Irish Volunteers (18th century)

205: 272:) convened and resolved for a meeting in the "most central town of Ulster, which we conceive to be Dungannon", in which delegates from every volunteer association in the province of Ulster were requested to attend. The date of this meeting was pencilled in for "the 15th day of February next, at ten o'clock in the forenoon". On the arranged date, 15 February 1782, delegates from 147 Volunteer corps arrived at the Presbyterian church, at Scotch Street, Dungannon for what would become known as the "Dungannon Convention of 1782". This church has formerly been the favourite meeting place of the Presbyterian Synod of Ulster and later the supreme ecclesiastical court of Irish Presbyterians. After the Volunteer convention it was afterwards known as the "Church of the Volunteers", although some later writers claim the actual meeting place was the Church of Ireland parish church at 621:, printed in 1784, there were five different Volunteer companies in Belfast, the first of which was the Belfast 1st Volunteer Company formed on 17 March 1778. Delegates from this company to the national convention of 1782 were "bitterly disappointed" that their fellow Volunteers were still opposed to giving Catholics the vote. In 1783 they became the first company of Volunteers in Ireland to "defiantly" admit Catholics into their ranks, and in May 1784 attended mass at St. Mary's chapel. Indeed, the building of this chapel was largely paid for by the Belfast 1st Volunteer Company. In sharp contrast to this, no Roman Catholic was ever admitted into a County Armagh company. 38: 460:(1784); 114 had scarlet uniforms, 18 blue, 6 green, 1 dark green, 1 white, 1 grey, 1 buff, and 12 undetailed. The details of the uniform of each corps varied depending on their choice of colouring for the facing on their uniforms, and for some the lace and buttons, amongst other pieces, for example: the Glin Royal Artillery's uniform was "Blue, faced blue; scarlet cuffs and capes; gold lace", whilst the Offerlane Blues' uniform was "Scarlet, faced blue; silver lace". The Aghavoe Loyals had "scarlet, faced blue", whilst the Castledurrow Volunteers wore green uniforms faced with white and silver lining. 417: 435:. The First Armagh Company was raised in Armagh city on 1 December 1778, and on 13 January 1779, Lord Charlemont became its captain. As many new Volunteer corps were being raised throughout the county, a meeting was held at Clare on 27 December 1779, where they discussed forming these corps into battalions, with commanding officers appointed and the raising of artillery companies to complement them. This saw the creation of the Northern Battalion and Southern Battalion of the First Ulster Regiment. 333:, and had the original owner's (John Bell) crest and initials engraved on the inside, as well as on the wooden base of it. Decorating this pledging-cup was three silver hoops bearing nine toasts, each of which was numbered as follows: 1. The King, 2. The Queen, 3. The Royal Family, 4. The Memory of St. Patrick, 5. The Sons of St. Patrick, 6. The Daughters of St. Patrick, 7. The Irish Volunteers, 8. The Friends of Ireland, 9. A Free Trade. 154:

claims that the purpose of the militia as defined in 1715 would have fitted with the aims of the Volunteers: "of suppressing ... all such insurrections and rebellions, and repelling of invasions". Along with this, Irish Protestants of all ranks had a long, strong tradition of self-defence, having formed groups to resist and pursue agrarian insurgents and keeping a watchful eye on Catholics when threats arose.

150:

misunderstandings arose about Ireland's defence capabilities. Claims that Ireland was ill-prepared for an attack, along with alleged negligence from Dublin Castle, were used to justify the existence of Volunteer companies and their role in defending Ireland. In fact around 4,000 soldiers had been dispatched to the American colonies, leaving as many as 9,000 behind in Ireland.

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were made locally, with badges, buttons, cloth, and hats being procured from places like Belfast and Dublin. The Belfast News Letter carried advertisements from merchants offering: plated and gilt Volunteer buttons, furnished belt and pouch plates, engravings, regimental uniform cloth, and even tents. The painting of Volunteer drums and colours was also offered.

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a "royal salute of twenty-one guns". Nine years later on 14 July 1792 in contrast to this in a sign of changing opinions, on the second anniversary of the fall of the Bastille, the Belfast Volunteers exuberantly paraded through Belfast and agreed to send a declaration to the national assembly of France, to which they received "rapturous replies".

400: 100:; a tradition, whether nationalist or unionist, that has continued to shape Irish political activity with the ethos of "the force of argument had been trumped by the argument of force". Irish republicanism an offspring of the Volunteers of 1782, owes much to influences of both the American and French revolutions. 169:

had been called away, whilst others were used to pursue agrarian insurgents. When musicians were organised in Dublin following the introduction of a bill in the Irish Parliament seeking to outlaw textile workers' combinations, the Volunteers were mobilised to maintain the peace in case of public disorder.

447:

regiment. This met with great disapproval amongst local volunteer companies who found them no longer acceptable as field officers. Lord Charlemont's own company, the First Armagh Company, even protested against the formation of Fencible regiments. By 1 January 1783, both Dawson and Dobbs had received

251:

On 4 June 1782, the Belfast Troop of Light Dragoons volunteer company and the Belfast Volunteer Company paraded through Belfast in honour of the King's birthday. After firing three volleys, they marched to Cave Hill where they were joined by the Belfast Artillery Company, who upon their arrival fired

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on 14 September 1793 in County Antrim. Ammunition for it had been dispatched in secret a few days prior to companies with serviceable arms so that they can resist any opposition they encountered. An hour before the review was to be held, news spread that the 38th Regiment, the Fermanagh Militia, and

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Lord Charlemont desired that all county companies should have the same uniform of scarlet coats with white facings, however, some companies had already chosen their colours, or were in existence before his involvement. Whilst information on clothing is scant, it has been suggested that most uniforms

424:

Originally each Volunteer company was an independent force typically consisting of 60 to 80 men In some parts of the country, a company could consist of between 60 and 100, and were raised in each parish where the number of Protestants made it viable. Alongside the parish companies, towns had one or

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city. On it is the following inscription: "This obelisk was erected by the Right Hon. Sir Capel Molyneux, of Castle Dillon, Bart., in the year 1782, to commemorate the glorious revolution which took place in favour of the constitution of the kingdom, under the auspices of the Volunteers of Ireland."

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The first meeting is the best known. Many of the Volunteers were just as concerned with securing Irish free trade and opposing English governmental interference in Ireland as they were in repelling the French. This resulted in them pledging support for resolutions advocating legislative independence

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throughout 1800, the "national spirit of 1782 was dead". Despite this, Henry Grattan, who had helped secure the Irish parliament's legislative independence in 1782, bought Wicklow borough at midnight for £1,200, and after dressing in his old Volunteer uniform, arrived at the House of Commons of the

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on Catholics such as the Relief Acts of 1778 and 1782. The passing of the Relief Act of 1778, resulted in the Catholic hierarchy giving their support to the British in the American War of Independence, even so far as to having fasts for the success of British arms. The war also offered a chance for

149:

The rise of the Volunteers was a spontaneous event fired by patriotism and the threat of invasion, as another French landing was anticipated when war broke out in 1778. With British troops being dispatched from Ireland for the war with the American colonies, the landed gentry reacted nervously, and

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At the Dungannon Convention of 1782, a resolution was passed that proclaimed the rejoicing at the relaxation of the Penal Laws, whilst saying that Catholics "should not be completely free from restrictions". In contrast at Ballybay, County Monaghan, the Reverend John Rodgers addressed a meeting of

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As the period of the Volunteers drew to an end, some such as those from the County Armagh Volunteers, started considering the larger reviews as a waste of time and energy. One Volunteer, Thomas Prentice, voiced a common opinion to Lord Charlemont that they would rather instead have a few companies

239:

upon entering Britain, whereas British goods could pass freely into Ireland. The Volunteers paraded fully armed with the slogan, "Free Trade or this", referring to their cannon. also cited "Free trade or a Speedy Revolution". According to historian Liz Curtis, the British administration in Ireland

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The regular military deemed the Volunteers of low value in regards to helping repulse a foreign threat. Instead they held the view that they could be a "serviceable riot police", and it was this that they distinguished themselves for. For example, Volunteer companies did duty whilst regular troops

153:

The Volunteers were built upon existing foundations. Dublin Castle had created militias throughout the 18th century, however these had fallen into disuse. The Volunteers filled the gap left behind, with possibly half of its officers having held commissions in the militia. Historian Thomas Bartlett

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listed in the "Collectanea politica", published in 1803, was titled "Ulster volunteers in 1760". From 1766 onwards units were embodied by local landlords in various parts of the country for the preservation of peace and the protection of property. Early volunteer groups (which later became part of

552:

As early as June 1779 this perceived lack of threat from Catholics, allowed them to be able to enlist in some Volunteer companies, and in counties Wexford and Waterford, tried to set up their own. The Catholic hierarchy however were "resolutely suspicious" of the Volunteers, even though generally

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more companies. For officers a company had as its highest rank, a captain, followed by a lieutenant, and ensign. They also had surgeons and chaplains. Local Volunteer companies would later amalgamate into battalions led by colonels and generals, some of which consisted of ten to twelve companies.

357:

The primary motif of the Volunteers was an Irish harp with the British crown mounted above it, with either the name of the company or a motto curved around it, or both, i.e. "Templepatrick Infantry" or "Liberty & Our Country". This harp and crown motif was prevalent on the Volunteer companies

657:

Whilst some Volunteer members would join the United Irishmen, the majority were inclined towards the Yeomanry, which was used to help put down the United Irishmen's rebellion in 1798. Some of these United Irishmen and Yeomen had received their military training in the same Volunteer company; for

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The ultimate demise of the Volunteers occurred during 1793 with the passing of the Gunpowder Act and Convention Act, both of which "effectively killed off Volunteering", whilst the creation of a militia, followed by the yeomanry, served to deprive the Volunteers of their justification of being a

438:

Unlike the volunteer militias formed earlier in the 18th century, which had Crown commissioned officers, the private members of Volunteer companies in a form of military democracy appointed their own, and were "subject to no Government control". These officers were subject to being dismissed for

279:

This church was used for the next three conventions of Ulster Volunteer corps: 21 June 1782, with delegates from 306 companies attending; 8 September 1783, with delegates from 270 companies; and almost a decade later on 15 February 1793, when the "fires of patriotism that marked the birth of the

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The Volunteers became less influential after the end of the war in America in 1783, and rapidly declined except in Ulster. Whilst volunteering remained of interest in counties Antrim and Down, in other places such as neighbouring County Armagh, interest was in serious decline as was membership.

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Reviews of Volunteer corps were held since the earliest days of volunteering, with county companies travelling long distances to attend ones like the Belfast Reviews. Some reviews such as those in County Armagh originally were on a smaller scale, and consisted of a few companies assembling and

407:

Competitions were held between Volunteer corps, with medals given out as marks of distinction for the best marksmen, swordsmen, as well as for the most efficient soldiers. The members of Volunteer corps from the province of Ulster, more specifically from the counties of Antrim, Armagh, Down,

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Outside of Ulster, Catholics found few supporters as Protestants were a minority concerned with their privileges. In Ulster, Protestants and Catholics were almost equal in number and sectarian rivalries remained strong, exemplified by the County Armagh disturbances. In contrast, east of the

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The order of the day has been recorded for the Newry Review of 1785: most of the attending companies had marched to Newry on the Thursday, the day which Lord Charlemont also arrived. On Friday the companies that formed the First Brigade assembled and marched to the review ground, where Lord

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The Volunteers additionally provided a patriotic outlet, with each corps becoming a debating society. This brought about a shift in power with the Volunteers being controlled by progressive politically minded people and not by the Establishment. The Volunteers also saw the annual Protestant

172:

The British victory over the Spanish off Cape St. Vincent in 1780 saw the fear of invasion dissipate, causing the Volunteers to also become involved in politics. Initially they started off agitating for reforms and measures to promote Ireland's prosperity, but later they moved from peaceful

544:, and their attitude towards Catholics was not uniformly hostile. The threat posed by Catholics was deemed to be near non-existent, and that local Volunteers were "under no apprehensions from the Papists". The Volunteers exerted considerable pressure on the British government to ease the 261: 297:

states how "the church was full to the door". The lower part of the church was reserved for delegates with the gallery for their friends who required tickets for admission. Some people who attended the first and second conventions however consider them to be equally important.

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Eventually, the United Irishmen would advocate revolutionary and republican ideals inspired by the French Revolution. Ironically it was only 31 years previous when Belfast had called upon volunteer militias from counties Antrim, Armagh, and Down to defend it from the French.

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Internal politics too played a role in the Volunteers' demise with sharp divisions of opinion regarding political affairs, possibly including "disapproval of the revolutionary and republican sentiments then being so freely expressed", especially amongst northern circles.

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It was the Volunteers of 1782 that launched a paramilitary tradition in Irish politics, a tradition, whether nationalist or unionist, has continued to shape Irish political activity with the ethos of "the force of argument had been trumped by the argument of force".

126:. For example, in 1744 with the declaration of war with France and in 1745 the landing of Prince Charles Edward in Scotland, a corps of 100 men was enrolled in Cork, known as "The True Blues", which formed one of the regiments of the "United Independent Volunteers". 240:

was vulnerable, and the Volunteers used this to press for concessions from Britain using their new-found strength. This demand of the Volunteers was quickly granted by the British government. The Dublin Volunteers' review, saluting a statue of King William III, in

230:

In Dublin on 4 November 1779, the Volunteers took advantage of the annual commemoration of King William III's birthday, marching to his statue in College Green and demonstrating for the cause of free trade between Ireland and Great Britain. Previously, under the

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An example of Volunteers taking action against their own officers would be two officers commissioned to the Southern Battalion of the First Ulster Regiment: Thomas Dawson (commander) and Francis Dobbs (major). Both would also accept commissions in a

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was founded, initially as an offshoot of the Volunteers. In 1792, a new radical company was created as part of the Belfast Regiment of Volunteers, the Green Company, under which guise the United Irishmen held their initial meetings.

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Charlemont would inspect them. His arrival was announced by the firing of nine cannons. On the Saturday, the same thing happened again this time for the Second Brigade. The review also demonstrated the attack and defence of Newry.

313:". This resulted in the Volunteers at the third convention proceeding to demand parliamentary reform, however as the American War of Independence was ending, the British government no longer feared the threat of the Volunteers. 633:, a leading member of the United Irishmen, was elected as an honorary member of the Green Company, who he also calls the First Company, hinting that the Belfast 1st Volunteer Company reorganised itself into the Green Company. 408:

Londonderry, and Tyrone featured quite prominently and took an honourable place. Examples of marksmen competitions included best shot with ball and best target shot at 100 yards. Rewards of merit were also given.

73:, the Volunteers were able to pressure Westminster into conceding legislative independence to the Dublin parliament. Members of the Belfast 1st Volunteer Company laid the foundations for the establishment of the 742:

MacNeill stated of the original Volunteers, "the example of the former Volunteers (of 1782) is not that they did not fight but that they did not maintain their organisation till their objects had been secured".

320:

below). This was partly the result of a sharp division of opinion amongst Volunteers on political matters, so much so that the County Armagh companies refused to send any delegates to the fourth convention.

697:, made frequent reference to the Irish Volunteers, and attempted to link its activities with theirs. They shared many features such as regional strength, leadership, and a Protestant recruitment base. The 593:

Volunteers then opened fire upon the Catholics, killing two and mortally wounding three others. In July 1789, the Volunteers assaulted the Defenders who had assembled at Lisnaglade Fort near

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that raged for over a decade. Many local Volunteers, holding partisan views, became involved in the conflict. In November 1788, the Benburb Volunteers were taunted by a "Catholic mob" near

601:, where he claimed that the troubles were caused by the excitement of volunteering during the American Revolutionary War, which gave "the people high confidence in their own strength". 678:, had written about them: "Patriots of Ireland, your cause is our own". While their political aims were limited, and their legacy was ambiguous, combining future elements of both 329:

The bowl that was used as the pledging-cup of the Volunteers at the first convention was rediscovered in the 1930s in County Tyrone. This bowl was tub-shaped, resembling an Irish

65:

in 1778. Their original purpose was to guard against invasion and to preserve law and order at a time when British soldiers were withdrawn from Ireland to fight abroad during the

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Volunteer members accepted no pay, however the more wealthy amongst them shared their funds with their poorer comrades, with officers donating towards the company's stock purse.

350: 2026: 483:

The naming of some Volunteer companies may show a continuation of earlier Protestant anti-Catholic traditions, with corps named after "Protestant" victories such as the

2227: 1946:. Quote: The UVF was a direct inspiration for the Irish Volunteers, formed in November 1913 by those on the nationalist side who feared that Home Rule had stalled. 614:

in counties Antrim and Down, the Protestants were such an "overwhelming majority" that they had little to fear from Catholics, and became their biggest defenders.

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We know our duty to our Sovereign, and are loyal. We know our duty to ourselves, and are resolved to be free. We seek for our rights and no more than our rights

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Volunteers, imploring them "not to consent to the repeal of the penal laws, or to allow of a legal toleration of the Popish religion". John Wesley wrote in his

1295: 565:

in 1780, which many would have agreed with, argued that he would not have the Catholics persecuted at all, but rather hindered from being able to cause harm.

204: 658:

example, the Ballymoney company's Alexander Gamble became a United Irishman, whilst George Hutcinson, a captain in the company, joined the Yeomanry.

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In 1791, the Belfast 1st Volunteer Company passed its own resolution arguing in favour of Catholic emancipation. In October that year the Society of

810: 157:

The Volunteers were independent of the Irish Parliament and Dublin Castle, and this was an established fact by 1779. It is claimed that had the

293:, saw 200 delegates marching two by two into the church "steady, silent, and determined", clothed in their uniform and bearing arms. A poem by 527:

In March 1793 the assembly of armed associations was prohibited, making it illegal to hold a review. The last planned review was for one near

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performing field exercises in a particular district. They later became larger affairs with brigades consisting of battalions of companies.

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An obelisk commemorating the Dungannon Convention of 1782, was erected that year by Sir Capel Molyneux, on a hill a few miles northeast of

273: 771: 162: 353:

Belt-plate of the Belfast Volunteers, featuring the British crown above a harp and the initials "B V" meaning "Belfast Volunteers"

2242: 1562: 598: 2194: 2183: 2173: 2036: 1967: 1919: 1891: 1854: 1305: 1253: 981: 956: 820: 2237: 475:, Grattan is seen standing on the far right side of the canvas giving his speech and wearing a scarlet Volunteer uniform . 1705: 545: 670:

The Volunteers of the 18th century set a precedent for using the threat of armed force to influence political reform.

2162: 2151: 2140: 2126: 1943: 1776: 1750: 1677: 1616: 1591: 1488: 1436: 1393: 1368: 1337: 1278: 923: 882: 852: 701:, formed in November 1913, were in part inspired and modelled on the Ulster Volunteers, but its founders, including 2232: 532:

detachment of Artillery had arrived in Doagh, resulting in the review being abandoned with no date for resumption.

359: 117: 2189:

Townshend, Charles (1983). Political violence in Ireland: government and resistance since 1848. Clarendon Press.

1990: 165:, been more pro-active and assertive, then the Volunteers could have come under some form of government control. 2135:

Curtis, Liz (1994). The Cause of Ireland: From the United Irishmen to Partition. Beyond the Pale Publications.

767: 294: 134: 122:

As far back as 1715 and 1745, self-constituted bodies of defensive local forces were formed in anticipation of

2207: 2062:, The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Fifth Series, Vol. 10, No.4 (31 December 1900). 739:

in 1905 ... "to celebrate those icons of the constitutionalist movement, the Irish Volunteers of 1782".

109: 1637:

British Museum, Pelham MSS., i, p. 308 (printed in Deputy Keeper's Report, N.I. Record Office (1936), p. 16)

69:

and the government failed to organise its own militia. Taking advantage of Britain's preoccupation with its

37: 732: 264:

A print of a painting depicting the Volunteer Dungannon Convention at Dungannon Church, on 15 February 1782

142:

the Volunteers) included: First Volunteers of Ireland (1 July 1766); Kilkenny Rangers (2 June 1770); First

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for Ireland, whilst proclaiming their loyalty to the British Crown. The first convention according to Sir

89: 2073: 597:, resulting in more lives being lost. In 1797 Dr. William Richardson wrote a detailed analysis for the 471:, Henry Grattan, is recorded as wearing a blue Volunteer uniform, although in Wheatley's 1780 painting 268:

On 28 December 1781, members of the Southern Battalion of the County Armagh Volunteers (who formed the

245: 158: 70: 66: 42: 750:, meaning "who shall separate us", which was in use by them from at least 1781, is also used by the 316:

The fourth convention in 1793 was held after a period of steep decline in Volunteer membership (see

1816: 1411: 290: 2178:

Kelly, M. J. (2006). The Fenian ideal and Irish nationalism, 1882–1916. Boydell & Brewer Ltd,.

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Stewart, A.T.Q. (1998). A Deeper Silence: The Hidden Origins of the United Irishmen. Blackstaff,

500: 82: 181:

The Volunteers however were also marked by liberal political views. For instance, although only

2105: 1962:. Volume 4 of Irish historical monographs series. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 213–214. 1957: 1811: 1766: 721:

Irish parliament at 7 a.m., after which he gave a two-hour speech against the proposed union.

717: 541: 504: 306: 269: 241: 46: 30: 1300:. American Politics and Political Economy Series. University of Chicago Press. p. 179. 431:

An example of the amalgamation of Volunteer companies is that of the First Ulster Regiment,

787: 783: 759: 751: 403:

Drawing of the medal awarded to the First Magherafelt Volunteers for skill with broadsword.

310: 186: 1583: 1577: 1360: 1354: 561:

that the Volunteers should "at least keep the Papists in order", whilst his letter to the

8: 763: 630: 582: 578: 484: 468: 220: 130: 113: 1061: 2093: 1798: 496: 473:

The Irish House of Commons: Henry Grattan urging the Claims of Irish Right, 8 June 1780

93: 62: 2212: 2190: 2179: 2169: 2158: 2147: 2136: 2122: 2032: 1963: 1939: 1915: 1887: 1850: 1772: 1746: 1673: 1612: 1587: 1484: 1432: 1389: 1364: 1333: 1301: 1274: 1249: 977: 952: 919: 878: 848: 816: 775: 713: 690: 679: 671: 488: 224: 724: 698: 375: 358:

flags, belt-plates and gorgets. Some included the Royal cypher "G.R." standing for

198: 123: 23: 2168:

Connolly, S.J., Oxford Companion to Irish History, Oxford University Press, 2007.

77:

organisation. The majority of Volunteer members however were inclined towards the

736: 694: 625: 586: 232: 194: 74: 416: 1870:

The Ulster Volunteers of 1782: Their Medals, Badges, Flags, &c. (Continued)

1648:

The Ulster Volunteers of '82: Their Medals, Badges, &c. Gillball Volunteers

712:

Renowned Irish historian and writer James Camlin Beckett, stated that when the

706: 683: 399: 97: 1297:

The great melody: a thematic biography and commented anthology of Edmund Burke

2221: 1709: 728: 702: 675: 574: 432: 305:, greater autonomy and powers (legislative independence) were granted to the 302: 190: 2146:

F.X. Martin, T.W. Moody (1994). The Course of Irish History. Mercier Press.

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movement were burning low", which the meeting "failed to kindle them anew".

1095:, Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Second Series, Vol. 15, No. 2/3 (May 1909) 755: 1872:, Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Second Series, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Jan. 1900). 1650:, Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Second Series, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Oct. 1898). 1552:, Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Second Series, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Sep. 1894). 1050:, Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Second Series, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Oct. 1902). 1037:, Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Second Series, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Jan. 1898). 210: 143: 611: 1994: 301:

After pressure from the Volunteers and a Parliamentary grouping under

779: 594: 444: 709:, also drew heavily upon the legacy of the 18th-century Volunteers. 137:

in 1760. The roll-call of the militia that marched on the French at

2028:

Political violence in Ireland: government and resistance since 1848

182: 146:

Volunteers (June 1773); and the Offerlane Blues (10 October 1773).

138: 78: 2071: 420:

An example of a Volunteer flag; the flag of the Dublin Volunteers.

391:(for our King, out altars, and out hearths), which was also used. 22:

For the 20th-century Irish nationalist military organisation, see

590: 524:

meet a few times during the summer for drilling and improvement.

236: 260: 2015:

Charles Townshend, Easter 1916, The Irish Rebellion (2006), p18

337: 330: 2031:. Oxford Historical Monographs. Clarendon Press. p. 295. 812:

Double traitors?: the Belfast Volunteers and Yeomen, 1778–1828

129:

In 1757 and 1760 there were volunteer units formed due to the

528: 1530:, Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Third Series, Vol. 3 (1940) 1455:, Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Third Series, Vol. 6 (1943) 1453:

The County Armagh Volunteers of 1778–1793: List of Companies

1185:, Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Third Series, Vol. 4 (1941) 573:

In the 1780s sectarian tensions rose to dangerous levels in

81:, which fought and helped defeat the United Irishmen in the 1271:

A Deeper Silence: The Hidden Origins of the United Irishmen

1035:

The Ulster Volunteers of '82: Their Medals, Badges, &c.

875:

The Cause of Ireland: From the United Irishmen to Partition

716:

between Great Britain and Ireland was being debated in the

577:, culminating in sectarian warfare between the Protestant 383:(for Country) Another Volunteer motto is the oft-repeated 349: 1690:

Miscellaneous works of the Right Honourable Henry Grattan

2072:

Rosie Cowan, Ireland correspondent (28 September 2002).

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their Fencible commissions and ceased to be volunteers.

507:, was used by the Culloden Volunteers of Cork company. 1321: 387:(for our altars and our hearths), a truncated form of 2157:

Llwelyn, Morgan (2001). Irish Rebels. O'Brien Press.

2132:

Jackson, T.A. (1946). Ireland Her Own. Cobbett Press.

1003:

THE IRISH VOLUNTEERS 1715–1793 – A list of the units

61:) were local militias raised by local initiative in 2074:"The rise and fall of Johnny Adair | UK news" 1912:Carson's Army, The Ulster Volunteer Force. 1910–22 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1346: 1293: 173:persuasion to "the threat of armed dictatorship". 2228:Military units and formations established in 1778 1959:The Fenian ideal and Irish nationalism, 1882–1916 1768:The Four Nations: A History of the United Kingdom 1672:, page 13. Moyola Books, 1916, republished 1988. 910: 908: 906: 904: 902: 900: 898: 896: 894: 540:The Volunteers had no unified view in regards to 2219: 1914:. Manchester University Press. pp. 16, 68. 1875: 1569: 1327: 754:(founded in 1783), and is used by several Irish 604: 185:Protestants were allowed to bear arms under the 1868:Thomas Camac, Robert Day and William Cathcart; 1458: 1243: 96:which would launch a paramilitary tradition in 1909: 1905: 1903: 1760: 1758: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1422: 1420: 1262: 940: 891: 1938:, page 120. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003. 1631: 1483:, page 214–217. The Black Staff Press, 2005. 1177: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1121: 965: 918:, page 217–220. The Black Staff Press, 2005. 868: 866: 864: 804: 802: 568: 456:Of the 154 companies of Volunteers listed in 2060:On Three Gold Medals of the Irish Volunteers 1708:. Queen's University Belfast. Archived from 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1248:. Cambridge University Press. p. 179-. 1239: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1101: 937:Ulster Museum, History of Belfast exhibition 786:, and is also the motto of the paramilitary 214:in honour of the Dungannon Convention, 1782. 1900: 1886:. Cambridge University Press. p. 190. 1849:, page 611. Oxford University Press, 2007. 1755: 1724: 1575: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1417: 1383: 1352: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1191: 951:. Cambridge University Press. p. 190. 877:. Beyond the Pale Publications. p. 4. 845:The Evolution of Irish Nationalist Politics 815:. Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 2. 208:The Lisburn and Lambeg Volunteers firing a 1611:. Gill & Macmillan. pp. 133–134. 1600: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1431:. Gill & Macmillan. pp. 132–133. 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 976:. Scepter Publishers Limited. p. 65. 861: 808: 799: 746:One of the mottos used by the Volunteer's 394: 365:Other mottos included amongst variations: 2024: 1993:. University College Cork. Archived from 1841: 1839: 1745:, page 223. The Black Staff Press, 2005. 1445: 1183:The County Armagh Volunteers of 1778–1793 1098: 997: 995: 993: 836: 772:88th Regiment of Foot (Connaught Rangers) 1881: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1493: 1188: 1093:The National Volunteers of Ireland, 1782 946: 933: 931: 535: 415: 398: 348: 259: 255: 227:become displays of patriotic sentiment. 203: 163:John Hobart, 2nd Earl of Buckinghamshire 36: 1864: 1862: 1792: 1688:Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown: 1682: 1563:"Historic Dungannon Convention of 1782" 1533: 1407: 1405: 1377: 1268: 1078: 553:Catholics "cheered on the Volunteers". 2220: 1936:Home Rule - An Irish History 1800–2000 1836: 1812:"Autobiography of Theobald Wolfe Tone" 1801:– Henry Joy McCracken's Volunteer Coat 1771:. Yale University Press. p. 228. 1700: 1698: 1640: 1059: 1005:, pg 88. Irish Academic Press, Dublin. 990: 971: 872: 847:. Gill and Macmillan Ltd. p. 20. 842: 1955: 1764: 1653: 1606: 1426: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1011: 928: 2052: 1859: 1804: 1414:Memoirs; chapter 7 on the Volunteers 1402: 1386:History and Memory in Modern Ireland 1330:A History of the Irish Working Class 362:. Shamrocks also commonly featured. 344: 1983: 1695: 1550:Church of the Volunteers, Dungannon 45:depicting the Dublin Volunteers on 13: 1273:. Blackstaff Press. pp. 4–5. 1008: 778:. It was also adopted by the anti- 244:on 4 November 1779 was painted by 235:, Irish goods had been subject to 14: 2254: 1847:Oxford Companion to Irish History 766:(previously Royal Irish Rifles), 549:Catholics to show their loyalty. 16:18th century local Irish militias 1576:F.X. Martin, T.W. Moody (1994). 1353:F.X. Martin, T.W. Moody (1980). 1328:Berresford Ellis, Peter (1985). 495:. Another "Protestant" victory, 2065: 2018: 2009: 1949: 1928: 1555: 1384:Ian McBride (8 November 2001). 1287: 1060:Seward, William Wenman (1803). 1053: 1040: 411: 389:Pro Caesare, Pro Aeris et Focis 283: 135:French landing at Carrickfergus 2243:1778 establishments in Ireland 1388:. Cambridge University Press. 1294:Cruise O'Brien, Conor (1994). 768:4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards 503:, which saw the defeat of the 1: 2208:List of Irish Volunteer corps 793: 605:Belfast 1st Volunteer Company 110:List of Irish Volunteer corps 1609:A Concise History of Ireland 1429:A Concise History of Ireland 733:Irish Republican Brotherhood 118:History of Ireland 1691–1801 7: 2238:Military history of Ireland 2201: 2025:Townshend, Charles (1983). 1910:Timothy Bowman (May 2012). 1579:The Course of Irish History 1356:The Course of Irish History 379:(none shall separate), and 317: 309:, in what some called "the 219:commemorations such as the 199:Catholic Relief Act of 1778 176: 103: 71:rebelling American colonies 10: 2259: 2115: 1359:. Mercier Press. pp. 809:Blackstock, Allan (2001). 693:founded in 1912 to oppose 569:County Armagh disturbances 510: 499:, the final battle of the 451: 439:misconduct or incapacity. 367:For Our King & Country 189:, the Volunteers admitted 159:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 107: 67:American Revolutionary War 20: 1882:Bartlett, Thomas (2010). 1582:. Mercier Press. p. 1332:. Pluto. pp. 63–64. 1048:Ulster Volunteers in 1760 947:Bartlett, Thomas (2010). 661: 654:voluntary defence force. 640: 478: 458:The Volunteer's Companion 324: 1817:The New Monthly Magazine 1646:Biggar, Francis Joseph; 1269:Stewart, A.T.Q. (1998). 1244:Thomas Bartlett (2010). 1091:Bigger, Francis Joseph; 1046:Bigger, Francis Joseph; 972:Harmon, Maurice (1968). 619:The Volunteers Companion 599:1st Marquess of Abercorn 373:(for King and Country), 197:, reflecting the recent 193:and a limited number of 29:Not to be confused with 2233:18th century in Ireland 674:, also a member of the 501:Jacobite Rising of 1745 395:Competitions and awards 83:Irish rebellion of 1798 1670:History of Magherafelt 774:and its successor the 758:regiments such as the 735:(IRB) established the 467:Leading Volunteer and 421: 404: 354: 265: 215: 50: 1956:Kelly, M. J. (2006). 1765:Welsh, Frank (2002). 974:Fenians and Fenianism 718:Parliament of Ireland 542:Catholic emancipation 536:Catholic emancipation 419: 402: 352: 270:First Ulster Regiment 263: 256:Dungannon Conventions 207: 40: 31:Volunteers of Ireland 1607:Duffy, Sean (2005). 1526:Paterson, T. G. F.; 1451:Paterson, T. G. F.; 1427:Duffy, Sean (2005). 1181:Paterson, T. G. F.; 1066:. Dublin: A. Stewart 1063:Collectanea Politica 1001:Padraig O Snodaigh; 873:Curtis, Liz (1994). 843:Garvin, Tom (1981). 788:Ulster Defence Force 784:Ulster Defence Union 760:Royal Dragoon Guards 752:Order of St. Patrick 311:constitution of 1782 1743:A History of Ulster 1481:A History of Ulster 916:A History of Ulster 764:Royal Ulster Rifles 631:Theobald Wolfe Tone 221:Battle of the Boyne 114:Irish Patriot Party 57:(also known as the 2104:has generic name ( 1997:on 3 November 2011 1884:Ireland: A History 1741:Bardon, Jonathan; 1479:Bardon, Jonathan; 1412:Jonah Barrington's 1246:Ireland: a History 949:Ireland: A History 914:Bardon, Jonathan; 782:organisation, the 422: 405: 385:Pro Aeris et Focis 371:Pro Rege et Patria 355: 266: 216: 94:Volunteers of 1782 51: 2213:Ireland 1691-1801 2195:978-0-19-821753-4 2184:978-1-84383-204-1 2174:978-0-19-923483-7 2038:978-0-19-821753-4 1969:978-1-84383-204-1 1921:978-0-7190-7372-4 1893:978-0-521-19720-5 1855:978-0-19-923483-7 1668:Maitland, W. H.; 1307:978-0-226-61651-3 1255:978-1-107-42234-6 983:978-0-295-95074-7 958:978-0-521-19720-5 822:978-0-9539604-1-5 776:Connaught Rangers 691:Ulster Volunteers 680:Irish nationalism 672:George Washington 581:and the Catholic 563:Freeman's Journal 345:Motifs and mottos 225:Battle of Aughrim 2250: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2069: 2063: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1953: 1947: 1934:Jackson, Alvin; 1932: 1926: 1925: 1907: 1898: 1897: 1879: 1873: 1866: 1857: 1845:Connolly, S.J., 1843: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1762: 1753: 1739: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1712:on 15 April 2012 1702: 1693: 1686: 1680: 1666: 1651: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1553: 1546: 1531: 1524: 1491: 1477: 1456: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1424: 1415: 1409: 1400: 1399: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1291: 1285: 1284: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1241: 1186: 1179: 1096: 1089: 1076: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1057: 1051: 1044: 1038: 1031: 1006: 999: 988: 987: 969: 963: 962: 944: 938: 935: 926: 912: 889: 888: 870: 859: 858: 840: 834: 833: 831: 829: 806: 725:Denis McCullough 699:Irish Volunteers 579:Peep o' Day Boys 307:Irish Parliament 291:Jonah Barrington 246:Francis Wheatley 131:Seven Years' War 124:Stuart invasions 59:Irish Volunteers 43:Francis Wheatley 34: 27: 24:Irish Volunteers 2258: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2218: 2217: 2204: 2118: 2113: 2101: 2100: 2091: 2090: 2083: 2081: 2070: 2066: 2057: 2053: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1998: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1954: 1950: 1933: 1929: 1922: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1880: 1876: 1867: 1860: 1844: 1837: 1827: 1825: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1763: 1756: 1740: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1704: 1703: 1696: 1687: 1683: 1667: 1654: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1619: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1574: 1570: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1548:W. T. Latimer; 1547: 1534: 1528:A Relic of 1782 1525: 1494: 1478: 1459: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1425: 1418: 1410: 1403: 1396: 1382: 1378: 1371: 1351: 1347: 1340: 1326: 1322: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1292: 1288: 1281: 1267: 1263: 1256: 1242: 1189: 1180: 1099: 1090: 1079: 1069: 1067: 1058: 1054: 1045: 1041: 1032: 1009: 1000: 991: 984: 970: 966: 959: 945: 941: 936: 929: 913: 892: 885: 871: 862: 855: 841: 837: 827: 825: 823: 807: 800: 796: 737:Dungannon Clubs 695:Irish Home Rule 664: 643: 626:United Irishmen 607: 587:Blackwaterstown 571: 538: 513: 505:Young Pretender 481: 454: 414: 397: 360:King George III 347: 327: 286: 258: 233:Navigation Acts 179: 133:and due to the 120: 106: 75:United Irishmen 35: 28: 21: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2256: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2187: 2176: 2166: 2155: 2144: 2133: 2130: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2111: 2064: 2051: 2037: 2017: 2008: 1982: 1968: 1948: 1927: 1920: 1899: 1892: 1874: 1858: 1835: 1803: 1791: 1777: 1754: 1723: 1706:"Act of Union" 1694: 1681: 1652: 1639: 1630: 1617: 1599: 1592: 1568: 1554: 1532: 1492: 1457: 1444: 1437: 1416: 1401: 1394: 1376: 1369: 1345: 1338: 1320: 1306: 1286: 1279: 1261: 1254: 1187: 1097: 1077: 1052: 1039: 1007: 989: 982: 964: 957: 939: 927: 890: 883: 860: 853: 835: 821: 797: 795: 792: 748:Quis Separabit 707:Patrick Pearse 684:Irish unionism 663: 660: 642: 639: 606: 603: 570: 567: 537: 534: 512: 509: 480: 477: 453: 450: 413: 410: 396: 393: 376:Quis Separabit 346: 343: 326: 323: 285: 282: 257: 254: 178: 175: 105: 102: 98:Irish politics 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2255: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2164: 2163:0-86278-857-9 2160: 2156: 2153: 2152:1-85635-108-4 2149: 2145: 2142: 2141:0-9514229-6-0 2138: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2127:0-85640-642-2 2124: 2120: 2119: 2107: 2102:|author= 2095: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2061: 2058:Day, Robert; 2055: 2040: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2021: 2012: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1971: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1952: 1945: 1944:1-84212-724-1 1941: 1937: 1931: 1923: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1904: 1895: 1889: 1885: 1878: 1871: 1865: 1863: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1840: 1824:: 346–7. 1824 1823: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1807: 1800: 1799:Ulster Museum 1795: 1780: 1778:0-300-09374-8 1774: 1770: 1769: 1761: 1759: 1752: 1751:0-85640-764-X 1748: 1744: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1678:0-9511836-2-1 1675: 1671: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1649: 1643: 1634: 1627: 1626: 1620: 1618:0-7171-3810-0 1614: 1610: 1603: 1595: 1593:1-85635-108-4 1589: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1572: 1564: 1558: 1551: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1529: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1490: 1489:0-85640-764-X 1486: 1482: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1454: 1448: 1440: 1438:0-7171-3810-0 1434: 1430: 1423: 1421: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1397: 1395:0-521-79366-1 1391: 1387: 1380: 1372: 1370:1-85635-108-4 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1349: 1341: 1339:0-7453-0009-X 1335: 1331: 1324: 1309: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1290: 1282: 1280:0-85640-642-2 1276: 1272: 1265: 1257: 1251: 1247: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1184: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1094: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1065: 1064: 1056: 1049: 1043: 1036: 1033:Day, Robert; 1030: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1004: 998: 996: 994: 985: 979: 975: 968: 960: 954: 950: 943: 934: 932: 925: 924:0-85640-764-X 921: 917: 911: 909: 907: 905: 903: 901: 899: 897: 895: 886: 884:0-9514229-6-0 880: 876: 869: 867: 865: 856: 854:0-7171-1312-4 850: 846: 839: 824: 818: 814: 813: 805: 803: 798: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 740: 738: 734: 730: 729:Bulmer Hobson 726: 722: 719: 715: 710: 708: 704: 703:Eoin MacNeill 700: 696: 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 676:landed gentry 673: 668: 659: 655: 651: 647: 638: 634: 632: 627: 622: 620: 617:According to 615: 613: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 575:County Armagh 566: 564: 560: 554: 550: 547: 543: 533: 530: 525: 521: 517: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 476: 474: 470: 465: 461: 459: 449: 446: 440: 436: 434: 433:County Armagh 429: 426: 418: 409: 401: 392: 390: 386: 382: 378: 377: 372: 368: 363: 361: 351: 342: 339: 334: 332: 322: 319: 314: 312: 308: 304: 303:Henry Grattan 299: 296: 292: 281: 277: 275: 271: 262: 253: 249: 247: 243: 242:College Green 238: 234: 228: 226: 222: 213: 212: 206: 202: 200: 196: 192: 191:Presbyterians 188: 184: 174: 170: 166: 164: 160: 155: 151: 147: 145: 140: 136: 132: 127: 125: 119: 115: 111: 101: 99: 95: 92:, it was the 91: 88:According to 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 48: 47:College Green 44: 39: 32: 25: 19: 2082:. Retrieved 2078:The Guardian 2077: 2067: 2059: 2054: 2042:. Retrieved 2027: 2020: 2011: 1999:. Retrieved 1995:the original 1985: 1973:. Retrieved 1958: 1951: 1935: 1930: 1911: 1883: 1877: 1869: 1846: 1826:. Retrieved 1821: 1815: 1806: 1794: 1782:. Retrieved 1767: 1742: 1714:. Retrieved 1710:the original 1689: 1684: 1669: 1647: 1642: 1633: 1624: 1622: 1608: 1602: 1578: 1571: 1557: 1549: 1527: 1480: 1452: 1447: 1428: 1385: 1379: 1355: 1348: 1329: 1323: 1311:. Retrieved 1296: 1289: 1270: 1264: 1245: 1182: 1092: 1068:. Retrieved 1062: 1055: 1047: 1042: 1034: 1002: 973: 967: 948: 942: 915: 874: 844: 838: 826:. 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London 497:Culloden 445:Fencible 223:and the 183:Anglican 177:Politics 139:Swinford 104:Founding 90:Bartlett 79:yeomanry 2116:Sources 1623:Quote: 1361:232–233 731:of the 591:Benburb 559:Journal 511:Reviews 489:Aughrim 469:Patriot 452:Uniform 237:tariffs 63:Ireland 2193: 2182: 2172: 2161: 2150: 2139: 2125: 2035: 1966: 1942: 1918: 1890: 1853: 1775: 1749: 1692:, 1822 1676: 1615: 1590: 1487: 1435: 1392: 1367: 1336: 1304: 1277: 1252: 980: 955: 922: 881: 851: 819: 662:Legacy 641:Demise 589:. The 479:Naming 338:Armagh 331:mether 325:Relics 318:Demise 116:, and 529:Doagh 485:Boyne 2191:ISBN 2180:ISBN 2170:ISBN 2159:ISBN 2148:ISBN 2137:ISBN 2123:ISBN 2106:help 2086:2010 2046:2010 2033:ISBN 2003:2011 1977:2014 1964:ISBN 1940:ISBN 1916:ISBN 1888:ISBN 1851:ISBN 1830:2016 1786:2016 1773:ISBN 1747:ISBN 1718:2011 1674:ISBN 1613:ISBN 1588:ISBN 1485:ISBN 1433:ISBN 1390:ISBN 1365:ISBN 1334:ISBN 1315:2009 1302:ISBN 1275:ISBN 1250:ISBN 1072:2016 978:ISBN 953:ISBN 920:ISBN 879:ISBN 849:ISBN 830:2009 817:ISBN 727:and 705:and 689:The 682:and 491:and 53:The 1584:233 2224:: 2098:: 2096:}} 2092:{{ 2076:. 1902:^ 1861:^ 1838:^ 1822:XI 1820:. 1814:. 1757:^ 1726:^ 1697:^ 1655:^ 1621:. 1586:. 1535:^ 1495:^ 1460:^ 1419:^ 1404:^ 1363:. 1190:^ 1100:^ 1080:^ 1010:^ 992:^ 930:^ 893:^ 863:^ 801:^ 790:. 770:, 762:, 686:. 487:, 369:, 276:. 248:. 201:. 161:, 112:, 85:. 2197:. 2186:. 2165:. 2154:. 2143:. 2129:. 2108:) 2088:. 2048:. 2005:. 1979:. 1924:. 1896:. 1832:. 1788:. 1720:. 1596:. 1565:. 1441:. 1398:. 1373:. 1342:. 1317:. 1283:. 1258:. 1074:. 986:. 961:. 887:. 857:. 832:. 49:. 33:. 26:.

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Irish Volunteers (18th century)

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