1108:
1974:
1138:
1992:
1040:
1983:
1949:
1150:
791:
764:
1193:
1048:
have contributed to rising tensions during the period. The average life expectancy at birth would have been around 25, but at the age of five, it would have been around 30. Those figures would be slightly lower for women, and slightly higher for men throughout the Middle Iron Age in most areas, on account of the high mortality rate of young women during childbirth; however, the average age for the two sexes would be roughly equal for the Late Iron Age. That interpretation depends on the view that warfare and social strife increased in the Late Iron Age, which seems to be fairly well attested in the archaeological record for
Southern Britain at least.
836:
1557:
773:
1233:
1476:
1440:
809:
552:
1208:
8207:
8073:
7232:
7165:
7034:
6417:
6019:
1467:
5460:
1120:
1657:
818:
854:
927:
800:
1548:
221:
1449:
1886:
1877:
1669:
563:
1922:
1165:
782:
1328:
1850:
863:
1575:
1566:
737:
1458:
827:
1503:
1485:
1913:
1530:
1859:
872:
1181:
1934:
1904:
1895:
3705:
1521:
1494:
491:
36:
746:
1748:
1512:
755:
1868:
1841:
845:
1539:
1965:
1588:
1047:
The population of
Britain increased significantly during the Iron Age probably to more than one million, partly due to improved barley and wheat and increased use of peas, beans and flax. Most were concentrated densely in the agricultural lands of the South. Settlement density and a land shortage may
1637:
With regard to animal husbandry, cattle represented a significant investment in pre-Roman
Britain, as they could be used as a source of portable wealth and to provide useful domestic by-products such as milk, cheese and leather. In the later Iron Age, an apparent shift is visible, revealing a change
708:
The development of hill forts may have occurred from greater tensions that arose between the better-structured and more populous social groups. Alternatively, there are suggestions that in the latter phases of the Iron Age, the structures simply indicate a greater accumulation of wealth and a higher
1812:
probably did not principally move through trade. In the past, the emigration of Belgic peoples to South-Eastern
Britain has been cited as an explanation for their appearance in that region. However, recent work suggests that their presence there may have occurred from a kind of political and social
1247:
perceives a division between one group of gods relating to masculinity, the sky and individual tribes and a second group of goddesses relating to associations with fertility, the earth and a universality that transcended tribal differences. Wells and springs had female, divine links exemplified by
692:
form and often connected with earlier enclosures attached to the long ditch systems. Few hill forts have been substantially excavated in the modern era, Danebury being a notable exception, with 49% of its total surface area studied. However, it appears that the "forts" were also used for domestic
1641:
Cattle and sheep dominate the osteo-archaeological record, but evidence for pig, ox, dog and rarely chicken is widely represented. There is generally an absence from environmental remains of hunted game and wild species as well as fresh and sea water species, even in coastal communities.
717:
comments that
Vespasian captured more than 20 "towns" during a campaign in the West Country in 43 AD, and there is some evidence of violence from the hill forts of Hod Hill and Maiden Castle in Dorset from this period. Some hill forts continued as settlements for the newly-conquered
1304:
Disused grain storage pits and the ends of ditches have also produced what appear to be deliberately-placed deposits, including a preference for burials of horses, dogs and ravens. The bodies were often mutilated, and some human finds at the bottom of pits, such as those found at
693:
purposes, with examples of food storage, industry and occupation being found within their earthworks. On the other hand, they may have been occupied only intermittently, as it is difficult to reconcile permanently-occupied hill forts with the lowland farmsteads and their
709:
standard of living although any such shift is invisible in the archaeological record for the Middle Iron Age, when hill forts come into their own. In that regard, they may have served as wider centres used for markets and social contact. Either way, during the
1027:. Regardless of the "invasionist" vs. "diffusionist" debate, it is beyond dispute that exchanges with the Continent were a defining aspect of the British Iron Age. According to Caesar, the Britons further inland than the Belgae believed that they were
900:
Britain, we are told, is inhabited by tribes which are autochthonous and preserve in their ways of living the ancient manner of life. They use chariots, for instance, in their wars, even as tradition tells us the old Greek heroes did in the Trojan
1346:"those diabolical idols of my country, which almost surpassed in number those of Egypt, and of which we still see some mouldering away within or without the deserted temples, with stiff and deformed features as was customary". Sites such as at
628:
By the 8th century BC, there is increasing evidence of Great
Britain becoming closely tied to Continental Europe, especially in Southern and Eastern Britain. New weapon types appeared with clear parallels to those on the Continent, such as the
1595:
Trade links developed in the Bronze Age and beforehand provided Great
Britain with numerous examples of continental craftsmanship. Swords especially were imported, copied and often improved upon by the natives. Early in the period,
1382:, Somerset, have been similarly interpreted. An example at Sigwells, overlooking Cadbury Castle, was associated with metalwork and whole and partial animal burials to its east. However, evidence of an open-air shrine was found at
1829:
and other petty wares as articles imported to
Britain, and he recorded the island's exports as grain, cattle, gold, silver, iron, hides, slaves and hunting dogs. That trade probably thrived as a result of political links and
1816:
After Caesar's conquest of Gaul, a thriving trade developed between South-Eastern
Britain and the near Continent. That is archaeologically evidenced by imports of wine and olive oil amphorae and mass-produced Gallo-Belgic
296:
culture, but in recent years, that has been disputed. At a minimum, "Celtic" is a linguistic term without an implication of a lasting cultural unity connecting Gaul with the
British Isles throughout the Iron Age. The
2063:
In areas where Roman rule was not strong or non-existent, Iron Age beliefs and practices remained but not without at least marginal levels of Roman or Romano-British influence. The survival of place names, such as
1793:'s failed conquest of Brittany in the 50s BC. This fact may support a supposition that the Celts of Britain had an economic interest in supporting their Gallic brethren in their resistance to Roman occupation.
2475:, p. 32. The dates are the mid-points of Cunliffe's transitional lines. His earliest and latest possibilities have been used for the end points. In the text, 750 BC is his summary date for the beginning.
321:
At present over 100 large-scale excavations of Iron Age sites have taken place, dating from the 8th century BC to the 1st century AD and overlapping into the Bronze Age in the 8th century BC. Hundreds of
2703:
Cunliffe (2010), page 598: "Growth of population was one of the factors which led to the crystallizing out of well-defined social hierarchies accompanied, especially in the centre south, by a degree of
1137:
1316:, a religious elite with considerable holy and secular powers. Great Britain appears to have been the seat of the Druidic religion, and Tacitus's account of the later raid on Anglesey led by
7012:
601:, were being set out, and settlements were becoming more permanent and focused on better exploitation of the land. The central organisation to undertake that had been present since the
2608:
11: "Their physical characteristics are various and this is suggestive... overall, however, it seems reasonable to believe that the Gauls occupied this island lying so near to them." (
1734:
The expansion of the economy throughout the period, but especially in the later Iron Age, is in large part a reflection of key changes in the expression of social and economic status.
1055:, may suggest a consolidated socio-economic group in the region. However, by 600 BC, that appears to have broken down into differing sub-groups with their own pottery styles. Between
1429:
seem to have had small inhumation cemeteries, sometimes with high status grave goods. In fact, the general dearth of excavated Iron Age burials makes drawing conclusions difficult.
1948:
1273:
Religious practices often involved the ritual slaughter of animals or the deposition of metalwork, especially war booty. Weapons and horse trappings have been found in the bog at
1010:
westwards during the early Iron Age. The question whether these movements should be described as "invasions", as "migrations" or as mostly "diffusion" is largely a semantic one.
6713:
4911:
1107:
2435:
Fitzpatrick (1996) page 242: "It is clear, then, that there is no intrinsic 'Celtic' European unity and that the idea of 'Celtic' Iron Age Europe has developed in an almost
2028:. Although the assimilation of Briton culture was far from instantaneous, some relatively-quick change is evident archaeologically. For example, the Romano-Celtic shrine in
3665:
1813:
patronage that was paid by the northern Gaulish groups in exchange for obtaining aid from their British counterparts in their warfare with the Romans on the Continent.
1991:
1358:
are interpreted as purpose-built shrines. The Hayling Island example was a circular wooden building set within a rectangular precinct and was rebuilt in stone as a
1645:
A key commodity of the Iron Age was salt, used for preservation and the supplementation of diet. Though difficult to find archaeologically, some evidence exists.
5936:
1192:
430:
The Iron Age has been further subdivided with the "Late Iron Age" in Britain showing developments of new types of pottery, possibly influenced by Roman or
1149:
7422:
7338:
1433:
has been suggested as a reason for the lack of burial evidence, with the remains of the dead being dispersed either naturally or through human agency.
7216:
1320:
gives some indication of its nature. No archaeological evidence survives of Druidry, but a number of burials made with ritual trappings and found in
1638:
in dominance from cattle rearing to that of sheep. Economically, sheep are significantly less labour-intensive, requiring fewer people per animal.
3240:
1973:
7565:
7427:
6740:
6688:
3042:
2670:
3110:
Fitzpatrick, Andrew P (1996). "'Celtic' Iron Age Europe: the theoretical basis". In Graves-Brown, Paul; Jones, Siân; Gamble, Clive (eds.).
313:. However, it cannot be assumed that particular cultural features found in one Celtic-speaking culture can be extrapolated to the others.
7432:
5493:
434:
cultures. The clearing of forests for cultivation of agricultural crops intensified and areas with heavier and damper soil were settled.
570:
Attempts to understand the human behaviour of the period have traditionally focused on the geographic position of the islands and their
7975:
7955:
1164:
1039:
5891:
8043:
7088:
5396:
3363:
3334:
1695:
kings also adopted the continental habit of putting their names on the coins they had minted, with such examples as Tasciovanus from
7221:
1604:, the volume of goods arriving seems to have declined, possibly from more profitable trade centres appearing in the Mediterranean.
7631:
7125:
5416:
5406:
2530:
1982:
1207:
7965:
5436:
5421:
5411:
3064:
Iron Age Communities in Britain: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC Until the Roman Conquest
100:
1378:
and a sequence of six-poster structures overlooking calf burials and culminating in a trench-founded rectangular structure at
1003:
view. By the 1960s, the latter model seemed to have gained mainstream support, but it in turn came under attack in the 1970s.
7492:
7211:
5426:
3810:
3119:
2770:
2655:
V.12: "The interior part of Britain is inhabited by those who claim to be indigenous on the strength of an oral tradition." (
2420:
72:
2610:
Habitus corporum varii atque ex eo argumenta. In universum tamen aestimanti Gallos vicinam insulam occupasse credibile est.
7913:
7960:
7864:
7103:
5431:
2834:
1119:
79:
2439:
fashion. When examined critically the central idea – of being 'Celtic' – may also be seen to be weakly formulated ...."
2361:
2801:"The girl with the chariot medallion: a well-furnished, Late Iron Age Durotrigian burial from Langton Herring, Dorset"
2320:
1023:. Such sudden events may be invisible in the archaeological record. In that case, it depends on the interpretation of
988:
in Northern and Western Great Britain at first appeared to support the idea, and the changes in material culture that
7970:
7360:
4894:
4707:
3071:
538:
512:
119:
53:
1073:
described Britain at the beginning of Roman rule but incorporated material from earlier sources. Although the name "
713:
the evidence suggests that as defensive structures, they proved to be of little use against concerted Roman attack.
520:
7995:
7902:
6862:
1831:
1171:
17:
2999:
The Differential Use Of Constructed Sacred Space In Southern Britain, from the Late Iron Age to the 4th Century AD
1769:
From the late 2nd century BC onwards, South-Central Britain was indirectly linked into Roman trading networks via
688:
in the Late Bronze Age but became common only in the period between 550 and 400 BC. The earliest were of a simple
86:
7722:
7073:
6698:
5840:
5486:
3886:
3296:
5761:
763:
7712:
7119:
2589:
2282:
1019:
790:
516:
477:
are a bit older and therefore a bit more contemporary, but Ptolemy gives the most detail and the least theory.
57:
8013:
465:, the period is extended a little longer, say to the 5th century. The geographer closest to AD 100 is perhaps
8056:
8038:
7686:
6718:
4877:
1266:(2.21), he notes the similarity between both religious and ritual practices of the pre-Roman British and the
68:
3129:
1933:
1180:
980:
view long informed later views of the origins of the British Iron Age and the making of the modern nations.
7980:
7577:
7196:
7135:
6965:
6775:
5150:
2173:
1921:
2852:
8033:
7410:
7313:
6852:
6611:
4350:
3610:
645:
around this time and brought with them goods from the Mediterranean. At the same time, Northern European
457:
under the theory that Romanisation required some time to take effect. In parts of Britain that were not
7889:
7152:
6995:
6867:
6757:
5515:
5479:
4921:
4796:
4401:
4370:
3750:
2375:
1955:
1374:, which is very similar to Romano-Celtic temples found elsewhere in Europe. A rectangular structure at
1024:
889:
3244:
1051:
Early in the Iron Age, the widespread Wessex pottery of Southern Britain, such as the type style from
705:. Many hill forts are not in fact "forts" at all and demonstrate little or no evidence of occupation.
326:
have been acquired and have been calibrated on four different curves, the most precise being based on
8230:
8122:
8051:
7626:
7482:
7415:
6641:
6584:
4882:
4717:
4345:
2325:
2300:
2057:
2025:
1612:) appeared in later centuries, and again, they were adopted and adapted with alacrity by the locals.
1062:
and 100 BC, there is evidence of emerging regional identities and a significant population increase.
1013:
Examples of events that could be labelled "invasions" include the arrival in Southern Britain of the
292:
The tribes living in Britain during this time are often popularly considered to be part of a broadly-
7543:
4682:
3102:
2867:
Leins, Ian (2007). "Coins in context and votive deposition in Iron Age Southeast Leicestershire" in
2785:
Score, Vicki (2006). "Rituals, hoards and helmets: a ceremonial meeting place of the Corieltavi" in
8163:
7883:
7668:
7375:
6902:
6897:
6703:
6434:
5984:
5637:
5502:
5222:
4656:
4632:
3958:
1661:
1379:
1000:
673:
501:
7770:
2986:
North Sea and Channel Connectivity during the Late Iron Age and Roman Period (175/150 BC – AD 409)
2952:
North Sea and Channel Connectivity during the Late Iron Age and Roman Period (175/150 BC – AD 409)
1401:
Death in Iron Age Great Britain seems to have produced different behaviours in different regions.
1339:
Overall, the traditional view is that religion was practiced in natural settings in the open air.
835:
613:
goals, such as taming the landscape, rather than the building of large ceremonial structures like
309:
languages of neighbouring Ireland and Gaul, respectively), certainly belong to the group known as
8112:
7985:
7641:
7589:
7292:
7083:
6990:
6877:
6512:
5863:
4933:
4581:
4127:
3841:
3660:
3550:
1761:
imported from the continent, and they came to have a major effect on Middle Iron Age native art.
1731:
tribe. These were buried in 14 separate hoards over several decades in the early 1st century AD.
1090:
618:
505:
458:
46:
8028:
6452:
2189:
8150:
8018:
7663:
7472:
7467:
7397:
7287:
7130:
7002:
6735:
6165:
6116:
6059:
6004:
5858:
5401:
5320:
5283:
4355:
3640:
3635:
2354:
2223:
2037:
2015:
630:
282:
267:
2657:
Britanniae pars interior ab eis incolitur quos natos in insula ipsi memoria proditum dicunt...
2117:
1653:
fenlands. Additionally, Morris notes that some salt trading networks spanned over 75 km.
1394:
were buried in a ditch in the early 1st century AD. The only structural evidence was a wooden
93:
8141:
8023:
7697:
7673:
7528:
7007:
6892:
6790:
6765:
6357:
6236:
6190:
6121:
6086:
5167:
4982:
4727:
4627:
3998:
3836:
3815:
2181:
1818:
1332:
1232:
912:
893:
808:
694:
669:
555:
6322:
5830:
8117:
7990:
7930:
7783:
7717:
7560:
7548:
7392:
7201:
6960:
6955:
6857:
6817:
6621:
6517:
6507:
6500:
6054:
5310:
5182:
4916:
4566:
3963:
3881:
3690:
3615:
3260:
2500:
2236:
2205:
2157:
1466:
1243:
The Romans described a variety of deities worshipped by the people of Northwestern Europe.
551:
7147:
1834:
relationships that developed between groups in South-Eastern Britain and the Roman world.
772:
8:
8179:
8107:
7935:
7925:
7896:
7764:
7597:
7538:
7108:
7017:
6917:
6907:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6827:
6822:
6807:
6802:
6723:
6579:
6457:
6402:
6327:
5751:
5715:
5459:
5197:
5066:
4996:
4977:
4956:
4889:
4712:
4586:
4406:
4391:
4386:
4340:
4315:
3988:
3876:
3861:
3675:
3494:
3289:
2125:
1939:
1556:
1475:
1439:
1098:
298:
259:
184:
4596:
1285:
cast into a lake. Numerous weapons have also been recovered from rivers, especially the
7876:
7533:
7333:
7318:
7113:
7068:
7063:
6912:
6462:
6074:
5363:
5094:
4987:
4951:
4872:
4827:
4722:
4548:
4439:
4396:
4325:
4132:
3907:
3670:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3555:
3412:
3368:
3090:
3036:
2165:
1317:
1052:
1028:
939:
719:
575:
323:
302:
274:
215:
180:
1800:' tribes of northern Gaul is evidenced by large numbers of imported Gallo-Belgic gold
1789:
have been found there. These Atlantic trade networks were heavily disrupted following
1656:
1605:
926:
853:
159:
7796:
7457:
7405:
7387:
7328:
6950:
6887:
6882:
6812:
6708:
6668:
6663:
6646:
6616:
6282:
6226:
6220:
6069:
6046:
5868:
5798:
5756:
5227:
5202:
5192:
4928:
4901:
4782:
4637:
4622:
4617:
4576:
4571:
4476:
4365:
4320:
4310:
4302:
3973:
3927:
3917:
3758:
3585:
3565:
3524:
3196:
Haselgrove, C., 2001, Iron Age Britain in its European Setting, in Collis, J.R. (ed)
3115:
3067:
2766:
2575:
2416:
2347:
2213:
2137:
2133:
2086:
1825:, writing in the early 1st century AD, lists ivory chains and necklaces, amber gems,
1758:
1716:
1597:
1391:
1227:
1129:
646:
443:
155:
2048:
ritual site. Rectilinear stone structures, indicative of a change in housing to the
817:
668:
that dotted the rest of the islands. Some of the most well-known hill forts include
301:, which were widely spoken in Britain at this time (as well as others including the
8102:
7837:
7553:
7297:
7206:
6927:
6922:
6730:
6673:
6656:
6626:
6557:
6332:
6111:
5989:
5916:
5736:
5612:
5256:
5217:
5172:
5159:
5079:
5058:
4961:
4906:
4591:
4411:
4330:
4142:
3922:
3856:
3625:
3620:
3590:
3560:
3514:
3476:
3342:
3215:
2812:
2751:, translated by Mattingly, H. (revised edition),1979, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books,
2526:
2505:
1778:
1751:
1623:
Steady transition: the development of iron parallel to a diminishing bronze system.
1355:
1274:
1070:
985:
951:
942:
were descended from people who had arrived from the Continent, and he compared the
907:
447:
337:, but British artefacts were much later in adopting Continental styles such as the
327:
310:
306:
263:
224:
188:
7789:
7658:
3148:
2817:
2800:
1547:
799:
338:
7518:
6872:
6832:
6770:
5873:
5808:
5662:
5299:
5237:
5177:
5140:
5112:
5074:
5039:
5019:
4802:
4792:
4777:
4664:
4471:
4335:
4098:
3953:
3912:
3902:
3741:
3680:
3600:
3595:
3580:
3575:
3488:
3052:
Armorica and Britain: Cross-Channel Relationships in the Late First Millennium BC
2856:
2838:
2337:
2150:
2141:
1448:
1282:
1262:
698:
634:
470:
220:
211:
151:
7570:
2730:
2558:
1885:
1876:
333:
The following scheme summarises a comparative chart presented in a 2005 book by
7824:
7758:
7513:
7272:
7140:
6945:
6940:
6651:
6604:
6522:
6467:
6195:
6101:
6064:
5911:
5773:
5607:
5338:
5328:
5304:
5251:
5207:
5122:
5102:
5084:
5029:
5024:
4992:
4837:
4817:
4642:
4543:
4522:
4517:
4154:
4088:
4083:
4072:
4053:
4047:
4043:
3851:
3846:
3805:
3732:
3718:
3630:
3605:
3570:
3529:
3519:
3455:
3442:
3382:
3326:
3318:
3309:
3282:
3059:
2029:
1724:
1712:
1692:
1677:
1668:
1406:
1387:
1362:
temple in the 1st century AD to the same plan. The Heathrow temple was a small
1359:
1347:
1253:
1244:
1236:
1125:
1074:
1007:
334:
8224:
8172:
7857:
7817:
7803:
7462:
7277:
7052:
6599:
6594:
6567:
6495:
6392:
5926:
5848:
5597:
5577:
5540:
5135:
5107:
5014:
5006:
4748:
4700:
4486:
4434:
4163:
4103:
4093:
3993:
3968:
3754:
2831:
2292:
2259:
2011:
1790:
1708:
1691:) coins of Southeast England, are clearly influenced by Roman originals. The
1626:
Rapid abandonment; iron undermines bronze and takes over its social function.
1414:
989:
968:
885:
781:
710:
598:
594:
562:
286:
248:
240:
202:
141:
7810:
6133:
1676:
Representing an important political and economic medium, the vast number of
1327:
999:
From the early 20th century, the "invasionist" scenario was juxtaposed to a
656:
Defensive structures dating from this time are often impressive such as the
7918:
7608:
7602:
7508:
7503:
7442:
7323:
6678:
6552:
6527:
6479:
6472:
6397:
6312:
5948:
5883:
5741:
5679:
5602:
5560:
5453:
5246:
5034:
4558:
4512:
4451:
4360:
4137:
4115:
4108:
3545:
3470:
3460:
3392:
3219:
3112:
Cultural Identity and Archaeology: The Construction of European Communities
2955:
2267:
2049:
1849:
1809:
1801:
1574:
1565:
1457:
1286:
1213:
977:
862:
826:
736:
723:
702:
590:
454:
198:
7843:
3737:
3191:
Rethinking roundhouses: later prehistoric settlement in Britain and beyond
2947:
1912:
1785:
was the most important trading site, and large quantities of Italian wine
1687:, were imported from Continental Europe. Others, such as the cast bronze (
1529:
1502:
1484:
8157:
7740:
7679:
7498:
7452:
7437:
7365:
7093:
6572:
6377:
6272:
6079:
5815:
5746:
5652:
5570:
5555:
5368:
5353:
4754:
4673:
4481:
4466:
4456:
4429:
4255:
4208:
4120:
3866:
3483:
3387:
3274:
2066:
1858:
1826:
1805:
1700:
1650:
1430:
1290:
981:
943:
871:
244:
236:
8195:
6252:
4023:
3789:
2787:
Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society
1680:
found in Great Britain are of great archaeological value. Some, such as
649:
types reached Eastern Great Britain in large quantities from across the
7692:
7523:
7382:
7370:
7282:
7191:
6780:
6532:
6200:
6175:
6154:
6096:
5958:
5931:
5647:
5527:
5291:
5279:
4732:
4696:
4496:
4461:
4421:
4013:
3775:
3766:
2411:
Raftery, Barry (2005). "Iron-age Ireland". In O Croinin, Daibhi (ed.).
2244:
2102:
2071:
1903:
1894:
1728:
1696:
1426:
1410:
1371:
1294:
993:
689:
614:
582:
342:
7447:
2040:
was then still campaigning in Northern Britain (mostly in what is now
1757:
The Early Iron Age saw a substantial number of goods belonging to the
1649:, in which sea water was boiled to produce salt, are prevalent in the
1520:
7702:
7615:
6631:
6589:
6562:
6372:
6317:
6301:
6159:
5999:
5953:
5878:
5853:
5820:
5674:
5617:
5592:
4691:
3798:
3139:
2053:
2033:
1997:
1493:
1402:
1351:
1082:
714:
681:
665:
650:
638:
602:
571:
5471:
4003:
3704:
1619:
trade during the early Iron Age, which can be viewed in three ways:
745:
490:
285:
of the southern half of the island. The Romanised culture is termed
270:
of common artefacts but is rather a locally-diverse cultural phase.
35:
7850:
6352:
6347:
6215:
6170:
6091:
5979:
5974:
5943:
5700:
5657:
5622:
5587:
5535:
5348:
4812:
4265:
4220:
4184:
4172:
4018:
3978:
3793:
3785:
3780:
3762:
3685:
3422:
3417:
3402:
2094:
2045:
2041:
2021:
1770:
1747:
1720:
1646:
1395:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1343:
1306:
1278:
963:
947:
727:
677:
661:
642:
606:
586:
462:
252:
6297:
4033:
1511:
754:
8135:
7582:
7078:
6970:
6367:
6337:
6292:
6277:
6262:
6257:
6210:
6180:
5903:
5710:
5705:
5642:
5582:
5545:
5358:
5333:
5212:
5187:
4822:
4787:
4760:
4687:
4669:
4260:
4196:
3820:
3450:
3427:
2487:
The end of the Sheep Age: people and animals in the Late Iron Age
2380:
1867:
1840:
1796:
In South-eastern Britain, meanwhile, extensive contact with the '
1786:
1727:, in 2000 and consisted of 5,294 coins, mostly attributed to the
1257:
1155:
1078:
955:
935:
466:
255:
1538:
844:
621:
placed at their ends. Those are thought to indicate territorial
258:
of the main island and the smaller islands, typically excluding
8186:
7831:
7652:
6636:
6542:
6387:
6342:
6287:
6247:
6231:
6205:
6149:
5994:
5921:
5825:
5793:
5783:
5731:
5632:
5565:
5343:
5130:
4912:
Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles
4832:
4807:
4771:
4765:
4678:
4601:
4527:
4446:
3948:
3432:
3377:
2849:
2074:), which derive from the native language, is evidence of that.
1822:
1797:
1782:
1684:
1630:
1616:
1422:
1421:
burials of Cornwall demonstrate that it was not ubiquitous. In
1340:
1094:
1086:
1014:
685:
622:
610:
474:
1964:
6547:
6537:
6382:
6362:
6307:
6267:
6241:
6185:
5684:
4232:
4038:
3983:
3871:
3465:
3407:
3397:
3355:
3305:
3083:
Looking forward: maritime contacts in the first millennium BC
1704:
1688:
1609:
1587:
1363:
1313:
1298:
1267:
1249:
1198:
1017:
from the end of the 2nd century BC, as described in Caesar's
959:
657:
566:
View of the ramparts of the hillfort of Maiden Castle, 450 BC
435:
293:
6144:
5803:
5788:
5768:
5669:
5550:
4491:
4028:
4008:
3943:
3771:
3200:, Sheffield: Sheffield Archaeological Monograph 11, pp37–73
2984:
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Morris, F. M. 2010.
1774:
1681:
1600:
slashing swords and daggers were a significant import, but
1418:
1321:
973:
641:
traders probably began visiting Great Britain in search of
431:
278:
27:
Period of British prehistory predating the Roman occupation
3226:
Britain, BC; life in Britain and Ireland before the Romans
5778:
2052:
style are visible from the mid-to-late 1st century AD at
1715:
found in 1998. A large collection of coins, known as the
1301:
of jewellery are interpreted as gifts to the earth gods.
617:. Long ditches, some many miles in length, were dug with
722:. Some were also reused by later cultures, such as the
277:
and lasted in theory from the first significant use of
2881:
2879:
2877:
2571:
2554:
1405:
was a common method of disposing of the dead, but the
1312:
Caesar's texts state that the priests of Britain were
6035:
4224:
1006:
There was certainly a large migration of people from
4610:
3146:. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
1097:", which is known to have been used as early as the
453:
The end of the Iron Age extends into the very early
289:
and is considered to supplant the British Iron Age.
2874:
1324:may suggest a religious character to the subjects.
996:were routinely ascribed to a new wave of invaders.
574:, along with the channels of influence coming from
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2525:
1615:There also appears to have been a collapse in the
625:and a desire to increase control over wide areas.
3261:"Celtic Britain (The Iron Age) c. 600 BC – 50 AD"
3134:. Chessington, Surrey, UK: Ordnance Survey. 1962.
3049:
2897:
1629:Bronze crisis: severe reduction in the supply of
921:
585:, there are indications of new ideas influencing
396:The rest of La Tène I, all of II and half of III
8222:
7098:
1354:, and the one found during construction work at
1143:'Earth house' reconstruction, interior, England.
2765:. Stroud: The History Press. pp. 130–142.
2642:: "As usual the ball has been swung too far..."
930:Experimental reconstruction of a Celtic chariot
633:, complex examples of which are found all over
1582:
1221:
558:, is one of the largest hill forts in Europe.
5487:
4188:
3290:
2415:. Oxford University Press. pp. 134–181.
2355:
2005:
1390:. Here, a collection of objects known as the
966:settlers and the inhabitants of Southeastern
879:
4176:
3212:Ritual and Rubbish in the Iron Age of Wessex
3001:BAR British Series 318, Oxford: Archaeopress
2570:Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (
2553:Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (
1804:between the mid-2nd century BC and Caesar's
1742:
4236:
4200:
3109:
2798:
1719:, was found at a Late Iron Age shrine near
519:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
8029:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
7976:International Congress of Maritime Museums
7956:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
7248:
5494:
5480:
4212:
3304:
3297:
3283:
3241:"Place names on Ptolemy's Map of Scotland"
3041:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2754:
2591:The Library of History of Diodorus Siculus
2362:
2348:
1773:and the Atlantic seaways to south-western
697:found during the 20th century, such as at
480:
8089:
8044:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
3198:Settlement and Society in Iron Age Europe
3081:Cunliffe, B. W. (2009). Clark, P. (ed.).
2982:Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain.
2816:
2763:Cadbury Castle: A hillfort and landscapes
2036:was constructed in the AD 60 to 70s, and
2024:in Southern Great Britain ended with the
539:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3228:, London: Harper Collins, chapters 11-12
3205:The later Iron Age in Britain and beyond
3172:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3170:Coins and power in Late Iron Age Britain
3080:
3058:
3026:
2935:
2921:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2919:Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain
2914:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2639:
2472:
2460:
2448:
2398:
1746:
1667:
1655:
1586:
1326:
1231:
1038:
925:
561:
550:
281:for tools and weapons in Britain to the
219:
8014:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
3238:
3131:Map of Southern Britain in the Iron Age
3050:Cunliffe, B. W.; de Jersey, P. (1997).
2948:http://gallobelgic.thehumanjourney.net/
2792:
2413:Prehistoric and Early Ireland: Volume I
2410:
264:independent Iron Age culture of its own
14:
8223:
7966:European Association of Archaeologists
4153:
1703:identifying regional differentiation.
1591:Ancient British couple, reconstruction
442:) was planted in these areas like the
8088:
7247:
7222:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
7180:
7050:
7049:
6432:
6034:
5513:
5501:
5475:
5385:
5277:
5056:
4858:
4290:
4070:
3716:
3353:
3278:
3163:The Celts, origins, myths, inventions
3144:Celtic Britain: Third Edition Revised
2760:
2535:Research records (formerly PastScape)
2484:
1077:" had been known since the voyage of
984:evidence inferred from the surviving
3258:
3203:Haselgrove, C. and Moore, T., 2007,
3184:Death and burial in Iron Age Britain
3138:
2671:"Overview: Iron Age, 800 BC - AD 43"
2668:
517:adding citations to reliable sources
484:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
7961:Archaeological Institute of America
5278:
1608:items (usually associated with the
1065:
1043:Iron Age roundhouse, reconstruction
235:is a conventional name used in the
24:
3193:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3186:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3155:
1954:Remains of an Iron Age village at
383:Hallstatt D and half of La Tène I
273:The British Iron Age followed the
25:
8242:
7971:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
7361:Coastal defence and fortification
6736:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
6036:Navigation, and ports and harbors
4708:Festival Interceltique de Lorient
3232:
2932:Gaulish and Early British Coinage
2911:Gaulish and Early British Coinage
1186:Silchester Iron Age town, England
1170:Remains of fortifications at the
8205:
8071:
7996:Society for American Archaeology
7230:
7163:
7032:
6415:
6017:
5458:
4071:
3703:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1947:
1932:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1764:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1309:, may have had a ritual aspect.
1206:
1191:
1179:
1163:
1148:
1136:
1118:
1113:Roundhouse reconstruction, Wales
1106:
870:
861:
852:
843:
834:
825:
816:
807:
798:
789:
780:
771:
762:
753:
744:
735:
489:
316:
34:
7428:Phoenician discovery of America
3243:. Roman Britain. Archived from
3114:. Routledge. pp. 238–255.
3020:
3004:
2991:
2974:
2961:
2941:
2924:
2903:
2898:Cunliffe & de Jersey (1997)
2861:
2843:
2825:
2779:
2741:
2723:
2707:
2697:
2688:
2662:
2645:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2598:
2581:
2564:
2547:
684:. Hill forts first appeared in
45:needs additional citations for
7120:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
2869:The British Numismatic Journal
2519:
2493:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2429:
2404:
2392:
1707:of Iron Age coins include the
1633:allows the iron to replace it.
1020:Commentaries on the Gallic War
922:Celtic movement from Continent
605:period but became targeted at
13:
1:
8039:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
6714:Phoenician maritime expansion
5427:Celtic place names in Galicia
5057:
3149:Downloadable Internet Archive
3029:Greeks, Romans and Barbarians
2818:10.1080/00665983.2019.1573551
2271:
2248:
2231:Southeast Asia (1000–200 BC)
1056:
1034:
169:
7981:Nautical Archaeology Society
4859:
3364:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups
2850:The Oxford Celtic Coin Index
2832:The Oxford Celtic Coin Index
2653:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
1660:Reconstruction of a gate at
1093:, Ptolemy used the earlier "
7:
8034:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
7411:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
7217:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
7074:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
6433:
5514:
4351:Welsh literature in English
4291:
3717:
3443:Modern Celtic ethnic groups
3354:
3066:(4th ed.). Routledge.
2077:
2020:Historically speaking, the
1583:Economy of Iron Age Britain
1222:Iron Age beliefs in Britain
1201:, Scotland, internal stairs
10:
8247:
7890:Phoenician Ship Expedition
7181:
6731:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
6724:Circumnavigation of Africa
4371:Scottish Gaelic literature
3751:Brigantia (ancient region)
3175:Cunliffe, Barry W., 2004.
3012:Buildings of Roman Britain
3010:De la Bedoyere, G., 1991,
2716:, Book II, Chapter II, on
2376:Iron Age tribes in Britain
2009:
2006:End of Iron Age in Britain
1417:of East Yorkshire and the
1370:thought to have formed an
1225:
1025:Aylesford-Swarling pottery
890:Iron Age tribes in Britain
883:
880:People of Iron Age Britain
209:
8203:
8095:
8084:
8069:
8004:
7946:
7749:
7733:
7481:
7416:Samothrace temple complex
7351:
7306:
7265:
7258:
7254:
7243:
7228:
7187:
7176:
7161:
7059:
7045:
7030:
6983:
6936:
6789:
6756:
6749:
6687:
6488:
6445:
6441:
6428:
6413:
6132:
6045:
6041:
6030:
6015:
5967:
5902:
5839:
5724:
5693:
5526:
5522:
5509:
5449:
5392:
5386:
5381:
5319:
5290:
5273:
5236:
5158:
5149:
5121:
5093:
5065:
5052:
5005:
4970:
4944:
4865:
4854:
4741:
4718:Hebridean Celtic Festival
4655:
4557:
4536:
4505:
4420:
4379:
4346:Welsh-language literature
4301:
4297:
4286:
4248:
4162:
4079:
4066:
3936:
3895:
3829:
3725:
3712:
3701:
3538:
3507:
3441:
3362:
3349:
3316:
2735:Ancient Technology Centre
2694:Cunliffe (2010), page 120
2630:Cunliffe (2010) page 116.
2621:e.g. Grahame Clarg (1966)
2531:"Maiden Castle (451864)"
2326:Archaeometallurgical slag
1927:Celtic sword and scabbard
1743:Early and Middle Iron Age
1239:, Scotland, c. 300-100 BC
1216:hillfort remains, England
266:. The Iron Age is not an
194:
176:
165:
147:
137:
6704:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
5151:Ancient Celtic languages
3179:. London: B.T. Batsford.
3027:Cunliffe, B. W. (1988).
2386:
2000:farmstead reconstruction
1737:
1366:surrounded by a ring of
1158:reconstruction, Scotland
674:Cadbury Castle, Somerset
409:The rest of La Tène III
7986:RPM Nautical Foundation
7723:Surviving ancient ships
7642:Marsala Punic shipwreck
5422:Gaulish words in French
5407:Celtic words in English
3661:Scottish New Zealanders
3551:Anglo-Celtic Australian
3214:BAR British Series 242
3168:Creighton, John, 2000.
2988:. Oxford: Archaeopress.
2761:Tabor, Richard (2008).
2574:), National Framework,
2557:), Highland Framework,
1281:and are interpreted as
481:Archaeological evidence
8019:Giza Solar boat museum
7473:Underwater exploration
7468:Underwater archaeology
7433:Pre-Columbian theories
7288:John Sinclair Morrison
7249:Research and education
6699:Austronesian Expansion
4356:Early Irish literature
4237:
4225:
4213:
4201:
4189:
4177:
3641:Scotch-Irish Canadians
3636:Scotch-Irish Americans
3239:Lindsay, Euan (2008).
3220:10.30861/9780860547846
3189:Harding, D. W., 2023.
3182:Harding, D. W., 2016.
2950:; Morris, F. M. 2010.
2917:; Creighton, J. 2000.
2805:Archaeological Journal
2789:, Vol 80, pp. 197–207.
2588:"Book 5, chapter 24".
2275: 400 BC – 100 AD
2016:Romano-British culture
1754:
1673:
1672:Hoard of British coins
1665:
1602:by the mid-6th century
1592:
1336:
1240:
1044:
992:observed during later
931:
919:
567:
559:
357:Continental parallels
268:archaeological horizon
228:
8090:Legend and literature
8048:Viking ship museums:
8024:Grand Egyptian Museum
7784:Austronesian replicas
7759:Heyerdahl expeditions
7669:Caligula's Giant Ship
7529:Dover Bronze Age Boat
6191:Berenice Troglodytica
4983:Scottish independence
4728:Celtic Media Festival
4611:National music scenes
3837:Proto-Celtic religion
3539:Related ethnic groups
1808:in the 50s BC. Those
1750:
1699:and Cunobelinos from
1671:
1659:
1590:
1333:Uffington White Horse
1330:
1235:
1226:Further information:
1042:
929:
913:Bibliotheca historica
897:
894:List of Celtic tribes
884:Further information:
670:Maiden Castle, Dorset
565:
556:Maiden Castle, Dorset
554:
223:
7991:Sea Research Society
7393:Maritime archaeology
7202:Ameinias the Phocian
7197:Mediterranean piracy
5307:(Medieval Welsh law)
4917:Scottish nationalism
4567:Ancient Celtic music
3882:Romano-Celtic temple
3691:Welsh New Zealanders
3616:Irish New Zealanders
3259:Ross, David (1996).
3161:Collis, J.R., 2003,
2980:Creighton, J. 2000.
2871:, Vol 77, pp. 22-48.
2799:Russell, M. (2019).
2578:(accessed May 2022).
2561:(accessed May 2022).
2485:Albarella, Umberto.
2252: 2000 – 100 BC
2044:), and on top of an
1398:built in the ditch.
1199:Broch of Dun Troddan
934:The Roman historian
513:improve this section
225:The Battersea Shield
54:improve this article
7084:Maritime Jade Route
6237:Kaveri Poompattinam
4997:Irish republicanism
4978:Breton independence
4957:Scottish devolution
4890:Cornish nationalism
4713:Pan Celtic Festival
4587:Scottish folk music
4341:Scottish literature
3862:Celtic Christianity
3666:Scottish Travellers
3651:Scottish Argentines
3495:Scottish Travellers
2321:Iron Age metallurgy
2126:Bronze Age collapse
1940:Druid of Colchester
1099:Massaliote Periplus
938:suggested that the
631:Carp's tongue sword
299:Brittonic languages
260:prehistoric Ireland
243:, referring to the
185:Atlantic Bronze Age
134:
7632:Bajo de la Campana
7334:Peter Throckmorton
7319:Jean-Yves Empereur
7293:William L. Rodgers
7114:Maritime Silk Road
4988:Welsh independence
4952:Cornish devolution
4873:Breton nationalism
4723:Celtic Connections
4326:Cornish literature
3671:Ulster Protestants
3656:Scottish Canadians
3646:Scottish Americans
3556:Anglo-Irish people
3210:Hill, J.D., 1995,
3060:Cunliffe, Barry W.
2855:2012-06-29 at the
2837:2011-05-16 at the
2669:Richards, Julian.
2303:(2600 BC – 500 AD)
2239:(1000 BC – 200 AD)
2176:(1100 BC – 150 AD)
1755:
1674:
1666:
1593:
1337:
1318:Suetonius Paulinus
1241:
1053:All Cannings Cross
1045:
932:
576:Continental Europe
568:
560:
446:and some parts of
275:British Bronze Age
229:
216:Prehistoric Europe
181:Bronze Age Britain
172: 800 BC—43 AD
138:Geographical range
132:
69:"British Iron Age"
8218:
8217:
8214:
8213:
8080:
8079:
8067:
8066:
7687:Madrague de Giens
7406:Temple of Isthmia
7402:Maritime temples
7388:Marine navigation
7347:
7346:
7339:Shelley Wachsmann
7329:J. Richard Steffy
7239:
7238:
7172:
7171:
7041:
7040:
7028:
7027:
6979:
6978:
6709:Ocean exploration
6424:
6423:
6411:
6410:
6070:Rutter (nautical)
6026:
6025:
6013:
6012:
5869:Mortise and tenon
5503:Ancient seafaring
5469:
5468:
5445:
5444:
5377:
5376:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5228:Cisalpine Gaulish
5048:
5047:
4934:national identity
4929:Welsh nationalism
4922:national identity
4902:Irish nationalism
4850:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4783:Cornish wrestling
4651:
4650:
4572:Breton Folk music
4537:Regional cultures
4380:National cultures
4366:Gaelic literature
4321:Breton literature
4282:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4062:
4061:
3974:Chief of the Name
3842:Celtic polytheism
3759:Sub-Roman Britain
3699:
3698:
3586:Irish Australians
3566:Cornish Americans
3525:Scottish diaspora
3224:Pryor, F., 2003,
3165:. Stroud: Tempus.
3121:978-0-415-10676-4
2997:Smith, A., 2001,
2934:. London: Spink;
2913:. London: Spink;
2772:978-0-7524-4715-5
2422:978-0-19-821737-4
2372:
2371:
2295:(500 BC – 300 AD)
2262:(500 BC – 200 AD)
2208:(500 BC – 800 AD)
2200:(800 BC – 100 AD)
2118:Ancient Near East
1759:Hallstatt culture
1717:Hallaton Treasure
1664:hillfort, England
1392:Hallaton Treasure
1228:Celtic polytheism
1174:hillfort, England
581:During the later
549:
548:
541:
428:
427:
363:Earliest Iron Age
324:radiocarbon dates
208:
207:
156:Hallstatt culture
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
8238:
8231:Iron Age Britain
8209:
8208:
8103:Ark of bulrushes
8086:
8085:
8075:
8074:
7713:Oldest surviving
7423:Nusantao network
7298:Chester G. Starr
7263:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7245:
7244:
7234:
7233:
7207:Cilician pirates
7178:
7177:
7167:
7166:
7104:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
7099:Iron Age Britain
7047:
7046:
7036:
7035:
6754:
6753:
6443:
6442:
6430:
6429:
6419:
6418:
6333:Ptolemais Theron
6043:
6042:
6032:
6031:
6021:
6020:
5613:Single-outrigger
5524:
5523:
5511:
5510:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5473:
5472:
5462:
5383:
5382:
5275:
5274:
5257:Galwegian Gaelic
5156:
5155:
5054:
5053:
4962:Welsh devolution
4856:
4855:
4608:
4607:
4597:Sean-nós singing
4592:Welsh folk music
4582:Irish folk music
4549:Highland culture
4331:Irish literature
4311:Arthurian Legend
4299:
4298:
4288:
4287:
4240:
4228:
4216:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4160:
4159:
4151:
4150:
4128:Neo-Christianity
4068:
4067:
3999:Gaelic astrology
3959:Celtic festivals
3857:Celtic mythology
3830:Ancient religion
3747:Iron Age Britain
3714:
3713:
3707:
3686:Welsh Argentines
3626:Irish Uruguayans
3621:Irish Travellers
3591:Irish Brazilians
3581:Irish Argentines
3561:Breton Americans
3515:Cornish diaspora
3477:Irish Travellers
3351:
3350:
3343:Celtic languages
3299:
3292:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:. Celtic Britain
3255:
3253:
3252:
3207:, Oxford: Oxbow.
3177:Iron age Britain
3147:
3135:
3125:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3085:. Oxford: Oxbow.
3077:
3055:
3046:
3040:
3032:
3015:
3014:, Tempus: Stroud
3008:
3002:
2995:
2989:
2978:
2972:
2965:
2959:
2945:
2939:
2930:Sills, J. 2003.
2928:
2922:
2909:Sills, J. 2003.
2907:
2901:
2883:
2872:
2865:
2859:
2847:
2841:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2796:
2790:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2758:
2752:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2727:
2721:
2711:
2705:
2704:territoriality."
2701:
2695:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2666:
2660:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2579:
2568:
2562:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2527:Historic England
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2506:English Heritage
2497:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2286:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2263:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2240:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2144:
2129:
2082:
2081:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1951:
1936:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1806:conquest of Gaul
1779:Hengistbury Head
1752:Winchester Hoard
1603:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1356:Heathrow Airport
1283:votive offerings
1275:Llyn Cerrig Bach
1210:
1195:
1183:
1167:
1152:
1140:
1122:
1110:
1085:" was in use by
1071:Claudius Ptolemy
1066:Ptolemy's Albion
1061:
1058:
986:Celtic languages
917:
908:Diodorus Siculus
874:
865:
856:
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
802:
793:
784:
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
711:Roman occupation
544:
537:
533:
530:
524:
493:
485:
448:Northern England
348:
347:
311:Celtic languages
233:British Iron Age
189:Urnfield culture
171:
135:
133:Iron Age Britain
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
18:Iron Age Britain
8246:
8245:
8241:
8240:
8239:
8237:
8236:
8235:
8221:
8220:
8219:
8210:
8206:
8201:
8091:
8076:
8072:
8063:
8006:
8000:
7948:
7947:Institutes and
7942:
7897:Viking replicas
7838:Balangay Voyage
7751:
7745:
7729:
7484:
7477:
7353:
7343:
7302:
7250:
7235:
7231:
7226:
7183:
7168:
7164:
7159:
7055:
7037:
7033:
7024:
6975:
6932:
6785:
6745:
6690:
6683:
6484:
6437:
6420:
6416:
6407:
6283:Mueang Phra Rot
6137:
6128:
6037:
6022:
6018:
6009:
5963:
5937:Triangular sail
5898:
5835:
5809:Sail components
5720:
5689:
5663:Tessarakonteres
5518:
5505:
5500:
5470:
5465:
5441:
5388:
5373:
5315:
5311:Early Scots law
5300:Early Irish law
5286:
5261:
5238:Scottish Gaelic
5232:
5173:Proto-Brittonic
5145:
5141:Beurla Reagaird
5117:
5113:Scottish Gaelic
5089:
5061:
5044:
5040:Columba Project
5020:Celtic Congress
5001:
4966:
4940:
4861:
4842:
4803:Gaelic handball
4793:Gaelic football
4778:Cornish hurling
4737:
4647:
4606:
4553:
4532:
4518:Gaelic clothing
4501:
4416:
4375:
4336:Manx literature
4293:
4270:
4249:Other claimants
4244:
4149:
4099:Celtic Congress
4075:
4058:
3954:Celtic calendar
3932:
3891:
3825:
3721:
3708:
3695:
3681:Welsh Americans
3601:Irish Catholics
3596:Irish Canadians
3576:Irish Americans
3534:
3508:Celtic diaspora
3503:
3437:
3366:
3358:
3345:
3312:
3303:
3266:
3264:
3250:
3248:
3235:
3158:
3156:Further reading
3128:
3122:
3098:
3097:
3088:
3087:
3074:
3034:
3033:
3023:
3018:
3009:
3005:
2996:
2992:
2979:
2975:
2966:
2962:
2946:
2942:
2936:Cunliffe (2009)
2929:
2925:
2915:Cunliffe (2005)
2908:
2904:
2894:Cunliffe (2009)
2890:Cunliffe (2005)
2884:
2875:
2866:
2862:
2857:Wayback Machine
2848:
2844:
2839:Wayback Machine
2830:
2826:
2797:
2793:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2759:
2755:
2746:
2742:
2731:"The Earthouse"
2729:
2728:
2724:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2667:
2663:
2650:
2646:
2640:Cunliffe (2005)
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2603:
2599:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2569:
2565:
2552:
2548:
2539:
2537:
2524:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2501:"Maiden Castle"
2499:
2498:
2494:
2483:
2479:
2473:Cunliffe (2005)
2471:
2467:
2461:Cunliffe (2005)
2459:
2455:
2449:Cunliffe (2005)
2447:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2409:
2405:
2399:Cunliffe (2005)
2397:
2393:
2389:
2368:
2338:Ancient history
2331:
2330:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2285:(5 BC – 500 AD)
2281:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2216:(800 BC – 1 AD)
2212:
2206:Northern Europe
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2132:
2124:
2112:
2080:
2018:
2010:Main articles:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1952:
1943:
1937:
1928:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1832:client kingship
1767:
1745:
1740:
1606:La Tène culture
1601:
1585:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1407:chariot burials
1230:
1224:
1217:
1211:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1184:
1175:
1168:
1159:
1153:
1144:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1111:
1068:
1059:
1037:
946:(in modern-day
924:
918:
906:
896:
882:
875:
866:
857:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
785:
776:
767:
758:
749:
740:
699:Little Woodbury
635:Atlantic Europe
545:
534:
528:
525:
510:
494:
483:
440:Triticum spelta
424:
415:Latest Iron Age
389:Middle Iron Age
319:
262:, which had an
218:
212:Iron Age Europe
160:La Tène culture
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8244:
8234:
8233:
8216:
8215:
8212:
8211:
8204:
8202:
8200:
8199:
8192:
8191:
8190:
8183:
8176:
8169:
8161:
8154:
8147:
8139:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8105:
8096:
8093:
8092:
8082:
8081:
8078:
8077:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8054:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8010:
8008:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7952:
7950:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7940:
7939:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7916:
7908:
7907:
7906:
7894:
7893:
7892:
7887:
7880:
7872:Mediterranean
7870:
7869:
7868:
7861:
7854:
7847:
7840:
7835:
7828:
7825:Alingano Maisu
7821:
7814:
7807:
7800:
7793:
7781:
7780:
7779:
7768:
7755:
7753:
7747:
7746:
7744:
7743:
7737:
7735:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7727:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7707:
7706:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7683:
7676:
7674:De Meern ships
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7646:
7645:
7644:
7636:
7635:
7634:
7629:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7612:
7605:
7600:
7592:
7587:
7586:
7585:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7558:
7557:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7544:Cape Gelidonya
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7489:
7487:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7368:
7363:
7357:
7355:
7349:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7310:
7308:
7307:Archaeologists
7304:
7303:
7301:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7273:David Blackman
7269:
7267:
7260:
7252:
7251:
7241:
7240:
7237:
7236:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7212:Jewish pirates
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7188:
7185:
7184:
7174:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7162:
7160:
7158:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7043:
7042:
7039:
7038:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7020:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6987:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6898:Lake Trasimene
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6799:Mediterranean:
6795:
6793:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6762:
6760:
6751:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6695:
6693:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6470:
6460:
6455:
6449:
6447:
6439:
6438:
6426:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6141:
6139:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6102:Maritime pilot
6099:
6089:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6072:
6067:
6065:Portolan chart
6062:
6057:
6051:
6049:
6039:
6038:
6028:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5914:
5908:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5638:Oared warships
5635:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5520:
5519:
5507:
5506:
5499:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5476:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5456:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5329:Gaelic warfare
5325:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5305:Cyfraith Hywel
5302:
5296:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5252:Deeside Gaelic
5249:
5243:
5241:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5223:Hispano-Celtic
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5178:Proto-Goidelic
5175:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5127:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5099:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5030:Celtic society
5027:
5025:Celtic Revival
5022:
5017:
5011:
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4993:United Ireland
4990:
4985:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4838:Welsh handball
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4818:Highland games
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4694:
4685:
4676:
4661:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4614:
4612:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4544:Gaelic culture
4540:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4523:Highland dress
4520:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4487:Pictish stones
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4305:
4295:
4294:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4230:
4218:
4206:
4194:
4182:
4169:
4167:
4157:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4130:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4091:
4089:Celtic nations
4086:
4084:Celtic Revival
4080:
4077:
4076:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3852:Celtic Animism
3849:
3847:Celtic deities
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3806:Cisalpine Gaul
3803:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3778:
3769:
3744:
3735:
3733:Gaelic Ireland
3729:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3631:Manx Americans
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3606:Irish Chileans
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3571:English people
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3530:Welsh diaspora
3527:
3522:
3520:Irish diaspora
3517:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3360:
3359:
3347:
3346:
3327:Celtic studies
3319:Celtic nations
3317:
3314:
3313:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3256:
3234:
3233:External links
3231:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3136:
3126:
3120:
3107:
3078:
3072:
3056:
3047:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3003:
2990:
2973:
2960:
2940:
2923:
2902:
2873:
2860:
2842:
2824:
2811:(2): 196–230.
2791:
2778:
2771:
2753:
2740:
2722:
2706:
2696:
2687:
2661:
2644:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2597:
2580:
2563:
2546:
2518:
2492:
2489:. p. 391.
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2378:
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2359:
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2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:Related topics
2314:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2264:
2256:
2241:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2214:Western Europe
2210:
2202:
2194:
2190:Central Europe
2186:
2184:(900 – 650 BC)
2182:Eastern Europe
2178:
2170:
2162:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2130:
2128:(1200–1150 BC)
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2079:
2076:
2030:Hayling Island
2026:Roman invasion
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1942:surgical tools
1938:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1865:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1838:
1766:
1763:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1725:Leicestershire
1713:West Yorkshire
1693:British tribal
1678:Iron Age coins
1662:Cadbury Castle
1635:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1500:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1437:
1388:Leicestershire
1380:Cadbury Castle
1360:Romano-British
1348:Hayling Island
1297:. Some buried
1252:worshipped at
1245:Barry Cunliffe
1237:Broch of Mousa
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1178:
1176:
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1160:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1105:
1075:Pretanic Isles
1067:
1064:
1036:
1033:
1008:Central Europe
990:archaeologists
923:
920:
904:
881:
878:
877:
876:
869:
867:
860:
858:
851:
849:
842:
840:
833:
831:
824:
822:
815:
813:
806:
804:
797:
795:
788:
786:
779:
777:
770:
768:
761:
759:
752:
750:
743:
741:
734:
547:
546:
497:
495:
488:
482:
479:
426:
425:
422:
420:
419:50 BC – AD 100
417:
411:
410:
407:
404:
398:
397:
394:
391:
385:
384:
381:
378:
376:Early Iron Age
372:
371:
368:
365:
359:
358:
355:
352:
335:Barry Cunliffe
318:
315:
251:phases of the
227:, c. 350–50 BC
206:
205:
196:
192:
191:
178:
174:
173:
167:
163:
162:
149:
145:
144:
139:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8243:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8198:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8188:
8184:
8182:
8181:
8177:
8175:
8174:
8173:Metamorphoses
8170:
8168:
8166:
8165:The Histories
8162:
8160:
8159:
8155:
8153:
8152:
8148:
8146:
8144:
8143:The Histories
8140:
8138:
8137:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8110:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8097:
8094:
8087:
8083:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8003:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7953:
7951:
7945:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7921:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7904:
7900:
7899:
7898:
7895:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7885:
7881:
7879:
7878:
7874:
7873:
7871:
7867:
7866:
7862:
7860:
7859:
7858:Marumaru Atua
7855:
7853:
7852:
7848:
7846:
7845:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7829:
7827:
7826:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7818:Samudra Raksa
7815:
7813:
7812:
7808:
7806:
7805:
7804:Te Au o Tonga
7801:
7799:
7798:
7794:
7792:
7791:
7787:
7786:
7785:
7782:
7778:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7767:
7766:
7762:
7761:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7748:
7742:
7739:
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7714:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7688:
7684:
7682:
7681:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7664:Blackfriars I
7662:
7660:
7659:Arles Rhône 3
7657:
7655:
7654:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7618:
7617:
7613:
7611:
7610:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7576:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7562:
7559:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7490:
7488:
7486:
7480:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7463:Thalassocracy
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7448:Shell middens
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7398:Naval warfare
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7350:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7305:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7278:Lionel Casson
7276:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7264:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7246:
7242:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7186:
7179:
7175:
7154:
7151:
7150:
7149:
7146:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7109:Incense trade
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7061:
7058:
7054:
7048:
7044:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7013:South America
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6961:Sailing ships
6959:
6957:
6956:Oared vessels
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6935:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6878:Cape Hermaeum
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6755:
6752:
6748:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6689:Migration and
6686:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6506:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6496:Ancient Egypt
6494:
6493:
6491:
6489:Civilizations
6487:
6481:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6431:
6427:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6135:
6131:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6033:
6029:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5864:Clinker built
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5849:Boat building
5847:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5598:Navis lusoria
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5497:
5492:
5490:
5485:
5483:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5461:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5438:
5437:– in Portugal
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5417:– in Galician
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5384:
5380:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5015:Celtic League
5013:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5007:Pan-Celticism
5004:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4883:reunification
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4857:
4853:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4497:Triple spiral
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4316:Bardic Poetry
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4285:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4239:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:Celtic League
4161:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:Celtic League
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4094:Pan-Celticism
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3994:Gaelicisation
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:Celticisation
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:Iron Age Gaul
3770:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3755:Roman Britain
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3611:Irish Mexican
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3335:Celtic tribes
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3262:
3257:
3247:on 2008-11-21
3246:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3092:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3073:0-415-34779-3
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3013:
3007:
3000:
2994:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2970:
2964:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2886:Cunliffe 1988
2882:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2782:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2700:
2691:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2641:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2593:
2592:
2584:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2463:, p. 32.
2462:
2457:
2451:, p. 20.
2450:
2445:
2438:
2432:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2401:, p. 27.
2400:
2395:
2391:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:(1200–200 BC)
2225:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:Great Britain
2195:
2192:(800 – 50 BC)
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:(1100–700 BC)
2167:
2163:
2160:(1200–700 BC)
2159:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2120:(1200–550 BC)
2119:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2012:Roman Britain
1999:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1827:glass vessels
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1791:Julius Caesar
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:Late Iron Age
1762:
1760:
1753:
1749:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:Silsden Hoard
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1589:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:Arras culture
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:but also the
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1215:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1049:
1041:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
976:tribes. That
975:
971:
970:
965:
961:
957:
954:peoples, the
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
928:
916:
914:
909:
903:
902:
895:
891:
887:
886:Insular Celts
873:
868:
864:
859:
855:
850:
846:
841:
837:
832:
828:
823:
819:
814:
810:
805:
801:
796:
792:
787:
783:
778:
774:
769:
765:
760:
756:
751:
747:
742:
738:
733:
732:
731:
729:
726:in the early
725:
721:
716:
712:
706:
704:
700:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:Celtic fields
597:, now called
596:
595:field systems
592:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
564:
557:
553:
543:
540:
532:
522:
518:
514:
508:
507:
503:
498:This section
496:
492:
487:
486:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
444:Tees Lowlands
441:
437:
433:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
408:
405:
403:
402:Late Iron Age
400:
399:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
356:
353:
350:
349:
346:
344:
340:
339:La Tène style
336:
331:
329:
325:
317:Periodisation
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
290:
288:
287:Roman Britain
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:
250:
249:protohistoric
246:
242:
241:Great Britain
238:
234:
226:
222:
217:
213:
204:
203:Roman Britain
200:
197:
193:
190:
186:
182:
179:
175:
168:
164:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
143:
142:British Isles
140:
136:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
8194:
8185:
8178:
8171:
8164:
8156:
8151:On the Ocean
8149:
8142:
8134:
8131:Literature:
7919:
7901:
7882:
7875:
7865:Aotearoa One
7863:
7856:
7849:
7842:
7830:
7823:
7816:
7809:
7802:
7795:
7788:
7775:
7771:
7763:
7750:Experimental
7718:Museum ships
7685:
7678:
7651:
7623:Phoenician:
7614:
7609:Leontophoros
7607:
7571:Butuan boats
7566:Pontian boat
7504:Dufuna canoe
7443:Shipbuilding
7354:and theories
7324:Boris Rankov
7118:
7051:Economy and
6951:Incendiaries
6798:
6585:Indus Valley
6553:Tarumanagara
6480:Ubaid period
6398:Wadi al-Jarf
6313:Ostia Antica
5917:Fore-and-aft
5884:Shipbuilding
5859:Carvel built
5841:Construction
5799:Steering oar
5680:Sailing ship
5603:Obelisk ship
5561:Dugout canoe
5454:Celts portal
5412:– in Spanish
5247:Arran Gaelic
5168:Proto-Celtic
5136:Bungi Creole
5035:Celtic unity
4971:Independence
4770:
4753:
4577:Gaelic music
4513:Celtic Dress
4462:High crosses
4452:Celtic cross
4430:Bell shrines
4361:Irish annals
4143:Neo-Druidism
4138:Celtic Wicca
4109:Celtic union
4073:Modern Celts
3964:Celtic women
3867:Celtic Rites
3816:Transylvania
3746:
3676:Ulster Scots
3546:Anglo-Celtic
3393:Celtiberians
3338:
3330:
3322:
3310:modern Celts
3265:. Retrieved
3249:. Retrieved
3245:the original
3225:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3143:
3130:
3111:
3082:
3063:
3051:
3028:
3021:Bibliography
3011:
3006:
2998:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2968:
2963:
2956:Archaeopress
2951:
2943:
2931:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2905:
2868:
2863:
2845:
2827:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2786:
2781:
2762:
2756:
2748:
2743:
2734:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2690:
2678:. Retrieved
2674:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2590:
2583:
2566:
2549:
2538:. Retrieved
2534:
2521:
2510:. Retrieved
2504:
2495:
2486:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2444:
2436:
2431:
2412:
2406:
2394:
2299:
2291:
2230:
2222:
2197:
2149:
2116:
2065:
2062:
2019:
1815:
1795:
1768:
1756:
1733:
1675:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1614:
1594:
1400:
1338:
1311:
1303:
1272:
1261:
1248:the goddess
1242:
1214:Old Oswestry
1069:
1050:
1046:
1018:
1012:
1005:
1001:diffusionist
998:
978:migrationist
967:
958:of Southern
933:
911:
899:
898:
707:
703:Rispain Camp
660:of Northern
655:
627:
593:. Extensive
580:
569:
535:
526:
511:Please help
499:
455:Roman Empire
452:
439:
429:
414:
401:
388:
375:
370:Hallstatt C
362:
332:
320:
291:
283:Romanisation
272:
232:
230:
199:Roman Empire
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
8158:Argonautica
8145:(Herodotus)
8108:Flood myths
8005:Museums and
7949:conferences
7914:Vital Alsar
7752:archaeology
7561:Austronesia
7554:Hjortspring
7549:Rochelongue
7499:Pesse canoe
7453:Ship burial
7438:Sea Peoples
7371:Lighthouses
7366:Grave goods
7314:George Bass
7094:Spice trade
6691:exploration
6513:Philippines
6508:Austronesia
6501:Old Kingdom
6378:Trincomalee
6328:Prosphorion
6273:Myos Hormos
6117:Micronesian
6108:By region:
6080:Lighthouses
5888:By region:
5653:Quinquereme
5578:Kunlun ship
5571:Penteconter
5556:Dragon boat
5369:Trimarcisia
5354:Gallóglaigh
5183:Celtiberian
4907:Isle of Man
4866:Nationalism
4755:Bataireacht
4674:Calan Gaeaf
4633:Isle of Man
4477:Leaf-crowns
4467:Insular art
4440:Dragonesque
4402:Isle of Man
4256:Nova Scotia
4209:Isle of Man
4133:Neopaganism
3877:Monasticism
3388:Caledonians
3099:|work=
2971:. IV.5.2-3.
2283:Philippines
2067:Camulodunum
1701:Camulodunum
1651:East Anglia
1431:Excarnation
1411:inhumations
1126:Tre'r Ceiri
944:Caledonians
695:roundhouses
529:August 2013
330:sequences.
245:prehistoric
237:archaeology
195:Followed by
177:Preceded by
8167:(Polybius)
7811:Hawaiʻiloa
7693:Nemi ships
7578:Black Sea
7524:Khufu ship
7485:and relics
7383:Marine art
7376:Alexandria
7283:Fik Meijer
7266:Historians
7153:Indo-Roman
6966:Greek navy
6868:Salamis II
6858:Hellespont
6818:Artemisium
6808:Nile Delta
6771:Achaemenid
6664:Achaemenid
6533:Langkasuka
6528:Micronesia
6446:Prehistory
6373:Sounagoura
6201:Chittagong
6176:Barbarikon
6155:Alexandria
6097:Pilot boat
6047:Navigation
5879:Sewn-plank
5874:Lashed-lug
5752:Figurehead
5725:Components
5694:Propulsion
5648:Quadrireme
5629:Polyremes
5608:Outriggers
5432:– in Italy
5334:Ceathairne
5198:Gallaecian
4828:Road bowls
4733:Eisteddfod
4701:Calan Awst
4697:Lughnasadh
4303:Literature
4166:definition
3989:Clan chief
3776:Roman Gaul
3767:Hen Ogledd
3493:including
3475:including
3267:2007-03-13
3251:2008-11-22
2954:. Oxford:
2540:2009-05-27
2512:2009-05-31
2224:South Asia
2103:Bronze Age
2072:Colchester
1958:, Cornwall
1956:Chysauster
1729:Corieltavi
1697:Verulamium
1427:Durotriges
1409:and other
1372:ambulatory
1128:hillfort,
1060: 400
1035:Demography
1029:indigenous
994:prehistory
982:Linguistic
915:, 60-30 BC
690:univallate
666:hill forts
639:Phoenician
619:enclosures
615:Stonehenge
591:settlement
583:Bronze Age
461:, such as
393:400–100 BC
380:600–400 BC
367:800–600 BC
343:Celtic art
210:See also:
110:March 2011
80:newspapers
8180:Geography
8118:Gilgamesh
8007:memorials
7931:Viracocha
7844:Faʻafaite
7797:Sarimanok
7703:Yassi Ada
7616:Syracusia
7539:Canaanite
7514:Moor Sand
6984:By region
6946:Grappling
6918:Naulochus
6908:Myonessus
6863:Echinades
6848:Arginusae
6843:Cynossema
6828:Naupactus
6823:Eurymedon
6657:Classical
6632:Phoenicia
6627:Mycenaean
6590:Tamilakam
6573:Polynesia
6563:Srivijaya
6358:Satingpra
6318:Palembang
6302:Cattigara
6244:(Kadaram)
6227:Jambukola
6221:Guangzhou
6162:(Podouke)
6160:Arikamedu
6122:Polynesia
6055:Celestial
5968:Armaments
5954:Spritsail
5912:Crab claw
5854:Careening
5821:Sternpost
5675:Reed boat
5618:Catamaran
5593:Multihull
5364:Redshanks
5339:Ceithearn
5067:Brittonic
5059:Languages
4692:Calan Mai
4683:Gŵyl Fair
4657:Festivals
4472:Interlace
3896:Mythology
3887:Practices
3799:Gallaecia
3413:Galatians
3101:ignored (
3091:cite book
3054:. Oxford.
3037:cite book
3031:. London.
2969:Geography
2747:Tacitus,
2714:Geography
2680:March 31,
2604:Tacitus,
2293:East Asia
2268:Indonesia
2111:By region
2054:Brixworth
2034:Hampshire
1998:Bryn Eryr
1598:Hallstatt
1403:Cremation
1368:postholes
1352:Hampshire
1335:, England
1083:Britannia
969:Britannia
715:Suetonius
682:Hampshire
651:North Sea
603:Neolithic
572:landscape
500:does not
459:Romanised
406:100–50 BC
328:tree ring
8225:Category
8196:Tākitimu
8099:Legend:
8057:Roskilde
7936:Tangaroa
7877:Olympias
7851:Gaualofa
7790:Hōkūleʻa
7765:Kon-Tiki
7598:Ashkelon
7534:Uluburun
7493:Earliest
7259:Scholars
7141:shipping
6941:Boarding
6853:Mytilene
6838:Syracuse
6803:Alashiya
6766:Egyptian
6750:Military
6741:Timeline
6719:Sardinia
6642:Carthage
6558:Kalingga
6518:Sa Huỳnh
6453:Timeline
6403:Zanzibar
6353:Sarapion
6348:Rhacotis
6278:Martaban
6223:(Canton)
6216:Godavaya
6211:Giao Chỉ
6181:Barygaza
6171:Avalites
6092:Piloting
5980:Catapult
5975:Ballista
5949:Mast-aft
5762:Planking
5701:Paddling
5658:Hexareme
5623:Trimaran
5588:Longship
5536:Balangay
5349:Gaesatae
5240:dialects
5203:Lepontic
5193:Galatian
5095:Goidelic
4945:Autonomy
4860:Politics
4813:Rounders
4665:Calendar
4638:Scotland
4623:Cornwall
4618:Brittany
4506:Clothing
4457:Knotwork
4435:Brooches
4407:Scotland
4392:Cornwall
4387:Brittany
4266:Y Wladfa
4221:Scotland
4185:Cornwall
4173:Brittany
4024:Seanchaí
4019:Tanistry
3979:Derbfine
3908:Scottish
3794:Brittany
3790:Domnonée
3786:Armorica
3781:Britonia
3763:Dumnonia
3738:Dálriata
3423:Lepontii
3418:Helvetii
3403:Gallaeci
3142:(1904).
3140:Rhys, J.
3062:(2005).
2967:Strabo.
2853:Archived
2835:Archived
2749:Agricola
2651:Caesar,
2606:Agricola
2576:Iron Age
2559:Iron Age
2260:Malaysia
2245:Thailand
2138:Caucasus
2134:Anatolia
2095:Iron Age
2087:a series
2085:Part of
2078:See also
2046:Iron Age
2042:Scotland
2038:Agricola
2022:Iron Age
1787:amphorae
1771:Brittany
1721:Hallaton
1647:Salterns
1396:palisade
1384:Hallaton
1376:Danebury
1344:mentions
1307:Danebury
1279:Anglesey
1263:Agricola
1172:Stanwick
952:Germanic
948:Scotland
905:—
730:period.
728:medieval
678:Danebury
664:and the
662:Scotland
647:artefact
643:minerals
607:economic
587:land use
463:Scotland
303:Goidelic
253:Iron Age
152:Iron Age
8136:Odyssey
8113:Genesis
7910:Others
7709:Lists:
7698:Marausa
7648:Roman:
7638:Punic:
7603:Kyrenia
7594:Greek:
7590:Marsala
7583:Sinop D
7458:Tacking
7192:History
7079:Meluhha
7069:Fishing
7064:Whaling
6971:Ramming
6893:Aegates
6888:Drepana
6883:Ecnomus
6813:Salamis
6801:
6791:Battles
6669:Nabatea
6652:Archaic
6622:Nuragic
6612:Somalia
6463:Oceania
6458:Britain
6435:History
6368:Socotra
6338:Qandala
6323:Piraeus
6293:Muziris
6263:Madurai
6258:Manthai
6196:Canopus
6166:Arsinoe
6138:harbors
6087:History
6075:Coastal
6005:Sambuca
5990:Dolphin
5904:Rigging
5716:Poling
5706:Sailing
5643:Trireme
5583:Liburna
5546:Coracle
5516:Vessels
5402:Deities
5359:Hobelar
5321:Warfare
5284:Warfare
5218:Pictish
5213:Cumbric
5188:Gaulish
5160:Extinct
5080:Cornish
4878:history
4823:Hurling
4797:Ladies'
4788:Curling
4761:Camogie
4688:Beltane
4670:Samhain
4628:Ireland
4397:Ireland
4292:Culture
4261:England
4197:Ireland
4155:Nations
4054:Coinage
4044:Warfare
3937:Society
3928:Cornish
3918:British
3821:Galatia
3811:Balkans
3719:Studies
3456:Cornish
3451:Bretons
3428:Noricum
3383:Britons
3356:Peoples
2381:Pytheas
2237:Vietnam
2174:Balkans
2058:Quinton
1819:pottery
1685:staters
1413:of the
1258:Tacitus
1156:Crannog
1081:, and "
1079:Pytheas
974:Gaulish
964:Iberian
956:Silures
940:Britons
936:Tacitus
720:Britons
623:borders
521:removed
506:sources
467:Ptolemy
432:Gaulish
351:Period
307:Gaulish
256:culture
94:scholar
8187:Aeneid
7903:Viking
7884:Regina
7653:Alkedo
7509:Abydos
7483:Wrecks
7352:Topics
7182:Piracy
7136:Greece
6996:Odisha
6928:Actium
6923:Mycale
6758:Navies
6647:Greece
6637:Olmecs
6605:Pandya
6580:Minoan
6543:Champa
6523:Lapita
6468:Remote
6388:Tyndis
6343:Quilon
6288:Muscat
6253:Lothal
6248:Korkai
6232:Jeddah
6206:Essina
6150:Adulis
6060:Charts
5995:Harpax
5985:Corvus
5959:Square
5927:Settee
5922:Lateen
5831:Tiller
5826:Strake
5794:Rudder
5784:Paddle
5732:Anchor
5711:Towing
5633:Bireme
5566:Galley
5541:Bangka
5397:Tribes
5344:Fianna
5131:Shelta
5075:Breton
4895:status
4833:Shinty
4808:Gouren
4772:Cnapan
4766:Cammag
4679:Imbolc
4602:Carnyx
4528:Tartan
4447:Carnyx
4214:Mannin
4190:Kernow
4178:Breizh
4048:Gaelic
4004:Fáinne
3949:Brehon
3923:Breton
3872:Druids
3726:Places
3433:Volcae
3378:Belgae
3339:·
3337:
3331:·
3329:
3323:·
3321:
3118:
3070:
2769:
2718:Albion
2437:ad hoc
2419:
2301:Africa
2158:Aegean
2151:Europe
2142:Levant
2089:on the
1823:Strabo
1798:Belgic
1783:Dorset
1705:Hoards
1631:bronze
1617:bronze
1425:, the
1423:Dorset
1341:Gildas
1314:Druids
1299:hoards
1287:Thames
1095:Albion
1087:Strabo
1015:Belgae
892:, and
724:Saxons
686:Wessex
676:; and
658:brochs
611:social
475:Strabo
354:Dates
294:Celtic
148:Period
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
8123:Greek
7926:Abora
7920:Ivlia
7832:Saina
7776:Ra II
7734:Sites
7519:Dokos
7131:Egypt
7053:trade
7018:Rafts
7003:Japan
6991:India
6903:Chios
6873:Mylae
6833:Olpae
6781:Roman
6776:Greek
6674:Aksum
6600:Chera
6595:Chola
6568:Sunda
6548:Kutai
6538:Kedah
6383:Tulum
6363:Sidon
6308:Opone
6298:Óc Eo
6268:Malao
6242:Kedah
6186:Basra
6134:Ports
6112:Inuit
5932:Tanja
5892:Egypt
5742:Cabin
5685:Tomol
5528:Types
5387:Lists
5208:Noric
5123:Mixed
5103:Irish
5085:Welsh
4749:Bando
4742:Sport
4643:Wales
4559:Music
4492:Torcs
4482:Mazes
4412:Wales
4238:Cymru
4233:Wales
4116:Music
4039:Vates
4034:Túath
3984:Druid
3913:Welsh
3903:Irish
3489:Scots
3471:Irish
3466:Gaels
3461:Welsh
3408:Gauls
3398:Gaels
3369:Names
3341:
3333:
3325:
3306:Celts
2572:ScARF
2555:ScARF
2387:Notes
2166:Italy
2050:Roman
1810:coins
1802:coins
1738:Trade
1689:potin
1610:Celts
1364:cella
1350:, in
1291:Trent
1268:Gauls
1256:. In
1250:Sulis
1130:Wales
1091:Pliny
960:Wales
950:) to
471:Pliny
436:Spelt
166:Dates
101:JSTOR
87:books
8052:Oslo
7774:and
7680:Isis
7627:Gozo
7148:Rome
7126:Maya
7008:Rome
6913:Nile
6679:Rome
6617:Maya
6473:Near
6393:Tyre
6145:Aden
5944:Junk
5816:Stem
5804:Sail
5789:Rope
5774:Mast
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