4665:
Government and a
Government which is not free is principally thisβthat a Government which is not free interferes with everything it can, and a free Government interferes with nothing except what it must. A despotic Government tries to make everybody do what it wishes; a Liberal Government tries, as far as the safety of society will permit, to allow everybody to do as he wishes. It has been the tradition of the Liberal party consistently to maintain the doctrine of individual liberty. It is because they have done so that England is the place where people can do more what they please than in any other country in the world. It is this practice of allowing one set of people to dictate to another set of people what they shall do, what they shall think, what they shall drink, when they shall go to bed, what they shall buy, and where they shall buy it, what wages they shall get and how they shall spend them, against which the Liberal party have always protested.
4206:(officially the "National Liberals" after 1947) led by Simon, also known as "Simonites", and the "Samuelites" or "official Liberals", led by Samuel who remained as the official party. Both groups secured about 34 MPs but proceeded to diverge even further after the election, with the Liberal Nationals remaining supporters of the government throughout its life. There were to be a succession of discussions about them rejoining the Liberals, but these usually foundered on the issues of free trade and continued support for the National Government. The one significant reunification came in 1946 when the Liberal and Liberal National party organisations in London merged. The National Liberals, as they were called by then, were gradually absorbed into the Conservative Party, finally merging in 1968.
402:
4757:). The Anglican establishment strongly resisted until 1828. Numerous reforms of voting rights, especially that of 1832, increased the political power of Dissenters. They demanded an end to compulsory church rates, in which local taxes went only to Anglican churches. They finally achieved the end of religious tests for university degrees in 1905. Gladstone brought the majority of Dissenters around to support for Home Rule for Ireland, putting the dissenting Protestants in league with the Irish Roman Catholics in an otherwise unlikely alliance. The Dissenters gave significant support to moralistic issues, such as temperance and sabbath enforcement. The
3677:
the Pro-Boers was David Lloyd George, a relatively new MP and a master of rhetoric, who took advantage of having a national stage to speak out on a controversial issue to make his name in the party. Harcourt and Morley also sided with this group, though with slightly different aims. Campbell-Bannerman tried to keep these forces together at the head of a moderate
Liberal rump, but in 1901 he delivered a speech on the government's "methods of barbarism" in South Africa that pulled him further to the left and nearly tore the party in two. The party was saved after Salisbury's retirement in 1902 when his successor,
4595:
6682:
3589:
57:
3455:
the use of politics and
Parliament as a device to upgrade and improve society and to reform politics. All Liberals were outraged when Conservatives used their majority in the House of Lords to block reform legislation. In the House of Lords, the Liberals had lost most of their members, who in the 1890s "became Conservative in all but name." The government could force the unwilling king to create new Liberal peers, and that threat did prove decisive in the battle for dominance of Commons over Lords in 1911.
964:
8991:
3731:"five-sixths of the Liberal party are left wing." Other historians, however, have questioned the extent to which the Liberal Party experienced a leftward shift; according to Robert C. Self however, only between 50 and 60 Liberal MPs out of the 400 in the parliamentary party after 1906 were Social Radicals, with a core of 20 to 30. Nevertheless, important junior offices were held in the cabinet by what Duncan Tanner has termed "genuine New Liberals, Centrist reformers, and
2641:
2629:
952:
3600:
1028:
3482:
4005:
4092:
3981:
for world peace or liberal treatment of
Germany, nor discomfit with aggressive and authoritarian measures of state power. More deadly to the future of the party, says historian Trevor Wilson, was its repudiation by ideological Liberals, who decided sadly that it no longer represented their principles. Finally, the presence of the vigorous new Labour Party on the left gave a new home to voters disenchanted with the Liberal performance.
4144:, where local evidence suggests that economic ideas were at best peripheral to the electorate's concerns. The Liberals now found themselves with 59 members, holding the balance of power in a Parliament where Labour was the largest party but lacked an overall majority. Lloyd George offered a degree of support to the Labour government in the hope of winning concessions, including a degree of electoral reform to introduce the
3721:
3509:. They saw individual liberty as something achievable only under favourable social and economic circumstances. In their view, the poverty, squalor, and ignorance in which many people lived made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. New Liberals believed that these conditions could be ameliorated only through collective action coordinated by a strong, welfare-oriented, and interventionist state.
4362:. Grimond also sought an intellectual revival of the party, seeking to position it as a non-socialist radical alternative to the Conservative government of the day. In particular he canvassed the support of the young post-war university students and recent graduates, appealing to younger voters in a way that many of his recent predecessors had not, and asserting a new strand of Liberalism for the post-war world.
4167:
4467:. According to this pact, the Liberals would support the government in crucial votes in exchange for some influence over policy. The agreement lasted from 1977 to 1978, but proved mostly fruitless, for two reasons: the Liberals' key demand of PR was rejected by most Labour MPs, whilst the contacts between Liberal spokespersons and Labour ministers often proved detrimental, such as between Treasury spokesperson
6490:
6447:
6403:
6364:
6325:
6281:
6242:
6167:
6125:
6117:
6086:
6078:
6042:
6034:
5986:
5952:
5944:
5900:
5856:
5814:
5783:
5775:
5741:
5733:
5694:
5655:
5619:
5611:
5572:
5536:
5528:
5492:
5484:
5450:
5442:
5403:
5367:
5359:
5321:
5313:
5274:
5230:
3054:
4808:
historic religious identity, thereby neutralising much of the class pressure on behalf of the Labour movement. Meanwhile, the
Anglican Church was a bastion of strength for the Conservative Party. On the Irish issue, the Anglicans strongly supported unionism. Increasingly after 1850, the Roman Catholic element in England and Scotland was composed of recent emigrants from Ireland who largely voted for the
3540:, introduced unprecedented taxes on the wealthy in Britain and radical social welfare programmes to the country's policies. In the Liberal camp, as noted by one study, "the Budget was on the whole enthusiastically received." It was the first budget with the expressed intent of redistributing wealth among the public. It imposed increased taxes on luxuries, liquor, tobacco, high incomes, and land β
6541:
6533:
6498:
6455:
6411:
6372:
6333:
6289:
6250:
6211:
6203:
6159:
5994:
5908:
5864:
5822:
5702:
5663:
5580:
5411:
5282:
5238:
4028:", as it became known, was issued against many sitting Liberal MPs, often to devastating effect, though not against Asquith himself. The coalition won a massive victory: Labour increased their position slightly, but the Asquithian Liberals were decimated. Those remaining Liberal MPs who were opposed to the Coalition Government went into opposition under the parliamentary leadership of
4527:(SDP). The new party and the Liberals quickly formed the SDPβLiberal Alliance, which for a while polled as high as 50% in the opinion polls and appeared capable of winning the next general election. Indeed, Steel was so confident of an Alliance victory that he told the 1981 Liberal conference, "Go back to your constituencies, and prepare for government!".
4088:
Conservatives and Labour in crucial
Commons divisions. However, instead of trying to force the opportunity to form a Liberal government, Asquith decided instead to allow Labour the chance of office in the belief that they would prove incompetent, and this would set the stage for a revival of Liberal fortunes at Labour's expense, but it was a fatal error.
4109:
Parliament, only seven of which had been won against candidates from both parties and none of these formed a coherent area of
Liberal survival. The party seemed finished, and during this period some Liberals, such as Churchill, went over to the Conservatives while others went over to Labour. Several Labour ministers of later generations, such as
3333:. In the first election after the Act was passed (1885), thirteen were elected, up from two in 1874. The Third Reform Act also facilitated the demise of the Whig old guard; in two-member constituencies, it was common to pair a Whig and a radical under the Liberal banner. After the Third Reform Act, fewer former Whigs were selected as candidates.
4225:. However, they remained sitting on the government benches supporting it in Parliament, though in the country local Liberal activists bitterly opposed the government. Finally in late 1933 the Liberals crossed the floor of the House of Commons and went into complete opposition. By this point their number of MPs was severely depleted. In the
4761:, as it was called, was repeatedly called upon by Gladstone for support for his moralistic foreign policy. In election after election, Protestant ministers rallied their congregations to the Liberal ticket. In Scotland, the Presbyterians played a similar role to the Nonconformist Methodists, Baptists and other groups in England and Wales.
6831:, p. 565, quote: "Lloyd George made a greater impact on British public life than any other 20th-century leader, thanks to his pre-war introduction of Britain's social welfare system (especially medical insurance, unemployment insurance, and old-age pensions, largely paid for by taxes on high incomes and on the land)."
3743:
3560:
grow into the welfare state after the Second World War. What was new in these reforms was the underlying assumption that the state could be a positive force, that the measure of individual freedom... was not how much the state left people alone, but whether it gave them the capacity to fill themselves as individuals.
4369:, the Liberals regained the status of a serious third force in British politics, polling up to 20% of the vote, but unable to break the duopoly of Labour and Conservative and win more than fourteen seats in the Commons. An additional problem was competition in the Liberal heartlands in Scotland and Wales from the
4669:
The political terms of "modern", "progressive" or "new" Liberalism began to appear in the mid to late 1880s and became increasingly common to denote the tendency in the
Liberal Party to favour an increased role for the state as more important than the classical liberal stress on self-help and freedom
4538:
the
Conservatives were re-elected by a landslide, with Labour once again forming the opposition. While the SDPβLiberal Alliance came close to Labour in terms of votes (a share of more than 25%), it only had 23 MPs compared to Labour's 209. The Alliance's support was spread out across the country, and
4108:
and although his government was defeated, he achieved his objective of virtually wiping the
Liberals out as many more radical voters now moved to Labour whilst moderate middle-class Liberal voters concerned about socialism moved to the Conservatives. The Liberals were reduced to a mere forty seats in
4087:
about the prospect of a Labour government and comparatively little about a Liberal government, even though it could have plausibly presented an experienced team of ministers compared to Labour's almost complete lack of experience as well as offering a middle ground that could obtain support from both
3980:
attitudes of traditional Liberals. in 1915β16 he had insisted on conscription of young men into the Army, a position that deeply troubled his old colleagues. That brought him and a few like-minded Liberals into the new coalition on the ground long occupied by Conservatives. There was no more planning
3454:
The middle-class business, professional and intellectual communities were generally strongholds, although some old aristocratic families played important roles as well. The working-class element was moving rapidly toward the newly emerging Labour Party. One uniting element was widespread agreement on
4664:
If there be any party which is more pledged than another to resist a policy of restrictive legislation, having for its object social coercion, that party is the Liberal party. (Cheers.) But liberty does not consist in making others do what you think right, (Hear, hear.) The difference between a free
3945:
The Unionists, by and large, regarded Germany as a dangerous rival, and rejoiced at the chance to destroy her. They meant to fight a hard-headed war by ruthless methods; they condemned Liberal 'softness' before the war and now. The Liberals insisted on remaining high-minded. Many of them had come to
3349:
Notable as the Gladstonian reforms had been, they had almost all remained within the nineteenth-century Liberal tradition of gradually removing the religious, economic, and political barriers that prevented men of varied creeds and classes from exercising their individual talents in order to improve
4095:
Share of the vote received by Conservatives (blue), Whigs/Liberals/Liberal Democrats (orange), Labour (red) and others (grey) in general elections since 1832 shows that following success as the successor to the Whig party, the party's share of the popular vote plummeted after the First World War as
3900:
Asquith was blamed for the poor British performance in the first year. Since the Liberals ran the war without consulting the Conservatives, there were heavy partisan attacks. However, even Liberal commentators were dismayed by the lack of energy at the top. At the time, public opinion was intensely
3676:
forming a clique dubbed the Liberal Imperialists that supported the government in the prosecution of the war. On the other side, more radical members of the party formed a Pro-Boer faction that denounced the conflict and called for an immediate end to hostilities. Quickly rising to prominence among
3341:
A broad range of interventionist reforms were introduced by the 1892β1895 Liberal government. Amongst other measures, standards of accommodation and of teaching in schools were improved, factory inspection was made more stringent, and ministers used their powers to increase the wages and reduce the
3270:
Historically, the aristocracy was divided between Conservatives and Liberals. However, when Gladstone committed to home rule for Ireland, Britain's upper classes largely abandoned the Liberal party, giving the Conservatives a large permanent majority in the House of Lords. Following the Queen, High
3017:
However, the Whig-Radical amalgam could not become a true modern political party while it was dominated by aristocrats and it was not until the departure of the "Two Terrible Old Men", Russell and Palmerston, that Gladstone could become the first leader of the modern Liberal Party. This was brought
3940:
is that the British people were so deeply divided over numerous issues, but on all sides, there was growing distrust of the Asquith government. There was no agreement whatsoever on wartime issues. The leaders of the two parties realized that embittered debates in Parliament would further undermine
3379:
reports that after 1886, the main Liberal Party was deserted by practically the entire whig peerage and the great majority of the upper-class and upper-middle-class members. High prestige London clubs that had a Liberal base were deeply split. Ensor notes that, "London society, following the known
3950:
The 1915 coalition fell apart at the end of 1916, when the Conservatives withdrew their support from Asquith and gave it instead to Lloyd George, who became prime minister at the head of a new coalition largely made up of Conservatives. Asquith and his followers moved to the opposition benches in
3572:
used the natural discontent of the people with the poverty and precariousness of the means of subsistence as a motive power to win for them a better, more influential, and more honourable status in the citizenship of their native land. The new Liberalism, while pursuing this great political ideal
3559:
Although still partially informed by older Liberal concerns for character, self-reliance, and the capitalist market, this legislation nevertheless, marked a significant shift in Liberal approaches to the state and social reform, approaches that later governments would slowly expand and that would
4807:
The political strength of Dissent faded sharply after 1920 with the secularisation of British society in the 20th century. The rise of the Labour Party reduced the Liberal Party strongholds into the nonconformist and remote "Celtic Fringe", where the party survived by an emphasis on localism and
4074:
the Liberals won barely a third of the vote and only a quarter of the seats in the House of Commons as many radical voters abandoned the divided Liberals and went over to Labour. In 1922, Labour became the official opposition. A reunion of the two warring factions took place in 1923 when the new
3240:
revealed English radicals to be against the bill also. Among the Liberal rank and file, several Gladstonian candidates disowned the bill, reflecting fears at the constituency level that the interests of the working people were being sacrificed to finance a costly rescue operation for the landed
2769:
was increasingly dominated by the Conservative Party, which finally ousted him as prime minister in 1922. The subsequent Liberal collapse was quick and catastrophic. With 400 MPs elected in the 1906 election; they had only 40 in 1924. Their share of the popular vote plunged from 49% to 18%. The
3013:
in most of these governments. The formal foundation of the Liberal Party is traditionally traced to 1859 when the remaining Peelites, Radicals and Whigs agreed to vote down the incumbent Conservative government. This meeting was held at the Willis' rooms in London on 6 June 1859. This led to
3730:
The 1906 general election also represented a shift to the left by the Liberal Party. According to Rosemary Rees, almost half of the Liberal MPs elected in 1906 were supportive of the 'New Liberalism' (which advocated government action to improve people's lives),) while claims were made that
4233:. Immediately after the election the two groups reunited, though Lloyd George declined to play much of a formal role in his old party. Over the next ten years there would be further defections as MPs deserted to either the Liberal Nationals or Labour. Yet there were a few recruits, such as
4140:, which might have been expected to respond the most to the radical economic policies of the Liberals, instead gave the party its worst results. By contrast, most of the party's seats were won either due to the absence of a candidate from one of the other parties or in rural areas on the
3446:
in terms of education and taxation. However, the non-conformists were losing support amid society at large and played a lesser role in party affairs after 1900. The party, furthermore, also included Irish Catholics, and secularists from the labour movement. Many Conservatives (including
3984:
The last majority Liberal Government in Britain was elected in 1906. The years preceding the First World War were marked by worker strikes and civil unrest and saw many violent confrontations between civilians and the police and armed forces. Other issues of the period included
4083:
but made most of its gains from Conservatives whilst losing ground to Labourβa sign of the party's direction for many years to come. The party remained the third largest in the House of Commons, but the Conservatives had lost their majority. There was much speculation and fear
3473:
The late nineteenth century saw the emergence of New Liberalism within the Liberal Party, which advocated state intervention as a means of guaranteeing freedom and removing obstacles to it such as poverty and unemployment. The policies of the New Liberalism are now known as
4749:. However the Dissenters were a major voting bloc in many areas, such as the East Midlands. They were very well organised and highly motivated and largely won over the Whigs and Liberals to their cause. Down to the 1830s, Dissenters demanded removal of
3232:, along with the last of the Whigs, Hartington, opposed it. The Irish Home Rule bill proposed to offer all owners of Irish land a chance to sell to the state at a price equal to 20 years' purchase of the rents and allowing tenants to purchase the land.
3712:
at the Board of Trade. Campbell-Bannerman retired in 1908 and died soon after. He was succeeded by Asquith, who stepped up the government's radicalism. Lloyd George succeeded Asquith at the Exchequer and was in turn succeeded at the Board of Trade by
8324:
One government that is often seen as an example of 'reforming' by introducing positive changes that really improve peoples' lives is the Liberal government in Britain of 1906β1914. Many historians label this period the beginning of the welfare state
4189:
of all parties, which passed a budget to deal with the financial crisis. When few Labour MPs backed the National government, it became clear that the Conservatives had the clear majority of government supporters. They then forced MacDonald to call a
3874:
The Liberal Party might have survived a short war, but the totality of the Great War called for measures that the Party had long rejected. The result was the permanent destruction of the ability of the Liberal Party to lead a government. Historian
3072:, were suited to a developing capitalist society, but they could not respond effectively as economic and social conditions changed. Called the "Grand Old Man" later in life, Gladstone was always a dynamic popular orator who appealed strongly to the
2934:
led eventually to the development of a systematic middle-class liberalism and the end of Whiggery, although for many years reforming aristocrats held senior positions in the party. In the years after Grey's retirement, the party was led first by
3354:
still held firm: respectability; a government of aristocrats and gentlemen now influenced not only by middle-class merchants and manufacturers but also by industrious working people; a prosperity that seemed to rest largely on the tenets of
3022:
was passed by agreement between the parties), Gladstone won a huge victory at the 1868 election and formed the first Liberal government. The establishment of the party as a national membership organisation came with the foundation of the
3656:. This intrigue finally led Harcourt and Morley to resign their positions in 1898 as they continued to be at loggerheads with Rosebery over Irish home rule and issues relating to imperialism. Replacing Harcourt as party leader was Sir
4148:, but this support was to prove bitterly divisive as the Liberals increasingly divided between those seeking to gain what Liberal goals they could achieve, those who preferred a Conservative government to a Labour one and vice versa.
4136:, gaining 17% of the vote, but won no seats. Nationally the Liberals gained ground, but once again it was at the Conservatives' expense whilst also losing seats to Labour. Indeed, the urban areas of the country suffering heavily from
3374:
Gladstone finally retired in 1894. Gladstone's support for Home Rule deeply divided the party, and it lost its upper and upper-middle-class base, while keeping support among Protestant nonconformists and the Celtic fringe. Historian
3883:
he Liberals were traditionally the party of freedom of speech, conscience and trade. They were against jingoism, heavy armaments and compulsion. Liberals were neither wholehearted nor unanimous about conscription, censorship, the
3451:) had recently protested against high tariff moves by the Conservatives by switching to the anti-tariff Liberal camp, but it was unclear how many old Conservative traits they brought along, especially on military and naval issues.
3076:
and to the lower middle class. Deeply religious, Gladstone brought a new moral tone to politics, with his evangelical sensibility and his opposition to aristocracy. His moralism often angered his upper-class opponents (including
3892:
Blake further notes that it was the Liberals, not the Conservatives who needed the moral outrage of Belgium to justify going to war, while the Conservatives called for intervention from the start of the crisis on the grounds of
3946:
support the war only when the Germans invaded Belgium. Entering the war for idealistic motives, the Liberals wished to fight it by noble means and found it harder to abandon their principles than to endure defeat in the field.
3295:, major extension of factory regulation and various democratic political reforms. The Programme had a strong appeal to the nonconformist middle-class Liberal element, which felt liberated by the departure of the aristocracy.
3911:
The fact that the Government has not dared to challenge the nation to rise above itself, is one among many signs. The war is, in fact, not being taken seriously. How can any slacker be blamed when the Government itself is
3792:(whose result was little changed from that in January) before he agreed, if necessary, to create hundreds of Liberals peers. Faced with that threat, the Lords voted to give up their veto power and allowed the passage of the
3107:
As prime minister from 1868 to 1874, Gladstone headed a Liberal Party which was a coalition of Peelites like himself, Whigs and Radicals. He was now a spokesman for "peace, economy and reform". One major achievement was the
3573:
with unflinching energy, devotes a part of its endeavour also to the removing of the immediate causes of discontent. It is true that man cannot live by bread alone. It is equally true that a man cannot live without bread.
11746:
3973:
Lloyd George remained a Liberal all his life, but he abandoned many standard Liberal principles in his crusade to win the war at all costs. He insisted on strong government controls over business as opposed to the
3643:
The Liberals languished in opposition for a decade while the coalition of Salisbury and Chamberlain held power. The 1890s were marred by infighting between the three principal successors to Gladstone, party leader
4546:, the Alliance's share of the votes fell slightly and it now had 22 MPs. In the election's aftermath Steel proposed a merger of the two parties. Most SDP members voted in favour of the merger, but SDP leader
3061:
For the next thirty years Gladstone and Liberalism were synonymous. William Gladstone served as prime minister four times (1868β74, 1880β85, 1886, and 1892β94). His financial policies, based on the notion of
3241:Γ©lite. Further, Home Rule had not been promised in the Liberals' election manifesto, and so the impression was given that Gladstone was buying Irish support in a rather desperate manner to hold on to power.
4180:
opposed the Liberal Party's support for the minority Labour government. They preferred to reach an accommodation with the Conservatives. In 1931 MacDonald's Labour government fell apart in response to the
11659:
10692:
3409:
The Liberal Party lacked a unified ideological base in 1906. It contained numerous contradictory and hostile factions, such as imperialists and supporters of the Boers; near-socialists and laissez-faire
4440:(PR) and a change of prime minister. The former was unacceptable to Heath's cabinet and the latter to Heath personally, so the talks collapsed. Instead, a minority Labour government was formed under
4296:, Sinclair and many of his colleagues lost their seats to both Conservatives and Labour and the party returned just 12 MPs to Westminster, but this was just the beginning of the decline. In
4436:
if he would join a coalition government with Heath. Thorpe was personally in favour of it, but the party insisted it would only agree pending a clear government commitment to introducing
3932:
against Turkey. Reluctant to face doom in an election, Asquith formed a new coalition government on 25 May, with the majority of the new cabinet coming from his own Liberal party and the
3788:. Although the Lords now passed the budget, the government wished to curtail their power to block legislation. Asquith was required by King George V to fight a second general election in
2207:
3997:
instantly tripled the number of people entitled to vote in Britain from seven to twenty-one million. The Labour Party benefited most from this huge change in the electorate, forming its
2970:, who represented the manufacturing towns which had gained representation under the Reform Act. They favoured social reform, personal liberty, reducing the powers of the Crown and the
10446:
6715:
4120:
Asquith finally resigned as Liberal leader in 1926 (he died in 1928). Lloyd George, now party leader, began a drive to produce coherent policies on many key issues of the day. In the
278:
4269:, arguing that intervention was needed, in contrast to the Labour calls for pacifism. Despite the party's weaknesses, Sinclair gained a high profile as he sought to recall the
2874:
11364:
4307:
In 1957, this total fell to five when one of the Liberal MPs died and the subsequent by-election was lost to the Labour Party, which selected the former Liberal Deputy Leader
4304:
and the Liberals were left with just six MPs and all but one of them were aided by the fact that the Conservatives refrained from fielding candidates in those constituencies.
4311:
as its own candidate. The Liberal Party seemed close to extinction. During this low period, it was often joked that Liberal MPs could hold meetings in the back of one taxi.
3936:, along with a token Labour representation. The new government lasted a year and a half and was the last time Liberals controlled the government. The analysis of historian
3842:) an opt out from Home Rule for six years (i.e., until after two more general elections were likely to have taken place) but the Nationalists refused to agree to permanent
10503:
2797:, its share of the vote fell below 23% and the Liberals and the SDP merged in 1988 to form the Social and Liberal Democrats (SLD), who the following year were renamed the
2808:
The Liberals were a coalition with diverse positions on major issues and no unified national policy. This made them repeatedly liable to deep splits, such as that of the
4051:
Lloyd George was increasingly under the influence of the rejuvenated Conservative party who numerically dominated the coalition. In 1922, the Conservative backbenchers
3005:(but not Peel himself, who died soon after) aligned to the Liberal side on the issue of free trade. This allowed ministries led by Russell, Palmerston and the Peelite
4280:, the last British Liberal to hold Cabinet rank office for seventy years. However, it was a sign of the party's lack of importance that they were not included in the
3827:
descent. Government plans to deploy troops into Ulster had to be cancelled after the threat of mass resignation of their commissions by army officers in March 1914 (
2837:
7647:
3850:
has argued that the multiplicity of crises in 1910 to 1914, political and industrial, so weakened the Liberal coalition before the war broke out that it marked the
11851:
4133:
3865:
4359:
4137:
3544:. The new money was to be made available for new welfare programmes as well as new battleships. In 1911 Lloyd George succeeded in putting through Parliament his
929:
3803:
in 1912. Since the House of Lords no longer had the power to block the bill, but only to delay it for two years, it was due to become law in 1914. The Unionist
4432:. The Liberals obtained 6.1 million votes, the most it would ever achieve, and now held the balance of power in the Commons. Conservatives offered Thorpe the
3897:
and the balance of power. However, Lloyd George and Churchill were zealous supporters of the war, and gradually forced the old peace-orientated Liberals out.
3256:. There was a final weak Gladstone ministry in 1892, but it also was dependent on Irish support and failed to get Irish Home Rule through the House of Lords.
11876:
11776:
11204:
11035:
9245:
7558:
6730:
4800:
formed the National Passive Resistance Committee and by 1906 over 170 Nonconformists had gone to prison for refusing to pay school taxes. They included 60
3084:
In foreign policy, Gladstone was in general against foreign entanglements, but he did not resist the realities of imperialism. For example, he ordered the
9052:
HΓ€usermann, Silja, Georg Picot, and Dominik Geering. "Review article: Rethinking party politics and the welfare stateβrecent advances in the literature".
7435:
1971:
238:
9251:
2903:. Although their motives in this were originally to gain more power for themselves, the more idealistic Whigs gradually came to support an expansion of
11871:
4838:
4826:
4365:
The new middle-class suburban generation began to find the Liberals' policies attractive again. Under Grimond (who retired in 1967) and his successor,
4217:
to allow the Liberals to oppose the introduction of tariffs. Later in 1932 the Liberals resigned their ministerial posts over the introduction of the
11866:
11280:
11275:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11255:
4776:
Acts. These Acts excluded Nonconformists from holding civil or military office or attending Oxford or Cambridge, compelling them to set up their own
3175:
11146:
10855:
10079:
7140:
7012:
4344:
261:
255:
3901:
hostile, both in the media and in the street, against any young man in civilian garb and labeled as a slacker. The leading Liberal newspaper, the
4850:
4124:, he made a final bid to return the Liberals to the political mainstream, with an ambitious programme of state stimulation of the economy called
2692:
361:
9198:
Proceedings in Connection with the Annual Meeting of the National Liberal Federation with the Annual Report By National Liberal Federation, 1881
11861:
10314:
4424:
won a plurality of votes cast, but the Labour Party gained a plurality of seats. The Conservatives were unable to form a government due to the
3092:. His goal was to create a European order based on co-operation rather than conflict and on mutual trust instead of rivalry and suspicion; the
6638:. The Independent Liberals rejoined the Liberals after 1935. The National Liberals became allied with and eventually joined the Conservatives.
4448:, the Liberals total vote slipped back slightly (and declined in each of the next three) and the Labour government won a wafer-thin majority.
3692:
in their history. This would prove the last time the Liberals won a majority in their own right. Although he presided over a large majority,
9203:
6344:
5674:
4417:
3789:
3304:
1996:
1966:
9240:
The Government's record, 1906β1913 : seven years of Liberal legislation and administration By Liberal Publication Dept. (Great Britain)
9191:
10482:
10477:
10472:
10467:
9279:
6840:
Michael Fry, "Political Change in Britain, August 1914 to December 1916: Lloyd George Replaces Asquith: The Issues Underlying the Drama".
6710:
6383:
5630:
5152:
5147:
5142:
4580:. Only one of the twelve Liberal candidates in 2024 achieved 5% or more of the votes, resulting in all bar that one losing their deposits.
4445:
3777:
2671:
2048:
11122:
10906:
9418:
9402:
9169:
3117:
247:
8612:
11856:
11329:
11239:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11067:
9714:
9690:
9682:
9466:
9327:
4935:
4898:
4880:
4874:
3701:
3669:
2877:
2761:
and Lloyd George led a coalition that replaced him in late 1916. However, Asquith remained as Liberal Party leader. The split between
3735:
collectivists," and much legislation was pushed through by the Liberals in government. This included the regulation of working hours,
3116:
c. 75), which provided England with an adequate system of elementary schools for the first time. He also secured the abolition of the
10788:
9343:
4947:
4765:
4577:
4257:. With many traditional domestic Liberal policies now regarded as irrelevant, he focused the party on opposition to both the rise of
4033:
3688:
Campbell-Bannerman was able to rally the party around the traditional liberal platform of free trade and land reform and led them to
3279:
on the Irish issue. It collaborated with and eventually merged into the Conservative party. The Gladstonian liberals in 1891 adopted
3048:
2001:
1121:
381:
7681:
7620:
7552:
4079:
committed his party to protective tariffs, causing the Liberals to reunite in support of free trade. The party gained ground in the
4036:. Asquith, who had appointed MacLean, remained as overall Leader of the Liberal Party even though he lost his seat in 1918. Asquith
3325:
not to come till 1906, many trade unions allied themselves with the Liberals. In areas with working class majorities, in particular
11085:
10159:
10135:
9434:
9359:
5508:
4400:
to the new Liverpool Metropolitan Borough Council in 1973. On 26 July 1973, the party won two by-elections on the same day, in the
3419:
2391:
4721:
After nearly becoming extinct in the 1940s and the 1950s, the Liberal Party revived its fortunes somewhat under the leadership of
3620:
9591:
9520:
3040:
1981:
994:
11324:
11319:
10968:
10254:
10249:
9458:
8937:
Rossi, John P. βThe Transformation of the British Liberal Party: A Study of the Tactics of the Liberal Opposition, 1874β1880.β
4868:
4182:
2931:
2470:
9221:
9173:
4636:
Liberal Prime Minister William Gladstone). The Liberal Party favoured social reform, personal liberty, reducing the powers of
4557:
in October 1989. Over two-thirds of Liberal members joined the merged party, along with all sitting MPs. Steel and SDP leader
3018:
about by Palmerston's death in 1865 and Russell's retirement in 1868. After a brief Conservative government (during which the
2958:
As early as 1839, Russell had adopted the name of "Liberals", but in reality, his party was a loose coalition of Whigs in the
11426:
10191:
10031:
9706:
9442:
9426:
8282:
8004:
7575:
6809:
6775:
6648:
6597:
6580:
4892:
4856:
4844:
4796:, which integrated Church of England denominational schools into the state system and provided for their support from taxes.
3994:
2515:
2309:
2088:
9057:
4553:
In March 1988, the Liberal Party and Social Democratic Party merged to create the Social and Liberal Democrats, renamed the
11721:
11408:
10848:
10669:
10103:
9823:
8100:
8082:
8064:
6509:
6466:
6422:
6300:
6261:
6222:
6178:
6139:
6097:
6053:
6009:
5966:
5919:
5875:
5836:
5794:
5755:
5713:
5591:
5547:
5503:
5464:
5422:
5378:
5334:
5293:
5249:
5205:
4701:
4653:
4603:
4543:
4535:
4505:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4250:
4226:
4191:
4186:
4161:
4121:
4105:
4080:
4071:
4067:
4045:
4013:
3964:
3689:
3645:
3593:
3388:
3245:
3237:
3213:
3187:
3167:
2994:
2794:
2790:
2728:
2724:
2341:
2202:
2150:
2145:
919:
426:
8307:
11649:
11402:
11374:
10451:
10392:
10175:
10007:
9863:
9722:
9583:
9512:
9493:
4987:
4904:
4397:
4266:
4213:. Slowly they found this issue to be one they could not support. In early 1932 it was agreed to suspend the principle of
4170:
4029:
3435:
2458:
2170:
2021:
1623:
621:
17:
11841:
11606:
11601:
11586:
11486:
11396:
11102:
9943:
9831:
8519:
8464:
7399:
4024:
wrote a joint letter of support to candidates to indicate they were considered the official Coalition candidatesβthis "
3664:
soon nearly broke the party apart, with Rosebery and a circle of supporters including important future Liberal figures
3133:
3085:
2381:
2279:
2227:
2165:
2160:
2098:
907:
794:
4202:, decided to contest the elections as part of the government. The bulk of Liberal MPs supported the government, β the
11736:
11726:
11528:
11518:
10803:
10795:
10547:
10539:
10095:
9799:
9698:
8893:
8563:
8423:
8253:
8208:
7944:
7875:
7805:
7736:
7709:
7657:
7630:
7324:
7109:
6623:
6132:
6001:
5114:
4886:
4214:
4203:
4157:
3968:
3583:
3369:
3326:
3137:
2868:
2817:
2762:
2386:
2011:
1766:
3888:, severity toward aliens and pacifists, direction of labour and industry. The Conservatives had no such misgivings.
11596:
11390:
11369:
11303:
9847:
9791:
9311:
9272:
9197:
9007:
Tregidga, Garry. βTurning of the Tide? A Case Study of the Liberal Party in Provincial Britain in the Late 1930s.β
8698:
Hughes, K. M. βA Political Party and Education: Reflections on the Liberal Party's Educational Policy, 1867β1902.β
6700:
6584:
5164:
4781:
4750:
4673:
By the early 20th century, the Liberals stance began to shift towards "New Liberalism", what would today be called
4589:
4340:
3852:
3224:
as the price of support for a continued Gladstone ministry. Gladstone personally supported Home Rule, but a strong
2747:
2664:
2421:
389:
193:
30:
This article is about the former British Liberal Party. For the party formed by the 1988 merger with the SDP, see
11846:
11731:
11696:
11314:
11134:
11128:
10889:
10841:
10748:
10682:
10183:
8481:
6690:
6631:
5120:
4785:
4230:
4195:
4055:
against the continuation of the coalition, citing, in particular, Lloyd George's plan for war with Turkey in the
3811:, launched a campaign of opposition that included the threat of a provisional government and armed resistance in
3549:
3400:
2884:
2858:
2812:
in 1886 (they eventually joined the Conservative Party); the faction of labour union members that joined the new
2700:
2448:
1353:
829:
366:
8899:
Poe, William A. βConservative Nonconformists: Religious Leaders and the Liberal Party in Yorkshire/Lancashire.β
470:
11611:
10698:
10441:
10055:
9983:
9895:
9758:
9450:
9410:
8856:
7980:
6725:
6695:
6627:
4862:
4832:
4769:
4040:
and resumed leadership. Between 1919 and 1923, the anti-Lloyd George Liberals were called Asquithian Liberals,
3512:
After the historic 1906 victory, the Liberal Party introduced multiple reforms on a range of issues, including
2820:; and a three-way split in 1931. Many prominent intellectuals were active in the party, including philosopher
1816:
1385:
924:
356:
116:
67:
7431:
3528:. Some proposals failed, such as licensing fewer pubs, or rolling back Conservative educational policies. The
11432:
11420:
11414:
10557:
9839:
9599:
9367:
6600:
in which all men over 21 and most women over the age of 30 could vote and therefore a much larger electorate.
4742:
4645:
4319:
Through the 1950s and into the 1960s the Liberals survived only because a handful of constituencies in rural
3431:
3350:
themselves and their society. As the third quarter of the century drew to a close, the essential bastions of
3109:
3009:
to hold office for most of the 1850s and 1860s. A leading Peelite was William Gladstone, who was a reforming
2975:
2926:
The Reform Act was the climax of Whiggism, but it also brought about the Whigs' demise. The admission of the
2294:
2274:
9239:
8774:
Lubenow, W. C. βIrish Home Rule and the Social Basis of the Great Separation in the Liberal Party in 1886.β
8245:
Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups and Movements of the 20th Century
2329:
11756:
11654:
10605:
8741:
5959:
4962:
4708:, although by this stage the Liberals had declined to third-party status. The Liberals as expressed in the
4524:
4401:
4096:
it lost votes to the new Labour party and fractured into groups such as the National and Coalition Liberals
3998:
3693:
3318:
2786:
824:
460:
184:
7084:
Peter Fraser, "The Liberal Unionist Alliance: Chamberlain, Hartington, and the Conservatives, 1886β1904."
3182:
foreign policy and in 1880 he conducted the first outdoor mass-election campaign in Britain, known as the
3178:, but he soon changed his mind and returned to active politics. He strongly disagreed with Disraeli's pro-
11881:
11836:
11502:
11438:
11052:
11043:
10498:
10330:
10047:
9746:
9265:
9132:
7391:
4922:
4472:
4437:
3024:
3010:
2916:
2657:
2319:
1896:
1363:
1257:
987:
416:
401:
8662:
7649:
Britain And the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1906β1911: Foreign Policy, Imperialism, And Dissent
6902:
4508:, placing the Labour Party back in opposition, which served to push the Liberals back into the margins.
3941:
popular morale and so the House of Commons did not once discuss the war before May 1915. Taylor argues:
1786:
11460:
11091:
11079:
10384:
10357:
8792:
MacAllister, Iain, et al., "Yellow fever? The political geography of Liberal voting in Great Britain,"
8534:
4348:
4277:
3869:
3288:
2758:
2371:
2036:
1821:
1503:
1348:
819:
498:
8398:
David L. Wykes, "Introduction: Parliament and Dissent from the Restoration to the Twentieth Century",
3764:, I smell the blood of a plutocrat. Be he alive or be he dead, I'll grind his bones to make my bread,"
11455:
10552:
10298:
9999:
9967:
9959:
9730:
8441:
Iain MacAllister et al., "Yellow fever? The political geography of Liberal voting in Great Britain",
5065:
4910:
4809:
4789:
4754:
4569:
4037:
3876:
3785:
3619:
threatens duties on consumer items which had been removed by Gladstone (in the picture on the wall);
3217:
2864:
2793:, the Alliance won over a quarter of the vote, but won only 23 of the 650 seats it contested. At the
2482:
2376:
1986:
1776:
1456:
1442:
726:
9252:
The Age of Lloyd George The Liberal Party and British Politics, 1890β1929 By Kenneth O. Morgan, 2021
8485:
4576:'. Meadowcroft joined the Liberal Democrats in 2007, but the Liberal Party as reconstituted in 1989
475:
11811:
11761:
11536:
11481:
10811:
10611:
10306:
10290:
10111:
9375:
9186:
Liberal Magazine A Periodical for the Use of Liberal Speakers, Writers and Canvassers Volume 1 1893
8351:
6518:
6475:
5552:
4916:
4797:
4758:
4677:, namely a belief in personal liberty with a support for government intervention to provide social
4573:
4495:
4487:
3885:
3657:
3284:
3199:
3174:
during a sharp economic recession. He formally resigned as Liberal leader and was succeeded by the
2802:
2782:
2777:
By the 1950s, the party had won as few as six seats at general elections. Apart from a few notable
2731:
2269:
2254:
2120:
2016:
1267:
1074:
233:
224:
149:
35:
1871:
1756:
11676:
11549:
11465:
10704:
10063:
9631:
9351:
9335:
5327:
4792:, all the Nonconformists elected to Parliament were Liberals. Nonconformists were angered by the
4370:
4289:
3933:
3464:
3356:
3280:
3125:
2986:
2739:
2696:
2574:
2453:
2396:
2284:
2249:
2108:
2063:
1976:
1811:
1201:
1166:
1047:
701:
681:
523:
443:
131:
9111:
9103:
7467:
Gilbert, Bentley Brinkerhoff (1976). "David Lloyd George: Land, the Budget, and Social Reform".
4511:
In 1981, defectors from a moderate faction of the Labour Party, led by former Cabinet ministers
3152:
1653:
11711:
11545:
10864:
10783:
10624:
10508:
10400:
10338:
9228:
Leaflets published by the Liberal Publication Department for the General Election of 1906, 1906
7968:
6705:
5007:
4629:
4610:
During the 19th century, the Liberal Party was broadly in favour of what would today be called
4554:
4491:
4409:
4254:
3747:
3705:
3673:
3545:
3517:
3276:
3253:
3096:
was to supplant the reign of force and self-interest. This Gladstonian concept of a harmonious
3044:
2809:
2798:
2487:
2463:
2431:
2401:
2366:
2361:
2336:
2197:
2115:
1991:
1961:
1186:
980:
799:
421:
210:
144:
31:
8243:
8198:
6799:
6765:
4784:
tended to be in favour of these Acts and so the Nonconformist cause was linked closely to the
3275:
took a major element of upper-class supporters out of the Party and into a third party called
2919:. After decades in opposition, the Whigs returned to power under Grey in 1830 and carried the
11691:
11669:
10594:
10365:
8709:
Jenkins, Roy. "From Gladstone to Asquith: The Late Victorian Pattern of Liberal Leadership,"
8413:
8129:"The strange death of Tory Liverpool: Conservative electoral decline in Liverpool, 1945β1996"
7865:
7795:
7314:
7195:
Paul A. Readman, "The 1895 general election and political change in late Victorian Britain."
7099:
6998:
4429:
4385:
death in 1962, the party lost five Welsh seats between 1950 and 1966. In September 1966, the
3960:
3314:
3160:
2900:
2892:
2766:
2608:
2530:
2505:
2477:
2436:
2416:
2406:
2351:
2289:
2264:
2180:
2175:
2140:
2125:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2058:
2053:
2006:
1901:
1876:
1866:
1771:
1603:
1588:
1488:
1430:
968:
900:
431:
285:
161:
9070:
7533:
7260:
G. I. T. Machin, "Gladstone and Nonconformity in the 1860s: The Formation of an Alliance."
6681:
4594:
4335:, local Liberals and Conservatives agreed to each contest only one of the town's two seats.
1746:
465:
11766:
11686:
11621:
11553:
10743:
10722:
10653:
10617:
9903:
9807:
8821:
Machin, G. I. T. "Gladstone and Nonconformity in the 1860s: The Formation of an Alliance."
7026:
Goodlad, Graham D. (1989). "The Liberal Party and Gladstone's Land Purchase Bill of 1886".
6824:
4956:
4801:
4777:
4773:
4611:
4578:
continues to hold council seats and field candidates in Westminster Parliamentary elections
4531:
4052:
4025:
3921:
3843:
3404:
3329:
areas, Lib-Lab candidates were popular, and they received sponsorship and endorsement from
3121:
2596:
2411:
2356:
2346:
2324:
2304:
2299:
2259:
2244:
2222:
2185:
2135:
2093:
2083:
2043:
1563:
1528:
1437:
1390:
1235:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1042:
912:
895:
593:
528:
300:
206:
8723:
Jenkins, T. A. βGladstone, the Whigs and the Leadership of the Liberal Party, 1879β1880.β
7890:
Kenneth O. Morgan, "7 December 1916: Asquith, Lloyd George and the Crisis of Liberalism."
7674:
3660:. Harcourt's resignation briefly muted the turmoil in the party, but the beginning of the
2899:. The Whigs were in favour of reducing the power of the Crown and increasing the power of
1553:
1027:
8:
11541:
10816:
10513:
9222:
Five Years of Liberal Policy and Conservative Opposition By George Charles Brodrick, 1874
8948:
Rossi, John P. βEnglish Catholics, the Liberal Party, and the General Election of 1880.β
8864:
6890:
Liberal intellectuals and public culture in modern Britain, 1815-1914: making words flesh
4710:
4565:
4451:
Thorpe was subsequently forced to resign after allegations that he attempted to have his
4386:
4270:
4237:, who had deserted to the National Liberals in 1931 but now returned to the party during
4222:
4129:
3986:
3903:
3824:
3800:
3793:
3265:
3183:
2888:
2825:
2591:
2239:
2212:
2155:
2103:
1886:
1658:
1598:
1548:
1321:
1240:
1181:
1114:
1084:
1079:
1052:
1011:
776:
771:
711:
588:
533:
513:
455:
448:
177:
9233:
9210:
Annual Report Presented at a Meeting of the Council By National Liberal Federation, 1887
9150:
9141:
8283:"Education Scotland β Higher Bitesize Revision β History β Liberal β Impact: Revision 1"
4276:
In 1940, they joined Churchill's wartime coalition government, with Sinclair serving as
4209:
The official Liberals found themselves a tiny minority within a government committed to
3611:) abandons his commitment to old age pensions after failing to reach agreement with the
3236:
reaction was mixed, Unionist opinion was hostile, and the election addresses during the
2774:
absorbed most of the ex-Liberal voters and now became the Conservatives' main rival.
11664:
10119:
9991:
9767:
9615:
9504:
9123:
9023:
8799:
McEwen, John M. βThe Liberal Party and the Irish Question during the First World War.β
8669:
8601:
8034:
8017:
7846:
7838:
7484:
7384:
7295:
7134:
7051:
7043:
7006:
6720:
6610:
6014:
5880:
5074:
5056:
5001:
4995:
4793:
4746:
4686:
4625:
4530:
However, the Alliance was overtaken in the polls by the Tories in the aftermath of the
4389:
formed their own state party, moving the Liberal Party into a fully federal structure.
4308:
4199:
3929:
3847:
3816:
3769:
3751:
3736:
3709:
3682:
3636:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3588:
3565:
3533:
3529:
3494:
3486:
3468:
3443:
3411:
3272:
3229:
3089:
2751:
2314:
2217:
2130:
1926:
1861:
1761:
1316:
1296:
1133:
721:
9227:
4788:, who advocated civil and religious liberty. After the Test and Corporation Acts were
4355:. There, the Liberals won a seat in the London suburbs for the first time since 1935.
4059:, and his corrupt sale of honours. He resigned as prime minister and was succeeded by
2978:), avoidance of war and foreign alliances (which were bad for business) and above all
1578:
11110:
10322:
9935:
9815:
9216:
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Council By National Liberal Federation, 1895
8889:
8872:
8852:
8844:
8559:
8543:
Clarke, P. F. "The Electoral Position of the Liberal and Labour Parties, 1910β1914."
8515:
8460:
8419:
8249:
8224:
8204:
8169:
8150:
8000:
7976:
7871:
7850:
7801:
7732:
7705:
7653:
7626:
7571:
7395:
7320:
7208:
Ian Packer, "The great Liberal landslide: the 1906 General Election in perspective."
7153:
7105:
7055:
6805:
6771:
5828:
5747:
5383:
5339:
5254:
5210:
4941:
4674:
4641:
4501:
4258:
4218:
4100:
Labour was determined to destroy the Liberals and become the sole party of the left.
3804:
3714:
3537:
3490:
3475:
3448:
3423:
3322:
3271:
Society in London largely ostracized home rulers and Liberal clubs were badly split.
3233:
3171:
3156:
3097:
3019:
2971:
2940:
2912:
2833:
2829:
2813:
2771:
2716:
2633:
1906:
1663:
1593:
1568:
1558:
1538:
1358:
1245:
1176:
1138:
956:
934:
676:
671:
646:
583:
538:
214:
8621:(Jan 1960) 10#1 pp 3β13. A survey of political oratory in Britain from 1730 to 1960.
8504:
The Climax of Liberal Politics: British Liberalism in Theory and Practice, 1868β1918
7247:
Nabil M. Kaylani, "Liberal Politics and British-Foreign-Office 1906-1912-Overview."
3750:
depicts Lloyd George as a giant with a cudgel labelled "Budget" in reference to his
11741:
11716:
11073:
10988:
10976:
10927:
10753:
10716:
10661:
10529:
10199:
9927:
9879:
9783:
8646:
Goodlad, Graham D. βThe Liberal Party and Gladstone's Land Purchase Bill of 1886.β
8140:
7830:
7563:
7547:
7476:
7287:
7035:
5457:
4726:
4558:
4520:
4396:
remained a Liberal stronghold, with the party taking the plurality of seats on the
4229:, just 17 Liberal MPs were elected, along with Lloyd George and three followers as
4145:
4101:
3856:. However, most historians date the collapse to the crisis of the First World War.
3839:
3830:
3812:
3756:
3513:
3427:
3225:
3205:
3113:
3028:
2982:. For a century, free trade remained the one cause which could unite all Liberals.
2920:
2821:
2715:
in the 1850s, by the end of the 19th century, it had formed four governments under
2549:
2542:
1881:
1831:
1796:
1741:
1648:
1633:
1608:
1543:
1513:
1380:
1331:
1306:
1289:
1284:
1218:
1143:
1069:
1057:
867:
751:
741:
736:
696:
661:
518:
508:
346:
8687:
Heyck, Thomas William. βHome Rule, Radicalism, and the Liberal Party, 1886β1895.β
7592:
6622:
Liberal Party split into three prior to the 1931 election. Results do not include
4745:
Protestants have played a major role in English politics. Relatively few MPs were
3244:
The result was a catastrophic split in the Liberal Party, and heavy defeat in the
1801:
11782:
11771:
11681:
11591:
11116:
10921:
10710:
10127:
10087:
10015:
9975:
9951:
9887:
9855:
9215:
9209:
9185:
9179:
8930:
Roberts, Matthew. "The Decline of Liberalism and the Rise of Labour" in Roberts,
8761:
7726:
7699:
7439:
7365:
6567:
4690:
4599:
4464:
4425:
4358:
The Liberals became the first of the major British political parties to advocate
4132:. The Liberal Party stood in Northern Ireland for the first and only time in the
4076:
3990:
3937:
3835:
3781:
3661:
3541:
3221:
3209:
3148:
3141:
3063:
2990:
2944:
2720:
2645:
1941:
1931:
1916:
1836:
1826:
1806:
1698:
1678:
1638:
1613:
1523:
1417:
1405:
1395:
1336:
1196:
1191:
1062:
862:
852:
766:
691:
335:
8117:
Russell Deacon (2011), History of the Welsh Liberal party, Welsh Academic Press.
6853:
Keith Labourn, "The Rise of Labour and the Decline of Liberalism" (1995) p. 207.
4564:
A group of Liberal opponents of the merger with the Social Democrats, including
3838:
broke out in August 1914. Asquith had offered the Six Counties (later to become
11751:
11616:
10738:
10728:
9775:
9528:
8764:. "The rise of Labour and the decline of Liberalism: the state of the debate."
8624:
Fahey, David M. βTemperance and the Liberal Party β Lord Peel's Report, 1899.β
8194:
7567:
7278:
Glaser, John F. (1958). "English Nonconformity and the Decline of Liberalism".
7068:
6058:
5924:
5050:
5013:
4382:
4285:
4273:
and once more revitalise the Liberals as the party of a strong foreign policy.
4234:
4177:
4017:
3925:
3773:
3732:
3678:
3628:
3506:
3502:
3376:
3249:
3179:
3078:
2967:
2959:
2936:
2613:
2586:
2581:
2554:
2510:
1856:
1791:
1643:
1618:
1583:
1533:
1473:
1400:
1301:
1262:
1252:
1126:
1094:
666:
636:
626:
560:
56:
8145:
8128:
7039:
5044:
4572:
as a Liberal), continued with a new party organisation under the name of the '
4481:
4016:, Lloyd George, hailed as "the Man Who Won the War", led his coalition into a
3742:
2723:, the party returned to government in 1905 and won a landslide victory in the
1846:
1668:
11830:
11006:
10915:
10143:
10039:
10023:
9919:
9871:
9544:
9485:
9383:
8492:
8154:
6305:
5635:
5025:
4981:
4968:
4694:
4682:
4633:
4616:
4441:
4413:
4405:
4366:
4210:
4141:
4056:
3976:
3954:
3808:
3761:
3724:
3697:
3665:
3649:
3548:, making provision for sickness and invalidism, and this was followed by his
3525:
3384:
3351:
3147:
Regarding Ireland, the major Liberal achievements were land reform, where he
3129:
3073:
3068:
3006:
2896:
2743:
2735:
2712:
2569:
1891:
1851:
1781:
1751:
1718:
1713:
1693:
1573:
1498:
1410:
1273:
1089:
847:
814:
756:
641:
631:
598:
565:
544:
121:
6962:
R. C. Mowat, "From Liberalism to Imperialism: The Case of Egypt 1875β1887",
5108:
11140:
11024:
11000:
10215:
10071:
6635:
5129:
4714:
now regarded opposition to state intervention as being a characteristic of
4475:
4460:
4421:
4378:
4352:
4332:
4238:
4110:
3321:, roughly corresponding to population patterns. With the foundation of the
2952:
2927:
2603:
1936:
1911:
1841:
1688:
1518:
1508:
1311:
857:
746:
656:
6669:
Popular vote is for SDP-Liberal Alliance, seat total is Liberal component.
6660:
Popular vote is for SDP-Liberal Alliance, seat total is Liberal component.
4733:
alternative to the Conservative and Labour Party governments of the time.
3524:
for elderly workers, thereby laying the groundwork for the future British
2781:
victories, its fortunes did not improve significantly until it formed the
11158:
11061:
10994:
10945:
10897:
10599:
10589:
10167:
9738:
9647:
9560:
7454:
6427:
5092:
5083:
5037:
4512:
4468:
4456:
4433:
4374:
4281:
4262:
4194:. Lloyd George called for the party to leave the National Government but
3685:
and Joseph Chamberlain called for a new system of protectionist tariffs.
3653:
3415:
3330:
3292:
3101:
3093:
2963:
2778:
2689:
1921:
1723:
1708:
1683:
1478:
1463:
1370:
1223:
1171:
706:
686:
651:
555:
550:
503:
9001:
8769:
6966:
16#1 (1973), pp. 109β124 focus on Lord Cromer as a Liberal imperialist.
3993:
movement. After the carnage of 1914β1918, the democratic reforms of the
2948:
2640:
34:. For the Liberal Party formed by those opposed to the 1988 merger, see
11152:
11012:
10982:
10951:
10939:
10933:
10207:
10151:
9911:
9663:
9552:
9536:
9076:
Thompson, J. A. βThe Historians and the Decline of the Liberal Party.β
9012:
8953:
8904:
8837:
8826:
8787:
The Liberal Party in Rural England, 1885β1910: Radicalism and Community
8756:
8637:
David Lloyd George: A Political Life: The Architect of Change 1863β1912
8574:
7842:
7675:"The identification of Κ»radicalsΚΌ in the British Parliament, 1906β1914"
7488:
7299:
7265:
7047:
6967:
6183:
5101:
5031:
5019:
4722:
4715:
4657:
4656:, a prominent Liberal politician in the Victorian era, said this about
4621:
4547:
4516:
4452:
4336:
3632:
3599:
2979:
2704:
2559:
2525:
2520:
2190:
1703:
1493:
1468:
1375:
1228:
1208:
1019:
761:
731:
716:
493:
198:
189:
172:
8922:
8815:
8779:
8728:
8681:
8651:
8591:
8548:
7158:
The Age of Lloyd George: Liberal Party and British Politics, 1890β1929
4568:(the former Liberal MP for Leeds West) and Paul Wiggin (who served on
4300:, the general election saw the Liberals return just nine MPs. Another
3481:
3342:
working hours of large numbers of male workers employed by the state.
3309:
A major long-term consequence of the Third Reform Act was the rise of
11164:
9032:
The New Liberalism: Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain, 1889β1914
8971:
8810:
McGill, Barry. βFrancis Schnadhorst and Liberal Party Organization.β
8804:
8692:
8641:
David Lloyd George: A Political Life: Organizer of Victory, 1912β1916
8629:
7949:(first ed.). New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce. pp. 290β291
7519:
The New Liberalism: Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain, 1889β1914
4730:
4637:
4428:
MPs refusing to support the Conservatives after the Northern Ireland
4393:
4347:
islands. Under his leadership a Liberal revival began, marked by the
4114:
4060:
4021:
4004:
3820:
3799:
As the price of Irish support, Asquith was now forced to introduce a
3624:
2998:
2904:
2765:
and Asquith's official Liberal faction badly weakened the party. The
2628:
2426:
1628:
1148:
951:
872:
10833:
9163:
8270:
The British Political Tradition. Volume II: The Ideological Heritage
7480:
7291:
2699:, in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Beginning as an alliance of
11018:
10957:
8193:
7834:
4649:
4377:
who both grew as electoral forces from the 1960s onwards. Although
4320:
4041:
3439:
2908:
2564:
2537:
2441:
2232:
1483:
1326:
890:
603:
436:
9081:
8942:
8703:
7995:
Table 2.01 "Summary Results of General Elections 1832β2005 (UK)",
6925:
Democracy and Religion: Gladstone and the Liberal Party, 1867β1875
4091:
3776:
and for which the government obtained an electoral mandate at the
3720:
3631:(who favoured retaliatory tariffs) wearing top hats. The heading "
3359:; and a Britannia that ruled the waves and many a dominion beyond.
11701:
10733:
7418:
4804:, 48 Baptists, 40 Congregationalists and 15 Wesleyan Methodists.
4678:
3521:
3310:
3002:
2997:
was short because the Conservatives split over the repeal of the
2708:
1673:
1279:
1213:
809:
126:
9257:
4327:
clung to their Liberal traditions, whilst in two English towns,
4166:
9172:
of the Liberal Party papers (mostly dating from after 1945) at
4681:. This shift was best exemplified by the Liberal government of
4328:
3220:
held the balance of power in the House of Commons and demanded
3053:
1343:
279:
International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties
165:
8996:
Thorpe, Andrew. "Labour Leaders and the Liberals, 1906β1924",
8910:
Pugh, Martin D. "Asquith, Bonar Law and the First Coalition."
8832:
McCready, H. W. βHome Rule and the Liberal Party, 1899β1906.β
6716:
List of United Kingdom Whig and allied party leaders (1801β59)
4768:, Baptists, Congregationalists and Unitarians, had formed the
4539:
was not concentrated in enough areas to translate into seats.
3951:
Parliament and the Liberal Party was deeply split once again.
8676:
Hazlehurst, Cameron. "Asquith as Prime Minister, 1908β1916,"
7999:, by Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher, 7th edition, 2007,
6797:
4324:
2873:
27:
Major political party in the United Kingdom from 1859 to 1988
8886:
The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain
8851:, British Prime Ministers, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson,
8751:
Kellas, James G. βThe Liberal Party in Scotland 1876β1895.β
8387:
The Nonconformist Conscience: Chapel and Politics, 1870β1914
7316:
The Conservative Party and Anglo-German Relations, 1905β1914
7101:
A Short History of the Liberal Party: The Road Back to Power
8569:
Cregier, Don M. "The Murder of the British Liberal Party,"
7127:
Access to History, Government and Reform: Britain 1815β1918
6995:
Access to History, Government and Reform: Britain 1815β1918
5045:
Deputy Leaders of the Liberal Party in the House of Commons
4772:
and agitated for repeal of the highly restrictive Test and
4482:
Alliance, Liberal Democrats and reconstituted Liberal Party
4288:, a group which called for liberal candidates to break the
3834:). Ireland seemed to be on the brink of civil war when the
3190:. Hartington ceded his place and Gladstone resumed office.
8966:
Searle, G. R. βThe Edwardian Liberal Party and Business.β
7821:
McGill, Barry (1967). "Asquith's Predicament, 1914β1918".
6936:
H. C. G. Matthew, "Gladstone, William Ewart (1809β1898)",
4929:
3955:
Lloyd George as a Liberal heading a Conservative coalition
3442:
fold β were a powerful element, dedicated to opposing the
8917:
Pugh, Martin. βThe Liberal Party and the Popular Front.β
5136:
5109:
Deputy Leaders of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords
3819:
had the full support of the Conservatives, whose leader,
3497:
which specifically aimed at the redistribution of wealth.
3380:
views of the Queen, practically ostracized home rulers."
3081:), and his heavy-handed control split the Liberal Party.
6647:
Franchise extended to all 18- to 20-year-olds under the
4820:
3866:
History of the United Kingdom during the First World War
3607:(satirised as an unmarried mother leaving her baby at a
8415:
Victorian Political Culture: 'Habits of Heart and Mind'
6801:
Legitimacy and the European Union: The Contested Polity
4602:
to see them elect a Liberal Party candidate during the
4561:
served briefly as interim leaders of the merged party.
3681:, pushed a series of unpopular initiatives such as the
2962:
and Radicals in the Commons. The leading Radicals were
8586:
David, Edward. βThe Liberal Party Divided 1916β1918.β
4764:
By the 1820s, the different Nonconformists, including
4151:
3603:
Liberal poster c. 1905β1910, clockwise from the left:
8659:
Liberal Politics in the Age of Gladstone and Rosebery
7607:
Liberal landslide : the general election of 1906
7249:
International Review of History and Political Science
6864:
Liberal Politics in the Age of Gladstone and Rosebery
6747:
6745:
4360:
British membership of the European Economic Community
6731:
List of UK Liberal Party general election manifestos
4455:
lover murdered by a hitman. The party's new leader,
2943:, the son of a Duke but a crusading radical, and by
9204:
Election Address and Speeches By Samuel Smith, 1882
4984:, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith, 1925 (1916β1926)
4128:, largely written for him by the Liberal economist
1972:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
8988:The Rise and Fall of British Liberalism, 1776-1988
8939:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
8527:Brack, Duncan; Ingham, Robert; Little, Tony, eds.
7551:
7383:
6742:
4839:Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville
4827:Granville George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville
3627:contemplates his vote; and Joseph Chamberlain and
3170:Gladstone was defeated by the Conservatives under
11777:ConservativeβLiberal Democrat coalition agreement
8538:Lloyd George, The Goat in the Wilderness, 1922β31
8052:A Short History of the Liberal Party: 1900 β 2001
7129:(2 ed.). Hodder & Stoughton. p. 74.
4628:in the economy (this doctrine was usually termed
3916:Asquith's Liberal government was brought down in
3104:system of manipulated alliances and antagonisms.
3001:, a free trade issue; and a faction known as the
2907:for its own sake. The great figures of reformist
11828:
9192:Facts for Liberal Politicians By John Noble 1879
8981:(Oxford UP, 2004), wide-ranging scholarly survey
8459:, London: Taylor & Francis Ltd, p. 66,
8374:Social Geography of British Elections, 1885β1910
7701:Evolution of the British Party System: 1885β1940
7370:The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform
6827:, "Lloyd George, David, 1st Earl Lloyd-George",
6791:
3696:was overshadowed by his ministers, most notably
3564:Contrasting Old Liberalism with New Liberalism,
2816:; the split between factions led by Asquith and
11852:Defunct political parties in the United Kingdom
10699:Britain's Industrial Future ("The Yellow Book")
8961:Liberal Landslide: The General Election of 1906
8932:Political Movements in Urban England, 1832β1914
8556:A Short History of the Liberal Party, 1900β2001
7975:. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. p. 133.
7762:The Strange Death of Liberal England: 1910β1914
7728:Political Change and the Labour Party 1900β1918
4975:
4851:Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery
4500:The Conservative Party under the leadership of
4444:but with no formal support from Thorpe. In the
3922:crisis in inadequate artillery shell production
2757:Asquith was overwhelmed by his wartime role as
11639:
10643:
8617:Fairlie, Henry. "Oratory in Political Life,"
8482:William Ewart Gladstone Β§ Further reading
8241:
6981:British foreign and imperial policy, 1865β1919
6763:
4753:that applied to them (especially those in the
4700:David Lloyd George adopted a programme at the
3760:28 April 1909. The caption, not shown, reads "
3754:while "a plutocrat" cowers beneath the table,
3317:(which were represented by multiple MPs) into
3298:
10849:
9273:
9153:, Biographies and voting returns since 1880s.
9020:The Formation of the Liberal Party, 1857β1868
8411:
7863:
7793:
7171:Britain Yesterday and Today: 1832 the Present
4550:objected and continued to lead a "rump" SDP.
4381:held on to the seat of Montgomeryshire, upon
3501:The New Liberals included intellectuals like
3305:History of trade unions in the United Kingdom
2665:
1997:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
1967:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
988:
11877:1988 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
11554:Welsh Young Liberals/Rhyddfrydwr Ifanc Cymru
9096:British General Election Manifestos, 1900β74
9067:The Historiography of Gladstone and Disraeli
9039:The Downfall of the Liberal Party: 1914β1935
8558:(6th edition). Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002.
8509:
7918:The Downfall of the Liberal Party: 1914β1935
7905:The Downfall of the Liberal Party: 1914β1935
7797:The Downfall of the Liberal Party, 1914β1935
7562:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
7540:
7356:(1984) pp 113 for quote, 121; Ensor. p. 430.
7312:
7139:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7011:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6711:List of United Kingdom Liberal Party Leaders
3784:, with the government left dependent on the
3717:, a recent defector from the Conservatives.
3387:. He led the party to a heavy defeat in the
3100:was opposed to and ultimately defeated by a
9320:Leaders in the House of Commons (1859β1916)
9094:Craig, Frederick Walter Scott, ed. (1975).
7973:The History of the Liberal Party, 1895β1970
7942:
7645:
7432:"The People's Budget: An Edwardian Tragedy"
6613:in which all women aged over 21 could vote.
4463:with Wilson's successor as prime minister,
4020:. Lloyd George and the Conservative leader
3635:money for sectarian schools" refers to the
3383:The new Liberal leader was the ineffectual
3186:. The Liberals won a large majority in the
3118:purchase of commissions in the British Army
2915:(died 1806) and his disciple and successor
11330:Liberal Democrat Home Affairs spokesperson
10856:
10842:
9280:
9266:
8497:The decline of the Liberal Party 1910β1931
7504:Twentieth-century Britain: an encyclopedia
7097:
6626:(later known as National Liberals) led by
4936:Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
4899:Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe
4881:Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon
4875:Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe
3208:(1884) was the giving of the vote to many
2719:. Despite being divided over the issue of
2672:
2658:
995:
981:
55:
11872:1859 establishments in the United Kingdom
11576:
10579:
9395:Leaders in the House of Lords (1859β1916)
8609:A History of the Liberal Party Since 1900
8510:Brack, Duncan; Randall, Ed, eds. (2007),
8167:
8144:
8065:"1945: Labour landslide buries Churchill"
7415:The Routledge encyclopaedia of philosophy
7386:Political Ideology Today (Politics Today)
7125:Pearce, Robert and Stearn, Roger (2000).
7104:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 24β26.
6993:Pearce, Robert and Stearn, Roger (2000).
6757:
6685:Leeds and County Liberal Club blue plaque
4948:Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire
3621:Chinese indentured labour in South Africa
3458:
3049:Foreign policy of William Ewart Gladstone
3031:was also a Liberal MP from 1865 to 1868.
2985:In 1841, the Liberals lost office to the
2939:, a fairly traditional Whig, and then by
2002:International Federation of Liberal Youth
11867:Political parties disestablished in 1988
11187:
10483:Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1976β1988
10478:Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1967β1976
10473:Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1956β1967
10468:Liberal Party Frontbench Team, 1945β1956
10239:
8879:Liberal government and politics, 1905β15
8454:
7772:
7770:
7502:Weiler, Peter (1995). "New Liberalism".
6798:Thomas Banchoff; Mitchell Smith (1999).
6680:
5158:
4725:in the 1960s by positioning itself as a
4593:
4253:and the leadership of the party fell to
4165:
4090:
4003:
3741:
3719:
3598:
3587:
3480:
3345:Historian Walter L. Arnstein concludes:
3193:
3120:and of religious tests for admission to
3052:
2955:, although capable of radical gestures.
2872:
239:Federation of European Liberal Democrats
8979:A New England? Peace and war, 1886β1918
8437:
8435:
8352:"1964 Liberal Party Election Manifesto"
8126:
7967:
7646:Bonakdarian, Mansour (1 January 2006).
7559:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
7546:
7466:
7221:John W. Auld, "The Liberal Pro-Boers."
7025:
6938:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6829:The Oxford Companion to British History
4930:Liberal Leaders in the House of Commons
3041:Premierships of William Ewart Gladstone
1982:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
14:
11829:
11325:Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesperson
11320:Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats
8843:
8700:British Journal of Educational Studies
8486:David Lloyd George Β§ Bibliography
8197:; Christine F. Collette, eds. (2003).
8168:Stone-Lee, Ollie (10 September 2003).
7820:
7724:
7534:"The New Liberalism Β· Liberal History"
7516:
7501:
7277:
7124:
6992:
6382:
6343:
5673:
5629:
5137:Liberal Party front bench team members
4869:George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon
4736:
4196:only a few MPs and candidates followed
3652:, and Gladstone's personal secretary,
3568:noted in a 1908 speech the following:
3542:taxation that fell heavily on the rich
3293:tighter controls on the sale of liquor
3259:
3149:ended centuries of landlord oppression
2738:(1908β1916), the Liberal Party passed
2695:in the United Kingdom, along with the
11862:Political parties established in 1859
11801:
11800:
11727:National Liberal Party (Lloyd George)
11638:
11575:
11427:Second Frontbench Team of Vince Cable
11346:
11301:
11186:
10877:
10863:
10837:
10773:
10772:
10642:
10578:
10423:
10271:
10238:
9299:
9261:
8718:Asquith: portrait of a man and an era
7767:
7381:
7375:
6649:Representation of the People Act 1969
6598:Representation of the People Act 1918
6581:Representation of the People Act 1884
4893:Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading
4857:John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley
4845:John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley
4821:Liberal Leaders in the House of Lords
4284:; some leading party members founded
4241:and who would lead it after the war.
3995:Representation of the People Act 1918
3283:that included home rule for Ireland,
3252:, who was supported by the breakaway
2818:that led by Lloyd George in 1918β1922
2801:. A splinter group reconstituted the
11737:National Liberal Party ("Simonites")
11409:First Frontbench Team of Vince Cable
10670:Independent Liberal Party (UK, 1918)
9054:British Journal of Political Science
8611:(2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
8598:The Strange Death of Liberal England
8432:
8341:(London: Ernest Benn, 1928), p. 453.
8242:Peter Barberis; et al. (2000).
7946:The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George
7697:
7687:from the original on 9 October 2022.
7618:
7236:Votes for women in Britain 1867β1928
6877:A Short History of the Liberal Party
6767:Understanding British Party Politics
6013:
5507:
5338:
4648:) and an extension of the electoral
4162:National Government (United Kingdom)
3965:Independent Liberal Party (UK, 1918)
3768:A political battle erupted over the
2767:coalition government of Lloyd George
920:Libertarianism in the United Kingdom
11732:Independent Liberals (Lloyd George)
11722:Independent Liberal Party (Asquith)
11650:Liberal Democrats headquarters (UK)
11403:Frontbench Team of Menzies Campbell
11302:
8921:121#494, (2006), pp. 1327β50,
8869:Britain between the Wars, 1918β1940
8354:. Liberal / SDP / Libdem Manifestos
8200:Modern Britain Since 1979: A Reader
8170:"Conference season's greatest hits"
8039:Britain Between the Wars, 1918β1940
7725:Tanner, Duncan (13 February 2003).
7531:
5879:
5209:
4905:Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel
4693:in the early 1900s created a basic
4302:general election was called in 1951
4152:Splits over the National Government
3394:
2022:Liberal South East European Network
24:
11587:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
11487:Northern Ireland Liberal Democrats
11397:Frontbench Team of Charles Kennedy
9180:The Liberal Magazine Volume 2 1895
9088:
8903:, vol. 2, (1988), pp. 63β72,
8667:Hammond, J. L. and M. R. D. Foot.
8475:
7997:British electoral facts, 1832β2006
7672:
6596:The first election held under the
6579:The first election held under the
6566:The first election held under the
4815:
4478:, who were mutually antagonistic.
4314:
4244:
3363:
3336:
3132:in elections; the legalization of
2883:The Liberal Party grew out of the
2838:his years as a Liberal (1904β1924)
908:Conservatism in the United Kingdom
795:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
25:
11893:
11857:Defunct liberal political parties
10804:National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)
10796:National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)
10548:National League of Young Liberals
10377:Coalitions with Liberal ministers
9287:
9157:
9046:
8736:The Liberal Ascendancy, 1830β1886
8457:Victorian Britain An Encyclopedia
8389:(George Allen & Unwin, 1982).
7971:(1971). "8: The Hard-Faced Men".
7800:. Faber & Faber. p. 51.
7619:Rees, Rosemary (1 January 2003).
6949:J. L. Hammond and M. R. D. Foot,
5115:Eric Drummond, 16th Earl of Perth
4887:William Lygon, 7th Earl Beauchamp
4420:, the Conservative government of
4158:National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)
3999:first minority government in 1924
3969:National Liberal Party (UK, 1922)
3577:
2842:Liberalism and the Social Problem
2012:Liberal Network for Latin America
1445:(contributions to liberal theory)
11391:Frontbench Team of Paddy Ashdown
10283:Single party Liberal governments
8970:98#386, (1983), pp. 28β60,
8871:(1955) 694 pp. scholarly survey
8836:13#52, (1963), pp. 316β48,
8680:85#336 (1970), pp. 502β531
8581:The Liberals in Power, 1905β1914
8272:(London: Methuen, 1983), p. 143.
8203:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 125β128.
8127:Jeffery, David (1 August 2017).
7698:Self, Robert C. (30 July 2014).
6701:Liberalism in the United Kingdom
6585:Redistribution of Seats Act 1885
6539:
6531:
6496:
6489:
6488:
6453:
6446:
6445:
6409:
6402:
6401:
6370:
6363:
6362:
6331:
6324:
6323:
6287:
6280:
6279:
6248:
6241:
6240:
6209:
6201:
6166:
6165:
6157:
6124:
6123:
6116:
6115:
6085:
6084:
6077:
6076:
6041:
6040:
6033:
6032:
5992:
5985:
5984:
5951:
5950:
5943:
5942:
5906:
5899:
5898:
5862:
5855:
5854:
5820:
5813:
5812:
5782:
5781:
5774:
5773:
5740:
5739:
5732:
5731:
5700:
5693:
5692:
5661:
5654:
5653:
5618:
5617:
5610:
5609:
5578:
5571:
5570:
5535:
5534:
5527:
5526:
5491:
5490:
5483:
5482:
5449:
5448:
5441:
5440:
5409:
5402:
5401:
5366:
5365:
5358:
5357:
5320:
5319:
5312:
5311:
5280:
5273:
5272:
5236:
5229:
5228:
5165:Parliament of the United Kingdom
4770:Committee of Dissenting Deputies
4751:political and civil disabilities
4590:Liberalism in the United Kingdom
4249:Samuel had lost his seat in the
4117:, were the sons of Liberal MPs.
3853:Strange Death of Liberal England
3136:; and the reorganization of the
3034:
3014:Palmerston's second government.
2763:Lloyd George's breakaway faction
2639:
2627:
1026:
962:
950:
400:
11315:Leader of the Liberal Democrats
10683:Independent Liberals (UK, 1931)
10272:
8952:63#3, (1977), pp. 411β27,
8803:12#1, (1972), pp. 109β31,
8755:44#137, (1965), pp. 1β16,
8448:
8405:
8392:
8379:
8366:
8344:
8331:
8308:"The Liberal reforms 1906β1914"
8300:
8275:
8262:
8235:
8217:
8187:
8161:
8120:
8111:
8093:
8075:
8057:
8044:
8028:
8010:
7989:
7961:
7936:
7923:
7910:
7897:
7884:
7870:. Clarendon Press. p. 17.
7857:
7814:
7783:
7778:The Decline of Power: 1915β1964
7754:
7745:
7718:
7691:
7666:
7639:
7612:
7599:
7525:
7510:
7495:
7460:
7444:
7424:
7408:
7359:
7346:
7333:
7306:
7271:
7254:
7241:
7228:
7215:
7202:
7189:
7176:
7163:
7147:
7118:
7091:
7078:
7062:
7019:
6986:
6973:
6956:
6943:
6930:
6917:
6895:
6691:Category:Liberal Party (UK) MPs
6663:
6654:
6641:
6616:
6603:
6590:
6573:
6560:
5132:, 1st Baron Gladwyn (1965β1988)
5121:Walter Layton, 1st Baron Layton
4626:minimal government interference
4351:of March 1962 which was won by
4343:in 1956, was MP for the remote
3924:and the protest resignation of
3555:Historian Peter Weiler argues:
3401:Liberal League (United Kingdom)
2859:Whigs (British political party)
930:Socialism in the United Kingdom
11655:List of MPs (past and present)
10878:
9675:Leaders in the Lords (1916β88)
9300:
9234:The Liberal year book for 1908
9164:Liberal Democrat History Group
9080:22#1, (1990), pp. 65β83,
9011:92#3 (2007), pp. 347β66,
8941:68#8, (1978), pp. 1β133,
8778:28#1 (1985), pp. 125β42,
8727:27#2 (1984), pp. 337β60,
8702:8#2, (1960), pp. 112β26,
8650:32#3 (1989), pp. 627β41,
8635:Gilbert, Bentley Brinkerhoff.
8628:20#3 (1971), pp. 132β59,
8105:The election battles 1945β1997
8087:The election battles 1945β1997
8069:The election battles 1945β1997
7731:. Cambridge University Press.
7553:"The general election of 1906"
7469:The American Historical Review
7280:The American Historical Review
6903:"John Stuart Mill (1806β1873)"
6882:
6869:
6856:
6847:
6834:
6818:
6726:President of the Liberal Party
6696:List of Liberal Party (UK) MPs
6540:
6532:
6497:
6454:
6410:
6371:
6332:
6288:
6249:
6217:ConservativeβNational Liberal
6210:
6202:
6173:ConservativeβNational Liberal
6158:
5993:
5907:
5863:
5821:
5701:
5662:
5586:ConservativeβLiberal Unionist
5579:
5542:ConservativeβLiberal Unionist
5410:
5281:
5237:
4863:John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer
4833:John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
4418:February 1974 general election
4176:A group of Liberal MPs led by
4038:returned to Parliament in 1920
3313:candidates. The Act split all
3204:Among the consequences of the
3088:by British forces in the 1882
2887:, who had their origins in an
1386:Separation of church and state
925:Politics of the United Kingdom
357:Politics of the United Kingdom
68:John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
13:
1:
11433:Frontbench Team of Jo Swinson
11421:Frontbench Team of Tim Farron
11415:Frontbench Team of Nick Clegg
11365:Current members of Parliament
11347:
10447:Members of the House of Lords
10424:
9246:The Yale Review Volume 4 1895
9069:(Anthem Press, 2016) 402 pp.
8814:34#1 (1962), pp. 19β39,
8796:(2002) 21#4 pp. 421β447.
8691:13#2 (1974), pp. 66β91,
8678:The English Historical Review
8590:13#3 (1970, pp. 509β32,
8512:Dictionary of Liberal Thought
8248:. Continuum. pp. 301β3.
7823:The Journal of Modern History
7652:. Syracuse University Press.
6892:(Boydell & Brewer, 2010).
6736:
4953:William Gladstone (1880β1894)
4446:October 1974 general election
4185:. Macdonald agreed to lead a
3934:Unionist (Conservative) party
3780:. The election resulted in a
3690:the greatest election victory
3584:Liberal government, 1905β1915
3428:military alliance with France
3370:Liberal government, 1892β1895
3110:Elementary Education Act 1870
2869:Liberal government, 1859β1866
8963:(David & Charles, 1973).
8713:(July 1964) 14#7 pp 445β452.
8337:Liberal Industrial Inquiry,
7593:UK public library membership
4976:Leaders of the Liberal Party
4963:Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
4812:until its collapse in 1918.
4706:We Can Conquer Unemployment!
4126:We Can Conquer Unemployment!
4075:Conservative prime minister
3772:, which was rejected by the
3694:Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman
3319:single-member constituencies
2930:to the franchise and to the
2746:. Although Asquith was the
262:Liberal and Democratic Group
7:
11660:General election manifestos
11503:Liberal Democrat Conference
11439:Frontbench Team of Ed Davey
10693:General election manifestos
10499:National Liberal Federation
10331:Campbell-Bannerman ministry
9147:The Liberal Year Book: 1908
9138:The Liberal year book: 1907
9129:The Liberal year book: 1906
9120:The Liberal year book. 1887
9000:21 (2011), pp. 39β54.
8950:Catholic Historical Review,
8801:Journal of British Studies,
8573:3#4 (1970), pp. 27β36
8376:(London, 1967), 89β90, 206.
8339:Britain's Industrial Future
7506:. Garland. pp. 564β65.
7392:Manchester University Press
6721:List of Liberal Chief Whips
6676:
4990:, Acting Leader (1919β1920)
4923:Nancy Seear, Baroness Seear
4583:
4473:Chancellor of the Exchequer
4438:proportional representation
4341:Leader of the Liberal Party
3299:Relations with trade unions
3025:National Liberal Federation
3011:Chancellor of the Exchequer
2895:and the early 19th century
10:
11898:
11640:History and related topics
11461:Scottish Liberal Democrats
10644:History and related topics
10558:Women's Liberal Federation
10504:Liberal Party Organisation
10393:Second National Government
10358:Asquith coalition ministry
9116:in-depth coverage of 1899.
9108:in-depth coverage of 1900.
8901:Nineteenth Century Studies
8825:17, no. 2 (1974): 347β64.
8753:Scottish Historical Review
8689:Journal of British Studies
8626:Journal of British Studies
8499:(2nd ed. Routledge, 2014).
8479:
8101:"1951: Churchill's return"
7943:Beaverbrook, Lord (1963).
7931:English History, 1914β1945
7867:English History, 1914β1945
7792:1 May 1915, editorial, in
7264:17, no. 2 (1974): 347β64.
7223:Journal of British Studies
6804:. Routledge. p. 123.
4620:economic policies such as
4587:
4485:
4339:, for example, who became
4278:Secretary of State for Air
4155:
3958:
3870:Asquith coalition ministry
3863:
3859:
3581:
3550:Unemployment Insurance Act
3462:
3398:
3367:
3302:
3289:Church of England in Wales
3263:
3197:
3128:; the introduction of the
3038:
2862:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2750:, its dominant figure was
820:Scottish Liberal Democrats
499:Civil and political rights
29:
11842:Classical liberal parties
11807:
11796:
11645:
11634:
11582:
11571:
11527:
11511:
11495:
11474:
11456:English Liberal Democrats
11448:
11383:
11357:
11353:
11342:
11310:
11297:
11248:
11197:
11193:
11182:
11101:
11034:
10967:
10888:
10884:
10873:
10779:
10768:
10649:
10638:
10585:
10574:
10553:Union of Liberal Students
10538:
10522:
10491:
10460:
10434:
10430:
10419:
10385:First National Government
10376:
10349:
10315:Fourth Gladstone ministry
10299:Second Gladstone ministry
10282:
10278:
10267:
10245:
10234:
9757:
9674:
9575:
9478:Overall Leaders (1916β88)
9477:
9394:
9319:
9310:
9306:
9295:
8968:English Historical Review
8919:English Historical Review
8812:Journal of Modern History
8600:(1935), a famous classic
8545:English Historical Review
8445:(2002) 21#4, pp. 421β447.
8418:. Oxford UP. p. 84.
8225:"SDP: Breaking the mould"
8146:10.1057/s41293-016-0032-6
8083:"1950: Labour limps home"
7086:English Historical Review
7040:10.1017/S0018246X00012450
6754:(31 December 1872), p. 5.
6609:The first election under
6426:
6304:
6182:
6057:
5923:
5634:
5551:
5382:
5253:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
4911:Philip Rea, 2nd Baron Rea
4810:Irish Parliamentary Party
4755:Test and Corporation Acts
4570:Peterborough City Council
4215:collective responsibility
3920:, due in particular to a
3218:Irish Parliamentary Party
3027:in 1877. The philosopher
2865:First Palmerston ministry
2609:Sexually liberal feminism
2516:Bias in American academia
1987:European Democratic Party
1443:List of liberal theorists
969:United Kingdom portal
352:
342:
330:
307:
296:
272:International affiliation
271:
256:Liberals and Allies Group
248:European Parliament group
246:
232:
220:
183:
171:
156:
140:
109:
91:
73:
63:
54:
45:
11812:Liberal Party (UK, 1989)
11482:London Liberal Democrats
11384:Frontbench in opposition
10812:Liberal Party (UK, 1989)
10307:Third Gladstone ministry
10291:First Gladstone ministry
8834:Irish Historical Studies
8768:80.259 (1995): 207β226,
8670:Gladstone and Liberalism
8547:90.357 (1975): 828β836.
8455:Mitchell, Sally (2011),
7319:. Springer. p. 89.
6951:Gladstone and Liberalism
5553:Henry Campbell-Bannerman
4917:Frank Byers, Baron Byers
4759:nonconformist conscience
4496:Liberal Party (UK, 1989)
4034:Leader of the Opposition
3886:Defence of the Realm Act
3658:Henry Campbell-Bannerman
3648:, former prime minister
3200:Irish Home Rule movement
2891:faction in the reign of
2732:Henry Campbell-Bannerman
1268:Labor theory of property
380:This article is part of
297:Northern Irish affiliate
150:Liberal Party (UK, 1989)
36:Liberal Party (UK, 1989)
11757:Social Democratic Party
11677:Glee Club (UK politics)
11550:Scottish Young Liberals
11537:LGBT+ Liberal Democrats
11466:Welsh Liberal Democrats
10606:Social Democratic Party
8748:(1951), short biography
8529:British Liberal Leaders
8018:"Election 2010 Results"
7173:(6th ed. 1992), p. 125.
6770:. Polity. p. 117.
6764:Stephen Driver (2011).
5126:Post vacant (1955β1965)
5098:Post vacant (1979β1985)
5089:Post vacant (1964β1976)
5080:Post vacant (1951β1962)
5071:Post vacant (1945β1949)
5062:Post vacant (1935β1940)
5034:, Interim Leader (1976)
4525:Social Democratic Party
4371:Scottish National Party
4290:war-time electoral pact
4198:. The majority, led by
3704:at the Foreign Office,
3532:of 1909, championed by
3465:Liberal welfare reforms
3357:laissez-faire economics
3281:The Newcastle Programme
2787:Social Democratic Party
1977:Arab Liberal Federation
1167:Consent of the governed
825:Social Democratic Party
524:Equality before the law
132:Independent Irish Party
79:; 165 years ago
11847:Social liberal parties
11712:Scottish Liberal Party
11546:English Young Liberals
10784:Liberal Unionist Party
10658:Coalition Government:
10509:Scottish Liberal Party
10401:Churchill war ministry
10350:Liberal-led coalitions
10339:First Asquith ministry
10056:Henley and Northington
8514:, London: Politico's,
8412:Angus Hawkins (2015).
8402:(2005) 24#1, pp. 1β26.
7864:A.J.P. Taylor (1965).
7794:Trevor Wilson (1966).
7568:10.1093/ref:odnb/95348
7517:Weiler, Peter (2016).
7199:42.02 (1999): 467β493.
7028:The Historical Journal
6999:Hodder & Stoughton
6686:
5008:Sir Archibald Sinclair
4667:
4630:Gladstonian liberalism
4607:
4604:1880 general elections
4598:A crowd waits outside
4492:Liberal Democrats (UK)
4265:foreign policy of the
4255:Sir Archibald Sinclair
4173:
4097:
4009:
3948:
3914:
3890:
3879:explains the dilemma:
3765:
3748:John Bernard Partridge
3727:
3708:at the War Office and
3706:Richard Burdon Haldane
3674:Richard Burdon Haldane
3640:
3596:
3575:
3562:
3546:National Insurance Act
3518:unemployment insurance
3498:
3459:Rise of New Liberalism
3426:and supporters of the
3361:
3254:Liberal Unionist Party
3176:Marquess of Hartington
3058:
3045:Gladstonian liberalism
2993:, but their period in
2880:
2789:(SDP) in 1981. At the
2785:with the newly formed
1992:European Liberal Youth
1962:Africa Liberal Network
1187:Economic globalization
211:Gladstonian liberalism
97:; 36 years ago
32:Liberal Democrats (UK)
11692:National Liberal Club
11670:Limehouse Declaration
11577:Related organisations
10679:National Government:
10595:National Liberal Club
10580:Related organisations
10442:Members of Parliament
10366:Lloyd George ministry
9113:Liberal Magazine 1900
9105:Liberal Magazine 1901
9056:43#1 (2013): 221β240.
8914:17.4 (1974): 813β836.
8596:Dangerfield, George.
8480:Further information:
8400:Parliamentary History
7894:36.3 (2017): 361β371.
7892:Parliamentary History
7313:F. McDonough (2007).
7088:77#302 (1962): 53β78.
6844:(1988) 31#3: 609β627.
6684:
5958:ConservativeβLiberalβ
5159:Electoral performance
4702:1929 general election
4662:
4597:
4544:1987 general election
4536:1983 general election
4506:1979 general election
4430:Sunningdale Agreement
4349:Orpington by-election
4294:1945 general election
4227:1935 general election
4169:
4134:1929 general election
4122:1929 general election
4106:snap election in 1924
4094:
4081:1923 general election
4014:1918 general election
4007:
3961:Lloyd George ministry
3943:
3909:
3881:
3864:Further information:
3778:January 1910 election
3745:
3723:
3602:
3591:
3570:
3557:
3484:
3389:1895 general election
3347:
3315:county constituencies
3214:1885 general election
3194:Ireland and Home Rule
3168:1874 general election
3161:Irish Church Act 1869
3056:
2876:
2828:, and social planner
2795:1987 general election
2791:1983 general election
2742:that created a basic
2725:1906 general election
2634:Liberalism portal
2506:Anti-authoritarianism
2007:Liberal International
957:Liberalism portal
393:in the United Kingdom
286:Liberal International
164:, 1 Whitehall Place,
162:National Liberal Club
11767:Southport Resolution
11762:SDPβLiberal Alliance
11687:Liberator (magazine)
11622:Social Liberal Forum
11188:Leadership elections
11036:Leaders in the Lords
10799:(David Lloyd George)
10744:Radical Reform Group
10654:Liberal Imperialists
10618:Ulster Liberal Party
10612:SDPβLiberal Alliance
10240:Leadership elections
7760:George Dangerfield,
7438:5 March 2012 at the
7343:(1936), pp. 384β420.
7225:14#2 (1975): 78β101.
7169:Walter L. Arnstein,
7075:(1936), pp. 206β207.
6888:William C. Lubenow,
6632:Independent Liberals
4957:Sir William Harcourt
4802:Primitive Methodists
4778:Dissenting Academies
4612:classical liberalism
4532:Falkland Islands War
4488:SDPβLiberal Alliance
4392:In local elections,
4231:independent Liberals
4046:Independent Liberals
3928:over the disastrous
3844:Partition of Ireland
3801:third Home Rule bill
3485:Liberal politicians
3405:Liberal Imperialists
2974:(many Liberals were
2783:SDPβLiberal Alliance
1438:Age of Enlightenment
1391:Separation of powers
913:Liberal conservatism
594:Anti-Corn Law League
529:Freedom of the press
301:Ulster Liberal Party
234:European affiliation
225:SDPβLiberal Alliance
221:National affiliation
207:Classical liberalism
10817:Michael Meadowcroft
10514:Welsh Liberal Party
8865:Mowat, Charles Loch
8794:Political Geography
8738:(Bloomsbury, 1994).
8571:The History Teacher
8443:Political Geography
7907:(1966), pp. 90β131.
7790:Manchester Guardian
7451:Mr Balfour's Poodle
7382:Adams, Ian (2001).
7251:12.3 (1975): 17β48.
7098:Chris Cook (2010).
6979:Graham D. Goodlad,
5167:
4766:Wesleyan Methodists
4737:Religious alignment
4711:Liberal Yellow Book
4685:and his Chancellor
4644:(many of them were
4566:Michael Meadowcroft
4387:Welsh Liberal Party
4345:Orkney and Shetland
4271:Midlothian Campaign
4267:National Government
4223:Imperial Preference
4187:National Government
4130:John Maynard Keynes
3904:Manchester Guardian
3794:Parliament Act 1911
3592:The results of the
3536:and fellow Liberal
3266:Newcastle Programme
3260:Newcastle Programme
3184:Midlothian campaign
3086:occupation of Egypt
2947:, a renegade Irish
2878:Viscount Palmerston
2826:John Maynard Keynes
2688:was one of the two
2646:Politics portal
1349:Civil and political
1322:Popular sovereignty
1182:Economic liberalism
589:Glorious Revolution
534:Freedom of religion
514:Economic liberalism
18:Irish Liberal Party
11882:Leeds Blue Plaques
11837:Liberal Party (UK)
11358:MPs and Frontbench
9376:Campbell-Bannerman
9034:(Routledge, 2016).
9022:(Constable, 1966)
8934:(2009) pp 128β144.
8912:Historical Journal
8845:Morgan, Kenneth O.
8823:Historical Journal
8776:Historical Journal
8725:Historical Journal
8648:Historical Journal
8588:Historical Journal
8385:D. W. Bebbington,
8231:. 25 January 2001.
8035:Charles Loch Mowat
7920:(1966), pp. 23β48.
7622:Britain, 1890β1939
7532:History, Liberal.
7372:(Oxford UP, 1978).
7262:Historical Journal
7212:89#1 (2006): 8β16.
7197:Historical Journal
6964:Historical Journal
6842:Historical Journal
6687:
6611:universal suffrage
6015:Archibald Sinclair
5881:David Lloyd George
5509:Archibald Primrose
5163:
5075:Megan Lloyd George
5057:Archibald Sinclair
5002:Sir Herbert Samuel
4996:David Lloyd George
4794:Education Act 1902
4687:David Lloyd George
4608:
4309:Megan Lloyd George
4200:Sir Herbert Samuel
4174:
4104:was forced into a
4098:
4030:Sir Donald MacLean
4010:
4008:David Lloyd George
3930:Gallipoli Campaign
3848:George Dangerfield
3817:Ulster Protestants
3786:Irish Nationalists
3766:
3737:National Insurance
3728:
3710:David Lloyd George
3700:at the Exchequer,
3683:Education Act 1902
3641:
3637:Education Act 1902
3617:Austen Chamberlain
3613:Friendly Societies
3609:Foundling hospital
3605:Joseph Chamberlain
3597:
3566:David Lloyd George
3534:David Lloyd George
3499:
3487:David Lloyd George
3444:established church
3412:classical liberals
3273:Joseph Chamberlain
3230:Joseph Chamberlain
3155:of the (Anglican)
3090:Anglo-Egyptian War
3059:
2951:and essentially a
2881:
2752:David Lloyd George
2697:Conservative Party
1317:Permissive society
1297:Limited government
737:Mill (John Stuart)
323:Yellow (customary)
11824:
11823:
11820:
11819:
11802:Breakaway parties
11792:
11791:
11630:
11629:
11607:Friends of Turkey
11602:Friends of Israel
11567:
11566:
11563:
11562:
11338:
11337:
11293:
11292:
11289:
11288:
11249:Deputy Leadership
11178:
11177:
11174:
11173:
10866:Liberal Democrats
10831:
10830:
10827:
10826:
10820:
10808:
10800:
10792:
10789:Spencer Cavendish
10774:Breakaway parties
10764:
10763:
10634:
10633:
10625:Liberal Democrats
10570:
10569:
10566:
10565:
10415:
10414:
10411:
10410:
10323:Rosebery ministry
10263:
10262:
10230:
10229:
10226:
10225:
9571:
9570:
9498:
8884:Parry, Jonathan.
8881:(Springer, 2006).
8785:Lynch, Patricia.
8502:Bentley, Michael
8268:W. H. Greenleaf,
8005:978-0-7546-2712-8
7929:A. J. P. Taylor,
7751:Morgan 1974, p.69
7591:(Subscription or
7577:978-0-19-861412-8
7548:Goldman, Lawrence
7341:England 1870β1914
7184:England 1870β1914
7154:Kenneth O. Morgan
7073:England 1870β1914
7001:. pp. 56β57.
6811:978-0-415-18188-4
6777:978-0-7456-4077-8
6706:Liberal Democrats
6624:Liberal Nationals
6551:
6550:
6004:βNational Labour
5748:Coalition Liberal
5708:Liberal minority
5669:Liberal minority
5498:Liberal minority
5417:Liberal minority
5384:William Gladstone
5340:Spencer Cavendish
5255:William Gladstone
5211:Henry John Temple
4942:William Gladstone
4675:social liberalism
4642:Church of England
4555:Liberal Democrats
4502:Margaret Thatcher
4459:, negotiated the
4259:Fascism in Europe
4204:Liberal Nationals
3805:Ulster Volunteers
3715:Winston Churchill
3538:Winston Churchill
3493:enacted the 1909
3491:Winston Churchill
3476:social liberalism
3449:Winston Churchill
3418:and opponents of
3234:Irish nationalist
3172:Benjamin Disraeli
3157:Church of Ireland
3114:33 & 34 Vict.
3098:Concert of Europe
3057:William Gladstone
3020:Second Reform Act
2972:Church of England
2941:Lord John Russell
2913:Charles James Fox
2834:Winston Churchill
2830:William Beveridge
2810:Liberal Unionists
2799:Liberal Democrats
2717:William Gladstone
2693:political parties
2682:
2681:
2521:Bias in the media
2037:Regional variants
1354:Natural and legal
1005:
1004:
935:Liberal socialism
800:Liberal Democrats
584:English Civil War
539:Freedom of speech
375:
374:
362:Political parties
317:Orange (official)
215:Social liberalism
145:Liberal Democrats
141:Succeeded by
95:2 March 1988
16:(Redirected from
11889:
11798:
11797:
11717:Coalition Coupon
11636:
11635:
11573:
11572:
11475:Regional parties
11355:
11354:
11344:
11343:
11299:
11298:
11195:
11194:
11184:
11183:
10886:
10885:
10875:
10874:
10867:
10858:
10851:
10844:
10835:
10834:
10814:
10806:
10798:
10786:
10770:
10769:
10754:Rockingham Whigs
10662:Coalition Coupon
10640:
10639:
10576:
10575:
10530:Liberal Assembly
10435:Parliamentarians
10432:
10431:
10421:
10420:
10404:
10396:
10388:
10369:
10361:
10342:
10334:
10326:
10318:
10310:
10302:
10294:
10280:
10279:
10269:
10268:
10236:
10235:
10219:
10211:
10203:
10195:
10187:
10179:
10171:
10163:
10155:
10147:
10139:
10131:
10123:
10115:
10107:
10099:
10091:
10083:
10075:
10067:
10059:
10051:
10043:
10035:
10027:
10019:
10011:
10003:
9995:
9987:
9979:
9971:
9963:
9955:
9947:
9939:
9931:
9923:
9915:
9907:
9899:
9891:
9883:
9875:
9867:
9859:
9851:
9843:
9835:
9827:
9819:
9811:
9803:
9795:
9787:
9779:
9771:
9750:
9742:
9734:
9726:
9718:
9710:
9702:
9694:
9686:
9667:
9659:
9651:
9643:
9635:
9627:
9619:
9611:
9603:
9595:
9587:
9564:
9556:
9548:
9540:
9532:
9524:
9516:
9508:
9500:
9496:
9489:
9470:
9462:
9454:
9446:
9438:
9430:
9422:
9414:
9406:
9387:
9379:
9371:
9363:
9355:
9347:
9339:
9331:
9317:
9316:
9308:
9307:
9297:
9296:
9282:
9275:
9268:
9259:
9258:
9037:Wilson, Trevor.
8861:
8734:Jenkins, Terry.
8524:
8470:
8469:
8452:
8446:
8439:
8430:
8429:
8409:
8403:
8396:
8390:
8383:
8377:
8370:
8364:
8363:
8361:
8359:
8348:
8342:
8335:
8329:
8327:
8321:
8319:
8304:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8293:
8279:
8273:
8266:
8260:
8259:
8239:
8233:
8232:
8221:
8215:
8214:
8191:
8185:
8184:
8182:
8180:
8165:
8159:
8158:
8148:
8133:British Politics
8124:
8118:
8115:
8109:
8108:
8097:
8091:
8090:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8061:
8055:
8048:
8042:
8032:
8026:
8025:
8014:
8008:
7993:
7987:
7986:
7965:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7954:
7940:
7934:
7927:
7921:
7914:
7908:
7901:
7895:
7888:
7882:
7881:
7861:
7855:
7854:
7818:
7812:
7811:
7787:
7781:
7774:
7765:
7758:
7752:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7722:
7716:
7715:
7695:
7689:
7688:
7686:
7679:
7670:
7664:
7663:
7643:
7637:
7636:
7616:
7610:
7603:
7597:
7596:
7588:
7586:
7584:
7555:
7544:
7538:
7537:
7529:
7523:
7522:
7514:
7508:
7507:
7499:
7493:
7492:
7475:(5): 1058β1066.
7464:
7458:
7448:
7442:
7428:
7422:
7412:
7406:
7405:
7389:
7379:
7373:
7363:
7357:
7350:
7344:
7339:R. C. K. Ensor,
7337:
7331:
7330:
7310:
7304:
7303:
7275:
7269:
7258:
7252:
7245:
7239:
7232:
7226:
7219:
7213:
7206:
7200:
7193:
7187:
7182:R. C. K. Ensor,
7180:
7174:
7167:
7161:
7151:
7145:
7144:
7138:
7130:
7122:
7116:
7115:
7095:
7089:
7082:
7076:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7023:
7017:
7016:
7010:
7002:
6990:
6984:
6977:
6971:
6960:
6954:
6947:
6941:
6934:
6928:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6899:
6893:
6886:
6880:
6873:
6867:
6866:(1972) pp. 1β27.
6860:
6854:
6851:
6845:
6838:
6832:
6822:
6816:
6815:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6761:
6755:
6749:
6670:
6667:
6661:
6658:
6652:
6645:
6639:
6620:
6614:
6607:
6601:
6594:
6588:
6577:
6571:
6564:
6543:
6542:
6535:
6534:
6527:
6500:
6499:
6492:
6491:
6484:
6457:
6456:
6449:
6448:
6441:
6413:
6412:
6405:
6404:
6397:
6378:Labour minority
6374:
6373:
6366:
6365:
6358:
6335:
6334:
6327:
6326:
6319:
6291:
6290:
6283:
6282:
6275:
6252:
6251:
6244:
6243:
6236:
6213:
6212:
6205:
6204:
6197:
6169:
6168:
6161:
6160:
6153:
6133:National Liberal
6127:
6126:
6119:
6118:
6111:
6088:
6087:
6080:
6079:
6072:
6044:
6043:
6036:
6035:
6028:
6002:Liberal National
5996:
5995:
5988:
5987:
5980:
5954:
5953:
5946:
5945:
5938:
5914:Labour minority
5910:
5909:
5902:
5901:
5894:
5866:
5865:
5858:
5857:
5850:
5824:
5823:
5816:
5815:
5808:
5785:
5784:
5777:
5776:
5769:
5743:
5742:
5735:
5734:
5727:
5704:
5703:
5696:
5695:
5688:
5665:
5664:
5657:
5656:
5649:
5621:
5620:
5613:
5612:
5605:
5582:
5581:
5574:
5573:
5566:
5538:
5537:
5530:
5529:
5522:
5494:
5493:
5486:
5485:
5478:
5458:Liberal Unionist
5452:
5451:
5444:
5443:
5436:
5413:
5412:
5405:
5404:
5397:
5369:
5368:
5361:
5360:
5353:
5323:
5322:
5315:
5314:
5307:
5284:
5283:
5276:
5275:
5268:
5240:
5239:
5232:
5231:
5224:
5168:
5162:
4790:repealed in 1828
4727:radical centrist
4654:William Harcourt
4559:Robert Maclennan
4521:Shirley Williams
4219:Ottawa Agreement
4192:general election
4183:Great Depression
4146:alternative vote
4102:Ramsay MacDonald
4032:who also became
3987:women's suffrage
3919:
3840:Northern Ireland
3831:Curragh Incident
3646:William Harcourt
3514:health insurance
3424:antiwar elements
3420:women's suffrage
3395:Liberal factions
3285:disestablishment
3277:Liberal Unionism
3248:at the hands of
3226:Liberal Unionist
3206:Third Reform Act
3153:disestablishment
3066:, low taxes and
3064:balanced budgets
3029:John Stuart Mill
2932:House of Commons
2921:First Reform Act
2822:John Stuart Mill
2734:(1905β1908) and
2711:, and reformist
2674:
2667:
2660:
2644:
2643:
2632:
2631:
2550:Economic freedom
2543:Radical centrism
1381:Secular humanism
1307:Natural monopoly
1258:Internationalism
1075:Internationalist
1030:
1007:
1006:
997:
990:
983:
967:
966:
965:
955:
954:
868:The Sunday Times
519:Environmentalism
509:Economic freedom
404:
394:
377:
376:
347:Liberal Assembly
322:
316:
105:
103:
98:
87:
85:
80:
77:9 June 1859
59:
43:
42:
21:
11897:
11896:
11892:
11891:
11890:
11888:
11887:
11886:
11827:
11826:
11825:
11816:
11803:
11788:
11783:For a Fair Deal
11772:The Orange Book
11682:The Land (song)
11641:
11626:
11597:Christian Forum
11592:Beveridge Group
11578:
11559:
11523:
11507:
11491:
11470:
11444:
11379:
11370:Frontbench team
11349:
11334:
11306:
11304:Frontbench team
11285:
11256:2003 (Campbell)
11244:
11215:2006 (Campbell)
11189:
11170:
11097:
11030:
10963:
10880:
10869:
10865:
10862:
10832:
10823:
10775:
10760:
10645:
10630:
10621:
10602:
10581:
10562:
10534:
10518:
10487:
10456:
10426:
10407:
10399:
10391:
10383:
10372:
10364:
10356:
10345:
10337:
10329:
10321:
10313:
10305:
10297:
10289:
10274:
10259:
10241:
10222:
10214:
10206:
10198:
10190:
10182:
10174:
10166:
10158:
10150:
10142:
10134:
10126:
10118:
10110:
10102:
10094:
10086:
10078:
10070:
10062:
10054:
10046:
10038:
10030:
10022:
10014:
10006:
9998:
9990:
9982:
9974:
9966:
9958:
9950:
9942:
9934:
9926:
9918:
9910:
9902:
9894:
9886:
9878:
9870:
9862:
9854:
9846:
9838:
9830:
9822:
9814:
9806:
9798:
9790:
9782:
9774:
9766:
9753:
9745:
9737:
9729:
9721:
9713:
9705:
9697:
9689:
9681:
9670:
9662:
9654:
9646:
9638:
9630:
9622:
9614:
9606:
9598:
9590:
9582:
9567:
9559:
9551:
9543:
9535:
9527:
9519:
9511:
9503:
9492:
9484:
9473:
9465:
9457:
9449:
9441:
9433:
9425:
9417:
9409:
9401:
9390:
9382:
9374:
9366:
9358:
9350:
9342:
9334:
9326:
9302:
9291:
9286:
9160:
9091:
9089:Primary sources
9065:St. John, Ian.
9049:
9044:
9030:Weiler, Peter.
9018:Vincent, John.
8859:
8762:Laybourn, Keith
8607:Dutton, David.
8522:
8488:
8478:
8476:Further reading
8473:
8467:
8453:
8449:
8440:
8433:
8426:
8410:
8406:
8397:
8393:
8384:
8380:
8372:Henry Pelling,
8371:
8367:
8357:
8355:
8350:
8349:
8345:
8336:
8332:
8317:
8315:
8306:
8305:
8301:
8291:
8289:
8281:
8280:
8276:
8267:
8263:
8256:
8240:
8236:
8223:
8222:
8218:
8211:
8192:
8188:
8178:
8176:
8166:
8162:
8125:
8121:
8116:
8112:
8099:
8098:
8094:
8081:
8080:
8076:
8063:
8062:
8058:
8049:
8045:
8033:
8029:
8016:
8015:
8011:
7994:
7990:
7983:
7966:
7962:
7952:
7950:
7941:
7937:
7928:
7924:
7916:Trevor Wilson,
7915:
7911:
7903:Trevor Wilson,
7902:
7898:
7889:
7885:
7878:
7862:
7858:
7819:
7815:
7808:
7788:
7784:
7775:
7768:
7759:
7755:
7750:
7746:
7739:
7723:
7719:
7712:
7696:
7692:
7684:
7677:
7671:
7667:
7660:
7644:
7640:
7633:
7617:
7613:
7605:A. K. Russell,
7604:
7600:
7590:
7582:
7580:
7578:
7550:(25 May 2006).
7545:
7541:
7530:
7526:
7515:
7511:
7500:
7496:
7481:10.2307/1852870
7465:
7461:
7449:
7445:
7440:Wayback Machine
7430:Geoffrey Lee β
7429:
7425:
7417:(2016), p. 599
7413:
7409:
7402:
7380:
7376:
7366:Michael Freeden
7364:
7360:
7351:
7347:
7338:
7334:
7327:
7311:
7307:
7292:10.2307/1849549
7276:
7272:
7259:
7255:
7246:
7242:
7233:
7229:
7220:
7216:
7207:
7203:
7194:
7190:
7186:(1936), p. 207.
7181:
7177:
7168:
7164:
7152:
7148:
7132:
7131:
7123:
7119:
7112:
7096:
7092:
7083:
7079:
7067:
7063:
7024:
7020:
7004:
7003:
6991:
6987:
6978:
6974:
6961:
6957:
6948:
6944:
6935:
6931:
6927:(1989), p. 174.
6922:
6918:
6908:
6906:
6901:
6900:
6896:
6887:
6883:
6874:
6870:
6861:
6857:
6852:
6848:
6839:
6835:
6823:
6819:
6812:
6796:
6792:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6762:
6758:
6750:
6743:
6739:
6679:
6674:
6673:
6668:
6664:
6659:
6655:
6646:
6642:
6621:
6617:
6608:
6604:
6595:
6591:
6578:
6574:
6568:Reform Act 1867
6565:
6561:
6528:
6525:
6485:
6482:
6442:
6439:
6398:
6395:
6359:
6356:
6320:
6317:
6276:
6273:
6237:
6234:
6198:
6195:
6154:
6151:
6112:
6109:
6073:
6070:
6029:
6026:
5981:
5978:
5960:National Labour
5939:
5936:
5895:
5892:
5851:
5848:
5809:
5806:
5770:
5767:
5728:
5725:
5689:
5686:
5650:
5647:
5606:
5603:
5567:
5564:
5523:
5520:
5479:
5476:
5437:
5434:
5398:
5395:
5354:
5351:
5308:
5305:
5269:
5266:
5225:
5222:
5161:
5139:
5111:
5047:
4978:
4932:
4823:
4818:
4816:Liberal leaders
4780:privately. The
4739:
4691:Liberal reforms
4600:Leeds Town Hall
4592:
4586:
4498:
4486:Main articles:
4484:
4465:James Callaghan
4426:Ulster Unionist
4317:
4315:Liberal revival
4247:
4245:Near extinction
4164:
4156:Main articles:
4154:
4077:Stanley Baldwin
3991:Irish Home Rule
3971:
3959:Main articles:
3957:
3938:A. J. P. Taylor
3917:
3872:
3862:
3836:First World War
3782:hung parliament
3770:People's Budget
3752:People's Budget
3662:Second Boer War
3586:
3580:
3530:People's Budget
3495:People's Budget
3471:
3469:People's Budget
3463:Main articles:
3461:
3407:
3399:Main articles:
3397:
3372:
3366:
3364:After Gladstone
3339:
3337:Reform policies
3307:
3301:
3268:
3262:
3228:faction led by
3222:Irish Home Rule
3210:Irish Catholics
3202:
3196:
3051:
3039:Main articles:
3037:
2991:Sir Robert Peel
2945:Lord Palmerston
2871:
2861:
2855:
2850:
2729:prime ministers
2721:Irish Home Rule
2678:
2638:
2626:
2619:
2618:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2295:North Macedonia
2039:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2017:Liberal parties
1955:
1947:
1946:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1459:
1449:
1448:
1433:
1423:
1422:
1418:State of nature
1406:Social services
1396:Social contract
1359:To own property
1162:
1154:
1153:
1038:
1001:
963:
961:
949:
942:
941:
886:
878:
877:
863:The Independent
853:Financial Times
843:
835:
834:
790:
782:
781:
617:
609:
608:
579:
571:
570:
489:
481:
480:
412:
392:
390:
371:
326:
320:
314:
292:
288:
281:
267:
241:
227:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
160:Offices at the
148:
136:
101:
99:
96:
83:
81:
78:
50:
49:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11895:
11885:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11844:
11839:
11822:
11821:
11818:
11817:
11815:
11814:
11808:
11805:
11804:
11794:
11793:
11790:
11789:
11787:
11786:
11779:
11774:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11752:One more heave
11749:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11724:
11719:
11714:
11709:
11704:
11699:
11694:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11674:
11673:
11672:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11646:
11643:
11642:
11632:
11631:
11628:
11627:
11625:
11624:
11619:
11617:Liberal Reform
11614:
11609:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11583:
11580:
11579:
11569:
11568:
11565:
11564:
11561:
11560:
11558:
11557:
11542:Young Liberals
11539:
11533:
11531:
11525:
11524:
11522:
11521:
11515:
11513:
11509:
11508:
11506:
11505:
11499:
11497:
11493:
11492:
11490:
11489:
11484:
11478:
11476:
11472:
11471:
11469:
11468:
11463:
11458:
11452:
11450:
11446:
11445:
11443:
11442:
11441:(2020-present)
11436:
11430:
11424:
11418:
11412:
11406:
11400:
11394:
11387:
11385:
11381:
11380:
11378:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11361:
11359:
11351:
11350:
11340:
11339:
11336:
11335:
11333:
11332:
11327:
11322:
11317:
11311:
11308:
11307:
11295:
11294:
11291:
11290:
11287:
11286:
11284:
11283:
11278:
11276:2017 (Swinson)
11273:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11252:
11250:
11246:
11245:
11243:
11242:
11237:
11235:2019 (Swinson)
11232:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11210:1999 (Kennedy)
11207:
11205:1988 (Ashdown)
11201:
11199:
11191:
11190:
11180:
11179:
11176:
11175:
11172:
11171:
11169:
11168:
11162:
11156:
11150:
11144:
11138:
11132:
11126:
11120:
11114:
11107:
11105:
11099:
11098:
11096:
11095:
11089:
11083:
11077:
11071:
11065:
11059:
11050:
11040:
11038:
11032:
11031:
11029:
11028:
11022:
11016:
11010:
11004:
10998:
10992:
10986:
10980:
10973:
10971:
10969:Deputy Leaders
10965:
10964:
10962:
10961:
10955:
10949:
10943:
10937:
10931:
10925:
10919:
10913:
10904:
10894:
10892:
10882:
10881:
10871:
10870:
10861:
10860:
10853:
10846:
10838:
10829:
10828:
10825:
10824:
10822:
10821:
10809:
10801:
10793:
10780:
10777:
10776:
10766:
10765:
10762:
10761:
10759:
10758:
10757:
10756:
10746:
10741:
10739:Radical Action
10736:
10731:
10729:One more heave
10726:
10719:
10714:
10707:
10702:
10695:
10690:
10689:
10688:
10677:
10676:
10675:
10667:
10656:
10650:
10647:
10646:
10636:
10635:
10632:
10631:
10629:
10628:
10627:(1988-present)
10622:
10615:
10609:
10603:
10597:
10592:
10586:
10583:
10582:
10572:
10571:
10568:
10567:
10564:
10563:
10561:
10560:
10555:
10550:
10544:
10542:
10536:
10535:
10533:
10532:
10526:
10524:
10520:
10519:
10517:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10495:
10493:
10489:
10488:
10486:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10470:
10464:
10462:
10458:
10457:
10455:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10438:
10436:
10428:
10427:
10417:
10416:
10413:
10412:
10409:
10408:
10406:
10405:
10397:
10389:
10380:
10378:
10374:
10373:
10371:
10370:
10362:
10353:
10351:
10347:
10346:
10344:
10343:
10335:
10327:
10319:
10311:
10303:
10295:
10286:
10284:
10276:
10275:
10265:
10264:
10261:
10260:
10258:
10257:
10252:
10246:
10243:
10242:
10232:
10231:
10228:
10227:
10224:
10223:
10221:
10220:
10212:
10204:
10196:
10188:
10180:
10172:
10164:
10156:
10148:
10140:
10132:
10124:
10116:
10108:
10100:
10092:
10084:
10076:
10068:
10060:
10052:
10044:
10036:
10028:
10020:
10012:
10004:
9996:
9988:
9980:
9972:
9964:
9956:
9948:
9940:
9932:
9924:
9916:
9908:
9900:
9892:
9884:
9876:
9868:
9860:
9852:
9844:
9836:
9828:
9820:
9812:
9804:
9796:
9788:
9780:
9772:
9763:
9761:
9755:
9754:
9752:
9751:
9743:
9735:
9727:
9719:
9711:
9703:
9695:
9687:
9678:
9676:
9672:
9671:
9669:
9668:
9660:
9652:
9644:
9636:
9628:
9620:
9616:M Lloyd George
9612:
9604:
9596:
9588:
9579:
9577:
9576:Deputy Leaders
9573:
9572:
9569:
9568:
9566:
9565:
9557:
9549:
9541:
9533:
9525:
9517:
9509:
9501:
9490:
9481:
9479:
9475:
9474:
9472:
9471:
9463:
9455:
9447:
9439:
9431:
9423:
9415:
9407:
9398:
9396:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9388:
9380:
9372:
9364:
9356:
9348:
9340:
9332:
9323:
9321:
9314:
9304:
9303:
9293:
9292:
9285:
9284:
9277:
9270:
9262:
9256:
9255:
9249:
9243:
9237:
9231:
9225:
9219:
9213:
9207:
9201:
9195:
9189:
9183:
9177:
9167:
9159:
9158:External links
9156:
9155:
9154:
9144:
9135:
9126:
9117:
9109:
9100:
9099:
9090:
9087:
9086:
9085:
9074:
9062:
9061:
9048:
9047:Historiography
9045:
9043:
9042:
9035:
9027:
9026:
9016:
9005:
8994:
8983:
8982:
8977:Searle, G. R.
8975:
8964:
8959:Russell, A.K.
8957:
8946:
8935:
8927:
8926:
8915:
8908:
8897:
8882:
8875:
8862:
8857:
8841:
8830:
8819:
8808:
8797:
8790:
8783:
8772:
8759:
8749:
8739:
8732:
8721:
8716:Jenkins, Roy.
8714:
8707:
8696:
8685:
8674:
8665:
8655:
8644:
8633:
8622:
8615:
8605:
8594:
8584:
8579:Cross, Colin.
8577:
8575:online edition
8567:
8552:
8541:
8535:Campbell, John
8532:
8525:
8521:978-1842751671
8520:
8507:
8500:
8489:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8471:
8466:978-0415668514
8465:
8447:
8431:
8424:
8404:
8391:
8378:
8365:
8343:
8330:
8299:
8274:
8261:
8254:
8234:
8216:
8209:
8195:Keith Laybourn
8186:
8160:
8139:(3): 386β407.
8119:
8110:
8092:
8074:
8056:
8054:, pp. 268β269.
8043:
8027:
8009:
7988:
7981:
7960:
7935:
7922:
7909:
7896:
7883:
7876:
7856:
7835:10.1086/240083
7829:(3): 283β303.
7813:
7806:
7782:
7776:Robert Blake,
7766:
7753:
7744:
7737:
7717:
7710:
7690:
7665:
7658:
7638:
7631:
7611:
7598:
7576:
7539:
7524:
7509:
7494:
7459:
7443:
7423:
7407:
7401:978-0719060205
7400:
7390:. Manchester:
7374:
7358:
7352:Kenneth Rose,
7345:
7332:
7325:
7305:
7286:(2): 352β363.
7270:
7253:
7240:
7227:
7214:
7201:
7188:
7175:
7162:
7146:
7117:
7110:
7090:
7077:
7069:R. C. K. Ensor
7061:
7034:(3): 627β641.
7018:
6997:(2 ed.).
6985:
6983:(2000), p. 21.
6972:
6955:
6942:
6929:
6916:
6894:
6881:
6879:(7th ed. 2010)
6868:
6855:
6846:
6833:
6817:
6810:
6790:
6776:
6756:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6662:
6653:
6640:
6615:
6602:
6589:
6572:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6549:
6548:
6545:
6537:
6529:
6524:
6522:
6515:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6502:
6494:
6486:
6481:
6479:
6472:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6459:
6451:
6443:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6415:
6407:
6399:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6386:
6380:
6379:
6376:
6368:
6360:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6337:
6329:
6321:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6285:
6277:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6246:
6238:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6219:
6218:
6215:
6207:
6199:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6163:
6155:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6129:
6121:
6113:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6090:
6082:
6074:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6059:Clement Davies
6056:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6038:
6030:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6017:
6012:
6006:
6005:
5998:
5990:
5982:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5956:
5948:
5940:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5925:Herbert Samuel
5922:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5904:
5896:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5860:
5852:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5826:
5818:
5810:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5779:
5771:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5750:βConservative
5745:
5737:
5729:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5698:
5690:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5659:
5651:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5615:
5607:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5576:
5568:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5532:
5524:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5488:
5480:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5454:
5446:
5438:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5407:
5399:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5371:
5363:
5355:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5317:
5309:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5278:
5270:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5234:
5226:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5118:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5081:
5078:
5072:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5054:
5051:Herbert Samuel
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5014:Clement Davies
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4988:Donald Maclean
4977:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4966:
4960:
4954:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4920:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4738:
4735:
4646:nonconformists
4588:Main article:
4585:
4582:
4523:, founded the
4483:
4480:
4383:Clement Davies
4316:
4313:
4286:Radical Action
4246:
4243:
4235:Clement Davies
4178:Sir John Simon
4171:Herbert Samuel
4153:
4150:
4072:1923 elections
4018:khaki election
3956:
3953:
3926:Admiral Fisher
3861:
3858:
3774:House of Lords
3762:Fee Fi Fo Phat
3679:Arthur Balfour
3629:Arthur Balfour
3582:Main article:
3579:
3578:Liberal zenith
3576:
3507:John A. Hobson
3503:L. T. Hobhouse
3460:
3457:
3432:Nonconformists
3396:
3393:
3377:R. C. K. Ensor
3368:Main article:
3365:
3362:
3338:
3335:
3303:Main article:
3300:
3297:
3264:Main article:
3261:
3258:
3250:Lord Salisbury
3198:Main article:
3195:
3192:
3142:Judicature Act
3079:Queen Victoria
3036:
3033:
2976:Nonconformists
2968:Richard Cobden
2960:House of Lords
2937:Lord Melbourne
2928:middle classes
2857:Main article:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2759:prime minister
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2636:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:Utilitarianism
2611:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2587:Libertarianism
2584:
2582:Land value tax
2579:
2578:
2577:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2555:Egalitarianism
2552:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:Anti-communism
2508:
2502:
2500:Related topics
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2454:Arizona School
2446:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2422:United Kingdom
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1549:Wollstonecraft
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1401:Social justice
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1302:Market economy
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1263:Invisible hand
1260:
1255:
1253:Harm principle
1250:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
992:
985:
977:
974:
973:
972:
971:
959:
944:
943:
940:
939:
938:
937:
927:
922:
917:
916:
915:
905:
904:
903:
898:
887:
885:Related topics
884:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
833:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
791:
788:
787:
784:
783:
780:
779:
777:Wollstonecraft
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
618:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
580:
577:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
563:
561:Social justice
558:
553:
548:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
452:
451:
441:
440:
439:
434:
429:
424:
413:
410:
409:
406:
405:
397:
396:
386:
385:
373:
372:
370:
369:
364:
359:
353:
350:
349:
344:
340:
339:
332:
328:
327:
325:
324:
318:
311:
309:
305:
304:
298:
294:
293:
291:
290:
283:
275:
273:
269:
268:
266:
265:
259:
252:
250:
244:
243:
236:
230:
229:
222:
218:
217:
187:
181:
180:
178:Young Liberals
175:
169:
168:
158:
154:
153:
142:
138:
137:
135:
134:
129:
124:
119:
113:
111:
110:Merger of
107:
106:
93:
89:
88:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
52:
51:
47:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11894:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11834:
11832:
11813:
11810:
11809:
11806:
11799:
11795:
11785:
11784:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11747:Liberal Leave
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11707:Liberal Party
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11671:
11668:
11667:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11647:
11644:
11637:
11633:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11612:History Group
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11584:
11581:
11574:
11570:
11555:
11551:
11547:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11534:
11532:
11530:
11526:
11520:
11519:Federal Board
11517:
11516:
11514:
11510:
11504:
11501:
11500:
11498:
11494:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11479:
11477:
11473:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11453:
11451:
11449:State parties
11447:
11440:
11437:
11434:
11431:
11428:
11425:
11422:
11419:
11416:
11413:
11410:
11407:
11404:
11401:
11398:
11395:
11392:
11389:
11388:
11386:
11382:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11362:
11360:
11356:
11352:
11345:
11341:
11331:
11328:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11312:
11309:
11305:
11300:
11296:
11282:
11279:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11266:2010 (Hughes)
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11253:
11251:
11247:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11225:2015 (Farron)
11223:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11202:
11200:
11196:
11192:
11185:
11181:
11166:
11163:
11160:
11157:
11154:
11151:
11148:
11145:
11142:
11139:
11136:
11133:
11130:
11127:
11124:
11121:
11118:
11115:
11112:
11111:Wrigglesworth
11109:
11108:
11106:
11104:
11100:
11093:
11090:
11087:
11084:
11081:
11078:
11075:
11072:
11069:
11066:
11063:
11060:
11057:
11054:
11051:
11048:
11045:
11042:
11041:
11039:
11037:
11033:
11026:
11023:
11020:
11017:
11014:
11011:
11008:
11005:
11002:
10999:
10996:
10993:
10990:
10987:
10984:
10981:
10978:
10975:
10974:
10972:
10970:
10966:
10959:
10956:
10953:
10950:
10947:
10944:
10941:
10938:
10935:
10932:
10929:
10926:
10923:
10920:
10917:
10914:
10911:
10908:
10905:
10902:
10899:
10896:
10895:
10893:
10891:
10887:
10883:
10876:
10872:
10868:
10859:
10854:
10852:
10847:
10845:
10840:
10839:
10836:
10818:
10813:
10810:
10807:("Simonites")
10805:
10802:
10797:
10794:
10790:
10785:
10782:
10781:
10778:
10771:
10767:
10755:
10752:
10751:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10724:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10712:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10700:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10687:
10686:in Opposition
10684:
10681:
10680:
10678:
10674:
10673:in Opposition
10671:
10668:
10666:
10665:in Government
10663:
10660:
10659:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10651:
10648:
10641:
10637:
10626:
10623:
10619:
10616:
10613:
10610:
10607:
10604:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10587:
10584:
10577:
10573:
10559:
10556:
10554:
10551:
10549:
10546:
10545:
10543:
10541:
10537:
10531:
10528:
10527:
10525:
10521:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10496:
10494:
10492:State parties
10490:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10465:
10463:
10459:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10439:
10437:
10433:
10429:
10422:
10418:
10402:
10398:
10394:
10390:
10386:
10382:
10381:
10379:
10375:
10367:
10363:
10359:
10355:
10354:
10352:
10348:
10340:
10336:
10332:
10328:
10324:
10320:
10316:
10312:
10308:
10304:
10300:
10296:
10292:
10288:
10287:
10285:
10281:
10277:
10270:
10266:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10250:1967 (Thorpe)
10248:
10247:
10244:
10237:
10233:
10217:
10213:
10209:
10205:
10201:
10197:
10193:
10189:
10185:
10181:
10177:
10173:
10169:
10165:
10161:
10157:
10153:
10149:
10145:
10141:
10137:
10133:
10129:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10105:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10089:
10085:
10081:
10077:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10057:
10053:
10049:
10045:
10041:
10037:
10033:
10032:Rees-Williams
10029:
10025:
10021:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10005:
10001:
9997:
9993:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9969:
9965:
9961:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9913:
9909:
9905:
9904:Bonham Carter
9901:
9897:
9893:
9889:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9873:
9869:
9865:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9849:
9845:
9841:
9837:
9833:
9829:
9825:
9821:
9817:
9813:
9809:
9808:Spence Watson
9805:
9801:
9797:
9793:
9789:
9785:
9781:
9777:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9764:
9762:
9760:
9756:
9748:
9744:
9740:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9704:
9700:
9696:
9692:
9688:
9684:
9680:
9679:
9677:
9673:
9665:
9661:
9657:
9653:
9649:
9645:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9629:
9625:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9601:
9597:
9593:
9589:
9585:
9581:
9580:
9578:
9574:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9546:
9542:
9538:
9534:
9530:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9495:
9491:
9487:
9483:
9482:
9480:
9476:
9468:
9464:
9460:
9456:
9452:
9448:
9444:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9399:
9397:
9393:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9361:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9341:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9324:
9322:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9309:
9305:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9289:Liberal Party
9283:
9278:
9276:
9271:
9269:
9264:
9263:
9260:
9253:
9250:
9247:
9244:
9241:
9238:
9235:
9232:
9229:
9226:
9223:
9220:
9217:
9214:
9211:
9208:
9205:
9202:
9199:
9196:
9193:
9190:
9187:
9184:
9181:
9178:
9175:
9171:
9168:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9152:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9121:
9118:
9115:
9114:
9110:
9107:
9106:
9102:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9092:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9050:
9040:
9036:
9033:
9029:
9028:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8993:
8989:
8986:Sykes, Alan,
8985:
8984:
8980:
8976:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8962:
8958:
8955:
8951:
8947:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8933:
8929:
8928:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8913:
8909:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8895:
8894:0-300-06718-6
8891:
8888:(Yale, 1993)
8887:
8883:
8880:
8877:Packer, Ian.
8876:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8863:
8860:
8854:
8850:
8846:
8842:
8839:
8835:
8831:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8806:
8802:
8798:
8795:
8791:
8788:
8784:
8781:
8777:
8773:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8747:
8743:
8742:Jones, Thomas
8740:
8737:
8733:
8730:
8726:
8722:
8719:
8715:
8712:
8711:History Today
8708:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8694:
8690:
8686:
8683:
8679:
8675:
8672:
8671:
8666:
8664:
8660:
8657:Hamer, D. A.
8656:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8642:
8638:
8634:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8620:
8619:History Today
8616:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8593:
8589:
8585:
8582:
8578:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8565:
8564:0-333-91838-X
8561:
8557:
8554:Cook, Chris.
8553:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8539:
8536:
8533:
8530:
8526:
8523:
8517:
8513:
8508:
8505:
8501:
8498:
8494:
8493:Adelman, Paul
8491:
8490:
8487:
8483:
8468:
8462:
8458:
8451:
8444:
8438:
8436:
8427:
8425:9780191044144
8421:
8417:
8416:
8408:
8401:
8395:
8388:
8382:
8375:
8369:
8353:
8347:
8340:
8334:
8326:
8313:
8312:GCSE Bitesize
8309:
8303:
8288:
8284:
8278:
8271:
8265:
8257:
8255:9780826458148
8251:
8247:
8246:
8238:
8230:
8226:
8220:
8212:
8210:9781860645969
8206:
8202:
8201:
8196:
8190:
8175:
8171:
8164:
8156:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8123:
8114:
8106:
8102:
8096:
8088:
8084:
8078:
8070:
8066:
8060:
8053:
8047:
8040:
8036:
8031:
8023:
8019:
8013:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7992:
7984:
7978:
7974:
7970:
7964:
7948:
7947:
7939:
7932:
7926:
7919:
7913:
7906:
7900:
7893:
7887:
7879:
7877:9780198217152
7873:
7869:
7868:
7860:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7817:
7809:
7807:9780571280223
7803:
7799:
7798:
7791:
7786:
7780:(1985), p. 3.
7779:
7773:
7771:
7763:
7757:
7748:
7740:
7738:9780521530538
7734:
7730:
7729:
7721:
7713:
7711:9781317877820
7707:
7704:. Routledge.
7703:
7702:
7694:
7683:
7676:
7669:
7661:
7659:9780815630425
7655:
7651:
7650:
7642:
7634:
7632:9780435327576
7628:
7625:. Heinemann.
7624:
7623:
7615:
7608:
7602:
7594:
7579:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7560:
7554:
7549:
7543:
7535:
7528:
7520:
7513:
7505:
7498:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7463:
7456:
7452:
7447:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7427:
7420:
7416:
7411:
7403:
7397:
7393:
7388:
7387:
7378:
7371:
7367:
7362:
7355:
7354:King George V
7349:
7342:
7336:
7328:
7326:9780230210912
7322:
7318:
7317:
7309:
7301:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7274:
7267:
7263:
7257:
7250:
7244:
7237:
7234:Martin Pugh,
7231:
7224:
7218:
7211:
7205:
7198:
7192:
7185:
7179:
7172:
7166:
7159:
7155:
7150:
7142:
7136:
7128:
7121:
7113:
7111:9781137056078
7107:
7103:
7102:
7094:
7087:
7081:
7074:
7070:
7065:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7029:
7022:
7014:
7008:
7000:
6996:
6989:
6982:
6976:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6952:
6946:
6939:
6933:
6926:
6923:J. P. Parry,
6920:
6904:
6898:
6891:
6885:
6878:
6872:
6865:
6859:
6850:
6843:
6837:
6830:
6826:
6821:
6813:
6807:
6803:
6802:
6794:
6779:
6773:
6769:
6768:
6760:
6753:
6748:
6746:
6741:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6666:
6657:
6650:
6644:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6619:
6612:
6606:
6599:
6593:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6569:
6563:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6547:Conservative
6546:
6538:
6530:
6523:
6520:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6504:Conservative
6503:
6495:
6487:
6480:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6461:Conservative
6460:
6452:
6444:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6408:
6400:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6369:
6361:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6345:February 1974
6342:
6339:Conservative
6338:
6330:
6322:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6306:Jeremy Thorpe
6302:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6286:
6278:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6247:
6239:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6208:
6200:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6164:
6156:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6134:
6131:Conservativeβ
6130:
6122:
6114:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6083:
6075:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6039:
6031:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6003:
6000:Conservativeβ
5999:
5991:
5983:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5957:
5949:
5941:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5905:
5897:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5870:Conservative
5869:
5861:
5853:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5819:
5811:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5789:Conservative
5788:
5780:
5772:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5738:
5730:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5699:
5691:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5675:December 1910
5672:
5668:
5660:
5652:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5636:H. H. Asquith
5632:
5628:
5624:
5616:
5608:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5577:
5569:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5533:
5525:
5518:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5489:
5481:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5456:Conservativeβ
5455:
5447:
5439:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5408:
5400:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5364:
5356:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5318:
5310:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5279:
5271:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5235:
5227:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5169:
5166:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5026:Jeremy Thorpe
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:H. H. Asquith
4980:
4979:
4970:
4969:H. H. Asquith
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:John Clifford
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4743:nonconformist
4734:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4696:
4695:welfare state
4692:
4688:
4684:
4683:H. H. Asquith
4680:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4634:Victorian era
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4617:laissez-faire
4614:, supporting
4613:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4574:Liberal Party
4571:
4567:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4442:Harold Wilson
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4414:David Austick
4411:
4407:
4406:Clement Freud
4403:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4367:Jeremy Thorpe
4363:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4312:
4310:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4251:1935 election
4242:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4211:protectionism
4207:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4142:Celtic fringe
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4057:Chanak Crisis
4054:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:laissez-faire
3970:
3966:
3962:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3898:
3896:
3889:
3887:
3880:
3878:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3809:Edward Carson
3807:, led by Sir
3806:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3790:December 1910
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3739:and welfare.
3738:
3734:
3726:
3725:H. H. Asquith
3722:
3718:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3698:H. H. Asquith
3695:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3666:H. H. Asquith
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3650:Lord Rosebery
3647:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3615:; Chancellor
3614:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3594:1906 election
3590:
3585:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3526:welfare state
3523:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3385:Lord Rosebery
3381:
3378:
3371:
3360:
3358:
3353:
3346:
3343:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3246:1886 election
3242:
3239:
3238:1886 election
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3188:1880 election
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3130:secret ballot
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3074:working class
3071:
3070:
3069:laissez-faire
3065:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:Gladstone era
3032:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3007:Lord Aberdeen
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2987:Conservatives
2983:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2824:, economist
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2803:Liberal Party
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2744:welfare state
2741:
2737:
2736:H. H. Asquith
2733:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2686:Liberal Party
2675:
2670:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2570:Individualism
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2449:United States
2447:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:Latin America
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1954:Organizations
1951:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1411:Welfare state
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1274:Laissez-faire
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:
998:
993:
991:
986:
984:
979:
978:
976:
975:
970:
960:
958:
953:
948:
947:
946:
945:
936:
933:
932:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
914:
911:
910:
909:
906:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
892:
889:
888:
882:
881:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
848:The Economist
846:
845:
839:
838:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
805:Liberal Party
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
786:
785:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
613:
612:
605:
602:
600:
599:Victorian era
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
575:
574:
567:
566:Welfare state
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
546:
545:Laissez-faire
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
485:
484:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
450:
447:
446:
445:
442:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
418:
415:
414:
408:
407:
403:
399:
398:
395:
388:
387:
383:
379:
378:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
351:
348:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
319:
313:
312:
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
287:
284:
280:
277:
276:
274:
270:
263:
260:
257:
254:
253:
251:
249:
245:
240:
237:
235:
231:
226:
223:
219:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
195:
191:
188:
186:
182:
179:
176:
174:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
143:
139:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
112:
108:
94:
90:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
58:
53:
48:Liberal Party
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
11781:
11742:LibβLab pact
11706:
11665:Gang of Four
11281:2019 (Davey)
11271:2014 (Bruce)
11261:2006 (Cable)
11240:2020 (Davey)
11230:2017 (Cable)
11220:2007 (Clegg)
11055:
11046:
10909:
10900:
10721:
10717:LibβLab pact
10709:
10697:
10685:
10672:
10664:
10255:1976 (Steel)
9655:
9639:
9623:
9607:
9505:Lloyd George
9288:
9174:LSE Archives
9146:
9137:
9128:
9119:
9112:
9104:
9095:
9077:
9066:
9053:
9038:
9031:
9019:
9008:
8997:
8987:
8978:
8967:
8960:
8949:
8938:
8931:
8918:
8911:
8900:
8885:
8878:
8868:
8849:Lloyd George
8848:
8833:
8822:
8811:
8800:
8793:
8786:
8775:
8765:
8752:
8746:Lloyd George
8745:
8735:
8724:
8717:
8710:
8699:
8688:
8677:
8668:
8658:
8647:
8640:
8636:
8625:
8618:
8608:
8597:
8587:
8580:
8570:
8555:
8544:
8537:
8528:
8511:
8503:
8496:
8456:
8450:
8442:
8414:
8407:
8399:
8394:
8386:
8381:
8373:
8368:
8356:. Retrieved
8346:
8338:
8333:
8323:
8316:. Retrieved
8311:
8302:
8290:. Retrieved
8286:
8277:
8269:
8264:
8244:
8237:
8228:
8219:
8199:
8189:
8177:. Retrieved
8173:
8163:
8136:
8132:
8122:
8113:
8104:
8095:
8086:
8077:
8068:
8059:
8051:
8050:Chris Cook,
8046:
8038:
8030:
8021:
8012:
7996:
7991:
7972:
7969:Douglas, Roy
7963:
7951:. Retrieved
7945:
7938:
7930:
7925:
7917:
7912:
7904:
7899:
7891:
7886:
7866:
7859:
7826:
7822:
7816:
7796:
7789:
7785:
7777:
7761:
7756:
7747:
7727:
7720:
7700:
7693:
7668:
7648:
7641:
7621:
7614:
7606:
7601:
7581:. Retrieved
7557:
7542:
7527:
7518:
7512:
7503:
7497:
7472:
7468:
7462:
7450:
7446:
7426:
7414:
7410:
7385:
7377:
7369:
7361:
7353:
7348:
7340:
7335:
7315:
7308:
7283:
7279:
7273:
7261:
7256:
7248:
7243:
7235:
7230:
7222:
7217:
7209:
7204:
7196:
7191:
7183:
7178:
7170:
7165:
7157:
7149:
7126:
7120:
7100:
7093:
7085:
7080:
7072:
7064:
7031:
7027:
7021:
6994:
6988:
6980:
6975:
6963:
6958:
6950:
6945:
6937:
6932:
6924:
6919:
6907:. Retrieved
6897:
6889:
6884:
6876:
6875:Chris Cook,
6871:
6863:
6862:D.A. Hamer,
6858:
6849:
6841:
6836:
6828:
6820:
6800:
6793:
6781:. Retrieved
6766:
6759:
6751:
6665:
6656:
6643:
6636:Lloyd George
6618:
6605:
6592:
6575:
6562:
6384:October 1974
5631:January 1910
5328:Conservative
5130:Gladwyn Jebb
5066:Percy Harris
4806:
4763:
4741:Since 1660,
4740:
4720:
4718:extremists.
4709:
4705:
4699:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4615:
4609:
4563:
4552:
4541:
4529:
4510:
4499:
4476:Denis Healey
4461:Lib-Lab pact
4450:
4422:Edward Heath
4391:
4379:Emlyn Hooson
4364:
4357:
4353:Eric Lubbock
4333:Huddersfield
4318:
4306:
4275:
4248:
4239:World War II
4208:
4175:
4138:unemployment
4125:
4119:
4111:Michael Foot
4099:
4085:
4065:
4050:
4044:Liberals or
4011:
3983:
3975:
3972:
3949:
3944:
3915:
3910:
3907:complained:
3902:
3899:
3894:
3891:
3882:
3877:Robert Blake
3873:
3851:
3846:. Historian
3828:
3825:Ulster-Scots
3798:
3767:
3755:
3729:
3687:
3642:
3571:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3511:
3500:
3472:
3453:
3438:outside the
3416:suffragettes
3408:
3382:
3373:
3352:Victorianism
3348:
3344:
3340:
3331:trade unions
3323:Labour Party
3308:
3269:
3243:
3203:
3165:
3159:through the
3146:
3134:trade unions
3106:
3083:
3067:
3060:
3016:
2984:
2957:
2953:conservative
2925:
2889:aristocratic
2882:
2841:
2814:Labour Party
2807:
2776:
2772:Labour Party
2756:
2748:party leader
2707:βsupporting
2685:
2683:
2604:Pirate Party
2464:Jeffersonian
2372:South Africa
1862:Lloyd George
1457:Philosophers
1364:To bear arms
1312:Open society
1272:
1048:Conservative
901:Centre-right
858:The Guardian
804:
732:Mill (James)
722:Lloyd George
543:
444:Conservative
202:
157:Headquarters
40:
11429:(2017β2019)
11423:(2015β2017)
11417:(2007β2010)
11405:(2006β2007)
11399:(1999β2006)
11393:(1997β1999)
11167:(from 2020)
11161:(2015β2019)
11155:(2011β2014)
11149:(2009β2010)
11143:(2005β2008)
11137:(2001β2004)
11131:(1999β2000)
11125:(1995β1998)
11119:(1991β1994)
11113:(1989β1990)
11094:(from 2016)
11088:(2013β2016)
11082:(2004β2013)
11076:(2001β2004)
11070:(1997β2001)
11064:(1988β1997)
11027:(from 2020)
11021:(2019β2020)
11015:(2017β2019)
11009:(2014β2015)
11003:(2010β2014)
10997:(2006β2010)
10991:(2003β2006)
10985:(1992β2003)
10979:(1988β1992)
10960:(from 2020)
10948:(2017β2019)
10942:(2015β2017)
10936:(2007β2015)
10930:(2006β2007)
10924:(1999β2006)
10918:(1988β1999)
10620:(1956β1987)
10614:(1981β1988)
10608:(1981-1988)
10600:Reform Club
10395:(1931-1932)
10273:Governments
9992:Comyns Carr
9824:Dyke Acland
9810:(1890β1902)
9768:Chamberlain
9445:(1896β1902)
9378:(1899β1908)
9098:. Springer.
8602:online free
8318:28 February
8107:. BBC News.
8089:. BBC News.
8071:. BBC News.
7953:30 December
7673:Hansen, P.
7455:Roy Jenkins
6825:Martin Pugh
6428:David Steel
5186:Government
5123:(1952β1955)
5117:(1946β1951)
5104:(1985β1988)
5095:(1976β1979)
5093:John Pardoe
5086:(1962β1964)
5084:Donald Wade
5077:(1949β1951)
5068:(1940β1945)
5059:(1931β1935)
5053:(1929β1931)
5040:(1976β1988)
5038:David Steel
5028:(1967β1976)
5022:(1956β1967)
5016:(1945β1956)
5010:(1935β1945)
5004:(1931β1935)
4998:(1926β1931)
4971:(1908β1916)
4965:(1899β1908)
4959:(1894β1898)
4950:(1875β1880)
4944:(1865β1875)
4938:(1859β1865)
4925:(1984β1989)
4919:(1967β1984)
4913:(1955β1967)
4907:(1944β1955)
4901:(1936β1944)
4895:(1931β1936)
4889:(1924β1931)
4883:(1923β1924)
4877:(1908β1923)
4871:(1905β1908)
4865:(1902β1905)
4859:(1896β1902)
4853:(1894β1896)
4847:(1891β1894)
4841:(1868β1891)
4835:(1865β1868)
4829:(1859β1865)
4774:Corporation
4670:of choice.
4534:and at the
4513:Roy Jenkins
4469:John Pardoe
4457:David Steel
4434:Home Office
4402:Isle of Ely
4375:Plaid Cymru
4282:War Cabinet
4263:appeasement
3895:realpolitik
3746:Cartoonist
3702:Edward Grey
3670:Edward Grey
3654:John Morley
3436:Protestants
3327:coal-mining
3102:Bismarckian
3094:rule of law
2964:John Bright
2779:by-election
2432:Gladstonian
2392:Switzerland
2377:South Korea
2320:Philippines
2280:New Zealand
2275:Netherlands
1932:Verhofstadt
1927:Balcerowicz
1736:Politicians
1664:Collingwood
1604:Tocqueville
1479:Montesquieu
1371:Rule of law
1172:Due process
896:Centre-left
772:Taylor Mill
672:Collingwood
556:Rule of law
551:Natural law
504:Due process
427:Libertarian
422:Gladstonian
303:(1956β1987)
289:(1947β1988)
282:(1923β1936)
264:(1976β1979)
258:(1973β1976)
242:(1976β1988)
228:(1981β1988)
11831:Categories
11697:Whig Party
11512:Committees
11496:Conference
11375:Chief whip
11198:Leadership
11103:Presidents
10879:Leadership
10749:Whig Party
10523:Conference
10461:Frontbench
10452:Chief Whip
10200:Penhaligon
9936:Fothergill
9784:Fell Pease
9759:Presidents
9344:Hartington
9328:Palmerston
9301:Leadership
8858:0297767054
8314:. BBC News
7982:0283484772
7595:required.)
6737:References
6628:John Simon
6514:4,170,849
6471:4,273,146
6432:4,313,804
6388:5,346,704
6349:6,059,519
6310:2,117,035
6266:2,327,533
6227:3,099,283
6188:1,640,760
6184:Jo Grimond
6063:2,621,487
6019:2,177,938
5971:1,414,010
5929:1,346,571
5885:5,104,638
5841:2,818,717
5799:4,129,922
5760:2,601,486
5718:1,355,398
5679:2,157,256
5640:2,712,511
5596:2,565,644
5557:1,572,323
5513:1,765,266
5469:2,088,019
5427:1,353,581
5388:2,199,198
5344:1,836,423
5298:1,281,159
5259:1,428,776
5102:Alan Beith
5032:Jo Grimond
5020:Jo Grimond
4747:Dissenters
4723:Jo Grimond
4716:right-wing
4658:liberalism
4632:after the
4622:free trade
4548:David Owen
4517:David Owen
4453:homosexual
4416:). In the
4337:Jo Grimond
3633:ratepayers
3151:, and the
2995:opposition
2980:free trade
2901:Parliament
2893:Charles II
2863:See also:
2705:free trade
2560:Empiricism
2531:Democratic
2526:Capitalism
2437:Manchester
2270:Montenegro
2255:Luxembourg
2191:Venizelism
2121:Costa Rica
1376:Secularism
1209:Federalism
1161:Principles
1020:Liberalism
662:Chesterton
494:Capitalism
488:Principles
432:Manchester
391:Liberalism
343:Conference
199:Free trade
190:Liberalism
173:Youth wing
152:(minority)
147:(majority)
102:1988-03-02
84:1859-06-09
11348:Structure
11123:Maclennan
11047:(Liberal)
10907:Maclennan
10901:(Liberal)
10723:Liberator
10705:Glee Club
10425:Structure
10403:(1940β45)
10368:(1916β22)
10360:(1915β16)
10341:(1908β15)
10333:(1905β08)
10325:(1894β95)
10317:(1892β94)
10301:(1880β85)
10293:(1868β74)
10218:(1987β88)
10210:(1986β87)
10202:(1985β86)
10194:(1984β85)
10186:(1983β84)
10178:(1982β83)
10176:Griffiths
10170:(1981β82)
10162:(1980β81)
10154:(1979-80)
10146:(1978β79)
10138:(1977β78)
10130:(1976β77)
10128:Goldstone
10122:(1975β76)
10120:Wingfield
10114:(1974β75)
10106:(1973β74)
10098:(1972β73)
10090:(1971β72)
10082:(1969β70)
10074:(1968β69)
10066:(1967β68)
10058:(1966β67)
10050:(1965β66)
10042:(1964β65)
10034:(1963β64)
10026:(1962β63)
10024:F Brunner
10018:(1961β62)
10016:Malindine
10010:(1960β61)
10002:(1959β60)
10000:Glanville
9994:(1958β59)
9986:(1957β58)
9978:(1956β57)
9970:(1955β56)
9962:(1954β55)
9954:(1953β54)
9946:(1952β53)
9938:(1950β52)
9930:(1949β50)
9928:McFadyean
9922:(1948β49)
9914:(1947β48)
9906:(1945β47)
9898:(1936β43)
9890:(1930β33)
9882:(1927β30)
9874:(1926β27)
9866:(1923β26)
9858:(1920β23)
9856:Robertson
9850:(1918β20)
9842:(1911β18)
9840:J Brunner
9834:(1908β11)
9826:(1906β07)
9818:(1902β06)
9802:(1886β90)
9794:(1883β90)
9786:(1881β82)
9778:(1880β81)
9770:(1877β80)
9749:(1984β88)
9741:(1967β84)
9733:(1955β67)
9725:(1944β55)
9717:(1936β44)
9709:(1931β36)
9701:(1924β31)
9699:Beauchamp
9693:(1923β24)
9685:(1908β23)
9666:(1985β88)
9658:(1979-85)
9650:(1976-79)
9642:(1964β76)
9634:(1962β64)
9626:(1951β62)
9618:(1949β51)
9610:(1945β49)
9602:(1940β45)
9594:(1931β35)
9586:(1929β31)
9563:(1976β88)
9547:(1967β76)
9539:(1956β67)
9531:(1945β56)
9523:(1935β45)
9515:(1931β35)
9507:(1926β31)
9499:(1918β20)
9497:(interim)
9488:(1916β26)
9469:(1908β23)
9461:(1905β08)
9453:(1902β05)
9443:Kimberley
9437:(1894β96)
9429:(1891β94)
9427:Kimberley
9421:(1868β91)
9419:Granville
9413:(1865β68)
9405:(1859β65)
9403:Granville
9386:(1908β16)
9370:(1896β98)
9362:(1894β96)
9354:(1880β94)
9352:Gladstone
9346:(1875β80)
9338:(1865β75)
9336:Gladstone
9330:(1859β65)
9170:Catalogue
8639:(1987)'
8155:1746-918X
7851:144038154
7210:Historian
7135:cite book
7056:154679807
7007:cite book
6909:30 August
6752:The Times
5831:minority
5807:158 / 615
5687:272 / 670
5648:274 / 670
5604:398 / 670
5565:183 / 670
5521:177 / 670
5477:272 / 670
5435:191 / 670
5396:319 / 670
5352:352 / 652
5306:242 / 652
5267:387 / 658
5223:369 / 658
5183:Position
5171:Election
5153:1967β1976
5148:1956β1967
5143:1945β1956
4731:socialist
4704:entitled
4660:in 1872:
4650:franchise
4638:the Crown
4398:elections
4394:Liverpool
4292:. At the
4115:Tony Benn
4061:Bonar Law
4022:Bonar Law
3823:, was of
3821:Bonar Law
3625:John Bull
3212:. In the
3138:judiciary
3126:Cambridge
2999:Corn Laws
2923:in 1832.
2917:Earl Grey
2905:democracy
2840:authored
2805:in 1989.
2575:Anarchist
2483:Venezuela
2459:Classical
2427:Cobdenism
2330:Cracovian
2285:Nicaragua
2250:Lithuania
2109:Hong Kong
2064:Australia
1902:Roosevelt
1872:StΓ₯hlberg
1867:Venizelos
1822:Sarmiento
1812:Gladstone
1772:Lamartine
1742:Jefferson
1594:Martineau
1544:De Gouges
1529:Condorcet
1514:Priestley
1177:Democracy
1149:Third Way
1110:Christian
1105:Religious
1043:Classical
873:The Times
752:Priestley
682:Gladstone
647:Beveridge
417:Classical
367:Elections
203:Factions:
92:Dissolved
11702:Peelites
11135:Dholakia
11074:Williams
10989:Campbell
10977:Johnston
10928:Campbell
10734:Peelites
10711:The Land
10590:Brooks's
10080:S Robson
10072:Beaumont
9952:L Robson
9888:Brampton
9880:Hobhouse
9776:Collings
9592:Sinclair
9521:Sinclair
9435:Rosebery
9368:Harcourt
9360:Rosebery
9149:(1908);
9140:(1907);
9131:(1906);
8847:(1974),
8682:in JSTOR
8549:in JSTOR
8358:25 April
8292:25 April
8287:BBC News
8229:BBC News
8174:BBC News
8022:BBC News
8007:, p. 59.
7682:Archived
7436:Archived
6677:See also
6583:and the
6526:17 / 650
6519:Alliance
6483:17 / 650
6476:Alliance
6440:11 / 635
6396:13 / 635
6357:14 / 635
6274:12 / 630
6144:722,402
6102:730,546
6027:12 / 640
5979:21 / 615
5937:33 / 615
5893:59 / 615
5849:40 / 615
5768:62 / 615
5726:36 / 707
5625:Liberal
5373:Liberal
5288:Liberal
5244:Liberal
5215:508,821
4689:, whose
4640:and the
4584:Ideology
4504:won the
4321:Scotland
4261:and the
4053:rebelled
4042:Wee Free
3989:and the
3918:May 1915
3522:pensions
3440:Anglican
3003:Peelites
2909:Whiggery
2897:Radicals
2844:(1909).
2727:. Under
2713:Radicals
2709:Peelites
2565:Humanism
2538:Centrism
2488:Zimbabwe
2442:Whiggism
2402:Thailand
2367:Slovenia
2362:Slovakia
2337:Portugal
2310:Paraguay
2233:Liberism
2198:Honduras
2116:Colombia
2089:Bulgaria
1882:Rathenau
1857:Milyukov
1777:Macaulay
1747:KoΕΕΔ
taj
1719:Kymlicka
1699:Friedman
1644:Cassirer
1634:Hobhouse
1569:Constant
1564:Humboldt
1524:Beccaria
1489:Rousseau
1484:Voltaire
1327:Property
1290:Positive
1285:Negative
1241:Religion
1219:Economic
1192:Equality
1115:Catholic
1085:National
1080:Muscular
1058:Feminist
1053:Cultural
1012:a series
1010:Part of
891:Centrism
815:Radicals
727:Macaulay
697:Hobhouse
604:Chartism
456:Economic
449:Muscular
437:Whiggist
382:a series
336:The Land
185:Ideology
127:Peelites
122:Radicals
11159:Brinton
11129:Maddock
11117:Kennedy
11086:Wallace
11080:McNally
11068:Rodgers
11062:Jenkins
11053:Diamond
11013:Swinson
10952:Swinson
10922:Kennedy
10916:Ashdown
10890:Leaders
10184:Tordoff
10168:Bingham
10088:Terrell
10040:Fulford
9984:Micklem
9976:Behrens
9872:Spender
9864:Maclean
9816:Birrell
9707:Reading
9553:Grimond
9537:Grimond
9494:Maclean
9486:Asquith
9451:Spencer
9411:Russell
9384:Asquith
9312:Leaders
9122:(1887)
9071:excerpt
9041:(1966).
9009:History
8998:Cercles
8992:excerpt
8990:(1997)
8789:(2003).
8766:History
8720:(1964).
8661:(1972)
8643:(1992).
8583:(1963).
8540:(1977).
8531:(2015).
8506:(1987).
8179:7 April
8041:(1955).
7933:(1965).
7843:1876582
7764:(1935).
7609:(1973).
7489:1852870
7300:1849549
7238:(1994),
7048:2639536
6953:(1952).
6940:(2004).
6783:20 July
6634:led by
6630:or the
6417:Labour
6318:6 / 630
6295:Labour
6256:Labour
6235:9 / 630
6196:6 / 630
6152:6 / 630
6110:6 / 625
6092:Labour
6071:9 / 625
6048:Labour
5174:Leader
4679:welfare
4542:In the
4408:), and
4066:At the
4012:In the
3860:Decline
3311:Lib-Lab
3287:of the
3180:Ottoman
3166:In the
3140:in the
2853:Origins
2848:History
2836:during
2740:reforms
2478:Uruguay
2417:Ukraine
2407:Tunisia
2352:Senegal
2342:Romania
2290:Nigeria
2265:Moldova
2208:Iceland
2203:Hungary
2181:Germany
2176:Georgia
2166:Finland
2161:Estonia
2151:Ecuador
2146:Denmark
2141:Czechia
2126:Croatia
2079:Bolivia
2074:Belgium
2069:Austria
2059:Armenia
2054:Albania
1922:Jenkins
1917:Kennedy
1907:Pearson
1892:Einaudi
1877:Gokhale
1837:Itagaki
1832:Naoroji
1827:Mommsen
1807:Lincoln
1797:Mazzini
1782:Kossuth
1767:Broglie
1762:BolΓvar
1757:Artigas
1752:Madison
1614:Spencer
1599:Emerson
1589:Bastiat
1574:Ricardo
1534:Bentham
1474:Spinoza
1431:History
1332:Private
1280:Liberty
1214:Freedom
1134:Secular
1122:Islamic
1100:Radical
1037:Schools
810:Peelite
789:Parties
767:Spencer
757:Ricardo
742:Naoroji
707:Jenkins
677:Fawcett
637:Bentham
632:Asquith
578:History
471:Radical
411:Schools
308:Colours
194:British
100: (
82: (
74:Founded
64:Founder
11435:(2019)
11411:(2007)
11153:Farron
11141:Hughes
11058:(1988)
11049:(1988)
11025:Cooper
11001:Hughes
10954:(2019)
10940:Farron
10912:(1988)
10903:(1988)
10387:(1931)
10309:(1886)
10208:Wilson
10192:Watson
10008:Murray
9944:Walker
9896:Meston
9800:Foster
9792:Kitson
9723:Samuel
9656:vacant
9648:Pardoe
9640:vacant
9624:vacant
9608:vacant
9600:Harris
9584:Samuel
9555:(1976)
9545:Thorpe
9529:Davies
9513:Samuel
9151:online
9142:online
9133:online
9124:online
9082:online
9078:Albion
9058:online
9024:online
9013:online
9002:online
8972:online
8954:online
8943:online
8923:online
8905:online
8892:
8873:online
8855:
8838:online
8827:online
8816:online
8805:online
8780:online
8770:online
8757:online
8729:online
8704:online
8693:online
8673:(1952)
8663:online
8652:online
8630:online
8613:online
8592:online
8562:
8518:
8484:, and
8463:
8422:
8252:
8207:
8153:
8003:
7979:
7874:
7849:
7841:
7804:
7735:
7708:
7656:
7629:
7589:
7583:9 July
7574:
7487:
7457:, 2011
7419:online
7398:
7323:
7298:
7266:online
7108:
7054:
7046:
6968:online
6808:
6774:
6517:22.6 (
6474:25.4 (
5829:Labour
5180:Seats
5177:Votes
4782:Tories
4729:, non-
4652:. Sir
4494:; and
4412:(with
4404:(with
4329:Bolton
4026:coupon
3967:; and
3912:slack.
3815:. The
3813:Ulster
3733:Fabian
3520:, and
3505:, and
3122:Oxford
3047:, and
2989:under
2471:Modern
2412:Turkey
2397:Taiwan
2387:Sweden
2357:Serbia
2347:Russia
2325:Poland
2305:Panama
2300:Norway
2260:Mexico
2245:Latvia
2223:Israel
2186:Greece
2171:France
2136:Cyprus
2094:Canada
2084:Brazil
2044:Europe
1942:Macron
1887:Madero
1852:Deakin
1842:Levski
1817:Cavour
1802:JuΓ‘rez
1792:Cobden
1724:Badawi
1714:Nozick
1694:Berlin
1684:Popper
1659:Keynes
1654:Ortega
1619:Arnold
1579:Guizot
1539:Korais
1504:Turgot
1464:Milton
1344:Rights
1337:Public
1246:Speech
1224:Market
1197:Gender
1144:Techno
1139:Social
1127:Jewish
1063:Equity
712:Keynes
667:Cobden
652:Bright
642:Berlin
627:Arnold
616:People
476:Social
331:Anthem
321:
315:
166:London
11147:Scott
11092:Newby
11056:(SDP)
11044:Seear
11019:Davey
11007:Bruce
10995:Cable
10983:Beith
10958:Davey
10946:Cable
10934:Clegg
10910:(SDP)
10898:Steel
10216:Slade
10160:Holme
10144:Steed
10136:Evans
10104:Lloyd
10096:Jones
10048:Seear
9960:White
9920:Dodds
9832:Angus
9747:Seear
9739:Byers
9715:Crewe
9683:Crewe
9664:Beith
9561:Steel
9467:Crewe
9459:Ripon
7847:S2CID
7839:JSTOR
7685:(PDF)
7678:(PDF)
7485:JSTOR
7296:JSTOR
7052:S2CID
7044:JSTOR
6905:. BBC
6554:Notes
6435:13.8
6391:18.3
6352:19.3
6230:11.2
5888:23.6
5844:17.8
5802:29.7
5763:18.9
5721:13.0
5682:43.2
5643:43.5
5599:48.9
5560:44.7
5516:45.7
5472:45.4
5430:45.5
5391:47.4
5347:54.2
5301:52.0
5262:61.5
5218:59.5
4786:Whigs
4410:Ripon
4325:Wales
3757:Punch
2911:were
2885:Whigs
2701:Whigs
2690:major
2597:Right
2382:Spain
2240:Japan
2228:Italy
2213:India
2156:Egypt
2104:China
2099:Chile
1937:Obama
1912:Ohlin
1847:Kemal
1704:Rawls
1679:Hayek
1669:Δapek
1649:Mises
1639:Croce
1629:Weber
1624:Acton
1554:StaΓ«l
1519:Paine
1509:Burke
1494:Smith
1469:Locke
1236:Press
1229:Trade
1202:Legal
1070:Green
842:Media
830:Whigs
762:Smith
747:Paine
717:Locke
692:Hayek
687:Green
657:Burke
622:Acton
461:Green
117:Whigs
11529:SAOs
11165:Pack
10540:SAOs
10152:Rose
10112:Holt
10064:Wade
9912:Foot
9848:Lunn
9691:Grey
9632:Wade
8890:ISBN
8853:ISBN
8560:ISBN
8516:ISBN
8461:ISBN
8420:ISBN
8360:2010
8320:2009
8294:2010
8250:ISBN
8205:ISBN
8181:2010
8151:ISSN
8001:ISBN
7977:ISBN
7955:2017
7872:ISBN
7802:ISBN
7733:ISBN
7706:ISBN
7654:ISBN
7627:ISBN
7585:2021
7572:ISBN
7396:ISBN
7321:ISBN
7141:link
7106:ISBN
7013:link
6911:2016
6806:ISBN
6785:2013
6772:ISBN
6544:3rd
6510:1987
6501:3rd
6467:1983
6458:3rd
6423:1979
6414:3rd
6375:3rd
6336:3rd
6313:7.5
6301:1970
6292:3rd
6269:8.5
6262:1966
6253:3rd
6223:1964
6214:3rd
6191:5.9
6179:1959
6170:3rd
6147:2.7
6140:1955
6128:4th
6105:2.5
6098:1951
6089:6th
6066:9.1
6054:1950
6045:3rd
6022:9.0
6010:1945
5997:4th
5974:6.7
5967:1935
5955:4th
5932:6.5
5920:1931
5911:3rd
5876:1929
5867:3rd
5859:118
5837:1924
5825:3rd
5795:1923
5786:3rd
5756:1922
5744:5th
5736:235
5714:1918
5705:1st
5666:1st
5658:123
5622:1st
5614:214
5592:1906
5583:2nd
5548:1900
5539:2nd
5504:1895
5495:1st
5465:1892
5453:2nd
5445:128
5423:1886
5414:1st
5379:1885
5370:1st
5362:110
5335:1880
5324:2nd
5316:145
5294:1874
5285:1st
5250:1868
5241:1st
5206:1865
5197:No.
5191:No.
4624:and
4519:and
4471:and
4373:and
4331:and
4323:and
4298:1950
4160:and
4113:and
4070:and
4068:1922
3868:and
3829:see
3672:and
3489:and
3467:and
3403:and
3216:the
3124:and
2966:and
2949:Tory
2867:and
2684:The
2592:Left
2315:Peru
2218:Iran
2131:Cuba
1897:King
1787:DeΓ‘k
1689:Aron
1609:Mill
1584:List
1499:Kant
1095:Ordo
702:Hunt
9968:Rea
9731:Rea
8141:doi
7831:doi
7564:doi
7477:doi
7453:by
7288:doi
7036:doi
5989:12
5947:29
5903:19
5817:96
5778:26
5531:95
5487:80
5406:33
5277:18
5233:13
4221:on
2754:.
1709:Sen
1559:Say
1090:Neo
466:Neo
11833::
11552:,
11548:,
8867:.
8744:.
8495:.
8434:^
8322:.
8310:.
8285:.
8227:.
8172:.
8149:.
8137:12
8135:.
8131:.
8103:.
8085:.
8067:.
8037:,
8020:.
7845:.
7837:.
7827:39
7825:.
7769:^
7680:.
7570:.
7556:.
7483:.
7473:81
7471:.
7434:.
7394:.
7368:,
7294:.
7284:63
7282:.
7156:,
7137:}}
7133:{{
7071:,
7050:.
7042:.
7032:32
7030:.
7009:}}
7005:{{
6744:^
6536:0
6521:)
6493:6
6478:)
6450:2
6406:1
6367:8
6328:6
6284:3
6245:3
6206:0
6162:0
6120:3
6081:3
6037:9
5697:2
5575:6
5200:Β±
5194:%
4697:.
4515:,
4490:;
4063:.
4048:.
4001:.
3963:;
3796:.
3668:,
3623:;
3552:.
3516:,
3478:.
3434:β
3430:.
3422:;
3414:;
3391:.
3291:,
3163:.
3144:.
3043:,
2832:.
2703:,
1674:Hu
1014:on
384:on
11556:)
11544:(
10857:e
10850:t
10843:v
10819:)
10815:(
10791:)
10787:(
9281:e
9274:t
9267:v
9254:.
9248:.
9242:.
9236:.
9230:.
9224:.
9218:.
9212:.
9206:.
9200:.
9194:.
9188:.
9182:.
9176:.
9166:.
9084:.
9073:.
9060:.
9015:.
9004:.
8974:.
8956:.
8945:.
8925:.
8907:.
8896:.
8840:.
8829:.
8818:.
8807:.
8782:.
8731:.
8706:.
8695:.
8684:.
8654:.
8632:.
8604:.
8566:.
8551:.
8428:.
8362:.
8328:.
8296:.
8258:.
8213:.
8183:.
8157:.
8143::
8024:.
7985:.
7957:.
7880:.
7853:.
7833::
7810:.
7741:.
7714:.
7662:.
7635:.
7587:.
7566::
7536:.
7521:.
7491:.
7479::
7421:.
7404:.
7329:.
7302:.
7290::
7268:.
7160:.
7143:)
7114:.
7058:.
7038::
7015:)
6970:.
6913:.
6814:.
6787:.
6651:.
6587:.
6570:.
4606:.
3639:.
3112:(
2673:e
2666:t
2659:v
996:e
989:t
982:v
338:"
334:"
196:)
192:(
104:)
86:)
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.