 7522: 7514: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7492:Wayback Machine 7482: 7478: 7461: 7457: 7447: 7445: 7444:on 28 July 2017 7433: 7432: 7428: 7409: 7405: 7394: 7390: 7380: 7378: 7375:"Persian Gates" 7373: 7372: 7368: 7360: 7356: 7355: 7346: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7315: 7314: 7303: 7295: 7288: 7271: 7270: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7250: 7242: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7061: 7040:Eliezer Kashani 6957: 6920:– Iranian rabbi 6884:Shmuley Boteach 6868: 6861:– film producer 6821:– choreographer 6723:Heshmat Moayyad 6647:– film director 6607:Jonathan Ahdout 6591: 6537:Lower Manhattan 6493:Richard Saghian 6466:Mahbod Moghadam 6444:Nouriel Roubini 6404:Fred Ohebshalom 6268:Habib Elghanian 6213: 6204:Sheila Nazarian 6186:Babak Azizzadeh 6170:Ehsan Yarshater 6151:David B. Samadi 6085:Farshid Delshad 6048:Yale University 6040: 5989:Sharon Nazarian 5882:Maurice Motamed 5773:Michael Ben-Ari 5759: 5745:Karaite Judaism 5722:Baba'i ben Lotf 5590: 5543: 5512:Rita Jahanforuz 5501: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5470: 5462:This section's 5458: 5454: 5447: 5434:succinylcholine 5430: 5418:14th Century BC 5330:Genetic studies 5327: 5321: 5273:Juhuri language 5248:(Judæo-Persian) 5231: 5215: 5196: 5182:as part of the 5156: 5151: 5139:Pahlavi dynasty 5121: 5071: 5061: 5047:communities of 5005: 4938: 4932: 4896: 4857: 4846: 4829: 4803: 4794: 4784: 4775: 4765: 4756: 4746: 4736: 4718:) dedicated to 4675: 4651: 4624: 4571: 4565: 4509:Habib Elghanian 4494:Maurice Motamed 4460: 4448:Qasem Soleimani 4425: 4361:Maurice Motamed 4330: 4242:Habib Elghanian 4217: 3990:Pahlavi dynasty 3978: 3839: 3812: 3742: 3736: 3731: 3673:Syriac Orthodox 3633: 3593: 3544:, which is the 3427: 3421: 3345:Cyrus the Great 3317:Parthian Empire 3258: 3247: 3241: 3238: 3223: 3207: 3196: 3140: 3112: 3106: 3033:by the Persian 3027:Cyrus the Great 3011:Cyrus the Great 3004: 2999: 2955:Mountain Jewish 2888:Patriarch Jacob 2884:Sarah bat Asher 2868: 2862: 2791: 2704:Cyrus the Great 2670:. Books of the 2652:Jewish diaspora 2613: 2568: 2567: 2455: 2445: 2444: 2435:Judeo-Malayalam 2415:Judaeo-Georgian 2335: 2326: 2316: 2315: 2216:Yiddish theatre 2158: 2096: 2086: 2085: 2044: 2017: 2007: 2006: 1943: 1896: 1820: 1414: 1198:Genetic studies 1169: 1159: 1158: 976: 966: 965: 953: 952: 872: 871: 864: 854: 849: 831:and Middle Ages 829:Rabbinic period 816: 810: 803: 791: 762: 748: 718: 711: 702: 694: 690: 681: 676:in Judaism 673: 658: 581: 571: 570: 450: 440: 439: 383: 371: 316: 170: 168: 152: 150: 134: 132: 116: 114: 109:200,000–250,000 98: 96: 69: 57: 52: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14522: 14512: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14470: 14468:Sephardization 14465: 14452: 14450: 14446: 14445: 14443: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14419: 14417: 14413: 14412: 14410: 14409: 14397: 14392: 14386: 14384: 14380: 14379: 14377: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14364:Black Panthers 14360: 14358: 14352: 14351: 14349: 14348: 14343: 14342: 14341: 14331: 14326: 14320: 14318: 14312: 14311: 14309: 14308: 14296: 14291: 14290: 14289: 14287:Tetuani Ladino 14284: 14277:Judaeo-Spanish 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14253: 14251: 14245: 14244: 14242: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14220: 14218: 14217:Modern history 14214: 14213: 14211: 14210: 14209: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14186: 14185: 14184: 14183: 14182: 14172: 14171: 14170: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14144: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14118: 14113: 14101: 14100: 14099: 14094: 14093: 14092: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14060: 14059: 14058: 14057: 14056: 14051: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14015: 14014: 14004: 13999: 13998: 13997: 13987: 13986: 13985: 13980: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13947: 13945: 13939: 13938: 13936: 13935: 13928: 13921: 13914: 13907: 13900: 13893: 13886: 13881: 13880: 13879: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13851: 13849: 13843: 13842: 13834: 13833: 13826: 13819: 13811: 13802: 13801: 13799: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13786:Black Panthers 13782: 13780: 13776: 13775: 13773: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13741: 13739: 13735: 13734: 13732: 13731: 13730: 13729: 13724: 13717:Judaeo-Spanish 13714: 13713: 13712: 13707: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13686: 13685: 13678:Israeli Hebrew 13674: 13672: 13668: 13667: 13665: 13664: 13663: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13642: 13641: 13640: 13638:Sephardic Jews 13635: 13630: 13622: 13621: 13620: 13615: 13608:Jews in Arabia 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13589: 13588: 13583: 13572: 13570: 13566: 13565: 13563: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13536: 13534: 13530: 13529: 13527: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13450: 13448: 13447:By nationality 13444: 13443: 13435: 13434: 13427: 13420: 13412: 13403: 13402: 13400: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13378: 13376: 13372: 13371: 13369: 13368: 13363: 13357: 13355: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13347: 13342: 13336: 13334: 13330: 13329: 13327: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13314:United Kingdom 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13270: 13268: 13264: 13263: 13260: 13259: 13257: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13210: 13208: 13204: 13203: 13201: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13184: 13182: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13174: 13168: 13166: 13162: 13161: 13159: 13158: 13153: 13147: 13145: 13138: 13134: 13133: 13119: 13118: 13111: 13104: 13096: 13087: 13086: 13084: 13083: 13082: 13081: 13074: 13069: 13062: 13055: 13048: 13041: 13034: 13027: 13017: 13007: 13001: 12995: 12989: 12983: 12977: 12971: 12965: 12958: 12955: 12954: 12947: 12946: 12939: 12932: 12924: 12915: 12914: 12912: 12911: 12897: 12877: 12874: 12873: 12871: 12870: 12869: 12868: 12867: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12850:non-Christian 12848: 12847: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12806: 12799: 12792: 12787: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12746: 12741: 12740: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12708: 12706: 12700: 12699: 12697: 12696: 12691: 12690: 12689: 12684: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12653: 12652: 12642: 12641: 12640: 12635: 12625: 12620: 12619: 12618: 12608: 12607: 12606: 12596: 12591: 12590: 12589: 12584: 12573: 12571: 12565: 12564: 12562: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12549:Shulchan Aruch 12546: 12545: 12544: 12539: 12537:Sefer Yetzirah 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12517:Pardes Rimonim 12514: 12507:Kabbalah texts 12504: 12503: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12477: 12476: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12451: 12445: 12443: 12437: 12436: 12434: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12397: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12385: 12384: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12353: 12352: 12347: 12346: 12345: 12340: 12319: 12317: 12311: 12310: 12308: 12307: 12302: 12300:Land of Israel 12297: 12296: 12295: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12274: 12273: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12252: 12251: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12225: 12224: 12213: 12211: 12205: 12204: 12202: 12201: 12196: 12195: 12194: 12193: 12192: 12187: 12186: 12185: 12178: 12176:Judeo-Alsatian 12168: 12167: 12166: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12103: 12102: 12097: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12041: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12028:Judeo-Hamedani 12025: 12020: 12015: 12005: 12003:Judaeo-Occitan 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11984: 11983: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11962: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11944:Jewish English 11941: 11936: 11935: 11934: 11933: 11932: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11875:Judaeo-Aramaic 11872: 11871: 11870: 11865: 11863:Judeo-Tunisian 11860: 11855: 11853:Judeo-Moroccan 11850: 11849: 11848: 11846:Judeo-Baghdadi 11833: 11828: 11823: 11822: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11750: 11748: 11736: 11735: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11727: 11726: 11725: 11724: 11714: 11713: 11712: 11702: 11697: 11695:Livornese Jews 11692: 11682: 11677: 11676: 11675: 11665: 11664: 11663: 11662: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11586: 11585: 11584: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11558: 11557: 11552: 11542: 11537: 11536: 11535: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11514: 11513: 11508: 11498: 11497: 11496: 11491: 11481: 11480: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11442:Afrikaner-Jode 11433: 11431: 11422: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11410: 11409: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11363: 11361: 11355: 11354: 11352: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11305: 11303: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11293: 11288: 11282: 11279: 11278: 11267: 11266: 11259: 11252: 11244: 11235: 11234: 11232: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11215: 11213: 11209: 11208: 11205: 11204: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11176: 11174: 11167: 11163: 11162: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11155: 11153:Zoroastrianism 11150: 11145: 11144: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11123: 11122: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11100: 11089: 11087: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11079: 11073: 11071: 11064: 11057: 11053: 11052: 11045: 11044: 11037: 11030: 11022: 11016: 11015: 11003: 10997: 10996: 10992: 10991: 10981: 10962: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10931: 10930: 10926: 10925: 10920: 10903: 10886: 10881: 10874: 10873:External links 10871: 10869: 10868: 10851: 10841: 10835: 10822: 10813: 10800: 10794: 10777: 10771: 10759:Foltz, Richard 10755: 10743:Littman, David 10739: 10733: 10721:Lewis, Bernard 10717: 10697: 10688: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10651: 10650: 10647:. 28 May 2020. 10645:Jewish Journal 10632: 10604: 10592: 10553: 10527: 10516:on 6 July 2008 10501: 10479: 10472: 10452: 10438: 10404: 10382: 10356: 10330: 10308: 10286: 10235: 10208:(5984): 1342. 10192: 10157:Human Genetics 10140: 10117: 10063: 10045: 10032: 10007: 9982: 9962: 9943: 9924: 9902: 9890: 9864: 9852:978-1442203020 9851: 9833: 9815: 9803: 9791: 9779: 9765: 9734: 9717: 9705: 9692: 9666: 9651: 9638: 9623: 9611: 9607:New York Times 9595: 9573: 9553: 9541: 9529: 9518: 9492: 9471: 9459: 9438: 9421: 9409: 9398: 9389: 9376: 9350: 9334: 9308: 9296: 9285: 9267: 9249: 9224: 9196: 9183:Jerusalem Post 9168: 9141: 9129: 9109: 9096: 9084: 9071: 9058: 9046: 9027: 9001: 8985: 8962: 8960:Monthly Review 8943: 8931: 8919: 8907: 8892: 8880: 8878:Kosher Delight 8868: 8849: 8827: 8820: 8794: 8785: 8783:Library Online 8758: 8735: 8708: 8684: 8669: 8651: 8633: 8607: 8589: 8574: 8553: 8529: 8508: 8477: 8449: 8437: 8428: 8403: 8391: 8355: 8343: 8324: 8299: 8287:Foreign Policy 8273: 8248: 8236: 8224: 8210: 8201: 8192: 8183: 8174: 8159: 8139: 8099: 8071: 8045: 8030: 8010: 7980: 7971: 7962: 7953: 7944: 7919: 7888: 7879: 7873:Joanna Sloame 7866: 7854: 7836: 7792: 7773: 7761: 7742: 7723: 7704: 7697: 7677: 7647: 7604: 7597: 7577: 7570: 7550: 7532: 7520: 7508: 7496: 7476: 7455: 7426: 7403: 7388: 7366: 7344: 7326: 7301: 7286: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7209: 7206:30 Years After 7202: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7148:Persian people 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7046: 7037: 7031: 7022: 7008: 7005:Leandra Medine 7002: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6973:Hanina Mizrahi 6970: 6964: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6927: 6924:Yedidia Shofet 6921: 6915: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6807:Sarah Solemani 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6765:Dorit Rabinyan 6762: 6761:– photographer 6756: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6711: 6709:Off the Derech 6702: 6696: 6693:Harmony Korine 6690: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6613:Hossein Amanat 6610: 6604: 6598: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6555: 6549: 6540: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6509: 6499: 6490: 6484: 6481:Victor Haghani 6478: 6472: 6463: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6432: 6422: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6392:Joseph Moinian 6389: 6379: 6369: 6355: 6342: 6340:Jovani Fashion 6333: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6256:Mandana Dayani 6253: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6220: 6217:David Alliance 6212: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6167: 6157: 6148: 6139: 6133: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6097: 6091: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6055: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6010:Eliezer Avtabi 6007: 6001: 5995: 5986: 5980:Meirav Ben-Ari 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5956:Esther Shkalim 5953: 5950:Tali Farhadian 5947: 5941: 5935: 5922: 5916: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5885: 5879: 5870: 5864: 5855: 5849:chief of staff 5842: 5839:Aziz Daneshrad 5836: 5830: 5824: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5793: 5782:Makan Delrahim 5779: 5770: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5747: 5738: 5732:Anan ben David 5729: 5719: 5713: 5712:– Persian poet 5707: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5665: 5656: 5653:Ibn al-Rawandi 5650: 5644: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5609: 5603: 5600:Sa'ad al-Dawla 5597: 5589: 5588:Pre-modern era 5586: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5542: 5539: 5534:Mandana Dayani 5503: 5502: 5461: 5459: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5429: 5426: 5414:4th Century AD 5378:Land of Israel 5338:Bukharian Jews 5320: 5317: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5270: 5268:Judæo-Hamedani 5265: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5230: 5227: 5214: 5213:Lakhloukh Jews 5211: 5199:Bukharian Jews 5195: 5194:Bukharian Jews 5192: 5188:modern Persian 5180:Russian Empire 5168:North Caucasus 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5120: 5117: 5060: 5057: 5004: 5001: 4966:. Both former 4934:Main article: 4931: 4928: 4916:Iranian census 4895: 4892: 4876:Western Europe 4856: 4853: 4831: 4830: 4804: 4797: 4795: 4786:The Shrine of 4785: 4778: 4776: 4766: 4759: 4757: 4748:The shrine of 4747: 4740: 4687:Tomb of Daniel 4674: 4671: 4650: 4647: 4623: 4620: 4587:Hebrew schools 4564: 4561: 4557:Ismail Haniyeh 4546:Jewish Sabbath 4459: 4456: 4424: 4421: 4329: 4328:Current status 4326: 4216: 4213: 3977: 3974: 3902:J. J. Benjamin 3838: 3835: 3811: 3808: 3738:Main article: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3632: 3629: 3592: 3589: 3585:Persian Empire 3482:state religion 3478:Zoroastrianism 3446:Persian Empire 3423:Main article: 3420: 3417: 3310:Land of Israel 3302:Feast of Weeks 3298:Jewish Sabbath 3260: 3259: 3210: 3208: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3144:Book of Esther 3139: 3136: 3108:Main article: 3105: 3102: 3080:is located in 3071:Cyrus Cylinder 3039:Book of Esther 3015:Land of Israel 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2864:Main article: 2861: 2858: 2790: 2787: 2630:یهودیان ایرانی 2615: 2614: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2597: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2513: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2496:Territorialism 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2465: 2464: 2456: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2380:Judaeo-Spanish 2377: 2375:Judaeo-Iranian 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2327: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2291: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2238: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2182: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2155: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2104: 2103: 2097: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2018: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2003: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1972: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1860: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1821:United Kingdom 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1669: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1254:Bilad-el-Sudan 1251: 1246: 1238: 1237: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1210: 1209: 1207:Land of Israel 1203: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1170: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1067: 1066: 1065:Related groups 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 998: 997: 992: 977: 972: 971: 968: 967: 962: 961: 960: 959: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 917:Jewish atheism 914: 909: 904: 896: 895: 891: 890: 889: 888: 883: 878: 873:Islamic–Jewish 868: 861: 846: 841: 833: 832: 825: 824: 823: 822: 798: 785: 757: 752: 745: 740: 738:Yehud Medinata 732: 731: 725: 724: 723: 722: 715: 708: 700: 687: 679: 667: 662: 655: 647: 646: 644:Ancient Israel 640: 639: 638: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 600:Land of Israel 597: 589: 588: 582: 577: 576: 573: 572: 567: 566: 565: 564: 559: 555:Shulchan Aruch 550: 545: 540: 535: 527: 526: 525: 524: 519: 511: 510: 504: 503: 502: 501: 496: 488: 487: 481: 480: 479: 478: 473: 468: 460: 459: 451: 446: 445: 442: 441: 438: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 380: 375: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 333: 328: 321:God in Judaism 317: 312: 311: 308: 307: 306: 305: 300: 292: 291: 281: 280: 268: 267: 245:Bukharian Jews 241: 240: 236: 235: 224: 223: 219: 218: 188: 187: 183: 182: 179: 165: 164: 161: 147: 146: 143: 129: 128: 125: 111: 110: 107: 93: 92: 88: 87: 76: 75: 71: 70: 67: 59: 58: 49:یهودیان ایرانی 46: 36: 26: 18:Iranian Jewish 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14521: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14486: 14484: 14469: 14466: 14462: 14457: 14454: 14453: 14451: 14447: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14429: 14424: 14421: 14420: 14418: 14414: 14406: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14387: 14385: 14381: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14361: 14359: 14357: 14353: 14347: 14344: 14340: 14337: 14336: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14321: 14319: 14317: 14313: 14305: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14279: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14254: 14252: 14250: 14246: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14221: 14219: 14215: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14201:Belmonte Jews 14199: 14197: 14194: 14193: 14192: 14191: 14187: 14181: 14178: 14177: 14176: 14173: 14169: 14168:Paradesi Jews 14166: 14165: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14142: 14141:New Amsterdam 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14123: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14108: 14107: 14106: 14102: 14098: 14095: 14091: 14088: 14087: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14067: 14066: 14065: 14061: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14046: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14013: 14010: 14009: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13996: 13993: 13992: 13991: 13988: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13975: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13955: 13954: 13953: 13949: 13948: 13946: 13944: 13940: 13934: 13933: 13932:New Christian 13929: 13927: 13926: 13925:Maghrebi Jews 13922: 13920: 13919: 13915: 13913: 13912: 13908: 13906: 13905: 13901: 13899: 13898: 13894: 13892: 13891: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13878: 13875: 13874: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13857: 13853: 13852: 13850: 13848: 13844: 13839: 13832: 13827: 13825: 13820: 13818: 13813: 13812: 13809: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13783: 13781: 13777: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13760:Mizrahi music 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13742: 13740: 13736: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13719: 13718: 13715: 13711: 13708: 13706: 13703: 13702: 13701: 13700:Judeo-Persian 13698: 13696: 13695:Judeo-Aramaic 13693: 13691: 13688: 13684: 13681: 13680: 13679: 13676: 13675: 13673: 13669: 13661: 13660:Hadhrami Jews 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13647: 13646: 13645:Yemenite Jews 13643: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13628:Maghrebi Jews 13626: 13625: 13623: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13610: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13603:Bukharan Jews 13601: 13599: 13598:Mountain Jews 13596: 13594: 13591: 13587: 13586:Baghdadi Jews 13584: 13582: 13579: 13578: 13577: 13574: 13573: 13571: 13567: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13537: 13535: 13531: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13451: 13449: 13445: 13440: 13433: 13428: 13426: 13421: 13419: 13414: 13413: 13410: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13379: 13377: 13373: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13358: 13356: 13352: 13346: 13345:United States 13343: 13341: 13338: 13337: 13335: 13333:North America 13331: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13271: 13269: 13265: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13211: 13209: 13205: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13185: 13183: 13179: 13173: 13170: 13169: 13167: 13163: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13148: 13146: 13142: 13139: 13135: 13131: 13126: 13117: 13112: 13110: 13105: 13103: 13098: 13097: 13094: 13080: 13075: 13073: 13072:Afro-Iranians 13070: 13068: 13063: 13061: 13056: 13054: 13049: 13047: 13042: 13040: 13035: 13033: 13028: 13026: 13021: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13014:Turkic people 13011: 13008: 13005: 13002: 12999: 12996: 12993: 12990: 12987: 12984: 12981: 12978: 12975: 12972: 12969: 12966: 12963: 12960: 12959: 12956: 12952: 12945: 12940: 12938: 12933: 12931: 12926: 12925: 12922: 12910: 12909: 12898: 12896: 12895: 12886: 12885: 12884: 12880: 12875: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12851: 12849: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12834:Protestantism 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12816: 12815: 12812: 12811: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12804: 12800: 12798: 12797: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12785: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12768: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12751: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12714: 12713: 12710: 12709: 12707: 12705: 12701: 12695: 12692: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12679: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12651: 12648: 12647: 12646: 12643: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12630: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12617: 12614: 12613: 12612: 12609: 12605: 12602: 12601: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12579: 12578: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12570: 12566: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12522:Sefer HaBahir 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12509: 12508: 12505: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12482: 12481: 12478: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12460: 12459: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12449:Sifrei Kodesh 12447: 12446: 12444: 12442: 12438: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12351: 12348: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12335: 12334: 12331: 12330: 12329: 12326: 12325: 12324: 12321: 12320: 12318: 12316: 12312: 12306: 12305:Who is a Jew? 12303: 12301: 12298: 12294: 12291: 12290: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12272: 12269: 12268: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12250: 12247: 12246: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12234:Chosen people 12232: 12230: 12227: 12223: 12220: 12219: 12218: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12206: 12200: 12197: 12191: 12190:Scots-Yiddish 12188: 12184: 12183: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12173: 12172: 12169: 12165: 12164: 12163:Klezmer-loshn 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12143: 12140: 12139: 12138: 12135: 12134: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12092: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12033:Judeo-Shirazi 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12010: 12009: 12008:Judeo-Persian 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11998:Judeo-Marathi 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11982: 11979: 11978: 11977: 11976:Judeo-Italian 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11931: 11928: 11927: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11877: 11876: 11873: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11847: 11844: 11843: 11842: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11831:Judeo-Amazigh 11829: 11827: 11824: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11756: 11755: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11741: 11737: 11723: 11720: 11719: 11718: 11715: 11711: 11708: 11707: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11687: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11674: 11671: 11670: 11669: 11666: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11654:Hadhrami Jews 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11619:Mountain Jews 11617: 11615: 11614:Egyptian Jews 11612: 11610: 11609:Bukharan Jews 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11587: 11583: 11580: 11579: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11547: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11534: 11531: 11530: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11503: 11502: 11499: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11486: 11485: 11482: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11439: 11438: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11430: 11426: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11408: 11405: 11404: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11397:Lists of Jews 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11364: 11362: 11360: 11356: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11302: 11298: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11283: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11265: 11260: 11258: 11253: 11251: 11246: 11245: 11242: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11216: 11214: 11210: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11171: 11168: 11164: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11128: 11127: 11124: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11095: 11094: 11091: 11090: 11088: 11084: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11072: 11068: 11065: 11061: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11043: 11038: 11036: 11031: 11029: 11024: 11023: 11020: 11014: 11010: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10995:Miscellaneous 10994: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10967: 10963: 10960: 10959: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10938: 10933: 10932: 10928: 10927: 10924: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10876: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10855: 10852: 10849: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10832: 10828: 10823: 10819: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10801: 10797: 10791: 10786: 10785: 10778: 10774: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10703: 10698: 10694: 10689: 10685: 10684: 10679: 10675: 10670: 10669:public domain 10661: 10660: 10646: 10642: 10636: 10621: 10620: 10615: 10608: 10601: 10596: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10557: 10542: 10538: 10531: 10515: 10511: 10505: 10489: 10483: 10475: 10473:9780815609070 10469: 10465: 10464: 10456: 10448: 10442: 10435: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10408: 10392: 10386: 10370: 10366: 10360: 10344: 10340: 10334: 10319:. Medigoo.com 10318: 10312: 10296: 10290: 10282: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10249:PLOS Genetics 10246: 10239: 10231: 10227: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10196: 10188: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10163:(2): 119–27. 10162: 10158: 10154: 10147: 10145: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10121: 10113: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10059: 10055: 10049: 10042: 10036: 10021: 10017: 10011: 9996: 9995:glottolog.org 9992: 9986: 9979: 9975: 9972: 9966: 9959: 9955: 9952: 9947: 9940: 9936: 9933: 9928: 9912: 9906: 9899: 9894: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9868: 9861: 9860: 9854: 9848: 9844: 9837: 9829: 9825: 9819: 9812: 9807: 9800: 9795: 9788: 9783: 9775: 9769: 9753: 9749: 9748:Wmagazine.com 9745: 9738: 9731: 9726: 9724: 9722: 9714: 9709: 9702: 9696: 9681: 9677: 9670: 9663: 9658: 9656: 9648: 9645:Adam Taylor, 9642: 9635: 9630: 9628: 9620: 9615: 9608: 9604: 9599: 9583: 9577: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9557: 9550: 9545: 9538: 9533: 9527: 9522: 9507: 9503: 9496: 9481: 9475: 9468: 9463: 9455: 9451: 9445: 9443: 9435: 9431: 9425: 9416: 9414: 9407: 9402: 9393: 9386: 9380: 9364: 9360: 9354: 9347: 9343: 9338: 9323: 9319: 9312: 9305: 9300: 9294: 9289: 9282: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9264: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9237: 9231: 9229: 9213: 9212: 9207: 9200: 9185: 9184: 9179: 9172: 9156: 9152: 9145: 9138: 9133: 9126: 9122: 9119: 9113: 9106: 9100: 9093: 9088: 9081: 9075: 9068: 9062: 9055: 9050: 9042: 9038: 9031: 9016: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8994: 8989: 8974: 8973: 8966: 8959: 8955: 8952: 8947: 8940: 8935: 8928: 8923: 8916: 8911: 8904: 8899: 8897: 8889: 8884: 8877: 8872: 8865: 8861: 8860: 8853: 8846: 8842: 8839: 8838:Persian Rabbi 8834: 8832: 8823: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8798: 8789: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8767: 8762: 8746: 8739: 8723: 8719: 8712: 8704: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8688: 8681: 8676: 8674: 8665: 8661: 8655: 8647: 8643: 8637: 8622: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8586: 8581: 8579: 8571: 8570: 8566: 8560: 8558: 8549: 8545: 8544: 8539: 8533: 8525: 8521: 8515: 8513: 8496: 8492: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8465: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8446: 8441: 8432: 8417: 8413: 8407: 8400: 8395: 8376: 8372: 8365: 8359: 8350: 8348: 8340: 8336: 8333: 8328: 8313: 8312:www.ushmm.org 8309: 8303: 8288: 8284: 8277: 8262: 8258: 8252: 8245: 8240: 8231: 8229: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8205: 8196: 8187: 8178: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8156: 8152: 8151: 8143: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8096: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8060: 8056: 8049: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8014: 8007: 7995: 7991: 7984: 7975: 7966: 7957: 7948: 7933: 7929: 7923: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7892: 7883: 7876: 7875:Bukharan Jews 7870: 7861: 7859: 7852: 7848: 7845: 7840: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7802: 7796: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7777: 7771:, Parthia.com 7770: 7765: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7746: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7727: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7708: 7700: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7681: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7648:0-19-513937-2 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7608: 7600: 7594: 7590: 7589: 7581: 7573: 7567: 7563: 7562: 7554: 7546: 7539: 7537: 7529: 7524: 7517: 7512: 7505: 7500: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7480: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7459: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7430: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7407: 7399: 7392: 7376: 7370: 7359: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7298: 7293: 7291: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7259: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7143:Mountain Jews 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7054: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6991:Shamsi Hekmat 6989: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6955:Miscellaneous 6949: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6849:Film Festival 6848: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6823: 6820: 6819:Tami Stronach 6817: 6814: 6813:Bahar Soomekh 6811: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6795:Shahram Shiva 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6735:Moze Mossanen 6733: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6718:Laugh Factory 6715: 6712: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6697: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6675:Roya Hakakian 6673: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6645:Yuval Delshad 6643: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6584: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6567:Sam Eshaghoff 6565: 6563: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6539:art galleries 6538: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514:– founder of 6513: 6510: 6507: 6504:– founder of 6503: 6502:Daniel Negari 6500: 6498: 6495:– Founder of 6494: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458:– founder of 6457: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6410:Joseph Parnes 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6358:Justin Mateen 6356: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6304:– businessman 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6251:Energy Brands 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6192:Armin Tehrany 6190: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6142:Samuel Rahbar 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6116:Iraj Lalezari 6114: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6100:Soleiman Haim 6098: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6058:Shaul Bakhash 6056: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6022:Payam Akhavan 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5962:Shmuel Hayyim 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5925:Ellie Cohanim 5923: 5920: 5919:Mordechai Zar 5917: 5914: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5809: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5800:Beverly Hills 5797: 5796:Jimmy Delshad 5794: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5726:Judeo-Persian 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5705:Qajar dynasty 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5677:Maryam Khanom 5675: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5606:Rashid al-Din 5604: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5509: 5499: 5496: 5488: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5460: 5451: 5450: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5416:) and 3,400 ( 5415: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5326: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5279:Judæo-Kashani 5277: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5263:Judæo-Shirazi 5261: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5160:Mountain Jews 5154:Mountain Jews 5146: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5125: 5116: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5095: 5094:Jimmy Delshad 5091: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5066: 5059:Beverly Hills 5056: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5025:Beverly Hills 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5003:United States 5000: 4998: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4880:Mountain Jews 4877: 4872: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4852: 4850: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4806:Peyghambarieh 4801: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4777: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4710: 4707:mausoleum in 4706: 4705: 4704:Peyghambarieh 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4657:is taught in 4656: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4589:. It has two 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4560: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4531: 4525: 4521: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4502: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4480:Neturei Karta 4474:, Iran, 1999. 4473: 4469: 4464: 4455: 4453: 4452:Yehuda Gerami 4449: 4444: 4440: 4438: 4437:Iran–Iraq War 4434: 4430: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4334: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4276:Iran–Iraq War 4272: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4250: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4087:(4,000), and 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4071:Prior to the 4069: 4066: 4061: 4059: 4058:David Littman 4055: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3982: 3973: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3944: 3942: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3912: 3905: 3903: 3898: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3844: 3843:Qajar dynasty 3834: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3726: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3669:Muslim clergy 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3651:known as the 3650: 3649:Mongol Empire 3646: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3256: 3253: 3245: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3211:This section 3209: 3205: 3200: 3199: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3116:Second Temple 3111: 3110:Second Temple 3101: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3086:Second Temple 3083: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2971:According to 2969: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2957:communities. 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2916:Persian kings 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2857: 2849: 2836: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2771:Beverly Hills 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2735:United States 2732: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2647:Yəhūdīm Īranī 2640: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2598: 2596: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2448: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2420:Judeo-Aramaic 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2410:Judeo-Italian 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2390:Ghardaïa Sign 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2015:Denominations 2011: 2010: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1843:United States 1841: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1329:Guinea-Bissau 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1183:Lists of Jews 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 996: 993: 991: 988: 987: 986: 983: 982: 981: 980: 975: 970: 969: 958: 950: 948: 945: 943: 942:The Holocaust 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 899: 898: 897: 893: 892: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 869: 867: 862: 858: 852: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 836: 835: 834: 830: 827: 826: 819: 813: 807: 802: 799: 795: 789: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 735: 734: 733: 730: 727: 726: 721: 716: 714: 709: 705: 701: 698: 693: 688: 684: 680: 677: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 656: 654: 651: 650: 649: 648: 645: 642: 641: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 592: 591: 590: 586: 585: 580: 575: 574: 563: 560: 557: 556: 551: 549: 546: 544: 543:Mishneh Torah 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 530: 529: 528: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 513: 512: 509: 506: 505: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 490: 489: 486: 483: 482: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 462: 461: 458: 455: 454: 449: 444: 443: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 381: 379: 376: 374: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 341: 337: 334: 332: 329: 326: 322: 319: 318: 315: 310: 309: 304: 303:Who is a Jew? 301: 299: 296: 295: 294: 293: 290: 286: 283: 282: 278: 274: 273: 266: 262: 261:Mountain Jews 258: 257:Georgian Jews 254: 250: 249:Assyrian Jews 246: 242: 237: 234: 230: 225: 220: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 200:Judeo-Persian 197: 193: 189: 184: 180: 178: 166: 162: 160: 148: 144: 142: 130: 127:60,000–80,000 126: 124: 123:United States 112: 108: 106: 94: 89: 85: 81: 77: 72: 65: 60: 44: 33: 19: 14489:Iranian Jews 14294:Judeo-Gascon 14267:Judeo-Arabic 14257:Judeo-Berber 14188: 14103: 14075:Gibraltarian 14064:North Africa 14062: 14054:Thessalonian 13950: 13930: 13923: 13916: 13909: 13902: 13895: 13888: 13862:Roman Empire 13854: 13750:Ovadia Yosef 13690:Judeo-Arabic 13655:Habbani Jews 13593:Persian Jews 13581:Kurdish Jews 13569:By community 13509:Saudi Arabia 13439:Mizrahi Jews 12986:Mazandaranis 12968:Azerbaijanis 12899: 12892: 12878: 12801: 12794: 12782: 12765: 12748: 12582:perspectives 12416:Samaritanism 12377:Neo-Hasidism 12357:Conservative 12271:Names of God 12180: 12161: 11971:Judaeo-Greek 11966:Judeo-Gascon 11905:Lishán Didán 11900:Lishana Deni 11868:Judeo-Yemeni 11836:Judeo-Arabic 11710:Meshuchrarim 11629:Persian Jews 11562:Kurdish Jews 11540:Kaifeng Jews 11489:Beta Abraham 11452:Galitzianers 11407:Antisemitism 11382:Israeli Jews 11367:Assimilation 11185:Baháʼí Faith 11166:Unrecognized 11126:Christianity 10970:preview only 10969: 10965: 10957: 10915: 10898: 10857: 10847: 10826: 10817: 10808: 10804: 10783: 10762: 10750: 10746: 10724: 10700: 10692: 10681: 10644: 10635: 10623:. Retrieved 10617: 10607: 10595: 10570: 10566: 10556: 10544:. Retrieved 10540: 10530: 10518:. Retrieved 10514:the original 10504: 10492:. Retrieved 10482: 10462: 10455: 10441: 10433: 10426:. Retrieved 10422:the original 10417: 10407: 10395:. Retrieved 10385: 10373:. Retrieved 10368: 10359: 10347:. Retrieved 10343:the original 10333: 10323:30 September 10321:. Retrieved 10311: 10299:. Retrieved 10289: 10252: 10248: 10238: 10205: 10201: 10195: 10160: 10156: 10126: 10120: 10088:(6): 850–9. 10085: 10081: 10057: 10048: 10040: 10035: 10023:. Retrieved 10019: 10010: 9998:. Retrieved 9994: 9985: 9965: 9946: 9927: 9915:. Retrieved 9905: 9893: 9885: 9881: 9867: 9858: 9856: 9842: 9836: 9827: 9818: 9806: 9794: 9782: 9768: 9756:. Retrieved 9752:the original 9747: 9737: 9708: 9695: 9683:. Retrieved 9679: 9669: 9641: 9614: 9606: 9598: 9586:. Retrieved 9576: 9556: 9544: 9537:– Statistics 9532: 9521: 9509:. Retrieved 9505: 9495: 9483:. Retrieved 9474: 9462: 9453: 9424: 9401: 9392: 9384: 9379: 9367:. Retrieved 9362: 9353: 9337: 9325:. Retrieved 9322:Israel Hayom 9321: 9311: 9299: 9288: 9280:The Guardian 9278: 9270: 9262:The Guardian 9260: 9252: 9240:. Retrieved 9215:. Retrieved 9209: 9199: 9187:. Retrieved 9181: 9171: 9159:. Retrieved 9155:The Guardian 9154: 9144: 9132: 9112: 9099: 9087: 9074: 9061: 9049: 9040: 9030: 9018:. Retrieved 9015:Israel Hayom 9014: 9004: 8997:The National 8996: 8988: 8977:, retrieved 8971: 8965: 8946: 8934: 8922: 8910: 8883: 8871: 8857: 8852: 8803: 8797: 8788: 8761: 8749:. Retrieved 8738: 8726:. Retrieved 8722:The Guardian 8721: 8711: 8703:the original 8696: 8687: 8663: 8654: 8645: 8636: 8624:. Retrieved 8620: 8610: 8601: 8592: 8587:, Al Arabiya 8567: 8548:the original 8541: 8532: 8523: 8499:. Retrieved 8495:the original 8468:. Retrieved 8440: 8431: 8419:. Retrieved 8415: 8406: 8394: 8382:. Retrieved 8375:the original 8370: 8358: 8327: 8315:. Retrieved 8311: 8302: 8290:. Retrieved 8286: 8276: 8264:. Retrieved 8260: 8251: 8239: 8204: 8195: 8186: 8177: 8149: 8142: 8117: 8113: 8094: 8087:. Retrieved 8083: 8074: 8062:. Retrieved 8058: 8048: 8020: 8013: 8004: 7997:. Retrieved 7993: 7983: 7974: 7965: 7956: 7947: 7935:. Retrieved 7931: 7922: 7910:. Retrieved 7906:the original 7901: 7891: 7882: 7869: 7839: 7832:p. 616 fn 22 7827: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7795: 7776: 7764: 7745: 7726: 7707: 7687: 7680: 7668:. Retrieved 7625:Google Books 7618: 7607: 7587: 7580: 7560: 7553: 7544: 7523: 7511: 7499: 7479: 7463: 7458: 7446:. Retrieved 7442:the original 7437: 7429: 7412: 7406: 7397: 7391: 7379:. Retrieved 7369: 7338: 7329: 7320: 7281:the original 7276: 7239: 7211: 7204: 7199:Jews of Iran 7197: 7126:province of 7116:Kaifeng Jews 7042:– member of 7018: 7014: 7011:Homa Sarshar 6998: 6961:Menashe Amir 6912:Baháʼí Faith 6896:Uriel Davidi 6789:Lior Shamriz 6714:Jamie Masada 6708: 6669:Hamid Gabbay 6621:Baháʼí Faith 6595:Isaac Larian 6558:Albert Hakim 6527:Essie Sakhai 6497:Fashion Nova 6456:Joel Simkhai 6420:Jimmy Carter 6372:David Merage 6345:Isaac Larian 6336:Saul Maslavi 6302:Neil Kadisha 6290:Kamran Hakim 6198:Simon Ourian 6160:Saba Soomekh 6153:– expert in 6136:Amnon Netzer 6129: 6128:; author of 6052:Baháʼí Faith 6044:Abbas Amanat 6028:David Peyman 5968:Shula Keshet 5867:Moshe Katsav 5701:Qavam family 5695:Mar-Zutra II 5668:Ifra Hormizd 5659:Shushandukht 5541:Biblical era 5491: 5482: 5463: 5431: 5410: 5390:Palestinians 5357: 5346:Harry Ostrer 5342: 5328: 5297:Lishán Didán 5294: 5292:and Hebrew. 5283: 5232: 5216: 5207:Soviet Union 5197: 5157: 5143: 5128: 5122: 5113: 5109:Conservative 5105:Sinai Temple 5098: 5087: 5072: 5029:Santa Monica 5006: 4994: 4971:Moshe Katsav 4954:in the city 4948: 4947:A June 2009 4946: 4939: 4897: 4888:Baháʼí faith 4873: 4868:independence 4861: 4858: 4855:Demographics 4832: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4805: 4735: 4724: 4713: 4702: 4676: 4667: 4663:Ozar Hatorah 4652: 4640: 4625: 4572: 4554: 4550: 4539:, who says " 4534: 4526: 4522: 4505: 4498: 4492: 4477: 4445: 4441: 4426: 4418: 4389: 4374: 4345:Zoroastrians 4342: 4322: 4318: 4303: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4252: 4247: 4233: 4225: 4218: 4205: 4070: 4062: 4046: 4035: 4015:World War II 4012: 4004:Adolf Hitler 3987: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3947: 3945: 3939:In 1892, an 3938: 3935: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3899: 3874: 3865: 3859: 3840: 3831: 3813: 3799: 3789: 3782: 3776: 3766: 3763:Jews in 1918 3703: 3681: 3677:Bar Hebraeus 3634: 3622: 3616: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3562:Ifra Hormizd 3541: 3536: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3509: 3501: 3493: 3485: 3476:religion of 3454:Artabanus IV 3443: 3406: 3396: 3353: 3333:vassal kings 3314: 3273: 3263: 3248: 3242:January 2023 3239: 3224:Please help 3212: 3141: 3113: 3075: 3068: 3059: 3024: 3019:Jean Fouquet 2972: 2970: 2966:geographical 2959: 2936: 2869: 2847: 2834: 2824: 2812: 2808: 2796:Iranian Jews 2795: 2794: 2792: 2724: 2696:ancient Iran 2672:Hebrew Bible 2656:biblical era 2622:Iranian Jews 2621: 2620: 2618: 2559:Post-Zionism 2430:Judeo-Berber 2425:Judeo-Arabic 2385:Judeo-Gascon 2132:Pidyon haben 2051:Conservative 1597:Saudi Arabia 1415:South Africa 1404:Sierra Leone 1226:Israeli Jews 1140:Mosaic Arabs 1093:Kaifeng Jews 954:Arab–Israeli 937:Soviet Union 922:Emancipation 806:Great Revolt 615:Anti-Judaism 610:Antisemitism 605:Name "Judea" 400:Baal teshuva 265:Mizrahi Jews 83: 79: 41:Iranian Jews 37:Ethnic group 14459: [ 14426: [ 14403: [ 14302: [ 14024:Palestinian 13454:Afghanistan 13366:New Zealand 13289:Netherlands 13193:Philippines 13059:Circassians 12824:Catholicism 12406:Hellenistic 12244:Eschatology 12182:Lachoudisch 12107:Lotegorisch 12085:Lachoudisch 12075:Koiné Greek 11988:Judeo-Latin 11925:Palestinian 11819:Palestinian 11668:Mustaʿravim 11594:Afghan Jews 11582:Berber Jews 11506:Bene Israel 11494:Falash Mura 11484:Beta Israel 11402:Persecution 11344:Middle Ages 11098:Zaydi Shi'a 11077:Islam, Shia 10625:27 November 10573:: 258–266. 10546:22 February 9758:30 December 9511:30 December 9485:25 November 8941:Daily Times 8905:Iran Jewish 8751:24 December 8626:13 February 8597:Trita Parsi 8421:30 December 8384:30 December 8089:27 February 8064:27 February 8059:Daily Times 8006:Rawalpindi. 7999:27 February 7937:30 December 7912:13 November 7670:14 December 7528:Iran – Jews 7448:30 December 6874:– previous 6837:Elie Tahari 6801:Dalia Sofer 6791:– filmmaker 6777:Maer Roshan 6699:Ben Maddahi 6681:Mor Karbasi 6651:David Diaan 6633:Yossi Banai 6627:Jojo Anavim 6617:Azadi Tower 6552:Jack Mahfar 6547:Kremlin Cup 6521:Habib Sabet 6475:Sam Mizrahi 6446:– economist 6398:Ezri Namvar 6386:Hot Pockets 6382:Paul 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Israel 974:Communities 881:Middle Ages 620:Persecution 395:Bereavement 253:Afghan Jews 204:Judeo-Tajik 54:יהודי איראן 14483:Categories 14007:Macedonian 13995:Alexandria 13943:Dispersion 13918:Megorashim 13897:Degredados 13867:Golden Age 13650:Adeni Jews 13214:Azerbaijan 13019:Others 1% 13012:and other 12819:Anabaptism 12761:Jew (word) 12628:Leadership 12441:Literature 12426:Secularism 12372:Humanistic 12239:Conversion 12209:Philosophy 12050:Judeo-Urdu 11814:Babylonian 11659:Saada Jews 11644:Adeni Jews 11437:Ashkenazim 11392:Samaritans 11359:Population 11314:Israelites 11173:Minorities 11086:Minorities 11063:Recognized 10707:Cecil Roth 10520:14 October 10020:Ethnologue 9363:Al-Monitor 9327:28 January 9020:14 October 8466:. BBC News 7472:0313274975 7422:1442203021 7226:References 7053:Akhzivland 6979:Ezra Frech 6969:– wrestler 6843:Shaun Toub 6831:The Shadow 6825:Subliminal 6755:– musician 6747:Gina Nahai 6641:– composer 6601:Dan Ahdoot 6579:Eli Zelkha 6533:Ely Sakhai 6512:Mike Kohan 6462:dating app 6450:Ben Shaoul 6431:dating app 6368:dating app 6223:Mike Amiri 6122:Habib Levy 6106:dictionary 5845:Dan Halutz 5769:politician 5582:Zerubbabel 5219:Kazakhstan 5176:Qajar Iran 5164:Azerbaijan 5063:See also: 5023:cities of 4716:Pir Bakran 4583:synagogues 4567:See also: 4501:folk dance 4349:Christians 4153:Kermanshah 4085:Kermanshah 4083:(18,000), 4079:(60,000), 3927:Rawalpindi 3856:in Tehran. 3815:Nadir Shah 3706:Timur Lenk 3675:historian 3566:Babylonian 3560:'s mother 3514:Christians 3450:Ardashir I 3356:Babylonian 3158:noble and 3021:circa 1470 2962:linguistic 2932:Artaxerxes 2908:Chronicles 2880:Babylonian 2775:Great Neck 2708:Achaemenid 2706:, who led 2539:Maximalism 2491:Secularism 2471:Autonomism 2288:Literature 2081:Humanistic 1685:Azerbaijan 1647:Uzbekistan 1622:Tajikistan 1542:Kyrgyzstan 1527:Kazakhstan 1374:Mozambique 1349:Madagascar 1269:Cape Verde 1221:New Yishuv 1216:Old Yishuv 1167:Population 1145:Subbotniks 1103:Samaritans 1042:Romanyotim 985:Ashkenazim 927:Old Yishuv 907:Sabbateans 894:Modern era 886:Golden Age 818:Bar Kokhba 538:Beit Yosef 405:Philosophy 14249:Languages 14196:Amazonian 14180:Livornese 14158:Hamburger 14002:Hungarian 13968:Bulgarian 13890:Conversos 13671:Languages 13361:Australia 13181:Southeast 13052:Assyrians 13045:Georgians 13038:Armenians 12881:indicate 12829:Mormonism 12814:Christian 12694:Symbolism 12682:Synagogue 12662:Mythology 12623:Education 12594:Astronomy 12577:Astrology 12394:relations 12199:Zarphatic 12147:Galitzish 11949:Yeshivish 11826:Catalanic 11789:Samaritan 11764:Ashkenazi 11745:Diasporic 11740:Languages 11685:Sephardim 11680:Romaniote 11567:Krymchaks 11501:Desi Jews 11377:Buddhists 11195:Yarsanism 11190:Mandaeism 11056:Religions 10579:2249-1937 9828:Guidestar 8979:20 August 8317:20 August 8292:20 August 8266:20 August 8134:257370493 8040:993691884 7824:Mandaeans 7254:Citations 7138:Mandaeans 7049:Eli Avivi 7029:ILAI Fund 7017:magazine 7015:Zan-e-Ruz 7001:) in 1947 6876:Sephardic 6847:Sephardic 6657:Irán Eory 6326:New Julfa 6282:– former 5927:– Deputy 5847:– former 5728:chronicle 5672:Shapur II 5572:Mordechai 5473:talk page 5373:Sephardic 5369:Ashkenazi 5229:Languages 5033:Brentwood 4968:President 4754:Toyserkan 4699:Tuyserkan 4633:President 4468:synagogue 4431:into the 4299:synagogue 4249:his time. 4235:Ayatollah 4145:Tuyserkan 3999:Reza Shah 3895:Barforush 3723:Samarkand 3718:Neishapur 3714:massacred 3704:In 1383, 3699:Miranshah 3653:Ilkhanate 3595:With the 3558:Shapur II 3518:Kristiyan 3506:Nazarenes 3490:Buddhists 3474:dualistic 3466:Parthians 3458:Sassanids 3399:Parthians 3388:Babylonia 3367:Vespasian 3294:Great Zab 3290:Antiochus 3278:Alexander 3213:does not 3168:Ahasuerus 3146:, in the 3128:Zechariah 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13188:Malaysia 13172:Pakistan 13010:Turkmens 12962:Persians 12894:Category 12864:Hinduism 12854:Buddhism 12756:Genetics 12672:Politics 12645:Marriage 12604:Holidays 12599:Calendar 12480:Rabbinic 12456:/Hebrew 12401:Haymanot 12328:Orthodox 12315:Branches 12288:Kabbalah 12283:Haskalah 12261:Holiness 12137:dialects 12117:Shassagh 12080:Krymchak 12060:Kayliñña 11954:Yinglish 11930:Galilean 11920:Talmudic 11915:Biblical 11890:Betanure 11809:Biblical 11804:Mishnaic 11799:Medieval 11784:Tiberian 11779:Yemenite 11769:Sephardi 11705:Paradesi 11649:Ḥabbanim 11639:Teimanim 11604:Baghdadi 11577:Maghrebi 11545:Karaites 11523:Gruzínim 11511:Kochinim 11429:Diaspora 11387:Karaites 11372:Atheists 11309:Timeline 11224:Hinduism 11219:Buddhism 11141:Chaldean 11136:Assyrian 11131:Armenian 11070:Official 11009:Archived 10975:Archived 10761:(2013). 10723:(1984). 10678:"Persia" 10587:44144740 10494:29 April 10428:30 April 10397:8 August 10375:8 August 10349:8 August 10301:12 April 10281:21533020 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While 3425:Exilarch 3377:against 3337:Adiabene 3270:Armenian 3266:Parthian 3051:Nehemiah 2951:Bukharan 2943:Georgian 2939:Armenian 2904:Nehemiah 2876:Assyrian 2747:Tel Aviv 2733:and the 2692:Nehemiah 2576:Category 2534:Kahanism 2481:Feminism 2453:Politics 2337:Biblical 2307:American 2254:Bukharan 2244:American 2144:Shidduch 2120:Clothing 2076:Haymanot 2022:Orthodox 1950:Suriname 1933:Paraguay 1886:Colombia 1785:Portugal 1695:Bulgaria 1632:Thailand 1582:Pakistan 1562:Mongolia 1557:Malaysia 1477:Cambodia 1451:Zimbabwe 1426:Tanzania 1304:Eswatini 1294:Ethiopia 1284:Djibouti 1264:Cameroon 1259:Botswana 1188:Diaspora 1150:Noahides 1123:Marranos 1047:Cochinim 1032:Bukharim 1022:Gruzinim 1012:Teimanim 1002:Mizrahim 990:Galician 956:conflict 912:Hasidism 902:Haskalah 812:Diaspora 683:timeline 595:Timeline 508:Rabbinic 415:Kabbalah 390:Marriage 366:Tzedakah 356:Holidays 314:Religion 277:a series 275:Part of 222:Religion 14416:Studies 14346:Haredim 14324:Cuisine 14299:Bagitto 14282:Haketia 14175:Italian 14148:English 14131:Curaçao 14116:Antwerp 14090:Tetuani 14049:Rhodian 14034:Serbian 14019:Ottoman 13978:Ragusan 13963:Bosnian 13847:Origins 13765:Mimouna 13533:History 13489:Lebanon 13459:Bahrain 13354:Oceania 13319:Romania 13299:Denmark 13284:Germany 13274:Finland 13239:Lebanon 13219:Bahrain 13004:Balochs 12879:Italics 12704:Studies 12650:Divorce 12616:Kashrut 12611:Cuisine 12569:Culture 12500:Midrash 12495:Tosefta 12485:Mishnah 12473:Ketuvim 12468:Nevi'im 12431:Schisms 12421:Science 12411:Karaite 12382:Renewal 12343:Litvaks 12338:Hasidic 12293:Sefirot 12278:Halakha 12249:Messiah 12222:Mitzvah 12217:Beliefs 12171:Western 12157:Poylish 12152:Litvish 12142:Eastern 12132:Yiddish 12127:Shuadit 12112:Qwareña 12100:Tetuani 12095:Haketia 12070:Knaanic 12065:Kivruli 12013:Bukhori 11959:Heblish 11895:Hulaulá 11885:Barzani 11841:Yahudic 11774:Mizrahi 11634:Urfalim 11589:Mizrahi 11533:Neofiti 11528:Italkim 11457:Lita'im 11349:Zionism 11301:History 11275:Judaism 11229:Sikhism 11180:Atheism 11148:Judaism 11119:Hanbali 11109:Shafi'i 11102:Sunni: 10941:YouTube 10914:(ed.). 10897:(ed.). 10671:: 10656:Sources 10393:. 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