590:
the procurement of weapons for use by the IRA against the
British in the North of Ireland, had been released on bail within weeks of his arrival in the US and immediately set about speaking and organizing on behalf of the Irish Republican cause among Irish-Americans. He joined the Ancient Order of Hibernians (AOH) at this time and worked closely on Irish and Catholic issues with many of its prominent members, including Vic Sackett from Long Island. The plans for an Irish Race Convention in the tradition of those that had taken place over the previous generations, began to fully crystalize in the summer of 1993 and an umbrella group, the Irish American Movement (IAM) was formed. The IAM’s primary role was to facilitate meetings involving a wide spectrum of Irish-American organizations as well as plan and fundraise for the Convention itself. On September 15th of that year, McGeough and New York-based Catholic activist Kathleen O’Callaghan arranged for a special Mass to be said in St Patrick’s Cathedral in Manhattan for the intentions of Irish Unity. More than 2,000 people packed into the cathedral for the occasion, which was seen as a preliminary move ahead of the actual Convention and the huge turnout indicative of the growing interest in the event. (Citation: Irish Echo) Over the coming months, the IAM continued to organize and prepare a program of events for the Convention. Delegates from numerous countries with significant Irish populations, including Argentina and Australia were invited to participate. The IAM drew up a resolution, which was to be passed at the Convention, fixed for June 11th, 1994. The wording of the resolution was as follows: “
599:
1326:
595:
from both the
Republican and Democratic parties pledged to attend the Convention. On Easter Monday, April 4th, 1994, Gerry McGeough began a three year prison sentence for the earlier weapons charges and was no longer directly involved in the preparations for the Convention. By this time, however, a strong committee had been formed, which, under the guidance of Vic Sackett brought the Convention to fruition. In recognition of the event, New York City designated June 11th as ‘Irish Race Convention Day’.
395:), and believed that a sophisticated and conciliatory approach would ensure the best diplomatic support for Ireland at the Paris conference. De Valera and other Irish delegates expected the FOIF to demand and secure immediate recognition by the USA of the Irish Republic. A division on policy arose, Sinn Féin tried unsuccessfully to reform the FOIF and severed mutual links in October 1920.
210:: "Sanctissimus, bonum spirituale et temporale Hibernorum exoptans, finem dissensionum precatur". The convention thanked him profusely: "The Irish Race Convention begs to express its profound gratitude to the Holy Father (i.e., the Pope) for his most kind and salutary message, which all the delegates receive as a signal favour, and as the happiest augury of peace."
523:
MacNeill deplored that: "... the undertaking obtained from Mr. de Valera that party politics should not be introduced into the
Congress, and that its funds and machinery would not be applied to party purposes has already been violated in one important particular, and that the undertaking in which Mr.
745:"IRISH HERE ADDRESS APPEAL TO WILSON; Friends of Freedom Adopt a Mild Petition for Independence of Erin. ENGLISH RULE DENOUNCED Convention in Tumult Over Choice of Chairman--Devoy Assails "Hostile Press." Tumult Over Chairman. Menace of Sinn Fein. Irish Rights in America. Ireland " Held in Bondage.""
594:
The intention of the resolution was that once passed it would be presented as a joint aspiration of all Irish-American organizations under the auspices of the IAM to political candidates in U.S. elections for their endorsement in exchange for political support. Several prominent
American Congressmen
589:
The Irish Race
Convention that was held at the Jacob Javits Center in New York on June 11th, 1994 was initially conceived by Gerry McGeough, an Irish Republican from Co Tyrone. McGeough, who had been extradited from Germany to the United States in May of 1992 on foot of charges from 1982 relating to
503:
The Irish delegation was supposed to represent "the Irish people", but this comprised senior members of Sinn Féin who were for and against the treaty. Debate on the treaty turned on the definition of whether or not the treaty embodied
Ireland's "full" right to independence. Those against the treaty
511:
supporters." The Very Rev. T. J. Shanley said that
Americans would still continue to help Ireland, and that: "... I am going back to America for one purpose and one alone, to go on the public platform to ask for money – and I'm going to get it – for guns and munitions to send to the men in Ireland
271:
Held on 18–19 May, and organised by the
Friends for Irish Freedom, this convention looked forward to the end of the world war, in which America was now an ally of Britain. The convention therefore had the difficult task of steering between its support for militant groups such as
152:
John
Finerty listed a convention at Philadelphia, where the main business was establishing local branches of the American branch of the Irish National League. Alexander Sullivan of Chicago was elected President, and Finerty was elected that year for the predominantly Irish
386:
A fund-raising drive by the
Friends of Irish Freedom (FOIF) to sell bonds issued by the Irish Republic eventually raised over $ 5m., but disputes arose over the management of the money. The FOIF was led by John Devoy and
295:
had just ended, revealing the link between Clan na Gael and the defendants. Public relations and selecting the convention chairman were therefore unusually important. This also caused an immediate division between
515:
The outcome was a rare moral victory for de Valera's anti-treaty followers; the seven-men executive committee had four of his nominees, while the pro-treaty side only had one of its candidates elected,
577:
was costing Britain $ 150,000,000 annually, and that American financial support for Britain was thereby prolonging the partition of Ireland. On 27 September 1951, Fogarty's resolution was defeated in
604:
200:
on behalf of the INF replied: "That this party approves of the suggestion made by the Archbishop of Toronto in favour of a National Convention representative of the Irish race throughout the world."
592:
We, the children of the Irish Diaspora, demand that Britain set a date for withdrawal from our ancestral homeland so that Ireland may exercise its right to be a sovereign and independent nation”
196:
had said: "Let a great National Convention be held in Dublin, composed of chosen representatives of the clergy and people of Ireland and of an advisory representation of the Irish race abroad."
833:
263:" that worked as a co-ordinating body to support: "... the independence of Ireland, the industrial development of Ireland, the use and sale of Irish products, and to revive Irish culture."
478:
that had just been ratified and which divided nationalist opinion. It was held in Paris to emphasise Ireland's emerging status as an independent state to the rest of Europe. The proposed
237:, and considered the division between the Home Rule parties and the more militant nationalists. The Rising would be supported by Clan na Gael, but other members remained hopeful that the
507:
The Chair, Rev. Dr. O'Reilly was perplexed: "... at first he had not been able to understand how the word 'full' could be political, but he had now been enlightened by the speeches of
1054:
1017:
371:. In the event, Irish participation at Paris was excluded, Woodrow Wilson refused his support, and in retaliation Irish pressure groups refused to vote as usual for the
605:
https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0?ui=2&ik=aa14da0d6b&attid=0.1&permmsgid=msg-a:r-4225797634069041231&view=att&disp=safe&realattid=f_lx6cqsq40
316:
to President Wilson, which was considered to be mild and conciliatory: "to take such measures as are best calculated to bring about the independence of Ireland".
1165:
1851:
793:
744:
581:
by 206 votes to 139, with 83 abstaining – a factor that swung some votes against his motion was that Ireland had remained neutral during World War II.
829:
679:
This was translated as: "The Holy Father, yearning for the spiritual and temporal welfare of the Irish people, prays for the end of dissensions."
1076:
497:
882:
1846:
1042:
1009:
1158:
1221:
368:
376:
253:
154:
466:. The effect was to link up with the expatriate Irish there, and to demonstrate the world-wide scope of the nationalist movement.
281:
1109:
177:
coalition was in power, both being firmly opposed to Home Rule. The main purpose of the convention was to try to re-unite the
1151:
917:
773:
359:
The convention appointed the American Commission on Irish Independence to go to Europe to report and lobby; its members were
548:
245:
1775:
1417:
1459:
1214:
535:
considered the matter and reported in June, recommending a loan. The Dáil voted to accept the report without the loan.
403:
992:
937:
217:. Eventually the Irish Parliamentary Party did reunite in 1900, chaired by Redmond, and achieved the enactment of the
1789:
1279:
701:
Guterl, Matthew Pratt (1999). "The New Race Consciousness: Race, Nation, and Empire in American Culture, 1910-1925".
349:
961:
450:
estimated that 1,000 delegates were present, and that the Irish "block vote" was then about 23% of the electorate.
372:
1856:
1841:
1135:
From Bricklayer to Bricklayer: The Rhode Island Roots of Congressman John E. Fogarty's Irish-American Nationalism
1508:
116:
was established there. The first Irish Race Convention was held on 30 November – 2 December 1881, following a
1651:
292:
789:
1175:
337:
1612:
1272:
524:
de Valera and his nominees went to Paris as part of the official Irish Delegation was violated by them."
329:
285:
120:
convention in August. It covered the recent emerging links between the more violent groups, such as the
1866:
1814:
1796:
1747:
1556:
1549:
815:
399:
113:
1385:
1080:
886:
186:
182:
1768:
1445:
1371:
364:
301:
260:
36:
1861:
1410:
1242:
688:
277:
170:
109:
1438:
657:
Proceedings of the Irish Race Convention Which Met in Dublin the First Three Days of Sept. 1896
578:
563:
392:
324:
This convention was held on 22–23 February, with 5,000 delegates, and discussed the success of
174:
141:
763:
1818:
1542:
1345:
427:
166:
35:
organisations, but others were held in Australia, Argentina, and France. Most related to the
552:
24:
1665:
512:
who are prepared to carry out that fight for Ireland's absolute independence (Applause)."
336:
in Dublin, and the hope that America would support Irish participation at the forthcoming
8:
1708:
1424:
1207:
410:
of Ireland". Membership of the FOIF soon declined from over 100,000 to less than 20,000.
39:, but the two most recent conventions – in 1947 and 1994 – dealt with issues relating to
1754:
1626:
1598:
1563:
1300:
1228:
718:
475:
341:
309:
238:
218:
28:
508:
353:
1392:
1102:
913:
769:
722:
532:
447:
388:
380:
300:, who proposed the moderate Father Hurton, being mindful of the "hostile press", and
137:
1761:
855:
Keogh, Dermot (1987). "The Treaty Split and the Paris Irish Race Convention, 1922".
504:
said not; those in favour said it was a significant step towards full independence.
1605:
1473:
1314:
864:
710:
574:
562:
plan, and the solution was to make this aid conditional upon the end of partition.
544:
479:
459:
40:
1644:
622:
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1515:
1501:
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1431:
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1307:
996:
965:
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was to be created in December 1922. The body organising the convention was named
439:
435:
345:
280:, and proclaiming the loyalty of Irish-Americans to the USA. America had enacted
256:
with help from Irish-Americans and his campaign slogan: "He kept us out of War".
214:
133:
129:
1487:
1740:
1679:
1672:
1591:
1570:
1357:
1286:
1256:
1143:
489:
360:
352:
in the war. The hero of the hour was the American-born Irish republican leader
333:
249:
32:
528:
348:
was expected to apply to Ireland. Much mention was made of the bravery of the
1835:
1782:
1658:
1577:
1466:
1378:
1341:
1193:
517:
431:
234:
203:
65:
910:
Ireland and Anglo-Irish Relations Since 1800: From the Treaty to the present
868:
659:(Dublin: Irish National Federation, 1896) (multiple formats at archive.org).
1733:
1715:
1494:
1349:
986:
933:
726:
559:
407:
313:
305:
178:
117:
80:
74:
1293:
714:
325:
273:
1480:
958:
443:
230:
213:
A number of practical resolutions followed, primarily on the progress of
197:
125:
883:"June 1922 Dail debate on funding for Fine Ghaedhail; accessed Dec 2009"
1584:
1264:
423:
297:
169:, and the Home Rule movement had split over its support for Parnell. A
668:
241:, which had been passed but suspended during World War I, might work.
1619:
1235:
730:
463:
419:
1364:
288:
had recently arisen, unifying most nationalist parties in Ireland.
221:, but this was suspended for the duration of the First World War.
193:
53:
988:
Preliminary report by Eoin MacNeill on the Irish Race Conference
1200:
248:
during the war, and were opposed to any alliance with Britain.
121:
59:
31:. The majority were held in the United States and supported by
573:
as a part of the Marshall Plan Foreign Aid Bill, arguing that
496:') which was to be made permanent and to be funded by the
244:
A majority at the convention supported the American policy of
207:
144:, the convention's Home Rule Fund had soon raised $ 500,000.
86:
16:
Disconnected series of conventions held by Irish nationalists
493:
462:
was sent to organise a smaller convention in Buenos Aires,
637:(New York: Dodd Mead & Co., 1907), vol. II, p. 929.
229:
The 1916 convention, comprising 2,300 delegates at the
569:
was the main mover. On 29 March 1950, he proposed the
165:
By 1896, two Home Rule Bills had been defeated in the
1037:
1035:
474:
In January 1922, the convention had to consider the
112:had visited Chicago and the American branch of the
1032:
1833:
1173:
907:
438:, and supported the Irish claim to sovereignty.
1137:(Providence College, Rhode Island, 1990), p. 7.
531:provide a £5000 loan to Fine Ghaedheal. A Dáil
132:movement that was led by Parnell. Organised by
885:. Oireachtas-debates.gov.ie:80. Archived from
259:An important result was the formation of the "
1159:
830:"Argentine Irish to host diaspora conference"
790:"FOIF article online; accessed December 2009"
547:was effectively a republic, and had remained
1852:Political history of the Republic of Ireland
1047:] Ghaedheal—report of special committee"
402:called de Valera a "foreign potentate", and
558:America was supporting Britain through the
527:In March 1922, de Valera proposed that the
483:
98:
1166:
1152:
827:
312:. The convention ended with an address by
755:
1079:. Newman.baruch.cuny.edu. Archived from
551:. The main issue in 1947 was to end the
434:read out messages he had exchanged with
377:1920 United States presidential election
254:1916 United States presidential election
765:Bibliography of Irish History 1912-1921
1834:
959:http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/
908:Fleming, Neil C.; O'Day, Alan (2008).
700:
646:Finerty, J. F., op. cit., pp. 929–930.
1147:
1020:from the original on 21 December 2016
854:
836:from the original on 25 February 2021
761:
584:
538:
266:
224:
155:Illinois's 2nd congressional district
453:
418:Held on 3 November 1919, this first
332:, the declaration in January of the
319:
147:
828:O'Dowd, Niall (16 September 2010).
768:. Andrews UK Limited. p. 118.
689:Online notes on the 1916 Convention
598:Executive Committee and Dedication
46:
13:
1215:Physical force Irish republicanism
1115:from the original on 29 March 2011
14:
1878:
1103:"The Dennis Clark archive online"
940:from the original on 21 July 2011
818:website, file WS687, pp. 415–415.
413:
1324:
1057:from the original on 10 May 2017
796:from the original on 9 June 2011
308:who proposed the more combative
233:, was held six weeks before the
136:, and attended by Home Rule MPs
1222:Irish in the American Civil War
1127:
1095:
1069:
1002:
980:
971:
952:
926:
901:
875:
848:
821:
808:
782:
635:The People's History of Ireland
103:
1847:History of Ireland (1801–1923)
1077:"Notes on the 1947 convention"
737:
694:
682:
673:
662:
649:
640:
627:
616:
603:Irish Echo Article April 1994
185:factions that had divided the
160:
23:were a disconnected series of
1:
469:
293:Hindu German Conspiracy Trial
1790:The Irish People (newspaper)
1177:Irish Republican Brotherhood
398:In turn, the FOIF President
7:
1280:Declaration of Independence
1053:. Oireachtas. 8 June 1922.
814:See Curran's memoir at the
286:Conscription Crisis of 1918
10:
1883:
1815:Irish National Invincibles
1797:United Irishmen of America
1748:Emmet Monument Association
816:Bureau of Military History
498:formative Irish government
422:convention was chaired by
114:Irish National Land League
1806:
1783:Irish Freedom (newspaper)
1725:
1700:
1636:
1534:
1525:
1402:
1386:Irish War of Independence
1333:
1322:
1185:
934:"Diarmuid Coffey's notes"
344:at article 5 in Wilson's
187:Irish Parliamentary Party
1769:Friends of Irish Freedom
1716:Francis Frederick Millen
1613:Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa
1372:Fenian dynamite campaign
964:19 February 2015 at the
703:Journal of World History
609:
406:referred to him as the "
365:Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne
302:Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington
261:Friends of Irish Freedom
99:The conventions' agendas
37:Irish Home Rule movement
1557:Edward O'Meagher Condon
1550:Ricard O'Sullivan Burke
1273:Hindu–German Conspiracy
977:Keogh (1987), as above.
912:. Ashgate. p. 22.
869:10.3406/irlan.1987.2782
669:1896 Convention booklet
549:neutral in World War II
492:for 'Family of the
278:British rule in Ireland
276:, which was opposed to
110:Charles Stewart Parnell
1857:Irish-American history
1842:Independence movements
1250:Irish Race Conventions
995:4 October 2011 at the
792:. Historyireland.com.
484:
393:New York Supreme Court
338:Paris peace conference
21:Irish Race Conventions
1819:Phoenix Park killings
1776:Irish Republican Army
1543:Thomas Francis Bourke
1346:Clerkenwell explosion
762:Carty, James (2012).
715:10.1353/jwh.1999.0010
428:Premier of Queensland
215:land ownership reform
1051:Dáil Éireann debates
1014:Dáil Éireann debates
968:file WS0892, page 5.
553:partition of Ireland
426:KC, the Labor party
379:, partially causing
282:conscription in 1917
192:Archbishop Walsh of
1709:Thomas Miller Beach
1439:John O'Connor Power
1208:Irish republicanism
340:. The principle of
206:sent a blessing in
1755:Fenian Brotherhood
1627:William R. Roberts
1599:Thomas Clarke Luby
1301:Anglo-Irish Treaty
1229:Manchester Martyrs
857:Etudes irlandaises
749:The New York Times
585:New York City 1994
571:Fogarty Resolution
543:By this stage the
539:New York City 1947
476:Anglo-Irish Treaty
440:Archbishop Redwood
342:self-determination
310:John Forrest Kelly
267:New York City 1918
239:1914 Home Rule Act
225:New York City 1916
219:Home Rule Act 1914
94:1994 New York City
91:1947 New York City
70:1918 New York City
29:Irish nationalists
1867:Irish nationalism
1829:
1828:
1696:
1695:
1666:Seán Mac Diarmada
990:, 3 February 1922
919:978-0-7546-2781-4
775:978-1-78151-483-2
727:Project MUSE
533:special committee
454:Buenos Aires 1921
432:Archbishop Mannix
320:Philadelphia 1919
167:London parliament
148:Philadelphia 1883
1874:
1822:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
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1736:
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1711:
1689:
1682:
1675:
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1622:
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1608:
1601:
1594:
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1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1532:
1531:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1474:Denis McCullough
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1425:J. F. X. O'Brien
1420:
1413:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1328:
1317:
1315:Irish Free State
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1252:
1245:
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1231:
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1073:
1067:
1066:
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1039:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1016:. 2 March 1922.
1010:"Fine Ghaedheal"
1006:
1000:
984:
978:
975:
969:
956:
950:
949:
947:
945:
930:
924:
923:
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
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873:
872:
852:
846:
845:
843:
841:
832:. IrishCentral.
825:
819:
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801:
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759:
753:
752:
741:
735:
734:
698:
692:
686:
680:
677:
671:
666:
660:
655:Webb, A. (ed.),
653:
647:
644:
638:
633:Finerty, J. F.,
631:
625:
620:
575:Northern Ireland
545:Irish Free State
487:
480:Irish Free State
460:Laurence Ginnell
448:Monsignor Curran
400:Bishop Gallagher
391:(a judge of the
373:Democratic Party
291:In America, the
284:, but the Irish
175:Liberal Unionist
128:and the growing
47:Places and dates
41:Northern Ireland
1882:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1813:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1692:
1687:Joseph Plunkett
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1527:
1521:
1516:Richard Mulcahy
1514:
1509:Michael Collins
1507:
1502:Patrick Moylett
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1460:John Mulholland
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1432:Charles Kickham
1430:
1423:
1418:Thomas J. Kelly
1416:
1409:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1340:
1329:
1320:
1313:
1308:Irish Civil War
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1142:
1141:
1133:Grimes, J. S.,
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1083:on 16 July 2011
1075:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1008:
1007:
1003:
997:Wayback Machine
985:
981:
976:
972:
966:Wayback Machine
957:
953:
943:
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853:
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839:
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826:
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813:
809:
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783:
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760:
756:
743:
742:
738:
699:
695:
687:
683:
678:
674:
667:
663:
654:
650:
645:
641:
632:
628:
621:
617:
612:
587:
567:John E. Fogarty
541:
509:Mr. de Valera's
472:
456:
446:also attended.
436:Arthur Griffith
416:
369:Michael J. Ryan
354:Éamon de Valera
350:"Fighting 69th"
346:Fourteen Points
322:
269:
227:
163:
150:
134:John F. Finerty
130:Irish Home Rule
106:
101:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1880:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1862:Irish diaspora
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1762:Fianna Éireann
1758:
1751:
1744:
1741:Cumann na mBan
1737:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1680:Patrick Pearse
1676:
1673:Diarmuid Lynch
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1592:Michael Doheny
1588:
1581:
1574:
1571:Michael Davitt
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1411:James Stephens
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1358:Catalpa rescue
1354:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1287:Irish Republic
1283:
1276:
1269:
1260:
1257:Obstructionism
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1126:
1094:
1068:
1031:
1001:
979:
970:
951:
925:
918:
900:
889:on 9 June 2011
874:
863:(2): 165–170.
847:
820:
807:
781:
774:
754:
751:. 19 May 1918.
736:
709:(2): 307–352.
693:
681:
672:
661:
648:
639:
626:
614:
613:
611:
608:
586:
583:
540:
537:
485:Fine Ghaedheal
471:
468:
455:
452:
415:
414:Melbourne 1919
412:
361:Frank P. Walsh
334:Irish Republic
321:
318:
268:
265:
250:Woodrow Wilson
226:
223:
162:
159:
149:
146:
138:T. P. O'Connor
105:
102:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
89:
83:
77:
71:
68:
62:
56:
48:
45:
33:Irish-American
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1879:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1659:Bulmer Hobson
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:Éamonn Ceannt
1642:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1606:John O'Mahony
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1578:Timothy Deasy
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1467:Seamus Deakin
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:Easter Rising
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:Fenian Rising
1339:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:New Departure
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1194:Young Ireland
1191:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1136:
1130:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1036:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1005:
998:
994:
991:
989:
983:
974:
967:
963:
960:
955:
939:
935:
929:
921:
915:
911:
904:
888:
884:
878:
870:
866:
862:
858:
851:
835:
831:
824:
817:
811:
795:
791:
785:
777:
771:
767:
766:
758:
750:
746:
740:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
697:
690:
685:
676:
670:
665:
658:
652:
643:
636:
630:
624:
623:1881 timeline
619:
615:
607:
606:
601:
600:
596:
593:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
536:
534:
530:
525:
521:
519:
518:Eoin MacNeill
513:
510:
505:
501:
499:
495:
491:
486:
481:
477:
467:
465:
461:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
411:
409:
405:
404:Bishop Turner
401:
396:
394:
390:
389:Judge Cohalan
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:1918 election
327:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
264:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
235:Easter Rising
232:
222:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
204:Pope Leo XIII
201:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
158:
156:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
93:
90:
88:
84:
82:
78:
76:
72:
69:
67:
66:New York City
63:
61:
57:
55:
51:
50:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1734:Clan na Gael
1637:20th century
1535:19th century
1495:Harry Boland
1488:Seán McGarry
1453:Neal O'Boyle
1446:John O'Leary
1350:Fenian raids
1263:
1249:
1134:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1097:
1085:. Retrieved
1081:the original
1071:
1061:23 September
1059:. Retrieved
1050:
1044:
1043:"Fhine [
1022:. Retrieved
1013:
1004:
987:
982:
973:
954:
942:. Retrieved
928:
909:
903:
891:. Retrieved
887:the original
877:
860:
856:
850:
840:23 September
838:. Retrieved
823:
810:
798:. Retrieved
784:
764:
757:
748:
739:
706:
702:
696:
684:
675:
664:
656:
651:
642:
634:
629:
618:
602:
597:
591:
588:
570:
560:Marshall Aid
557:
542:
526:
522:
514:
506:
502:
473:
457:
417:
408:Pancho Villa
397:
385:
358:
323:
290:
270:
258:
243:
228:
212:
202:
191:
171:Conservative
164:
151:
118:Clan na Gael
107:
104:Chicago 1881
81:Buenos Aires
75:Philadelphia
20:
18:
1807:Derivatives
1481:Thomas Ashe
1393:Army Mutiny
936:. Difp.ie.
564:Congressman
529:Second Dáil
444:New Zealand
424:Thomas Ryan
231:Hotel Astor
198:John Dillon
161:Dublin 1896
126:Land League
25:conventions
1836:Categories
1726:Associates
1701:Informants
1652:Tom Clarke
1585:John Devoy
1526:Prominent
1403:Presidents
1265:Fenian Ram
1024:9 December
470:Paris 1922
420:Australian
314:Judge Goff
306:Jim Larkin
298:John Devoy
246:neutrality
1620:Pat Nally
1564:John Daly
1294:Sinn Féin
1236:Cuba Five
1201:Fenianism
723:162315384
464:Argentina
458:In 1921,
383:victory.
381:Harding's
326:Sinn Féin
274:Sinn Féin
189:in 1890.
142:Tim Healy
108:In 1880,
1365:Land War
1110:Archived
1055:Archived
1018:Archived
993:Archived
962:Archived
938:Archived
834:Archived
794:Archived
579:Congress
252:won the
27:held by
1528:members
1334:Actions
1186:General
1119:4 April
1087:4 April
944:4 April
893:4 April
800:4 April
375:in the
328:in the
194:Toronto
179:Redmond
122:Fenians
54:Chicago
916:
772:
729:
721:
367:, and
183:Dillon
124:, the
60:Dublin
1113:(PDF)
1106:(PDF)
731:18293
719:S2CID
610:Notes
490:Irish
208:Latin
87:Paris
85:1922
79:1921
73:1919
64:1916
58:1896
52:1881
1348:and
1121:2011
1089:2011
1063:2021
1026:2016
946:2011
914:ISBN
895:2011
842:2021
802:2011
770:ISBN
494:Gael
304:and
181:and
173:and
140:and
19:The
1045:sic
865:doi
711:doi
442:of
1838::
1108:.
1049:.
1034:^
1012:.
861:12
859:.
747:.
725:.
717:.
707:10
705:.
555:.
520:.
500:.
430:.
363:,
356:.
157:.
43:.
1821:)
1817:(
1352:)
1344:(
1167:e
1160:t
1153:v
1123:.
1091:.
1065:.
1028:.
999:.
948:.
922:.
897:.
871:.
867::
844:.
804:.
778:.
733:.
713::
691:.
488:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.