1200:
40:
1051:
3269:
1522:
1340:
3002:
1408:
3257:
2895:
564:
3243:
886:
1447:
1216:
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588:
1586:, and often had to be traded or carried considerable distances from the few mines, stimulating the creation of extensive trading routes. In many areas as far apart as China and England, the valuable new material was used for weapons, but for a long time apparently not available for agricultural tools. Much of it seems to have been hoarded by social elites, and sometimes deposited in extravagant quantities, from
580:
4748:
1669:" in the history of philosophy. Although iron ore is common, the metalworking techniques necessary to use iron are different from those needed for the metal used earlier, more heat is required. Once the technical challenge had been solved, iron replaced bronze as its higher abundance meant armies could be armed much more easily with iron weapons.
996:. Anatomic changes indicating modern language capacity also arise during the Middle Palaeolithic. During the Middle Palaeolithic Era, there is the first definitive evidence of human use of fire. Sites in Zambia have charred logs, charcoal and carbonized plants, that have been dated to 180,000 BP. The systematic
450:
years ago. It took thousands of years for writing systems to be widely adopted, with writing having spread to almost all cultures by the 19th century. The end of prehistory therefore came at different times in different places, and the term is less often used in discussing societies where prehistory
1641:
The Iron Age is not part of prehistory for all civilizations who had introduced written records during the Bronze Age. Most remaining civilizations did so during the Iron Age, often through conquest by empires, which continued to expand during this period. For example, in most of Europe conquest by
1376:
are notable for their gigantic structures. Although some late
Eurasian Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms or even states, states evolved in Eurasia only with the rise of metallurgy, and most Neolithic societies on the whole were relatively simple and egalitarian. Most clothing
1547:
The Bronze Age is the earliest period in which some civilizations reached the end of prehistory, by introducing written records. The Bronze Age, or parts thereof, are thus considered to be part of prehistory only for the regions and civilizations who developed a system of keeping written records
783:
are also providing valuable insight. Cultural anthropologists help provide context for societal interactions, by which objects of human origin pass among people, allowing an analysis of any article that arises in a human prehistoric context. Therefore, data about prehistory is provided by a wide
550:
and by analogy with pre-literate societies observed in modern times. The key step to understanding prehistoric evidence is dating, and reliable dating techniques have developed steadily since the nineteenth century. Further evidence has come from the reconstruction of
4647:
1355:
with a single room. Settlements might have a surrounding stone wall to keep domesticated animals in and hostile tribes out. Later settlements have rectangular mud-brick houses where the family lived in single or multiple rooms. Burial findings suggest an
4038:
3157:, and records begin to be kept. According to the majority of specialists, the first Mesopotamian writing (actually still pictographic proto-writing at this stage) was a tool for record-keeping that had little connection to the spoken language.
733:
The notion of "prehistory" emerged during the
Enlightenment in the work of antiquarians who used the word "primitive" to describe societies that existed before written records. The word "prehistory" first appeared in English in 1836 in the
1029:
tended to be very small and egalitarian, although hunter-gatherer societies with abundant resources or advanced food-storage techniques sometimes developed sedentary lifestyles with complex social structures such as chiefdoms, and
1498:
to
Chalcolithic in the Middle East is characterized in archaeological stone tool assemblages by a decline in high quality raw material procurement and use. North Africa and the Nile Valley imported its iron technology from the
1223:"Neolithic" means "New Stone Age", from about 10,200 BCE in some parts of the Middle East, but later in other parts of the world, and ended between 4,500 and 2,000 BCE. Although there were several species of humans during the
526:
in the
Americas, these areas did not develop complex writing systems before the arrival of Eurasians, so their prehistory reaches into relatively recent periods; for example, 1788 is usually taken as the end of the
4408:
3961:
555:. More recent techniques include forensic chemical analysis to reveal the use and provenance of materials, and genetic analysis of bones to determine kinship and physical characteristics of prehistoric peoples.
4083:
1426:
metallurgy appeared alongside the widespread use of stone tools. During this period, some weapons and tools were made of copper. This period was still largely
Neolithic in character. It is a phase of the
3187:
is constructed. This stone-built village consisted of ten clustered houses with stone hearths, beds, cupboards, and an ancient sewer system. This village occupied for 600 years before being abandoned in
1473:
by about 800 years, and suggests that copper smelting may have been invented independently in separate parts of Asia and Europe at that time, rather than spreading from a single source. The emergence of
474:
were the first civilizations to develop their own scripts and keep historical records, with their neighbours following. Most other civilizations reached their end of prehistory during the following
1219:
An array of
Neolithic artefacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools â Neolithic stone artefacts are by definition polished and, except for specialty items, not chipped
775:
who use excavation, geologic and geographic surveys, and other scientific analysis to reveal and interpret the nature and behavior of pre-literate and non-literate peoples. Human population
4770:
768:
The main source of information for prehistory is archaeology (a branch of anthropology), but some scholars are beginning to make more use of evidence from the natural and social sciences.
4908:
1665:
coincided with other changes, often including more sophisticated agricultural practices, religious beliefs and artistic styles, which makes the archaeological Iron Age coincide with the "
5253:
600:
The beginning of prehistory is normally taken to be marked by human-like beings appearing on Earth. The date marking its end is typically defined as the advent of the contemporary
5706:
4811:
1552:
coincides in some areas with the beginnings of the Bronze Age. After the appearance of writing, people started creating texts including written records of administrative matters.
843:. Restricted to material processes, remains, and artefacts rather than written records, prehistory is anonymous. Because of this, reference terms that prehistorians use, such as "
4524:
2886:
645:
spent several years living among native peoples, and described their way of life in a comprehensive treatise. In Europe the relatively well-documented classical cultures of
5117:
5204:
4439:
5357:
4463:
Vanishing Voices : The
Extinction of the World's Languages. By Daniel Nettle, Suzanne Romaine Merton Professor of English Language University of Oxford. pp. 102â103.
1601:
By the end of the Bronze Age large states, whose armies imposed themselves on people with a different culture, and are often called empires, had arisen in Egypt, China,
5749:
633:
and 1.8 million years ago, respectively. Depending on the date when relevant records become a useful academic resource, its end date also varies. For example, in
661:, with little writing. Historians debate how much weight to give to the sometimes biased accounts in Greek and Roman literature, of these protohistoric cultures.
393:
1650:", and similar terms after the conquest. Even before conquest, many areas began to have a protohistory, as they were written about by literate cultures; the
4860:
Cook, M (2007). "The clay loom weight, in: Early
Neolithic ritual activity, Bronze Age occupation and medieval activity at Pitlethie Road, Leuchars, Fife".
4373:
1469:
contains the oldest securely dated evidence of copper making at high temperature, from 7,500 years ago. The find in 2010 extends the known record of copper
4834:
4139:
The
Prehistory of Iberia: Debating Early Social Stratification and the State edited by MarĂa Cruz Berrocal, Leonardo GarcĂa SanjuĂĄn, Antonio Gilman. Pg 36.
947:(as in excavations it appears underneath the Upper Paleolithic), beginning with the earliest stone tools dated to around 3.3 million years ago at the
7138:
5674:
Glassner, Jean-Jacques. The
Invention of Cuneiform: Writing In Sumer. Trans.Zainab, Bahrani. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. Ebook.
679:
In dividing up human prehistory in Eurasia, historians typically use the three-age system, whereas scholars of pre-human time periods typically use the
5153:
1179:
have been found at some sites. These technologies first occur in Africa, associated with the Azilian cultures, before spreading to Europe through the
5777:
5258:
Published in 'Human settlement', in D. Denoon (ed) The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders. pp. 41â50. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
3914:
965:
by early hominins during the Lower Palaeolithic Era is uncertain and has at best limited scholarly support. The most widely accepted claim is that
3559:
7535:
7276:
6872:
4777:
1377:
appears to have been made of animal skins, as indicated by finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins which are ideal for fastening leather.
4900:
4254:
5230:
4984:
4173:
Toth, Nicholas; Schick, Kathy (2007). "Overview of Paleolithic Anthropology". In Henke, H. C. Winfried; Hardt, Thorolf; Tatersall, Ian (eds.).
1385:
might have become available during the later Neolithic, as suggested by finds of perforated stones that (depending on size) may have served as
3122:
in subsequent centuries. Around this time, a round stone tower, now preserved at about 8.5 meters high and 8.5 meters in diameter is built in
1121:
fostered by the warmer climate. Such conditions produced distinctive human behaviours that are preserved in the material record, such as the
7491:
7000:
3694:
4717:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
601:
5698:
7323:
6774:
2452:
386:
4516:
2322:
5265:
4304:
3836:
Prehistoria de la PenĂnsula IbĂ©rica: el progreso de la cogniciĂłn, el mestizaje y las desigualdades durante mĂĄs de un millĂłn de años
2342:
1711:
5631:
Kiple, Kenneth F. and Ornelas, Kriemhild ConeĂš, eds., The Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 83
3987:
1575:
before 3000 BCE. The Bronze Age forms part of the three-age system for prehistoric societies. In this system, it follows the
3534:
5109:
5094:
3934:"Etruscan Language and Inscriptions | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"
1199:
5349:
5196:
2302:
983:. The use of fire enabled early humans to cook food, provide warmth, have a light source, deter animals at night and meditate.
748:
for human prehistory, were systematised during the nineteenth century in the work of British, French, German, and Scandinavian
5662:
5324:
5295:
4711:
4190:
4120:
3844:
3809:
3772:
379:
1285:
is complicated by the fact standard progression from stone to metal tools, as seen in the Old World, does not neatly apply.
5770:
4606:
3655:
3539:
534:
The period when a culture is written about by others, but has not developed its own writing system, is often known as the
1245:
developments which established most of the basic elements of historical cultures, such as the domestication of crops and
538:
of the culture. By definition, there are no written records from human prehistory, which can only be known from material
443:. The use of symbols, marks, and images appears very early among humans, but the earliest known writing systems appeared
4564:
1422:
In Old World archaeology, the "Chalcolithic", "Eneolithic", or "Copper Age" refers to a transitional period where early
5731:
3653:
McCall, Daniel F.; Struever, Stuart; Van Der Merwe, Nicolaas J.; Roe, Derek (1973). "Prehistory as a Kind of History".
2904:
2892:
c. 26,000 BP / 24,000 BCE â People around the world use fibres to make baby-carriers, clothes, bags, baskets, and nets.
6901:
5807:
5736:
4985:"Bronze and Iron: A Comparison · Extended Artefact Features · Museum of Classical Antiquities, University of Ottawa"
7108:
6995:
3307:
2282:
4112:
2715:
appear in Africa, one of whose characteristics is a lack of significant body hair compared to other primates. See
7520:
6911:
5949:
5763:
5261:
4326:
2690:
2492:
962:
4846:
2752:
exit Africa as a single population. In the next millennia, descendants from this population migrate to southern
1144:
have been found, although this would only begin in earnest during the Neolithic, when more space was needed for
1015:
extends from 50,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the first organized settlements and blossoming of artistic work.
1129:
cultures. These conditions also delayed the coming of the Neolithic until as late as 4000 BCE (6,000
1026:
5003:"Why Did it Take So Long Between the Bronze Age and the Iron Age? | MATSE 81: Materials In Today's World"
1249:, and the establishment of permanent settlements and early chiefdoms. The era commenced with the beginning of
7133:
6663:
5923:
5991:
5143:
4648:"Isotopic evidence for mobility and group organization among Neolithic farmers at Talheim, Germany, 5000 BC"
4285:
1288:
Early Neolithic farming was limited to a narrow range of plants, both wild and domesticated, which included
7128:
6668:
6141:
4948:
3208:
construction begins. In its first version, it consisted of a circular ditch and bank, with 56 wooden posts.
3078:
1932:
1704:
5817:
4930:
3174:
in 1991. A copper-bladed axe, which is a characteristic technology of this era, was found with the corpse.
6094:
3045:
2757:
2622:
1681:
866:
31:
17:
3798:
3085:(PPNA) period. As yet unexcavated structures at the site are thought to date back to the epipaleolithic.
2938:
641:
the end of the prehistoric era is set much more recently, in the 1870s, when the Russian anthropologist
7396:
7197:
5020:
Shea, J.J. (2003). "Neanderthals, competition and the origin of modern human behaviour in the Levant".
3369:
2705:
2385:
2119:
2111:
2103:
1301:
1008:, and the use of increasingly sophisticated multi-part tools are highlights of the Middle Paleolithic.
546:
evidence: prehistoric materials and human remains. These were at first understood by the collection of
877:. The sub-divisions described below are used for Eurasia, and not consistently across the whole area.
865:
The concept of a "Stone Age" is found useful in the archaeology of most of the world, although in the
7202:
7017:
4210:
3352:
3222:
2223:
467:
278:
5226:
7391:
6483:
6028:
5483:
Kislev, M. E.; Hartmann, A.; Bar-Yosef, O. (2006a). "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley".
3014:
2647:. They are all subject to revision due to new discoveries or improved calculations. BP stands for "
642:
618: million years ago, which is when the first signs of human presence have been found; however,
239:
6555:
6550:
3118:. In early agriculture at this time the planting stick is used, but it is replaced by a primitive
7508:
7418:
6590:
6357:
6176:
6109:
5841:
4325:
Hublin JJ, Ben-Ncer A, Bailey SE, Freidline SE, Neubauer S, Skinner MM, et al. (June 2017).
3362:
3230:
3082:
3010:
2740:
2193:
1697:
1651:
797:
528:
3690:
2408:
220:
39:
7637:
7596:
7470:
7076:
6967:
6955:
6651:
6392:
6231:
5868:
5802:
5786:
4106:
3509:
3226:
2626:
2152:
1610:
1571:
as a common impurity. Tin ores are rare, as reflected in the fact there were no tin bronzes in
1490:
in Europe have now been securely dated to slightly earlier than those of the Fertile Crescent.
1361:
1316:
and pigs, the establishment of permanently or seasonally inhabited settlements, and the use of
1250:
976:
890:
832:
780:
322:
188:
54:
5057:"Origin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa"
4701:
258:
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5834:
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2989:
2811:
1924:
1587:
1050:
1035:
1031:
821:
772:
658:
6720:
3268:
583:
An early sketch imagining an adult and a juvenile from prehistoric times making a stone tool
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7007:
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5492:
5407:
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3868:
Connah, Graham (11 May 2007). "Historical Archaeology in Africa: An Appropriate Concept?".
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8:
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4808:
Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
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3483:
3478:
3446:
3441:
3374:
3273:
3006:
1636:
1110:
993:
897:
714:. In some areas, there is also a transition period between Stone Age and Bronze Age, the
674:
335:
5600:
5551:
5496:
5491:(5778). Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1372â1374.
5411:
5298:. Presland says on p. 1: "There is some evidence to show that people were living in the
4345:
4226:
2848:
c. 30,500 BP / 28,500 BCE â New Guinea is populated by colonists from Asia or Australia.
1559:(at least in systematic and widespread use) included techniques for smelting copper and
1521:
1494:
contains evidence of copper mining 7,000 years ago. The process of transition from
7542:
7445:
7347:
7160:
6342:
6072:
6038:
5516:
5430:
5395:
5081:
5037:
4741:"Smooth and Cool, or Warm and Soft: Investigatingthe Properties of Cloth in Prehistory"
4667:
4498:
4490:
4431:
4365:
4246:
4030:
3983:
3893:
3672:
3607:
3488:
3453:
3431:
3397:
3342:
3297:
2807:
2697:
2472:
1658:
1555:
The Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced
1549:
1483:
1386:
1339:
986:
809:
680:
515:
309:
142:
5741:
is an academic journal specialising in Northeast Asian and North American archaeology.
4011:"The Line of Reason: Hugh Blair, Spatiality and the Progressive Structure of Language"
3261:
3005:
Neolithic migrations in Europe c. 5000â4000 BC. The people of the Proto-Indo-European
2923:. This is the oldest human permanent settlement that has been found by archaeologists.
2800:
2631:
All dates are approximate and conjectural, obtained through research in the fields of
2539:
1443:. The Copper Age is seen as a transition period between the Stone Age and Bronze Age.
7584:
7574:
7564:
7513:
7170:
7088:
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6332:
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117:
79:
5595:(5806). Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1683a.
5546:(5806). Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1683b.
5520:
5041:
5002:
4966:
4835:"Unraveling the Enigma of the Bi: The Spindle Whorl as the Model of the Ritual Disk"
4687:
Pre-writing in Southeastern Europe: The Sign System of the VinÄa Culture ca. 4000 BC
3001:
2855:
is slaughtered and butchered by humans in the Vezere Valley in what is today France.
7579:
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5068:
5029:
4659:
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4423:
4409:"Hominid Use of Fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene: A Review of the Evidence"
4349:
4327:"New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens"
4250:
4230:
4178:
4151:. Edited by Pedro Paulo A. Funari, Martin Hall, Sian Jones. p. 8.ISBN 9780415518888
4108:
The Invention of Prehistory: Empire, Violence, and Our Obsession with Human Origins
4073:
4022:
3877:
3664:
3458:
3407:
3314:
2977:
2898:
Overview map of the peopling of Eurasia and Australia by anatomically modern humans
2144:
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1479:
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436:
294:
225:
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1946:
1902:
1626:
1407:
1114:
1103:
1087:
1022:
1005:
1001:
683:
301:
253:
230:
170:
5752:
a collection of resources for students from the Courtenay Middle School Library.
4610:
3256:
3074:
2930:, a hunter-gatherers' sedentary camp on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, Israel.
2894:
637:
it is generally accepted that prehistory ended around 3100 BCE, whereas in
568:
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7496:
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7283:
7214:
7103:
6975:
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6268:
6258:
6079:
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4127:
3582:
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3033:
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2648:
1998:
1985:
1915:
1889:
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from naturally occurring outcroppings of ores, and then combining them to cast
1204:
1180:
1164:
1130:
1061:
937:
646:
552:
440:
147:
3881:
3854:
3800:
A critical history of early Rome : from prehistory to the first Punic War
3171:
2877:
culture) and enter North America from Eastern Siberia for the first time (see
1098:, and there the Mesolithic is short and poorly defined. In areas with limited
7626:
7455:
7440:
7386:
7364:
7261:
7249:
7165:
7034:
6916:
6877:
6865:
6853:
6565:
6476:
6405:
6146:
6089:
6067:
5976:
5908:
5903:
5881:
4663:
4568:
3889:
3782:
3632:
3150:
3146:
2878:
2517:
2185:
1534:
1357:
1329:
1289:
1246:
1238:
1141:
971:
957:
874:
695:
691:
471:
414:
273:
62:
5996:
5609:
5584:
5560:
5535:
5504:
5072:
3819:
1090:, the date of which varied by geographic region. In some areas, such as the
7374:
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7311:
7266:
7066:
6990:
6747:
6742:
6698:
6325:
6207:
6171:
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6003:
5981:
5893:
5618:
5569:
5512:
5439:
5178:
5090:
4699:
4546:
4361:
4242:
4177:. Vol. 3. Berlin; Heidelberg; New York: Springer. pp. 1943â1963.
4078:
4026:
3834:
3587:
3412:
3248:
2842:
2838:
2748:
2716:
2632:
2593:
2167:
2134:
2048:
1972:
1959:
1643:
1622:
1572:
1556:
1491:
1455:
1451:
1412:
1402:
1258:
1176:
1082:
The Mesolithic period began with the retreat of glaciers at the end of the
1054:
870:
813:
785:
749:
715:
650:
607:
Both dates consequently vary widely from region to region. For example, in
543:
535:
503:
499:
314:
202:
197:
133:
7423:
5396:"The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming"
3242:
3225:
into Europe and Asia. These migrations are thought to have spread Yamnaya
885:
563:
7413:
7403:
7359:
7354:
7306:
7244:
7207:
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6023:
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5139:
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3095:
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2727:
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2239:
1863:
1647:
1325:
1224:
1145:
1122:
1095:
1083:
927:
844:
789:
776:
757:
753:
699:
539:
511:
463:
4353:
4234:
2873:). During this latter period human beings return to Western Europe (see
1446:
1373:
1215:
7557:
7450:
7408:
7224:
7187:
7150:
7046:
6633:
6545:
6372:
6273:
6246:
6166:
5964:
5918:
5829:
5744:
5033:
4494:
3205:
3184:
2926:
c. 23,000 BP / 21,000 BCE â Small-scale trial cultivation of plants in
2882:
2859:
2723:
1516:
1475:
1428:
1262:
1160:
1072:
909:
908:"Palaeolithic" means "Old Stone Age", and begins with the first use of
840:
828:
817:
707:
638:
487:
455:
418:
327:
207:
175:
5536:"Response to Comment on "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley""
4633:"Stone Age - Prehistoric Americas, Tools, Artifacts | Britannica"
4211:"3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya"
4105:
Geroulanos, Stefanos (2024). "Chapter 4: Humanity, Divided by Three".
3676:
1034:. Long-distance contacts may have been established, as in the case of
7465:
7234:
7219:
6817:
6802:
6727:
6710:
6628:
6513:
6454:
6444:
6439:
6362:
6241:
6129:
6055:
5822:
5812:
5640:"No-Till: The Quiet Revolution", by David Huggins and John Reganold,
5055:
Toups, M.A.; Kitchen, A.; Light, J.E.; Reed, D. L. (September 2010).
4161:
Through the Ages in Palestinian Archaeology: An Introductory Handbook
3143:
3102:, cultivation of barley and wheat begins. At first they are used for
3037:
2823:
2761:
2577:
2254:
1666:
1583:
1576:
1500:
1495:
1351:
Settlements became more permanent, some with circular houses made of
1274:
1228:
1156:
1113:
ended have a much more evident Mesolithic era, lasting millennia. In
1091:
1076:
1039:
913:
901:
860:
771:
The primary researchers into human prehistory are archaeologists and
703:
572:
483:
183:
110:
5453:
Stuart, Gene S. (1979). "Ice Age Hunters: Artists in Hidden Cages".
5379:
Stuart, Gene S. (1979). "Ice Age Hunters: Artists in Hidden Cages".
5339:, a publication of the National Geographic Society, 1979. pp. 11â18.
7239:
7175:
7022:
6980:
6715:
6623:
6498:
6320:
6283:
6263:
4803:
4486:
4427:
4061:
4010:
3955:
3668:
3279:
3041:
2942:
2927:
2869:(LGM). Subsequently, the ice melts and the glaciers retreat again (
2852:
2784:
2734:
2636:
2428:
1876:
1850:
1632:
1606:
1602:
1504:
1470:
1369:
1352:
1309:
1278:
1266:
1136:
Remains from this period are few and far between, often limited to
917:
851:", are modern labels with definitions sometimes subject to debate.
848:
711:
547:
519:
491:
475:
366:
245:
91:
4740:
2980:: a culture of sedentary hunter-gatherers who may have cultivated
1117:, societies were able to live well on rich food supplies from the
587:
7301:
7093:
7039:
6985:
6807:
6613:
6523:
6377:
6278:
6236:
6099:
6018:
5971:
5959:
5582:
4878:
4703:
Evolutionary Origins of Morality: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives
3123:
3049:
2957:
2916:
2908:
2769:
2640:
2033:
2025:
2011:
1835:
1568:
1321:
1317:
1282:
1184:
1151:
The Mesolithic is characterized in most areas by small composite
1126:
1099:
948:
805:
801:
687:
507:
495:
422:
3167:
7369:
6906:
6884:
6737:
6673:
6618:
6008:
5986:
5954:
5928:
5583:
Lev-Yadun, S.; Ne'Eman, G.; Abbo, S.; Flaishman, M. A. (2006).
5467:"Shift from Savannah to Sahara was Gradual", by Kenneth Chang,
5335:
Gene S. Stuart, "Ice Age Hunters: Artists in Hidden Cages." In
5303:
5188:
5144:"How We Got Here: DNA Points to a Single Migration From Africa"
3915:"Viewing the Ancient Celts through the Lens of Greece and Rome"
3284:
3119:
3061:
3057:
2985:
2953:
2952:
begins in North Africa. The region that would later become the
2934:
2815:
2773:
1564:
1530:
1466:
1459:
1440:
1436:
1423:
1416:
1378:
1336:, and the onset of the earliest recorded incidents of warfare.
1313:
1293:
1242:
1188:
1137:
980:
836:
827:
Human prehistory differs from history not only in terms of its
619:
608:
357:
44:
5110:"Mount Toba Eruption â Ancient Humans Unscathed, Study Claims"
4693:
3839:(in European Spanish). Madrid: Alianza Editorial. p. 25.
3652:
1582:
While copper is a common ore, deposits of tin are rare in the
1109:
Regions that experienced greater environmental effects as the
506:
arrived abruptly from contact with Eurasian cultures, such as
502:, but is not generally used in those parts of the world where
7435:
7155:
6889:
6843:
6705:
6560:
6508:
6084:
6050:
4324:
3154:
3115:
3107:
3053:
2819:
2765:
2753:
1595:
1382:
1344:
1305:
1297:
1208:
1172:
1152:
1118:
1019:
654:
634:
459:
975:
made fires between 790,000 and 690,000 BP in a site at
744:
The geologic time scale for pre-human time periods, and the
591:
A nineteenth century concept of early humans in a wilderness
579:
7381:
7342:
6822:
6678:
6608:
6528:
6400:
5913:
5219:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3029:
2937:(bison) sculpted in clay deep inside the cave now known as
2676:
1662:
1390:
1333:
1168:
916:. It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools by
623:
126:
5585:"Comment on "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley""
4804:"Pierced clay disks and Late Neolithic textile production"
3064:, and may thus be the first known instance of agriculture.
2806:
c. 40,000 BP / 38,000 BCE â First human settlement in the
1312:. By about 6,900â6,400 BCE, it included domesticated
6693:
6459:
6417:
3036:(and therefore sterile) type are cultivated in the early
2981:
2610:
1560:
1432:
5533:
5482:
4397:
Race and Human Evolution. By Milford H. Wolpoff. p. 348.
3804:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 12.
702:, named for their predominant tool-making technologies:
4967:"Three-age system | archaeology | Britannica"
3957:
Prehistoric Minds: Human Origins as a Cultural Artefact
2862:
period in Europe. Harpoons, needles, and saws invented.
1526:
1503:
and followed the Near Eastern course of Bronze Age and
1257:". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the
1018:
Throughout the Palaeolithic, humans generally lived as
571:, in southeast Turkey, erected for ritual use by early
4745:
North European Symposium for Archaeological Textiles X
4700:
Leonard D. Katz Rigby; S. Stephen Henry Rigby (2000).
4607:"World Museum of Man: Neolithic / Chalcolithic Period"
5054:
1657:
In archaeology, the Iron Age refers to the advent of
1368:
may have created the earliest system of writing. The
1094:, agriculture was already underway by the end of the
1071:, 'stone'), was a period in the development of human
5534:
Kislev, M. E.; Hartmann, A.; Bar-Yosef, O. (2006b).
4590:
First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies
1567:. These naturally occurring ores typically included
1320:. The Neolithic period saw the development of early
5197:"Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years"
3753:
New York: Prentice-Hall, (Seventh ed.), Chapter One
3009:were the result of a genetic admixture between the
1676:
1191:. However, independent discovery is not ruled out.
992:originated some 300,000 years ago, ushering in the
4901:"Serbian site may have hosted first copper makers"
4880:
3797:
869:it is called by different names and begins with a
5699:"The first Europeans weren't who you might think"
5288:The First Residents of Melbourne's Western Region
4706:. United kingdom: Imprint Academic. p. 158.
1646:means the term Iron Age is replaced by "Roman", "
1411:Artist's impression of a Copper Age walled city,
1203:Entrance to the Ä gantija phase temple complex of
943:The early part of the Palaeolithic is called the
831:, but in the way it deals with the activities of
7624:
4776:. Teachers' Curriculum Institute. Archived from
4645:
4166:
3767:(Ninth ed.). London: Routledge. p. 8.
1486:(the traditional view), although finds from the
912:. The Paleolithic is the earliest period of the
784:variety of natural and social sciences, such as
4062:"The Prehistoric Mind as a Historical Artefact"
3525:1st millennium BCE in North American prehistory
3520:2nd millennium BCE in North American prehistory
3073:â Circles of T-shaped stone pillars erected at
1343:The monumental building at Luni sul Mignone in
4949:"The University of Chicago Magazine: Features"
4893:
2776:, and the northwestern coast of North America.
1482:, where it gave rise to the Bronze Age in the
1060:The Mesolithic, or Middle Stone Age (from the
5771:
5457:. National Geographic Society. pp. 8â10.
4771:"Aspects of Life During the Neolithic Period"
4286:"How Early Humans Shaped the World With Fire"
1705:
951:site in Kenya. These tools predate the genus
904:before the present (its accuracy is disputed)
387:
5290:, (revised edition), Harriland Press, 1997.
5181:. "Traces of a Distant Past", by Gary Stix,
5177:This is indicated by the M130 marker in the
5132:
4879:Sasha Blakeley; Christopher Muscato (2023).
4163:. By Walter E. Ras. p. 49.ISBN 9781563380556
2964:
5732:Submerged Landscapes Archaeological Network
3938:The Metâs Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
3530:1st millennium in North American prehistory
3515:Prehistoric Southwestern cultural divisions
3170:the Iceman", found preserved in ice in the
1265:; or, in some geographical regions, in the
1086:epoch, some 10,000 BP, and ended with
926: million years ago, to the end of the
698:of human prehistory into three consecutive
5785:
5778:
5764:
5383:. National Geographic Society. p. 19.
5251:
4305:"Fire Good. Make Human Inspiration Happen"
4204:
4202:
4172:
4149:Historical Archaeology: Back from the Edge
4104:
3052:). The find predates the domestication of
2829:c. 32,000 BP / 30,000 BCE â Beginnings of
2799:c. 45,000 BP / 43,000 BCE â Beginnings of
1712:
1698:
394:
380:
5608:
5559:
5429:
5419:
5173:
5171:
5080:
4320:
4318:
4098:
4077:
3745:
3743:
3735:Prehistory: The Making of the Human Mind.
3729:
3727:
3725:
653:had neighbouring cultures, including the
4935:Biblical Archaeology â Maps and Findings
4646:Price, TD; Wahl, J; Bentley, RA (2006).
4583:
3949:
3947:
3832:
3795:
3283:Map of the world in 2000 BC showing the
3278:
3267:
3255:
3241:
3000:
2893:
2808:southern half of the Australian mainland
2671:c. 3.3 million BP â Earliest stone tools
1520:
1445:
1406:
1338:
1214:
1198:
1140:. In forested areas, the first signs of
1049:
884:
611:regions, prehistory cannot begin before
586:
578:
562:
38:
5657:, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1996
4862:Tayside and Fife Archaeological Journal
4517:"Songlines: the Indigenous memory code"
4208:
4199:
3909:
3907:
3535:Prehistory of Newfoundland and Labrador
721:For the prehistory of the Americas see
14:
7625:
5452:
5378:
5168:
5138:
4738:
4315:
4133:
4066:Notes and Records of the Royal Society
4015:Notes and Records of the Royal Society
3867:
3765:World Prehistory: A brief introduction
3751:World Prehistory: A brief introduction
3740:
3722:
2907:consisting of huts built of rocks and
2851:c. 30,000 BP / 28,000 BCE â A herd of
2606:
728:
6949:
6588:
5854:
5759:
5696:
5194:
5107:
5097:from the original on 14 January 2017.
4832:
4801:
4609:. World Museum of Man. Archived from
4527:from the original on 21 December 2018
4472:
4406:
3944:
3762:
3719:Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
2945:near what is now the border of Spain.
1690:
1431:before it was discovered that adding
1277:; its application to cultures in the
6950:
5745:Prehistory in Algeria and in Morocco
5393:
5360:from the original on 3 February 2019
5233:from the original on 8 February 2014
5019:
4859:
4684:
4473:Earle, Timothy (1989). "Chiefdoms".
4302:
4209:Harmand, Sonia; et al. (2015).
4142:
4059:
4008:
3953:
3931:
3904:
3717:The birth of prehistoric chronology.
3656:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
3540:Prehistory of the Canadian Maritimes
2733:c. 170,000â83,000 BP â Invention of
2549:
2527:
2505:
2481:
2461:
2441:
2417:
2397:
2374:
2351:
2331:
2311:
2291:
2271:
1679:
763:
595:
27:Span of time before recorded history
5655:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology
4379:from the original on 8 January 2020
4257:from the original on 9 October 2021
4154:
1183:culture of Northern Africa and the
24:
5683:Caroline Alexander, "Stonehenge",
4407:James, Steven R. (February 1989).
3954:Eddy, Matthew Daniel, ed. (2011).
3697:from the original on 8 August 2017
2911:bones is founded near what is now
25:
7649:
6902:Megalithic architectural elements
5725:
5709:from the original on 6 March 2023
4814:from the original on 1 April 2021
4751:from the original on 1 April 2021
4720:from the original on 1 April 2021
4086:from the original on 1 April 2021
4041:from the original on 1 April 2021
3990:from the original on 6 March 2023
3964:from the original on 1 April 2021
3130:
6589:
5207:from the original on 2 July 2018
5120:from the original on 8 July 2018
4565:"Hagarqim « Heritage Malta"
4113:Liveright Publishing Corporation
3308:Prehistoric Central North Africa
3166:â Approximate date of death of "
2948:c. 14,800 BP / 12,800 BCE â The
686:and its internationally defined
626:contain sites dated as early as
7521:Evolutionary origin of religion
5690:
5677:
5668:
5647:
5634:
5625:
5576:
5527:
5476:
5461:
5446:
5387:
5372:
5342:
5329:
5309:
5280:
5262:University of Western Australia
5245:
5156:from the original on 2 May 2019
5101:
5061:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5048:
5013:
4995:
4977:
4959:
4941:
4923:
4911:from the original on 8 May 2013
4882:"Copper Age / Chalcolithic Age"
4872:
4853:
4826:
4795:
4763:
4732:
4678:
4652:European Journal of Archaeology
4639:
4625:
4599:
4557:
4539:
4509:
4466:
4457:
4400:
4391:
4296:
4278:
4269:
4053:
4002:
3984:"Chalcolithic | British Museum"
3976:
3925:
2814:(including the future sites of
2691:Control of fire by early humans
1478:may have occurred first in the
1396:
1237:remained. This was a period of
1088:the introduction of agriculture
880:
664:
417:between the first known use of
5455:Mysteries of the Ancient World
5381:Mysteries of the Ancient World
5337:Mysteries of the Ancient World
4689:. Calgary: Western Publishers.
3861:
3826:
3789:
3756:
3709:
3683:
3646:
3252:for the last two million years
3233:across large parts of Eurasia.
2996:
2658:
2270:
694:. The three-age system is the
43:Engraved images of animals on
13:
1:
7134:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
6664:British megalith architecture
5697:Curry, Andrew (August 2019).
5227:"Aboriginal people and place"
4275:Harmand et al., 2015, p. 315.
4175:Handbook of Paleoanthropology
4060:Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2011).
4009:Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2011).
3870:African Archaeological Review
3639:
3264:70â20 thousand years ago
3211:
3198:
3189:
3177:
3160:
3136:
3088:
3067:
3022:
2970:
1538:
1510:
1171:, and wooden objects such as
1075:between the Palaeolithic and
1045:
940:(before the present period).
930:
920:
627:
612:
558:
444:
425:
7129:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
6669:Nordic megalith architecture
5421:10.1371/journal.pone.0131422
4845:(1): 105â124. Archived from
4183:10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_64
3932:Huntsman, Authors: Theresa.
3272:Global sea level during the
3237:
3079:Southeastern Anatolia Region
2956:is wet and fertile, and the
2933:c. 16,000 BP / 14,000 BCE â
2903:c. 25,000 BP / 23,000 BCE â
2833:culture, exemplified by the
1579:in some areas of the world.
1450:Chalcolithic copper mine in
1194:
854:
7:
3960:. Royal Society of London.
3575:
3394:Southwest Asia (Near East)
2787:and sophisticated cognition
2623:Timeline of human evolution
2607:
1829:
1672:
1616:
867:archaeology of the Americas
524:pre-Columbian civilizations
494:remains in use for much of
451:ended relatively recently.
32:Prehistory (disambiguation)
10:
7654:
7277:British Isles and Brittany
7198:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
5306:, about 40,000 years ago."
5108:Jones, Tim (6 July 2007).
3370:Prehistory of Central Asia
2887:Settlement of the Americas
2783:, by this point including
2706:Anatomically modern humans
2674:c. 2.8 million BP â Genus
2620:
1630:
1620:
1548:during later periods. The
1514:
1465:An archaeological site in
1400:
955:and were probably used by
858:
668:
522:. With some exceptions in
504:the working of hard metals
29:
7479:
7292:
7119:
6966:
6962:
6945:
6831:
6795:
6644:
6601:
6597:
6584:
6391:
6222:
6195:
6120:
6046:
6037:
5942:
5867:
5863:
5855:
5850:
5793:
5302:valley, near present day
5254:"The Pleistocene Pacific"
5201:The Sydney Morning Herald
5022:Evolutionary Anthropology
3882:10.1007/s10437-007-9014-9
3260:Map of Europe during the
3094:/ 7000 BCE â In northern
3015:Caucasus hunter-gatherers
2965:Mesolithic/Epipaleolithic
2651:(1950)." BCE stands for "
1533:, accompanied by script,
1027:Hunter-gatherer societies
567:Massive stone pillars at
468:Indus Valley Civilisation
5738:North Pacific Prehistory
4802:Gibbs, Kevin T. (2006).
4739:Harris, Susanna (2009).
4664:10.1177/1461957107086126
3833:Menéndez, Mario (2019).
3737:New York: Modern Library
3246:Simplified phylogeny of
3011:Eastern hunter-gatherers
1722:
1613:, all of them literate.
1273:is commonly used in the
773:physical anthropologists
643:Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai
553:ancient spoken languages
7509:Evolutionary musicology
6912:Oldest extant buildings
6839:Archaeological features
6358:Prepared-core technique
5644:, July 2008, pp. 70â77.
5610:10.1126/science.1132636
5561:10.1126/science.1133748
5505:10.1126/science.1125910
5317:The People's Chronology
5229:. Sydney Barani. 2013.
5195:Macey, Richard (2007).
5185:, July 2008, pp. 56â63.
5007:www.e-education.psu.edu
4303:Magazine, Smithsonian.
3796:Forsythe, Gary (2005).
3560:Prehistoric New Zealand
3363:Prehistory of Sri Lanka
3231:Indo-European languages
3083:pre-pottery Neolithic A
2779:c. 80,000â50,000? BP â
2722:c. 300,000â30,000 BP â
2594:P a r a n t h r o p u s
2453:Dispersal beyond Africa
1652:protohistory of Ireland
833:archaeological cultures
798:comparative linguistics
575:people 11,000 years ago
529:prehistory of Australia
7471:Unchambered long cairn
7319:Mound Builders culture
6652:Neolithic architecture
5787:Prehistoric technology
4833:Green, Jean M (1993).
4079:10.1098/rsnr.2010.0097
4027:10.1098/rsnr.2010.0098
3749:Fagan, Brian. (2007).
3733:Renfrew, Colin. 2008.
3510:Pre-Columbian Americas
3288:
3276:
3265:
3253:
3048:, 13 km north of
3018:
2899:
2858:c. 28,000â20,000 BP â
2812:indigenous Australians
2746:c. 80,000â50,000 BP â
2627:Timeline of prehistory
1725:−10 —
1588:Chinese ritual bronzes
1544:
1462:
1419:
1348:
1253:, which produced the "
1220:
1212:
1133:) in northern Europe.
1057:
905:
900:with numbers that are
891:early human migrations
592:
584:
576:
439:with the invention of
323:Post-classical history
189:Cradle of civilization
47:
7146:List of Stone Age art
6348:Microblade technology
6296:Langdale axe industry
5894:Ard / plough
5350:"Venus of Willendorf"
5142:(21 September 2016).
5073:10.1093/molbev/msq234
4953:magazine.uchicago.edu
3763:Fagan, Brian (2017).
3593:History of the family
3555:Prehistoric Australia
3383:Prehistoric Indonesia
3358:South Asian Stone Age
3338:East Asian Bronze Age
3282:
3271:
3259:
3245:
3223:PonticâCaspian steppe
3004:
2990:Eastern Mediterranean
2897:
2621:Further information:
1815:−1 —
1805:−2 —
1795:−3 —
1785:−4 —
1775:−5 —
1765:−6 —
1755:−7 —
1745:−8 —
1735:−9 —
1621:Further information:
1598:of unused axe-heads.
1524:
1449:
1410:
1342:
1300:, and the keeping of
1218:
1202:
1053:
1036:Indigenous Australian
1032:social stratification
888:
822:physical anthropology
590:
582:
566:
435:and the beginning of
42:
7553:Prehistoric medicine
7548:Prehistoric counting
7531:Prehistoric religion
7526:Paleolithic religion
7504:Behavioral modernity
6861:Causewayed enclosure
6753:Abri de la Madeleine
5877:Neolithic Revolution
5653:Fagan, Brian M, ed.
5394:Snir, Ainit (2015).
4849:on 11 February 2015.
4475:Current Anthropology
4416:Current Anthropology
4309:Smithsonian Magazine
3715:Graslund, Bo. 1987.
3623:Prehistoric religion
3613:Prehistoric medicine
3545:Prehistory of Quebec
3437:Prehistoric Caucasus
3388:Prehistoric Thailand
3333:Japanese Paleolithic
3221:expansions from the
2871:Late Glacial Maximum
2867:Last Glacial Maximum
2781:Behavioral modernity
2730:) culture in Europe.
2711:Homo sapiens sapiens
2409:Earliest stone tools
1592:Indian copper hoards
1550:invention of writing
1372:temple complexes of
1255:Neolithic Revolution
1234:Homo sapiens sapiens
1038:"highways" known as
781:historical linguists
411:pre-literary history
161:Behavioral modernity
30:For other uses, see
7592:Prehistoric warfare
6338:Magdalenian culture
6301:Levallois technique
6232:Earliest toolmaking
5703:National Geographic
5685:National Geographic
5642:Scientific American
5601:2006Sci...314.1683L
5552:2006Sci...314.1683K
5497:2006Sci...312.1372K
5412:2015PLoSO..1031422S
5268:on 16 February 2008
5183:Scientific American
4685:Winn, Shan (1981).
4445:on 12 December 2015
4354:10.1038/nature22336
4346:2017Natur.546..289H
4235:10.1038/nature14464
4227:2015Natur.521..310H
3628:Prehistoric warfare
3496:Prehistoric Balkans
3484:Prehistoric Ireland
3479:Prehistoric Britain
3447:Prehistoric Armenia
3442:Prehistoric Georgia
3375:Prehistoric Siberia
3353:Prehistory of India
3274:Last Glacial Period
3007:Sredny Stog culture
1637:Classical antiquity
994:Middle Palaeolithic
977:Bnot Ya'akov Bridge
898:population genetics
824:, and many others.
729:History of the term
692:geologic time scale
675:Geologic time scale
518:, and parts of the
482:of prehistory into
413:, is the period of
240:Bronze Age collapse
7543:Origin of language
7536:Spiritual drug use
7446:Rectangular dolmen
7348:Dartmoor kistvaens
7161:Carved stone balls
6873:Circular enclosure
6832:Other architecture
6775:Alp pile dwellings
6363:Solutrean industry
6274:Gravettian culture
5924:Secondary products
5034:10.1002/evan.10101
4971:www.britannica.com
4839:Asian Perspectives
4613:on 8 December 2013
4571:on 3 February 2009
4115:. pp. 63â72.
3921:. 9 February 2021.
3691:"Dictionary Entry"
3608:Pantribal sodality
3489:Prehistoric Iberia
3454:Paleolithic Europe
3432:Prehistoric Europe
3398:Prehistory of Iran
3343:Chinese Bronze Age
3298:Prehistoric Africa
3289:
3277:
3266:
3254:
3227:Steppe pastoralist
3019:
2939:Le Tuc d'Audoubert
2900:
2803:culture in France.
2698:Middle Paleolithic
2210:H. heidelbergensis
1661:. The adoption of
1659:ferrous metallurgy
1545:
1484:4th millennium BCE
1463:
1439:formed the harder
1420:
1349:
1221:
1213:
1102:impact, the term "
1058:
998:burial of the dead
906:
835:rather than named
810:molecular genetics
602:written historical
593:
585:
577:
516:Sub-Saharan Africa
480:three-age division
143:Middle Paleolithic
48:
7620:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7565:Prehistoric music
7514:music archaeology
7171:Cup and ring mark
6996:Clothing/textiles
6941:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6580:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6383:Yubetsu technique
6368:Striking platform
6333:Lithic technology
6218:
6217:
6203:Game drive system
6122:Projectile points
6014:Mortar and pestle
5663:978-0-521-40216-3
5325:978-0-8050-3134-8
5300:Maribyrnong River
5296:978-0-646-33150-8
4713:978-0-7190-5612-3
4547:"Epipalaeolithic"
4340:(7657): 289â292.
4221:(7552): 310â315.
4192:978-3-540-32474-4
4122:978-1-324-09145-5
3846:978-84-9181-602-7
3811:978-0-520-94029-1
3774:978-1-317-27910-5
3618:Prehistoric music
3603:Paleoanthropology
3464:Bronze Age Europe
3423:Ancient Near East
3328:Prehistoric Korea
3323:Prehistoric China
3303:Predynastic Egypt
3114:, eventually for
3081:of Turkey during
2793:Upper Paleolithic
2758:the Malay islands
2685:Hunting-gathering
2665:Lower Paleolithic
2653:Before Common Era
2619:
2618:
2611:million years ago
2570:
2569:
2548:
2547:
2526:
2525:
2518:Earliest rock art
2504:
2503:
2480:
2479:
2473:Earliest language
2460:
2459:
2440:
2439:
2416:
2415:
2396:
2395:
2386:Earliest sign of
2373:
2372:
2363:Earliest sign of
2350:
2349:
2330:
2329:
2310:
2309:
2290:
2289:
1933:Ou. macedoniensis
1364:of the dead. The
1347:, Italy, 3500 BCE
1013:Upper Paleolithic
945:Lower Paleolithic
764:Means of research
723:Pre-Columbian era
596:Beginning and end
433:million years ago
404:
403:
156:Upper Paleolithic
118:Lower Paleolithic
16:(Redirected from
7645:
7580:Divje Babe flute
7487:Archaeoastronomy
7230:Petrosomatoglyph
6964:
6963:
6947:
6946:
6796:Water management
6599:
6598:
6586:
6585:
6489:Denticulate tool
6311:Lithic reduction
6044:
6043:
5865:
5864:
5852:
5851:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5757:
5756:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5694:
5688:
5681:
5675:
5672:
5666:
5651:
5645:
5638:
5632:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5612:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5563:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5480:
5474:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5433:
5423:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5346:
5340:
5333:
5327:
5313:
5307:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5264:. Archived from
5252:Sandra Bowdler.
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5192:
5186:
5175:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5114:Anthropology.net
5105:
5099:
5098:
5084:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5017:
5011:
5010:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4989:omeka.uottawa.ca
4981:
4975:
4974:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4907:. 17 July 2010.
4897:
4891:
4890:
4884:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4810:. Academia.org.
4799:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4782:
4775:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4747:. Academia.edu.
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4658:(2â3): 259â284.
4643:
4637:
4636:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4603:
4597:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4567:. Archived from
4561:
4555:
4554:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4444:
4438:. Archived from
4413:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4378:
4331:
4322:
4313:
4312:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4206:
4197:
4196:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4131:
4126:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4081:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3911:
3902:
3901:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3803:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3760:
3754:
3747:
3738:
3731:
3720:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3650:
3459:Neolithic Europe
3408:Natufian culture
3379:Southeast Asia:
3315:Prehistoric Asia
3216:
3215: 3,000 BCE
3213:
3203:
3202: 3,000 BCE
3200:
3194:
3193: 2,500 BCE
3191:
3182:
3181: 3,100 BCE
3179:
3165:
3164: 3,300 BCE
3162:
3141:
3140: 3,700 BCE
3138:
3093:
3092: 8,000 BCE
3090:
3072:
3071: 9,000 BCE
3069:
3027:
3024:
2978:Natufian culture
2975:
2972:
2704:c. 300,000 BP â
2689:c. 400,000 BP â
2683:c. 600,000 BP â
2599:
2597:
2596:
2582:
2580:
2564:
2555:
2550:
2542:
2540:Earliest clothes
2533:
2528:
2520:
2511:
2506:
2487:
2482:
2467:
2462:
2447:
2442:
2429:Earliest sign of
2423:
2418:
2403:
2398:
2388:Australopithecus
2380:
2375:
2357:
2352:
2343:Earliest bipedal
2337:
2332:
2323:Chimpanzee split
2317:
2312:
2297:
2292:
2277:
2272:
2258:
2257:
2243:
2242:
2226:
2212:
2198:
2170:
2157:
2137:
2124:
2096:
2094:Australopithecus
2083:
2068:
2051:
2038:
2014:
2001:
1988:
1975:
1962:
1949:
1937:
1918:
1905:
1892:
1880:
1866:
1853:
1840:
1838:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1684:
1683:Hominin timeline
1677:
1654:is an example.
1543:
1540:
1480:Fertile Crescent
1362:preserved skulls
1106:" is preferred.
1067:, 'middle', and
1023:hunter-gatherers
935:
932:
925:
922:
889:Proposed map of
794:archaeoastronomy
746:three-age system
738:Quarterly Review
690:base within the
671:Three-age system
632:
629:
617:
614:
449:
446:
437:recorded history
430:
427:
396:
389:
382:
371:
370:
364:
356:
310:Earliest records
295:Recorded history
96:
95:
89:
78:
71:
50:
49:
21:
7653:
7652:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7623:
7622:
7621:
7608:
7475:
7461:Stone box grave
7431:Megalithic tomb
7336:Cotswold-Severn
7288:
7193:Guardian stones
7121:Prehistoric art
7115:
6958:
6933:
6922:Timber trackway
6827:
6791:
6787:Wattle and daub
6640:
6619:Standing stones
6593:
6572:
6387:
6214:
6191:
6116:
6033:
5943:Food processing
5938:
5887:New World crops
5859:
5846:
5789:
5784:
5728:
5723:
5722:
5712:
5710:
5695:
5691:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5669:
5652:
5648:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5626:
5581:
5577:
5532:
5528:
5481:
5477:
5466:
5462:
5451:
5447:
5406:(7): e0131422.
5392:
5388:
5377:
5373:
5363:
5361:
5348:
5347:
5343:
5334:
5330:
5314:
5310:
5286:Gary Presland,
5285:
5281:
5271:
5269:
5250:
5246:
5236:
5234:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5210:
5208:
5193:
5189:
5176:
5169:
5159:
5157:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5106:
5102:
5053:
5049:
5018:
5014:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4914:
4912:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4877:
4873:
4858:
4854:
4831:
4827:
4817:
4815:
4800:
4796:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4754:
4752:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4721:
4714:
4698:
4694:
4683:
4679:
4644:
4640:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4616:
4614:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4588:
4584:
4574:
4572:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4523:. 8 July 2016.
4515:
4514:
4510:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4411:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4329:
4323:
4316:
4301:
4297:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4258:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4171:
4167:
4159:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4128:OCLC 1379265149
4123:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4007:
4003:
3993:
3991:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3967:
3965:
3952:
3945:
3930:
3926:
3913:
3912:
3905:
3866:
3862:
3847:
3831:
3827:
3812:
3794:
3790:
3775:
3761:
3757:
3748:
3741:
3732:
3723:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3598:Human evolution
3578:
3572:
3474:Atlantic fringe
3469:Iron Age Europe
3262:WĂŒrm glaciation
3240:
3214:
3201:
3192:
3180:
3163:
3151:proto-cuneiform
3139:
3133:
3098:, now northern
3091:
3070:
3025:
2999:
2976:to 9,500 BCE â
2973:
2967:
2913:DolnĂ VÄstonice
2865:c. 26,500 BP â
2801:ChĂątelperronian
2739:c. 75,000 BP â
2661:
2635:, archaeology,
2629:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:H o m i n i d s
2576:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1947:Chororapithecus
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1903:Samburupithecus
1901:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1639:
1631:Main articles:
1629:
1627:Ancient history
1619:
1542: 1200 BCE
1541:
1525:Painting of an
1519:
1513:
1405:
1399:
1197:
1187:culture of the
1115:Northern Europe
1104:Epipalaeolithic
1048:
1006:prehistoric art
963:control of fire
933:
923:
893:, according to
883:
873:, or sometimes
863:
857:
766:
750:anthropologists
731:
718:or Copper Age.
684:geologic record
677:
669:Main articles:
667:
630:
615:
598:
561:
544:anthropological
447:
441:writing systems
428:
400:
362:
361:
360:
354:
349:
348:
345:
319:
302:Ancient history
297:
287:
286:
283:
235:
180:
171:Epipalaeolithic
139:
106:
87:
86:
85:
76:
66:
65:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7651:
7641:
7640:
7635:
7618:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7605:
7604:
7594:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7570:Alligator drum
7562:
7561:
7560:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7506:
7501:
7500:
7499:
7497:lunar calendar
7494:
7483:
7481:
7480:Other cultural
7477:
7476:
7474:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7421:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7394:
7384:
7379:
7378:
7377:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7340:
7339:
7338:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7298:
7296:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7286:
7284:Venus figurine
7281:
7280:
7279:
7274:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7253:
7252:
7247:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7215:Megalithic art
7212:
7211:
7210:
7205:
7195:
7190:
7185:
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7183:
7173:
7168:
7166:Cave paintings
7163:
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7125:
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7015:
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6993:
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6968:Material goods
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6755:
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6730:
6725:
6724:
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6713:
6708:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6691:
6686:
6684:Cliff dwelling
6681:
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6661:
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6659:
6648:
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6641:
6639:
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6380:
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6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6269:Fire hardening
6266:
6261:
6259:Clovis culture
6256:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6228:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6182:Manis Mastodon
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6126:
6124:
6118:
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6115:
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6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6082:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6061:throwing stick
6053:
6047:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
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5754:
5753:
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5727:
5726:External links
5724:
5721:
5720:
5689:
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5667:
5646:
5633:
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5575:
5526:
5475:
5470:New York Times
5460:
5445:
5386:
5371:
5341:
5328:
5315:James Trager,
5308:
5279:
5244:
5218:
5187:
5167:
5149:New York Times
5131:
5100:
5047:
5028:(4): 173â187.
5012:
4994:
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4677:
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4598:
4594:Peter Bellwood
4582:
4556:
4538:
4521:Radio National
4508:
4487:10.1086/203717
4465:
4456:
4428:10.1086/203705
4399:
4390:
4314:
4295:
4292:. 28 May 2021.
4277:
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3876:(1â2): 35â40.
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3669:10.2307/202691
3663:(4): 733â739.
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3583:Archaic humans
3579:
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3570:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3565:Ancient Hawaii
3562:
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3209:
3196:
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3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3086:
3065:
3034:parthenocarpic
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2946:
2941:in the French
2931:
2924:
2921:Czech Republic
2901:
2890:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2835:cave paintings
2827:
2804:
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2743:supereruption.
2737:
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2700:
2694:
2693:
2687:
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2660:
2657:
2649:Before Present
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2219:
2218:
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2206:
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2202:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2145:H. rudolfensis
2130:
2129:
2128:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1999:Graecopithecus
1995:
1994:
1993:
1986:Sahelanthropus
1982:
1981:
1980:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1916:Ouranopithecus
1912:
1911:
1910:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1890:Nakalipithecus
1886:
1885:
1884:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1832:
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1828:
1825:0 —
1823:
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1702:
1691:
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1680:
1674:
1671:
1618:
1615:
1594:, to European
1515:Main article:
1512:
1509:
1401:Main article:
1398:
1395:
1387:spindle whorls
1196:
1193:
1181:Iberomaurusian
1165:Fishing tackle
1047:
1044:
961:. Evidence of
882:
879:
859:Main article:
856:
853:
765:
762:
754:archaeologists
730:
727:
666:
663:
647:Ancient Greece
597:
594:
560:
557:
540:archaeological
409:, also called
402:
401:
399:
398:
391:
384:
376:
373:
372:
367:Holocene epoch
351:
350:
347:
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344:
343:
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332:
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328:Modern history
325:
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317:
312:
306:
304:
298:
293:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
282:
281:
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271:
269:Southeast Asia
266:
261:
256:
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248:
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236:
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233:
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92:Pliocene epoch
73:
72:
59:
58:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7650:
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7638:World history
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7482:
7478:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7456:Simple dolmen
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7441:Passage grave
7439:
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7388:
7387:Gallery grave
7385:
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7380:
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7302:Burial mounds
7300:
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7297:
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7291:
7285:
7282:
7278:
7275:
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7270:
7269:
7268:
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7262:Statue menhir
7260:
7258:
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7250:Stone carving
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7118:
7110:
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7089:Sewing needle
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6999:
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6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
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6977:
6974:
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6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6948:
6944:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6917:Timber circle
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6874:
6871:
6867:
6866:Tor enclosure
6864:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6855:
6854:fulacht fiadh
6852:
6851:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6824:
6821:
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6811:
6809:
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6804:
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6800:
6798:
6794:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6776:
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6772:
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6768:
6766:
6763:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
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6726:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6587:
6583:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
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6549:
6547:
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6537:
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6522:
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6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
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6478:
6475:
6474:
6473:
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6466:
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6441:
6438:
6434:
6431:
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6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6407:
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6402:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6209:
6206:
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6188:
6185:
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6180:
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6173:
6170:
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6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
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6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6090:spear-thrower
6088:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6068:Bow and arrow
6066:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5977:Grinding slab
5975:
5973:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5909:Domestication
5907:
5905:
5904:Digging stick
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5882:Founder crops
5880:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5853:
5849:
5843:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5824:
5823:New Stone Age
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5788:
5781:
5776:
5774:
5769:
5767:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5680:
5671:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5650:
5643:
5637:
5628:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5530:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5479:
5473:, 9 May 2008.
5472:
5471:
5464:
5456:
5449:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5390:
5382:
5375:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5345:
5338:
5332:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5283:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5051:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4888:
4883:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4798:
4783:on 5 May 2016
4779:
4772:
4766:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4696:
4688:
4681:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4634:
4628:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4460:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4394:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4319:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4272:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4205:
4203:
4194:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4157:
4150:
4145:
4136:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4101:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4005:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3950:
3948:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3736:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3718:
3712:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3649:
3645:
3634:
3633:Younger Dryas
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3270:
3263:
3258:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3232:
3229:ancestry and
3228:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3207:
3197:
3186:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3156:
3153:, appears in
3152:
3148:
3147:proto-writing
3145:
3135:
3134:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3046:Jordan Valley
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3028:â9,200 BCE â
3021:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974: 12,500
2969:
2968:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2879:Paleo-Indians
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2581:
2579:
2563:
2562:Modern humans
2557:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2498:
2494:
2493:Earliest fire
2489:
2484:
2483:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2304:
2303:Gorilla split
2299:
2294:
2293:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2256:
2241:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2213:
2211:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2178:H. antecessor
2172:
2171:
2169:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2123:
2121:
2120:Au. anamensis
2115:
2113:
2112:Au. afarensis
2107:
2105:
2104:Au. africanus
2098:
2097:
2095:
2082:
2080:
2067:
2065:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2037:
2035:
2034:O. tugenensis
2029:
2027:
2015:
2013:
2002:
2000:
1989:
1987:
1976:
1974:
1963:
1961:
1950:
1948:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1906:
1904:
1893:
1891:
1879:
1878:
1867:
1865:
1854:
1852:
1841:
1839:
1721:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1508:
1507:development.
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:VinÄa culture
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:VinÄa culture
1363:
1359:
1358:ancestor cult
1354:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:domestication
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:einkorn wheat
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:technological
1236:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1217:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:deforestation
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:
984:
982:
978:
974:
973:
968:
964:
960:
959:
958:Kenyanthropus
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
934: 11,650
929:
919:
915:
911:
903:
899:
896:
895:mitochondrial
892:
887:
878:
876:
872:
868:
862:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
778:
774:
769:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
739:
726:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:periodization
693:
689:
685:
682:
676:
672:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
625:
621:
610:
605:
603:
589:
581:
574:
570:
565:
556:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:ancient Egypt
469:
465:
461:
457:
454:In the early
452:
442:
438:
434:
424:
420:
416:
415:human history
412:
408:
397:
392:
390:
385:
383:
378:
377:
375:
374:
368:
359:
353:
352:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
305:
303:
300:
299:
296:
291:
290:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
249:
247:
244:
242:
241:
237:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
166:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
151:
146:
144:
141:
136:
135:
131:
129:
128:
124:
123:
121:
119:
116:
115:
114:
112:
109:
108:
105:
100:
99:
93:
84:
83:
75:
74:
70:
64:
63:Human history
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7397:wedge-shaped
7382:Funeral pyre
7375:Great dolmen
7331:Chamber tomb
7312:Round barrow
7267:Stone circle
7139:Blombos Cave
7067:Grooved ware
6991:Chalcolithic
6895:Thornborough
6813:Flush toilet
6748:Blombos Cave
6743:Rock shelter
6699:Quiggly hole
6591:Architecture
6566:illustration
6208:Buffalo jump
6029:Storage pits
5992:AĆıklı HöyĂŒk
5982:Ground stone
5818:Subdivisions
5797:
5750:Early Humans
5737:
5711:. Retrieved
5702:
5692:
5687:, June 2008.
5684:
5679:
5670:
5654:
5649:
5641:
5636:
5627:
5592:
5588:
5578:
5543:
5539:
5529:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5468:
5463:
5454:
5448:
5403:
5399:
5389:
5380:
5374:
5362:. Retrieved
5354:Khan Academy
5353:
5344:
5336:
5331:
5316:
5311:
5287:
5282:
5270:. Retrieved
5266:the original
5257:
5247:
5235:. Retrieved
5221:
5209:. Retrieved
5200:
5190:
5182:
5179:Y chromosome
5160:22 September
5158:. Retrieved
5147:
5140:Zimmer, Carl
5134:
5122:. Retrieved
5113:
5103:
5067:(1): 29â32.
5064:
5060:
5050:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5006:
4997:
4988:
4979:
4970:
4961:
4952:
4943:
4934:
4925:
4913:. Retrieved
4904:
4895:
4886:
4874:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4847:the original
4842:
4838:
4828:
4816:. Retrieved
4807:
4797:
4785:. Retrieved
4778:the original
4765:
4753:. Retrieved
4744:
4734:
4722:. Retrieved
4702:
4695:
4686:
4680:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4627:
4615:. Retrieved
4611:the original
4601:
4589:
4585:
4573:. Retrieved
4569:the original
4559:
4550:
4541:
4529:. Retrieved
4520:
4511:
4481:(1): 84â88.
4478:
4474:
4468:
4459:
4447:. Retrieved
4440:the original
4419:
4415:
4402:
4393:
4381:. Retrieved
4337:
4333:
4308:
4298:
4289:
4280:
4271:
4259:. Retrieved
4218:
4214:
4174:
4168:
4160:
4156:
4148:
4144:
4135:
4111:. New York:
4107:
4100:
4088:. Retrieved
4069:
4065:
4055:
4043:. Retrieved
4018:
4014:
4004:
3992:. Retrieved
3978:
3968:19 September
3966:. Retrieved
3956:
3937:
3927:
3918:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3835:
3828:
3799:
3791:
3764:
3758:
3750:
3734:
3716:
3711:
3699:. Retrieved
3685:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3588:Band society
3571:
3413:Ubaid period
3287:working area
3249:Homo sapiens
3247:
3144:Pictographic
3131:Chalcolithic
3075:Göbekli Tepe
3026: 9,400
2950:Humid Period
2905:A settlement
2885:culture and
2843:Chauvet Cave
2839:parietal art
2749:Homo sapiens
2747:
2741:Toba Volcano
2717:Jebel Irhoud
2708:
2675:
2633:anthropology
2630:
2590:
2575:
2431:
2387:
2365:Ardipithecus
2364:
2283:Earlier apes
2240:Neanderthals
2224:Homo sapiens
2221:
2220:
2207:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2165:
2164:
2150:
2142:
2132:
2131:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2076:
2061:
2049:Ardipithecus
2046:
2045:
2031:
2023:
2009:
1996:
1983:
1973:Sivapithecus
1970:
1960:Oreopithecus
1957:
1944:
1930:
1922:
1913:
1900:
1887:
1875:
1861:
1848:
1833:
1656:
1644:Roman Empire
1640:
1623:Protohistory
1600:
1581:
1573:Western Asia
1557:metalworking
1554:
1546:
1492:Timna Valley
1464:
1456:Negev Desert
1452:Timna Valley
1421:
1413:Los Millares
1403:Chalcolithic
1397:Chalcolithic
1350:
1287:
1270:
1269:). The term
1232:
1222:
1150:
1135:
1111:last ice age
1108:
1081:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:Dugout canoe
1017:
1010:
989:Homo sapiens
988:
985:
970:
966:
956:
952:
942:
907:
881:Palaeolithic
875:Paleo-Indian
871:Lithic stage
864:
826:
814:paleontology
786:anthropology
770:
767:
758:antiquarians
743:
735:
732:
720:
716:Chalcolithic
700:time periods
681:well-defined
678:
665:Time periods
651:Ancient Rome
606:
599:
569:Göbekli Tepe
536:protohistory
533:
500:North Africa
453:
448: 5,200
410:
406:
405:
363:
341:Contemporary
315:Protohistory
238:
198:Protohistory
150:Homo sapiens
149:
134:Homo erectus
132:
125:
103:
88:
81:
68:
36:
7419:unchambered
7414:Long barrow
7404:Grave goods
7360:Court cairn
7355:Clava cairn
7307:Bowl barrow
7245:Rock cupule
7188:Golden hats
7181:Hill figure
7082:Unstan ware
7062:Cord-marked
6927:Sweet Track
6849:Burnt mound
6770:Stilt house
6758:Sibudu Cave
6551:Tally stick
6519:Quern-stone
6504:Hammerstone
6494:Fire plough
6465:Pesse canoe
6423:Bannerstone
6393:Other tools
6306:Lithic core
6254:Aurignacian
6142:Bare Island
6024:Quern-stone
5364:18 February
5272:26 February
4905:ScienceNews
4818:5 September
4787:5 September
4755:5 September
4575:20 February
4531:18 February
4422:(1): 1â26.
3418:Uruk period
3403:Aurignacian
3349:South Asia
3319:East Asia:
3172:Ătztal Alps
3149:, known as
3096:Mesopotamia
2875:Magdalenian
2831:Aurignacian
2728:Neanderthal
2659:Paleolithic
2645:linguistics
2186:H. ergaster
2079:Ar. ramidus
2064:Ar. kadabba
2026:O. praegens
1864:Pleistocene
1693:This box:
1648:Gallo-Roman
1611:Mesopotamia
1326:agriculture
1225:Paleolithic
1161:microburins
1146:agriculture
1123:Maglemosian
1096:Pleistocene
1084:Pleistocene
972:H. ergaster
928:Pleistocene
910:stone tools
845:Neanderthal
841:individuals
790:archaeology
777:geneticists
512:Australasia
464:Mesopotamia
419:stone tools
279:West Africa
18:Prehistoric
7633:Prehistory
7627:Categories
7558:trepanning
7451:Ring cairn
7409:Jar burial
7392:transepted
7324:U.S. sites
7225:Petroglyph
7151:Bird stone
7109:wine press
6782:Stone roof
6765:Roundhouse
6657:long house
6634:Stonehenge
6602:Ceremonial
6546:Stone tool
6373:Tool stone
6343:Metallurgy
6247:Mousterian
6224:Toolmaking
6162:Cumberland
6135:Transverse
6105:Schöningen
5997:Qesem cave
5965:Earth oven
5919:Irrigation
5830:Technology
5798:Prehistory
5713:28 October
4915:28 October
4551:glosbe.com
4090:2 February
4045:2 February
3855:1120111673
3640:References
3206:Stonehenge
3185:Skara Brae
2883:pre-Clovis
2860:Gravettian
2845:in France.
2724:Mousterian
2255:Denisovans
2194:Au. sediba
2168:H. erectus
2135:H. habilis
1925:Ou. turkae
1517:Bronze Age
1511:Bronze Age
1476:metallurgy
1429:Bronze Age
1381:cloth and
1370:megalithic
1263:Bronze Age
1259:Copper Age
1211:, 3900 BCE
1157:microliths
1119:marshlands
1073:technology
1046:Mesolithic
967:H. erectus
924: 3.3
829:chronology
818:palynology
708:Bronze Age
639:New Guinea
631: 2.5
616: 1.3
559:Definition
514:, much of
488:Bronze Age
456:Bronze Age
429: 3.3
407:Prehistory
264:South Asia
226:South Asia
208:Bronze Age
203:Copper Age
176:Mesolithic
104:Prehistory
69:prehistory
7602:symbolism
7466:Tor cairn
7424:GrĂžnsalen
7365:Cremation
7257:Sculpture
7235:Pictogram
7220:Petroform
7040:amber use
7008:Cosmetics
6818:Reservoir
6803:Check dam
6733:Pueblitos
6728:Pit-house
6711:Longhouse
6645:Dwellings
6514:Microlith
6445:Bow drill
6440:Bone tool
6433:prismatic
6242:Acheulean
6157:Cresswell
6130:Arrowhead
6056:Boomerang
5972:Granaries
5934:Terracing
5813:Stone Age
5665:, p. 363.
4887:Study.com
4724:22 August
4672:162580508
4617:21 August
4503:145014800
4436:146473957
4370:256771372
4035:190700715
3898:161120240
3890:0263-0338
3783:958480847
3504:New World
3292:Old World
3238:By region
3038:Neolithic
2997:Neolithic
2960:are full.
2824:Melbourne
2768:, China,
2762:Australia
2153:Au. garhi
1667:Axial Age
1584:Old World
1577:Neolithic
1501:Near East
1496:Neolithic
1393:weights.
1328:, animal
1275:Old World
1271:Neolithic
1229:Neolithic
1227:, by the
1205:ÄŠaÄĄar Qim
1195:Neolithic
1092:Near East
1077:Neolithic
1040:songlines
914:Stone Age
902:millennia
861:Stone Age
855:Stone Age
704:Stone Age
659:Etruscans
573:Neolithic
484:Stone Age
274:East Asia
259:Near East
231:East Asia
221:Near East
184:Neolithic
111:Stone Age
7240:Rock art
7203:painting
7176:Geoglyph
7001:timeline
6981:Beadwork
6721:Mehrgarh
6716:Mudbrick
6624:megalith
6499:Fire-saw
6321:debitage
6316:analysis
6284:Hand axe
6264:Cupstone
5842:Glossary
5803:Timeline
5707:Archived
5619:17170278
5570:17170278
5521:42150441
5513:16741119
5440:26200895
5400:PLOS ONE
5358:Archived
5319:, 1994,
5231:Archived
5205:Archived
5154:Archived
5124:20 April
5118:Archived
5095:Archived
5091:20823373
5042:86608040
4909:Archived
4812:Archived
4749:Archived
4718:Archived
4525:Archived
4374:Archived
4362:28593953
4255:Archived
4243:25993961
4084:Archived
4039:Archived
4021:: 9â24.
3988:Archived
3962:Archived
3820:70728478
3701:8 August
3695:Archived
3576:See also
3551:Oceania
3044:(in the
3042:Gilgal I
3040:village
2958:aquifers
2943:Pyrenees
2928:Ohalo II
2853:reindeer
2785:language
2735:clothing
2637:genetics
1877:Hominini
1851:Pliocene
1673:Timeline
1633:Iron Age
1617:Iron Age
1607:Hittites
1603:Anatolia
1505:Iron Age
1471:smelting
1374:Ä gantija
1353:mudbrick
1322:villages
1279:Americas
1267:Iron Age
1167:, stone
918:hominins
849:Iron Age
736:Foreign
712:Iron Age
657:and the
609:European
604:record.
548:folklore
520:Americas
492:Iron Age
476:Iron Age
423:hominins
246:Iron Age
55:a series
53:Part of
7597:Symbols
7208:pigment
7094:Weaving
7057:Cardium
7052:Pottery
7047:Mirrors
7035:Jewelry
6976:Baskets
6956:culture
6808:Cistern
6614:Pyramid
6556:Weapons
6534:Scraper
6524:Racloir
6484:Cleaver
6472:Chopper
6378:Uniface
6289:Grooves
6279:Hafting
6237:Oldowan
6196:Systems
6147:Cascade
6110:woomera
6100:harpoon
6073:history
6039:Hunting
6019:Pottery
5960:Cooking
5869:Farming
5835:history
5808:Outline
5597:Bibcode
5589:Science
5548:Bibcode
5540:Science
5493:Bibcode
5485:Science
5431:4511808
5408:Bibcode
5082:3002236
4931:"Timna"
4868:: 1â23.
4495:2743311
4449:4 April
4383:27 July
4342:Bibcode
4290:SAPIENS
4251:1207285
4223:Bibcode
4072:: 1â8.
3994:6 March
3219:Yamnaya
3124:Jericho
3077:in the
3062:legumes
3050:Jericho
2984:in the
2919:in the
2917:Moravia
2909:mammoth
2770:Siberia
2680:appears
2641:geology
2554:←
2532:←
2510:←
2497:cooking
2486:←
2466:←
2446:←
2422:←
2402:←
2379:←
2356:←
2336:←
2316:←
2296:←
2276:←
2012:Orrorin
1837:Miocene
1820:–
1810:–
1800:–
1790:–
1780:–
1770:–
1760:–
1750:–
1740:–
1730:–
1609:), and
1569:arsenic
1529:-drawn
1318:pottery
1283:Oceania
1251:farming
1247:animals
1185:Kebaran
1155:tools:
1138:middens
1127:Azilian
1100:glacial
1020:nomadic
949:Lomekwi
837:nations
806:geology
802:biology
688:stratum
508:Oceania
496:Eurasia
80:before
7575:flutes
7370:Dolmen
7294:Burial
7104:winery
7077:Linear
6907:Midden
6885:Cursus
6878:Goseck
6738:Pueblo
6689:Dugout
6674:Burdei
6353:Mining
6177:Lamoka
6172:Folsom
6152:Clovis
6009:Metate
5987:Hearth
5955:Basket
5929:Sickle
5661:
5617:
5568:
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5438:
5428:
5323:
5304:Keilor
5294:
5237:5 July
5211:5 July
5089:
5079:
5040:
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4670:
4596:, 2004
4501:
4493:
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4360:
4334:Nature
4261:31 May
4249:
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4215:Nature
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4119:
4033:
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3677:202691
3675:
3285:bronze
3217:â The
3120:plough
3110:, and
3060:, and
3058:barley
2986:Levant
2954:Sahara
2935:Wisent
2841:") of
2822:, and
2816:Sydney
2774:Alaska
2265:
1596:hoards
1565:bronze
1531:plough
1467:Serbia
1460:Israel
1441:bronze
1437:copper
1424:copper
1417:Iberia
1314:cattle
1308:, and
1294:millet
1243:social
1189:Levant
1173:canoes
1069:lithos
987:Early
981:Israel
936:
847:" or "
756:, and
620:Africa
490:, and
478:. The
470:, and
466:, the
431:
358:Future
254:Europe
216:Europe
148:Early
45:antler
7492:sites
7436:Mummy
7156:Cairn
7072:JĆmon
7023:shoes
7018:Hides
6890:Henge
6844:Broch
6706:Jacal
6561:Wheel
6509:Knife
6455:Canoe
6450:Burin
6428:Blade
6326:flake
6187:Plano
6095:baton
6085:Spear
6051:Arrow
6004:Manos
5857:Tools
5517:S2CID
5038:S2CID
4781:(PDF)
4774:(PDF)
4668:S2CID
4499:S2CID
4491:JSTOR
4443:(PDF)
4432:S2CID
4412:(PDF)
4377:(PDF)
4366:S2CID
4330:(PDF)
4247:S2CID
4031:S2CID
3894:S2CID
3673:JSTOR
3155:Sumer
3116:bread
3108:gruel
3054:wheat
3032:of a
2820:Perth
2810:, by
2766:Japan
2754:India
2643:, or
1605:(the
1535:Egypt
1383:linen
1360:with
1345:Blera
1334:tools
1310:goats
1306:sheep
1298:spelt
1231:only
1209:Malta
1169:adzes
1153:flint
1065:mesos
1062:Greek
1002:music
655:Celts
635:Egypt
460:Sumer
336:Early
7585:gudi
7343:Cist
7272:list
7099:Wine
7028:Ătzi
7013:Glue
6986:Beds
6954:and
6952:Arts
6823:Well
6679:Cave
6609:Kiva
6539:side
6529:Rope
6477:tool
6411:bone
6401:Adze
6167:Eden
6080:Nets
5950:Fire
5914:Goad
5899:Celt
5715:2022
5659:ISBN
5615:PMID
5566:PMID
5509:PMID
5436:PMID
5366:2019
5321:ISBN
5292:ISBN
5274:2008
5239:2014
5213:2014
5162:2016
5126:2008
5087:PMID
4917:2015
4820:2013
4789:2013
4757:2013
4726:2020
4708:ISBN
4619:2013
4577:2009
4533:2019
4451:2012
4385:2022
4358:PMID
4263:2022
4239:PMID
4187:ISBN
4117:ISBN
4092:2014
4047:2014
3996:2023
3970:2014
3886:ISSN
3851:OCLC
3841:ISBN
3816:OCLC
3806:ISBN
3779:OCLC
3769:ISBN
3703:2017
3168:Ătzi
3112:soup
3104:beer
3100:Iraq
3030:Figs
3013:and
2677:Homo
2625:and
2432:Homo
1713:edit
1706:talk
1699:view
1663:iron
1642:the
1635:and
1625:and
1590:and
1391:loom
1379:Wool
1302:dogs
1296:and
1281:and
1241:and
1177:bows
1175:and
1159:and
1125:and
1011:The
953:Homo
779:and
710:and
673:and
649:and
624:Asia
622:and
542:and
498:and
127:Homo
82:Homo
67:and
6694:Hut
6629:row
6460:Oar
6418:Axe
6406:Awl
5605:doi
5593:314
5556:doi
5544:314
5501:doi
5489:312
5426:PMC
5416:doi
5077:PMC
5069:doi
5030:doi
4660:doi
4592:by
4483:doi
4424:doi
4350:doi
4338:546
4231:doi
4219:521
4179:doi
4074:doi
4023:doi
3919:GHD
3878:doi
3665:doi
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