1789:
554:
3302:). The payment of the Jizya is payment for state services and protection against foreign and internal aggression as non Muslims did not pay the Zakaat tax. The conquered population could instead pay the Zakaat tax by converting to Islam. Large numbers of native Sicilians converted to Islam. However, even after 100 years of Islamic rule, numerous Greek-speaking Christian communities prospered, especially in north-eastern Sicily, as dhimmis. This was largely a result of the Jizya system which allowed co-existence. This co-existence with the conquered population fell apart after the reconquest of Sicily, particularly following the death of King
4892:"An inspection of Table 1 reveals a nonrandom distribution of Male Northwest African types in the Italian peninsula, with at least a twofold increase over the Italian average estimate in three geographically close samples across the southern Apennine mountains (East Campania, Northwest Apulia, Lucera). When pooled together, these three Italian samples displayed a local frequency of 4.7%, significantly different from the North and the rest of South Italy (...). Arab presence is historically recorded in these areas following Frederick II's relocation of Sicilian Arabs",
3562:
4049:, it is today more evenly distributed, with almost 60% of Muslims living in the North of Italy, 25% in the centre, and only 15% in the South. Muslims form a lower proportion of immigrants than in previous years, as the latest statistical reports by the Italian Ministry of Interior and Caritas indicate that the share of Muslims among new immigrants has declined from over 50% at the beginning of the 1990s (mainly Albanians and Moroccans) to less than 25% in the following decade, due to the massive arrivals from eastern Europe.
4100:
3551:
121:
3818:
24:
6482:
3646:, himself a Crusader, instigated a policy to rid Sicily of the few remaining Muslims. This cleansing was done in small part under Papal influence but mostly in order to create a loyal force of troops which could not be influenced by non-Christian infiltrators. In 1224–1239 he deported every single Muslim from Sicily to an autonomous colony under strict military control (so that they could not infiltrate non-Muslim areas) in
3199:
2959:
1766:
1724:
3310:
3650:
in Apulia. Muslims were recruited however by
Frederick in the army and constituted his faithful personal bodyguard, since they had no connection to his political rivals. In 1249, he ejected the Muslims from Malta as well. Lucera was returned to the Christians in 1300 at the instigation of the pope by
4146:
Deportation (expulsion) of foreign suspects have been the cornerstone of Italy's preventive counter-terrorism fight against suspected radicals. Every deportee is prohibited from re-entering Italy and therefore the entire
Schengen Area, for a period of five years. Italy is able to use this method as
3679:
population. The attacks were also directed against crypto-Muslim slaves and
Sicilian renegades who refused to deny Islam during the 16th and the 17th centuries. However, it is doubtful that the order was carried out in practice. The main reason that some former Muslims were able to remain in Sicily
4110:
There are a total of eight mosques in Italy. While Italy is home to the fourth largest Muslim population in Europe, the number of mosques is minute in comparison to France (which is home to over 2,200 mosques) and the United
Kingdom (which is home to over 1,500 mosques). The scarcity of mosques in
3607:
and the poet
Muhammad ibn Zafar. At first, Muslims were tolerated by the Normans, but soon pressure from the Popes led to their increasing discrimination; most mosques were destroyed or made into churches. The first Sicilian Normans did not take part in the Crusades, but they undertook a number of
3277:
Under the
Muslims, agriculture in Sicily prospered and became export oriented. Arts and crafts flourished in the cities. Palermo, the Muslim capital of the island, had 300,000 inhabitants at that time, more than all the cities of Germany combined. The local population conquered by the Muslims were
3752:
It is a subject of debate whether
Otranto was meant to be the base for further conquests. In any case, the Ottoman sultans had not given up their ambition to take over the Italian Peninsula and to finally install Islamic sovereignty after the conquest of Constantinople. After the conquests of
3120:
set out in an attempt to create a unified leadership amongst the Muslim community. In 2005, the
Consulta per l'Islam Italiano was created. This council is composed of 16 members of the Muslim population that are elected by the Ministry of Interiors. The goal of this council was for the Muslim
3655:. Muslims were forcefully converted, killed or expelled from Europe . However a Muslim community was still recorded in Apulia in 1336 and very recently in 2009, a genetic study revealed a small genetic Northwest African contribution among today's inhabitants near the region of Lucera.
4166:
In the mid to late 2010s, a "homegrown" Islamist movement started to emerge in Italy with
Islamists writing online content in Italian. While radicalized individuals may get in contact with fellow extremists at mosques, indoctrination and planning of violence take place elsewhere.
4005:
Despite undocumented immigrants representing a minority of the
Muslims in Italy, considering that undocumented migrants and refugees predominantly come from Muslim countries, the issue of Islam in contemporary Italy has been linked by some political parties (particularly the
3989:
According to a 2016 Pew Research Center projection and Brookings, there are 1,400,000 Muslims in Italy (2.3% of the Italian population), almost one third of Italy's foreign population (250.000 have acquired Italian citizenship). The majority of Muslims in Italy are
4074:
In January 2017, community groups representing around 70% of the Muslim community in Italy signed a pact with the government to "reject all forms of violence and terrorism" and to hold prayers in mosques in the Italian language or at least to have them translated.
4122:
political party was reported to have introduced a new bill which would have blocked the construction of new mosques in much of the country, arguing that Muslims can pray anywhere, and do not need a mosque. The construction of mosques had already been blocked in
3121:
community to have frequent and harmonious dialogues with the Italian government. The Consulta does not have any real power to make binding decisions. It exists as a platform for the Muslim community. Strong disagreement between Council members slows its work.
3092:, following a signed agreement between the proposing religious community and the government. Such recognition does not merely depend on the number of followers of a given religion, and it requires congruence between the proposing religion principles and the
4151:. In Italy as elsewhere in Europe, prison inmates show signs of radicalization while incarcerated and in 2018, 41 individuals were deported upon release from prison. Of the 147 deported by the Italian government in the 2015–2017 all were related to
3399:
was successful, and all Saracens were captured and executed, ending any presence of Arabs in Lazio or Campania permanently. A hundred years later, the Byzantines called the Sicilian Muslims to ask for support against a campaign of German emperor
4111:
Italy is caused predominantly by the fact that Italy does not officially recognize Islam as a religion. Official state recognition would guarantee and protect places of worship, recognize religious holidays and allow access to public funding.
3769:, better known by the nickname of Barbarossa; in 1526 the Turks attacked Reggio again, but this time suffered a setback and were forced to turn their sights elsewhere. In 1538 they defeated the Venetian fleet. In 1539 Nice was raided by the
3533:
come from Spain, settled a temporary military camp as a logistic base to control the Tyrrhenian Sea and Italian peninsula, but in 1016 the fleet was forced to leave its base due to the military intervention of maritime republics of
3179:
were less significant than those on Sicily and eventually failed to achieve the island's conquest, although they induced its separation from the Roman Empire, giving birth to a long period of Sardinian independence, the era of the
3354:
failed in 843, 846 and 849. In 847 Taranto, Bari and Brindisi declared themselves emirates independent from the Aghlabids. For decades the Muslims ruled the Mediterranean and attacked the Italian coastal towns. Muslims occupied
5733:
3278:
Romanized Catholic Sicilians in Western Sicily and partially Greek speaking Christians, mainly in the eastern half of the island, but there were also a significant number of Jews. These conquered people were afforded
4328:
Founded in the 1970s in Perugia and composed mostly of Jordanian, Syrian and Palestine students, the group's ideology is quite similar to the Muslim Brotherhood, the transnational Islamic movement in Egypt in the
3370:
Christians succeed in setting up an army capable of fighting the Muslims. Over the next two decades, most of the territory held by Muslims on the mainland was liberated from Muslim rule. The Franco-Roman emperor
5267:
5207:
5580:
4181:
was deported for reportedly expressing extremist views and for posing a security threat. While most extremists are banned for 5 to 10 years, Muhammed Madad was banned from returning for 15 years.
5608:
4827:
3740:, pretender to the Ottoman throne, was defeated despite being supported by the pope; he fled with his family to the Kingdom of Naples, where his male descendants were bestowed with the title of
5191:
4216:
Although Muslim population in Italy is very small compared to its counterparts in France, Germany, Britain and Spain, anti-Islamic feeling in Italy runs high, which became clear following the
4064:, in the Sentence No. 556, 13 February 2006, confirmed the display of the crucifix in government sponsored spaces. Smith was subsequently charged with defaming the Catholic religion in 2006.
4633:
4530:
4228:
found that 55% of Italians had an unfavourable view of Muslims. Much of the local Italian media correlates Islam to terrorism as a whole. This contributes to these unfavorable opinions.
5137:
4026:
landing in Italy are only using the country as a gateway to other EU states, due to the fact that Italy offers fewer economic opportunities and social welfare services for them than
5725:
5451:
3451:
carried out raids into northern Italy, and in 793 again launched an offensive into northwestern Italy (Nicaea 813, 859 and 880). In 888, Andalusian Muslims set up a new base in
3033:
led to a gradual decline of Islam, due to the conversions and emigration of Muslims toward Northern Africa. A small Muslim community however survived at least until 1300 (the
4590:
4118:
of Muslim activists, as well as attempts by a past government to close mosques. Many mosque constructions are blocked by opposition of local residents. In September 2008 the
4002:
Muslims in the country. This diversity has induced a lack of organization throughout the Italian Muslim community. As a result, the community also lacks cohesive leadership.
5638:
4546:
In the year 827, Mazara was occupied by the Arabs, who made the city an important commercial harbour. That period was probably the most prosperous in the history of Mazara.
5827:
5300:
5018:
4202:
According to prison authorities in Italy, in October 2018 there were 66 Muslim detainees who either had been sentenced or were awaiting trial for terrorism offences.
5259:
3375:
reconquered Brindisi in 869, Bari in 871 and beat the Arabs at Salerno in 872. The Byzantines retook Taranto in 880. In 882 the Muslims had founded at the mouth of
5389:
5203:
5513:
3226:. The latter agreed to conquer Sicily, with the promise to leave it to Euphemius in exchange for a yearly tribute. To end the constant mutinies of his army, the
5550:
3580:(1027), Pisa (1030–1035), and the Romans (1027 onwards). Eastern Sicily (Messina, Syracuse and Taormina) was captured by the Byzantines in 1038–1042. In 1059
4022:
who land on Italian beaches, mainly because of a political unwillingness, partly fostered by the EU, to address the issue. However, the vast majority of the
3588:, invaded the island. The Normans conquered Reggio in 1060 (conquered by the Romanin 1027). Messina fell to the Normans in 1061; an invasion by the Algerian
3576:
The cultural and economical bloom in Sicily that had started under the Kalbids was interrupted by internecine fights, followed by invasions by the Tunisian
6044:
5422:
3592:
to preserve Islamic rule was thwarted in 1063 by the fleets of Genoa and Pisa. The loss of Palermo in 1072 and of Syracuse in 1088 could not be prevented.
5571:
3415:
In 1002 a Venetian fleet defeated Muslims besieging Bari. After the Aghlabids were defeated in Ifriqiya as well, Sicily fell in the 10th century to their
5051:
4817:
3566:
3218:
for a sexual indiscretion. After a short-lived conquest of Syracuse, he was proclaimed emperor but was compelled by loyal forces to flee to the court of
5604:
5237:
4856:
3741:
6069:
5107:
4273:
4897:
3164:
in the eastern end of the island was occupied for the first time temporarily in 708, but a planned invasion in 740 failed due to a rebellion of the
4241:
4155:
and 12 were imams. From January 2015 to April 2018, 300 individuals were expulsed from Italian soil. The vast majority of the deportees come from
4136:
3109:
5074:
5747:
4625:
4519:
4477:
5129:
5825:
Allievi, Stefano (July 2003). "Sociology of a Newcomer: Muslim Migration to Italy - Religious Visibility, Cultural and Political Reactions".
1867:
632:
5702:
4018:) dominate news programmes, especially in the summertime. Police forces have not had great success in intercepting many of the thousands of
5359:
5447:
6431:
2890:
1655:
3116:, already enjoy the official recognition in the form of signed agreements with the Italian government. In late 2004, Italian minister,
2987:
1752:
5978:
5894:
4975:"Moriscos in Sicily in the Years of the Expulsion (1609–1614), Journal of Levantine Studies, Vol. 6, Summer/Winter 2016, pp. 333-355"
4083:
As of 2013, of the total 64,760 detainees in Italy, approximately 13,500 (20.8%) came from countries with Islamic majorities, mostly
2541:
1306:
4423:, Sufi figure and founder of the Italian Islamic Religious Community (COREIS) and the Interreligious Studies Academy (Accademia ISA)
4287:
by unknown persons who entered it by cutting through the fences with a shear. The act has been condemned by the Jewish community in
5937:
4587:
3409:
5630:
4520:"Assessment of the status, development and diversification of fisheries-dependent communities: Mazara del Vallo Case study report"
6120:
6110:
3675:, a few Moriscos migrated to Sicily. During this time there were several attempts to rid Sicily of its extensive formerly Muslim
3395:
organised a vast alliance of southern powers, including Gaeta and Naples, the Lombard princes and the Byzantines. The subsequent
4310:
Since its founding, the union has been active in the political scene, recently attempting to become the primary Islamic liaison.
4170:
From 1 August 2016 to 31 July 2017, a total of eight imams were deported. The following twelve-month period, two were deported.
3596:
and the last Muslim strongholds on Sicily fell in 1091. In 1090–91, the Normans also conquered Malta; Pantelleria fell in 1123.
1788:
553:
6013:
3732:), but the Turks were routed there in 1481 by an alliance of several Italian city-states, Hungary and France led by the prince
5862:
2029:
794:
3882:
2910:
1852:
1675:
617:
88:
5292:
5010:
4917:"Muslim resistance and Islamic martyrs: "moriscos", slaves and Christian renegades facing the Spanish Inquisition in Sicily"
3510:, Hugh's rival, called the Hungarians, who in their turn devastated northern Italy. As a result of the Muslim defeat at the
5947:
5328:
4196:
3854:
2860:
1625:
60:
3514:, Fraxinet was lost and razed by the Christians in 972. Thirty years later, in 1002, Genoa was invaded, and in 1004 Pisa.
5751:
5381:
3704:
was expanding mightily in southeastern Europe. It completed the absorption of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 under Sultan
6028:
5927:
5494:
4654:
4457:
4052:
Recent points of contention between ethnic Italians and the Muslim immigrant population include the strong presence of
3130:
1872:
637:
3861:
3744:
by the Pope in 1492. They lived in Naples until the 17th century and in Sicily until 1668 before relocating to Malta.
67:
5507:
4800:
4767:
4670:
4558:
4505:
4362:
3901:
3801:
3030:
2356:
1121:
107:
5542:
4041:
While in medieval times, the Muslim population was almost totally concentrated in Insular Sicily and in the city of
3096:. Official recognition gives an organised religion a chance to benefit from a national "religion tax", known as the
6251:
4720:
4701:
3777:), but an attempted Turkish landing on Sicily failed, as did the attempted conquest of Pantelleria in 1553 and the
3643:
3089:
6424:
6181:
6064:
4195:
unauthorized prayer hall located near the railway station. Egyptian Abdel Rahman Mohy preached to children using
3835:
2611:
2456:
1376:
1221:
202:
41:
5414:
3868:
74:
6115:
3839:
2980:
2531:
1745:
1296:
45:
5043:
5942:
5887:
4462:
4366:
4060:
has attracted considerable media attention by demanding that crucifixes in public facilities be removed. The
3076:
Islam is not formally recognised by the Italian state. The official recognition of a religion different from
2885:
1650:
6496:
4849:
6547:
6516:
5932:
5917:
5229:
5171:
3850:
3372:
2551:
2391:
1316:
1156:
56:
5099:
4387:, founder and president of the organization Intelletuali Musulmani Italiani (Italian Muslim Intellectuals)
6466:
6376:
6201:
6105:
4894:
4420:
4221:
3729:
3401:
3219:
3181:
3034:
2808:
2626:
1573:
1391:
464:
325:
4014:. Immigration has become a prominent political issue, as reports of boatloads of illegal immigrants (or
6461:
6417:
6226:
4307:
Unione delle Comunità Islamiche d'Italia (Union of the Islamic Communities and Organizations of Italy)
3554:
3467:
2556:
2169:
1887:
1321:
934:
652:
254:
5867:
5801:
5776:
4283:
On the night of 3–4 August 2010, an arson attack was carried out in the offices of the Luce mosque in
6386:
6059:
5998:
4322:
COREIS, Comunità Religiosa Islamica Italiana, which has its seat in Milan, but also a branch in Rome.
3620:
2973:
2920:
2865:
2855:
2818:
1738:
1685:
1630:
1620:
1583:
5479:
4995:
6456:
6306:
6301:
5880:
4384:
4061:
3789:
2930:
2731:
2726:
2301:
1695:
1496:
1491:
1066:
315:
223:
4236:
In recent years there have been some acts of violence against Islamic places of worship in Italy:
6573:
6023:
5988:
5983:
5694:
5351:
4895:
Moors and Saracens in Europe estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe
4482:
4148:
4115:
3828:
3635:
dynasty, who ruled the island from 1194 on. In the heartland of the island, the Muslims declared
1992:
757:
34:
6471:
6271:
5993:
4792:
4785:
3797:
3758:
3619:
in 1189. The Muslim elite emigrated at that time. Their medical knowledge was preserved in the
3314:
3113:
2900:
2691:
2471:
1927:
1665:
1456:
1236:
692:
310:
6448:
5466:
4982:
4588:
Italian Ministry of the Interior - Regulations between Italian Government and other religions
4300:
A minority of Italian Muslims belong to religious associations, the best known of which are:
4211:
4147:
many radicalized Muslims are first-generation immigrants and therefore have not yet acquired
3778:
3733:
3632:
3363:
3093:
2384:
2351:
2311:
2054:
2044:
1832:
1149:
1116:
1076:
819:
809:
597:
3875:
3306:
in 1189. By the mid-11th century, Muslims made up the majority of the population of Sicily.
81:
6521:
6361:
6074:
4217:
3766:
3652:
3616:
3396:
3303:
2905:
2798:
2536:
2466:
2401:
2229:
2224:
2114:
2059:
1932:
1862:
1670:
1563:
1301:
1231:
1166:
994:
989:
879:
824:
697:
627:
320:
5726:"In Italy, Islam doesn't officially exist. Here's what Muslims must accept to change that"
4734:
4056:
in public buildings, including school classrooms, government offices, and hospital wards.
8:
6552:
6296:
6281:
6166:
6054:
6008:
4526:
4414:
4225:
4011:
3668:
3624:
3507:
3279:
3262:
in 878. In 902, the Ifriqiyan magistrate himself led an army against the island, seizing
2768:
2721:
2701:
2441:
2361:
2336:
2241:
2214:
2164:
2134:
2124:
2039:
1999:
1972:
1957:
1912:
1847:
1533:
1486:
1466:
1206:
1126:
1101:
1006:
979:
929:
899:
889:
804:
764:
737:
722:
677:
612:
524:
382:
259:
150:
5695:"European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups"
3724:
region in northeastern Italy in 1479 and again in 1499–1503. The Apulian harbor town of
2019:
784:
6542:
6276:
6018:
5844:
5676:
4822:
4352:
3793:
3785:
3762:
3604:
3600:
3570:
3511:
3207:
3097:
3085:
2850:
2761:
2696:
2566:
2511:
2481:
2396:
2321:
2316:
2296:
2184:
2174:
1977:
1615:
1526:
1461:
1331:
1276:
1246:
1161:
1086:
1081:
1061:
949:
939:
742:
494:
6481:
6506:
6501:
6440:
6391:
6346:
6341:
6321:
6186:
6079:
5848:
5680:
5503:
4932:
4796:
4763:
4666:
4472:
4390:
4378:
4266:
4178:
3672:
3585:
3499:
3247:
3193:
3105:
3081:
3006:
2895:
2880:
2823:
2783:
2778:
2746:
2616:
2546:
2521:
2496:
2451:
2436:
2406:
2341:
2291:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2149:
2094:
2069:
1902:
1897:
1877:
1842:
1827:
1660:
1645:
1588:
1548:
1543:
1511:
1381:
1311:
1286:
1261:
1216:
1201:
1171:
1106:
1056:
1036:
1031:
1026:
914:
859:
834:
667:
662:
642:
607:
592:
529:
514:
392:
244:
4787:
The Lands of St. Peter: The Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance
3561:
3530:
6526:
6381:
6371:
6326:
6291:
6246:
6241:
6231:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6191:
6176:
6171:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
5836:
5668:
4924:
4262:
4099:
3754:
3259:
3161:
3026:
3022:
2945:
2843:
2813:
2803:
2751:
2711:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2621:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2561:
2501:
2476:
2461:
2416:
2366:
2276:
2251:
2129:
2119:
2079:
2049:
2034:
2014:
2004:
1987:
1982:
1947:
1942:
1892:
1837:
1812:
1780:
1710:
1608:
1578:
1568:
1516:
1476:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1416:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1326:
1266:
1241:
1226:
1181:
1131:
1041:
1016:
894:
884:
844:
814:
799:
779:
769:
752:
747:
712:
707:
657:
602:
577:
545:
519:
499:
484:
479:
474:
469:
459:
454:
449:
428:
423:
418:
335:
300:
295:
285:
197:
4280:
was the subject of discriminatory spray writing on the door, including a swastika.
3608:
invasions and raids in Ifriqiya, before they were defeated thereafter 1157 by the
3379:
between Naples and Rome a new base further in the north, which was in league with
6366:
6356:
6336:
6331:
6316:
6311:
6266:
6261:
6236:
6221:
6196:
6095:
6003:
5903:
4901:
4594:
4372:
4348:
4068:
3770:
3609:
3405:
3267:
3117:
3077:
2940:
2793:
2773:
2756:
2741:
2736:
2716:
2686:
2681:
2656:
2646:
2579:
2516:
2506:
2486:
2426:
2421:
2411:
2346:
2331:
2236:
2209:
2199:
2159:
2144:
2139:
2089:
2084:
2024:
1962:
1922:
1817:
1805:
1705:
1558:
1538:
1521:
1506:
1501:
1481:
1451:
1446:
1421:
1411:
1344:
1281:
1271:
1251:
1191:
1186:
1176:
1111:
1096:
1001:
974:
964:
924:
909:
904:
854:
849:
789:
727:
687:
582:
570:
509:
504:
489:
361:
330:
305:
290:
264:
249:
176:
155:
127:
5840:
5324:
5260:"Italy: 13,000 prison inmates from Muslim countries - General news - ANSAMed.it"
3482:
were attacked, followed by Nicaea in 942. In Piedmont the Muslims got as far as
3474:
called the Muslims to fight against his northern Italian rivals. In 934 and 935
6396:
6351:
6286:
6130:
6100:
5672:
4951:
4432:
4402:
4345:
4316:
4256:
4248:
4104:
4035:
3701:
3664:
3550:
3025:. There was a large Muslim presence in Italy from 827 (the first occupation of
2935:
2925:
2915:
2828:
2788:
2706:
2491:
2431:
2371:
2326:
2306:
2281:
2256:
2219:
2204:
2179:
2154:
2064:
2009:
1952:
1937:
1917:
1907:
1882:
1822:
1770:
1700:
1690:
1680:
1593:
1553:
1471:
1256:
1196:
1136:
1091:
1071:
1046:
1021:
984:
969:
944:
919:
829:
774:
717:
702:
682:
672:
647:
587:
397:
387:
4916:
6567:
5448:"The Use of Deportation in Counter-Terrorism: Insights from the Italian Case"
5011:"There are over 1.6 million Muslims in Italy—and only eight mosques — Quartz"
4936:
4663:
Religion, ritual and mythology : aspects of identity formation in Europe
4356:
3774:
3681:
3581:
3471:
3367:
3356:
3165:
2875:
2870:
2526:
2446:
2286:
2246:
2194:
2189:
2107:
2074:
1967:
1857:
1640:
1635:
1291:
1211:
1051:
1011:
959:
954:
872:
839:
732:
622:
5496:
DE-RADICALIZATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN - Comparing Challenges and Approaches
3800:
against the Ottoman Empire. In 1594, the city of Reggio was again sacked by
6125:
4265:, a rock thrown from a car broke through the window of the entrance to the
4156:
3631:
on Sicily, or hid out in the mountains and continued to resist against the
3506:
and occupied a part of Switzerland (952–960) . To fight the Arabs, Emperor
3157:
3149:
2963:
1728:
5605:"Predicava la "guerra santa", espulso l'imam: ha chiamato la figlia Jihad"
5130:"Muslims in the West and the rise of the new populists: The case of Italy"
4566:
4071:
reported that Italy had deported nine imams for inciting racial violence.
3728:, located about 100 kilometers southeast of Brindisi, was seized in 1480 (
6049:
5957:
4438:
3991:
3784:
Next to Spain, the biggest contribution to the victory of the Christian "
3628:
3615:
This peaceful coexistence in Sicily finally ended with the death of King
3487:
3420:
3392:
3141:
3623:; an Arabian-Roman-Norman synthesis in art and architecture survived as
5962:
5922:
4426:
4408:
4396:
4244:, a Molotov cocktail caused a fire at the small mosque in albenga's old
4057:
3995:
3737:
3444:
3424:
3376:
3326:
From Sicily, the Muslims launched raids on the mainland and devastated
3243:
3215:
3049:
120:
3246:
rebels to conquer Sicily in 827, 830 and 875, led by, amongst others,
4905:, Capelli et al., European Journal of Human Genetics, 21 January 2009
4444:
4231:
4119:
4007:
3999:
3713:
3705:
3479:
3463:, from where they started raids along the coast and in inner France.
3440:
3335:
3211:
6409:
5293:"There are over 1.6 million Muslims in Italy—and only eight mosques"
4974:
4315:
CICI, Centro Islamico Culturale d'Italia, which has its seat in the
3817:
3456:
3172:
that lasted until 771 and civil wars in Ifriqiya lasting until 799.
23:
5952:
5382:"Terrorismo, espulso un altro Imam: predicava a Perugia e Corciano"
5044:"Immigrazione in Italia 2016: i numeri dell'appartenenza religiosa"
4717:
Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
4698:
Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
4341:
4152:
4053:
3636:
3589:
3526:
3522:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3384:
3347:
3327:
3298:
or land tax, but were exempt from the tax that Muslims had to pay (
3263:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3176:
3041:
5872:
4928:
3491:
4949:
4791:(illustrated ed.). University of California Press. pp.
4288:
4284:
4184:
In March 2018, police carried out an anti-terrorist operation in
4160:
4140:
4088:
4084:
4027:
3725:
3685:
3518:
3428:
3416:
3408:
in 982 and for the next 40 years largely succeeded in preventing
3339:
3283:
3271:
3255:
3251:
3239:
3235:
3198:
3169:
3153:
3101:
3065:
3057:
3045:
1794:
559:
5163:
3599:
A small Muslim population remained on Sicily under the Normans.
3309:
1765:
5659:
Cere, Rinella (2002). ""Islamophobia" and the Media in Italy".
4277:
4252:
4185:
4046:
4042:
4031:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3689:
3647:
3577:
3331:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3145:
3018:
3010:
5075:"Italia, la maggior parte degli stranieri è di fede cristiana"
4501:
4467:
4369:
of the Ottoman Empire and Grand Admiral of the Ottoman Empire
4304:
4191:
4124:
3676:
3535:
3503:
3475:
3470:, the Muslims lost their base in southern Lazio. In 926 King
3388:
3380:
3291:
3061:
3053:
3014:
3001:
4143:
was deported by the Italian government for extremist views.
5797:
5772:
3736:, when Mehmet died and a war for his succession broke out.
3593:
3539:
3495:
3483:
3351:
3343:
4606:
Vidino, Lorenzo. "Islam, Islamism and Jihadism in Italy".
4502:"Muslim Population Growth in Europe Pew Research Center"
3757:
and Hungary in 1526 and the defeat of the Turkish army at
3419:
successors, but claimed independence after fights between
3603:
hosted at his court, among others, the famous geographer
5104:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
3761:
in 1529, Turkish fleets again attacked southern Italy.
3443:
Kingdom in Spain (729–765), the Arabs and Berbers from
3206:
According to some sources, the conquest was spurred by
5748:"The Grand Mosque of Rome and Islamic Cultural Centre"
5631:"Jihadist Radicalization in Italian Prisons: A Primer"
3338:
and appealed to the Sicilian Muslims for help. In 840
4319:, which is reputed to be the largest mosque in Europe
3517:
Pisa and Genoa joined forces to end Muslim rule over
5798:"COREIS | Comunità Religiosa Islamica Italiana"
4850:"The Administration of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily"
4078:
3695:
3040:
In more recent years, there has been migration from
5158:
5156:
5154:
3842:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4784:
4232:Acts of violence against Islamic places of worship
3796:, which between 1423 and 1718 fought eight costly
3274:, the last remaining Byzantine toehold on Sicily.
5773:"CO.RE.IS (Comunità Religiosa Islamica) Italiana"
5543:"Jihadist Madrasat in Italy: A Background | ISPI"
5196:
3765:was sacked in 1512 by the famous Turkish corsair
6565:
5151:
4950:The James Blair Historical Review (2015-10-15).
3658:
5502:. Milano: ISPI. pp. 13–15, 24, 26, 35–36.
3671:(Muslims who had converted to Christianity) in
3110:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
4714:
4695:
4684:Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, AD 610-1071
4659:From Islam to Christianity: the Case of Sicily
4478:List of Italian religious minority politicians
3747:
6425:
5888:
5579:. Ministerio dell'Interno. 2018. p. 10.
5352:"Italy's right to curb Islam with mosque law"
4782:
3692:for allowing the Moriscos to stay in Sicily.
3627:. The remaining Muslims fled, for example to
2981:
1746:
5252:
4135:In 2007, the Moroccan imam at the mosque in
5038:
5036:
4067:In November 2016, Minister of the Interior
3545:
3410:his successors from entering southern Italy
3313:The battle at Ostia in 849 ended the third
3214:commander who feared punishment by Emperor
6432:
6418:
5895:
5881:
5286:
5284:
5230:"Italian Muslims sign anti-extremism pact"
4010:) with immigration, and more specifically
2988:
2974:
1753:
1739:
5979:Reception of Islam in early modern Europe
5415:"The measure of expulsions for extremism"
5072:
4815:
3902:Learn how and when to remove this message
3712:. It seized Genoa's last bastions in the
3684:, now officially installed as viceroy in
1773:, the biggest mosque in the Western world
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
5628:
5486:
5412:
5033:
4325:USMI, Union of Muslim Students in Italy
4098:
3560:
3549:
3308:
3270:on the mainland fell in 918, and in 964
3197:
1764:
119:
6121:Hijab and burka controversies in Europe
6111:Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe
5824:
5290:
5281:
5204:"From mafia to terror, the Italian way"
5164:"Italy | The World Almanac of Islamism"
5008:
4914:
4883:, London, Longmann Group Limited, 1975
4488:
4173:In July 2016, the Moroccan imam at the
3915:Muslim population in Italy by the year:
3680:was that they were openly supported by
3330:. In 835 and again in 837, the Duke of
3144:(which lies between the western tip of
6566:
6014:Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina
5723:
5492:
5445:
5362:from the original on 19 September 2008
5319:
5317:
5127:
4686:(Toronto University Press, 1987), 186.
4636:from the original on 27 September 2015
3928:
3688:, advocated to the Spanish monarch in
3490:, and also moved northwards along the
6439:
6413:
5876:
5868:Islam, Islamism and Jihadism in Italy
5537:
5535:
5533:
5441:
5439:
5408:
5406:
5349:
5331:from the original on 22 December 2017
5240:from the original on 22 December 2017
5100:"Table: Muslim Population by Country"
5021:from the original on 22 December 2017
4818:"TRACING THE NORMAN RULERS OF SICILY"
4757:
4735:"Brindisi bizantina - Brindisiweb.it"
4536:from the original on 14 November 2012
4114:There have been a number of cases of
3804:, a renegade who converted to Islam.
3716:in 1475 and Venice's Greek colony of
3321:
3187:
3156:in 700. The Arabs had earlier raided
5948:Medieval Christian views on Muhammad
5863:Links: Islam in Western Europe:Italy
5705:from the original on 22 October 2019
5658:
5350:Brown, Stephen (16 September 2008).
5210:from the original on 3 November 2016
4665:/ edited by Joaquim Carvalho, 2006,
3840:adding citations to reliable sources
3811:
3720:in 1479. Turkish troops invaded the
3529:in 1015 the fleet of the Andalusian
3494:valley and the western flank of the
3434:
3017:dates back to the 9th century, when
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
5902:
5752:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
5446:Marone, Dr Francesco (2017-03-13).
5314:
4751:
4608:Current Trends in Islamist Ideology
4247:Anti-Islamic attacks following the
3669:Spanish inquisition of the Moriscos
133:by percentage of country population
13:
6029:Orientalism in early modern France
5818:
5622:
5530:
5436:
5403:
5325:"Milan mosque 'to be closed down'"
4816:Inturrisi, Louis (26 April 1987).
4605:
4458:History of Islam in southern Italy
4335:
4224:. Survey published in 2019 by the
3923:
3667:rule of Sicily, and to escape the
3131:History of Islam in southern Italy
14:
6585:
5856:
5054:from the original on 19 July 2018
4972:
4830:from the original on 3 March 2009
4079:Muslim prison population in Italy
3708:by conquering Constantinople and
3696:15th century: Ottomans in Otranto
3334:was fighting against the Duke of
3254:fell to them in 831, followed by
3160:Sicily in 652, 667 and 720 A.D.;
3084:is in fact to be approved by the
6480:
5736:from the original on 2019-11-10.
5291:Merelli, Annalisa (4 May 2016).
5128:Caiani, Manuela (24 July 2019).
5009:Merelli, Annalisa (4 May 2016).
4721:University of Pennsylvania Press
4702:University of Pennsylvania Press
4559:"Statistiche demografiche ISTAT"
4295:
4291:and by various political forces.
3816:
3557:: Arabian-Roman-Norman symbiosis
3346:fell to the Muslims, and in 841
3104:and smaller groups, such as the
3090:Italian Minister of the Interior
2957:
2542:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1868:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1787:
1722:
1307:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
633:Democratic Republic of the Congo
552:
22:
6070:Nazi Germany and the Arab world
6065:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
5804:from the original on 2018-04-28
5790:
5779:from the original on 2018-03-03
5765:
5740:
5717:
5687:
5652:
5641:from the original on 2019-03-09
5611:from the original on 2018-08-25
5597:
5586:from the original on 2018-08-25
5564:
5553:from the original on 2018-08-25
5519:from the original on 2018-08-24
5454:from the original on 2018-12-21
5425:from the original on 2018-12-21
5392:from the original on 2018-08-25
5374:
5343:
5303:from the original on 2019-11-06
5270:from the original on 2019-11-06
5222:
5185:
5174:from the original on 2019-11-06
5140:from the original on 2019-11-10
5121:
5110:from the original on 2019-10-29
5092:
5066:
5002:
4966:
4943:
4908:
4886:
4873:
4862:from the original on 2008-02-27
4842:
4809:
4776:
4727:
4708:
4205:
3998:minority. There are also a few
3827:needs additional citations for
3521:(Islamic 810/850-930/1020) and
3359:in Sicily between 868 and 870.
3071:
33:needs additional citations for
6116:Religion in the European Union
4689:
4676:
4661:, Charles Dalli, page 153. In
4648:
4626:"Archivio Corriere della Sera"
4618:
4599:
4581:
4551:
4512:
4494:
4159:and a smaller group come from
3807:
3642:To end this upheaval, emperor
3290:were also required to pay the
3175:Arab attacks on the island of
3029:) until the 12th century. The
1:
5943:Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture
5206:. Politico. 3 November 2016.
4956:James Blair Historical Review
4915:Messana, Maria Sofia (2007).
4881:The Arabs and Medieval Europe
4762:. Bari: Dedalo. p. 136.
4682:Romilly James Heald Jenkins,
4463:Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture
4127:. The bill was not approved.
3659:During Spanish rule of Sicily
3439:After they had conquered the
3100:. Other religions, including
5933:Transmission of the Classics
5493:Vidino; et al. (2018).
5073:Redazione, di (2022-07-04).
4783:Peter Partner (1 Jan 1972).
4504:. 2024-07-10. Archived from
4363:Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha
4130:
3802:Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha
3584:from southern Italy, led by
3502:, in 942–964 they conquered
7:
5841:10.1080/0261928042000244790
4630:archiviostorico.corriere.it
4451:
4222:7 July 2005 London bombings
3748:Attacks in the 16th century
3730:Ottoman invasion of Otranto
3135:
3035:Muslim settlement of Lucera
10:
6590:
5673:10.1080/146807702753745392
4614:: 7–27 – via Hudson.
4429:, social media personality
4209:
4094:
3565:Arabic inscription on the
3555:San Giovanni degli Eremiti
3191:
3128:
3124:
3021:came under control of the
6535:
6489:
6478:
6447:
6139:
6088:
6037:
5971:
5910:
5828:Immigrants and Minorities
3978:
3941:—
3700:During this century, the
3639:the last Emir of Sicily.
3621:Schola Medica Salernitana
3202:The Bologna Ahmadi Mosque
3086:President of the Republic
3031:Norman conquest of Sicily
4421:Abd al Wahid Pallavicini
4385:Ahmad Gianpiero Vincenzo
4062:Italian Council of State
3792:in 1571 was made by the
3546:Sicily under the Normans
3404:. They beat Otto at the
3397:Battle of the Garigliano
2911:Northern Mariana Islands
1853:Central African Republic
1676:Northern Mariana Islands
618:Central African Republic
6024:Islamization of Albania
5989:Anglo-Moroccan alliance
5984:Protestantism and Islam
5928:Islam in southern Italy
5629:ispisito (2019-02-28).
5413:ispisito (2018-12-14).
4715:Barbara Kreutz (1996).
4696:Barbara Kreutz (1996).
4483:Islamic dress in Europe
4116:extraordinary rendition
3979:1999 and 2009 estimates
3294:, or poll tax, and the
3152:) was conquered by the
2861:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1626:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
6182:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6045:Islam in the Far North
5994:Ottoman wars in Europe
5661:Feminist Media Studies
5474:Cite journal requires
4990:Cite journal requires
4758:Musca, Giosuè (1992).
4405:, author and anarchist
4381:, freelance journalist
4107:
3573:
3558:
3387:as well as Sabinia in
3318:
3203:
3140:The Italian island of
3114:Seventh-day Adventists
2612:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1774:
1377:Bosnia and Herzegovina
539:
203:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5999:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
5938:Cultural transmission
5339:– via BBC News.
4399:, lyricist and singer
4212:Islamophobia in Italy
4102:
3734:Alphonso II of Naples
3673:the Iberian peninsula
3564:
3553:
3312:
3282:under the Muslims as
3201:
3088:under request of the
2532:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2030:São Tomé and Príncipe
1873:Republic of the Congo
1768:
1297:Saint Kitts and Nevis
795:São Tomé and Príncipe
638:Republic of the Congo
123:
6075:Islam and secularism
5918:Conquest of Hispania
4489:Notes and references
4218:September 11 attacks
3836:improve this article
3653:Charles II of Naples
3468:Battle of Garigliano
3364:fall of Malta in 870
3350:. Muslim attacks on
3304:William II of Sicily
2357:United Arab Emirates
1793:World percentage of
1122:United Arab Emirates
558:World percentage of
42:improve this article
6548:Freedom of religion
6089:Contemporary issues
6055:Islam and modernity
6009:Barbary slave trade
5701:. 14 October 2019.
5699:Pew Research Center
5236:. 2 February 2017.
4529:. 2010. p. 2.
4527:European Commission
4415:Stephan El Shaarawy
4359:of the Ottoman Navy
4351:, beylerbey of the
4274:the Mosque of Mercy
4226:Pew Research Center
4149:Italian citizenship
4012:illegal immigration
3916:
3625:Sicilian Romanesque
3383:, and had attacked
3315:Arab attack on Rome
3280:freedom of religion
2552:Trinidad and Tobago
2392:Antigua and Barbuda
1317:Trinidad and Tobago
1157:Antigua and Barbuda
6543:Eight per thousand
6467:Oriental Orthodoxy
6019:Russo-Turkish wars
5754:. 7 September 2007
5724:Momigliano, Anna.
4900:2009-04-20 at the
4823:The New York Times
4739:www.brindisiweb.it
4593:2012-02-26 at the
4353:Regency of Algiers
4108:
3914:
3794:Republic of Venice
3755:Ragusa (Dubrovnik)
3605:Muhammad al-Idrisi
3574:
3571:Roger II of Sicily
3559:
3512:Battle of Tourtour
3498:. After defeating
3466:In 915, after the
3322:Emirates in Apulia
3319:
3204:
3188:Conquest of Sicily
3098:Eight per thousand
3082:Italian Government
2457:Dominican Republic
1775:
1222:Dominican Republic
540:
6561:
6560:
6462:Eastern Orthodoxy
6441:Religion in Italy
6407:
6406:
6106:Islamic terrorism
6080:Islamic democracy
6060:Islam in the USSR
5549:. 27 March 2018.
5547:www.ispionline.it
5192:Catalyst Magazine
4760:L'emirato di Bari
4723:. pp. 25–28.
4704:. pp. 55–56.
4473:Religion in Italy
4391:Torquato Cardilli
4379:Gabriele Torsello
4267:Mosque of Segrate
4179:Noventa Vicentina
3987:
3986:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3886:
3790:battle of Lepanto
3682:The Duke of Osuna
3567:Coronation Mantle
3500:Burgundian troops
3435:Raids in Piedmont
3248:Asad ibn al-Furat
3194:Emirate of Sicily
3106:Assemblies of God
3080:on behalf of the
3007:religion in Italy
2998:
2997:
1888:Equatorial Guinea
1763:
1762:
653:Equatorial Guinea
538:
537:
118:
117:
110:
92:
6581:
6484:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6411:
6410:
6387:Northern Ireland
5897:
5890:
5883:
5874:
5873:
5852:
5835:(2–3): 141–154.
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5721:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5585:
5578:
5573:DOSSIER VIMINALE
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5539:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5518:
5501:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5477:
5472:
5470:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5443:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5410:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5321:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5288:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5264:www.ansamed.info
5256:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5200:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5168:almanac.afpc.org
5160:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5050:. 18 July 2016.
5040:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4993:
4988:
4986:
4978:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4921:Quaderni Storici
4912:
4906:
4890:
4884:
4879:Norman Daniels,
4877:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4861:
4854:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4790:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4693:
4687:
4680:
4674:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4603:
4597:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4565:. Archived from
4555:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4541:
4535:
4524:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4498:
4263:January 24, 2004
4103:Interior of the
3930:
3925:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3851:"Islam in Italy"
3844:
3820:
3812:
3742:Principe de Sayd
3023:Aghlabid Dynasty
2990:
2983:
2976:
2964:Islam portal
2962:
2961:
2960:
2921:Papua New Guinea
2886:Marshall Islands
2856:Christmas Island
2819:Northern Ireland
1791:
1781:Islam by country
1777:
1776:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1729:Islam portal
1727:
1726:
1725:
1686:Papua New Guinea
1651:Marshall Islands
1621:Christmas Island
1584:Northern Ireland
556:
546:Islam by country
542:
541:
441:
410:
374:
348:
277:
236:
215:
189:
168:
142:
136:
135:
131:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
57:"Islam in Italy"
50:
26:
18:
6589:
6588:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6557:
6531:
6490:Other religions
6485:
6476:
6443:
6438:
6408:
6403:
6307:North Macedonia
6135:
6096:Islam in Europe
6084:
6033:
6004:Barbary pirates
5967:
5906:
5904:Islam in Europe
5901:
5859:
5821:
5819:Further reading
5816:
5807:
5805:
5796:
5795:
5791:
5782:
5780:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5757:
5755:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5730:Washington Post
5722:
5718:
5708:
5706:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5657:
5653:
5644:
5642:
5627:
5623:
5614:
5612:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5556:
5554:
5541:
5540:
5531:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5499:
5491:
5487:
5475:
5473:
5464:
5463:
5457:
5455:
5444:
5437:
5428:
5426:
5411:
5404:
5395:
5393:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5365:
5363:
5348:
5344:
5334:
5332:
5327:. 7 July 2008.
5323:
5322:
5315:
5306:
5304:
5289:
5282:
5273:
5271:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5243:
5241:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5213:
5211:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5186:
5177:
5175:
5162:
5161:
5152:
5143:
5141:
5126:
5122:
5113:
5111:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5084:
5082:
5071:
5067:
5057:
5055:
5042:
5041:
5034:
5024:
5022:
5007:
5003:
4991:
4989:
4980:
4979:
4971:
4967:
4948:
4944:
4913:
4909:
4902:Wayback Machine
4891:
4887:
4878:
4874:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4852:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4831:
4814:
4810:
4803:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4756:
4752:
4743:
4741:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4713:
4709:
4694:
4690:
4681:
4677:
4653:
4649:
4639:
4637:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4604:
4600:
4595:Wayback Machine
4586:
4582:
4572:
4570:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4454:
4373:Edoardo Agnelli
4365:, Italian-born
4338:
4336:Notable Muslims
4298:
4272:In April 2004,
4234:
4214:
4208:
4133:
4097:
4081:
4069:Angelino Alfano
3982:
3980:
3908:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3845:
3843:
3833:
3821:
3810:
3771:Barbary pirates
3750:
3698:
3661:
3548:
3437:
3406:battle of Stilo
3362:Only after the
3324:
3268:Reggio Calabria
3196:
3190:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3118:Giuseppe Pisanu
3074:
2994:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2931:Solomon Islands
2846:
2836:
2835:
2732:North Macedonia
2582:
2572:
2571:
2387:
2377:
2376:
2110:
2100:
2099:
1808:
1798:
1759:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1696:Solomon Islands
1611:
1601:
1600:
1497:North Macedonia
1347:
1337:
1336:
1152:
1142:
1141:
875:
865:
864:
573:
563:
534:
443:
439:
433:
412:
408:
402:
376:
372:
366:
350:
346:
340:
279:
275:
269:
238:
234:
228:
224:North Macedonia
217:
213:
207:
191:
187:
181:
170:
166:
160:
144:
140:
134:
132:
128:Islam in Europe
125:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
6587:
6577:
6576:
6574:Islam in Italy
6559:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6486:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6453:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6437:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6414:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6377:United Kingdom
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6202:Czech Republic
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6131:Jihadi tourism
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6101:European Islam
6098:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5900:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5858:
5857:External links
5855:
5854:
5853:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5789:
5775:(in Italian).
5764:
5739:
5716:
5686:
5651:
5621:
5596:
5563:
5529:
5508:
5485:
5476:|journal=
5435:
5402:
5373:
5342:
5313:
5280:
5251:
5221:
5195:
5184:
5150:
5120:
5106:. 2011-01-27.
5091:
5065:
5032:
5001:
4992:|journal=
4973:Salah, Asher.
4965:
4942:
4907:
4885:
4872:
4841:
4808:
4801:
4775:
4768:
4750:
4726:
4707:
4688:
4675:
4647:
4617:
4598:
4580:
4569:on 1 July 2013
4550:
4511:
4508:on 2024-07-10.
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4403:Leda Rafanelli
4400:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4360:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4323:
4320:
4317:Mosque of Rome
4313:
4312:
4311:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4281:
4270:
4259:
4257:Southern Italy
4249:September 2001
4245:
4242:April 24, 1994
4233:
4230:
4210:Main article:
4207:
4204:
4132:
4129:
4105:Mosque of Rome
4096:
4093:
4080:
4077:
4036:United Kingdom
3985:
3984:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3910:
3909:
3824:
3822:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3779:siege of Malta
3749:
3746:
3702:Ottoman Empire
3697:
3694:
3660:
3657:
3547:
3544:
3436:
3433:
3323:
3320:
3230:magistrate of
3192:Main article:
3189:
3186:
3137:
3134:
3129:Main article:
3126:
3123:
3073:
3070:
3005:is a minority
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2809:United Kingdom
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1993:Western Sahara
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1771:Mosque of Rome
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1574:United Kingdom
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
998:
997:
992:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
876:
871:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
761:
760:
758:Western Sahara
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
574:
569:
568:
565:
564:
557:
549:
548:
536:
535:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
465:Czech Republic
462:
457:
452:
446:
444:
438:
435:
434:
432:
431:
426:
421:
415:
413:
407:
404:
403:
401:
400:
395:
390:
385:
379:
377:
371:
368:
367:
365:
364:
359:
353:
351:
345:
342:
341:
339:
338:
333:
328:
326:United Kingdom
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
282:
280:
274:
271:
270:
268:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
241:
239:
233:
230:
229:
227:
226:
220:
218:
212:
209:
208:
206:
205:
200:
194:
192:
186:
183:
182:
180:
179:
173:
171:
165:
162:
161:
159:
158:
153:
147:
145:
139:
124:
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6586:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6534:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6483:
6473:
6472:Protestantism
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6435:
6430:
6428:
6423:
6421:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6272:Liechtenstein
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5898:
5893:
5891:
5886:
5884:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5753:
5749:
5743:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5720:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5655:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5625:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5582:
5575:
5574:
5567:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5515:
5511:
5509:9788867058198
5505:
5498:
5497:
5489:
5481:
5468:
5453:
5449:
5442:
5440:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5407:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5346:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5287:
5285:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5255:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5209:
5205:
5199:
5193:
5188:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5124:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5080:
5076:
5069:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5005:
4997:
4984:
4976:
4969:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4929:10.1408/25918
4926:
4922:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4876:
4858:
4851:
4845:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4812:
4804:
4802:9780520021815
4798:
4794:
4789:
4788:
4779:
4771:
4769:9788822061386
4765:
4761:
4754:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4679:
4672:
4671:88-8492-404-9
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4655:Archived link
4651:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4584:
4568:
4564:
4563:demo.istat.it
4560:
4554:
4547:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4493:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4375:, businessman
4374:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4357:Grand Admiral
4354:
4350:
4347:
4344:Italian-born
4343:
4340:
4339:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4296:Organizations
4290:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4197:Islamic State
4194:
4193:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4137:Ponte Felcino
4128:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4101:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3927:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3906:
3903:
3895:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853: –
3852:
3848:
3847:Find sources:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3825:This article
3823:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3775:Siege of Nice
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3556:
3552:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3531:lord of Dénia
3528:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3472:Hugh of Italy
3469:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3220:Ziyadat Allah
3217:
3213:
3209:
3200:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3132:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3003:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:New Caledonia
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:Liechtenstein
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:United States
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:French Guiana
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1928:Guinea-Bissau
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1767:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1666:New Caledonia
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:Liechtenstein
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:United States
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1237:French Guiana
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
874:
869:
868:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
759:
756:
755:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
693:Guinea-Bissau
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
572:
567:
566:
561:
555:
551:
550:
547:
544:
543:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
445:
442: < 1%
437:
436:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
414:
406:
405:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
378:
370:
369:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
352:
344:
343:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
311:Liechtenstein
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
281:
273:
272:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
240:
232:
231:
225:
222:
221:
219:
211:
210:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
193:
185:
184:
178:
175:
174:
172:
164:
163:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
146:
143: 95–100%
138:
137:
130:
129:
122:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
6511:
6497:Baháʼí Faith
6449:Christianity
6256:
6126:Islamophobia
5972:Early Modern
5832:
5826:
5806:. Retrieved
5792:
5781:. Retrieved
5767:
5756:. Retrieved
5742:
5729:
5719:
5707:. Retrieved
5698:
5689:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5643:. Retrieved
5634:
5624:
5613:. Retrieved
5599:
5588:. Retrieved
5572:
5566:
5555:. Retrieved
5546:
5521:. Retrieved
5495:
5488:
5467:cite journal
5456:. Retrieved
5427:. Retrieved
5418:
5394:. Retrieved
5386:PerugiaToday
5385:
5376:
5364:. Retrieved
5355:
5345:
5333:. Retrieved
5305:. Retrieved
5296:
5272:. Retrieved
5263:
5254:
5242:. Retrieved
5233:
5224:
5212:. Retrieved
5198:
5187:
5176:. Retrieved
5167:
5142:. Retrieved
5133:
5123:
5112:. Retrieved
5103:
5094:
5083:. Retrieved
5081:(in Italian)
5078:
5068:
5056:. Retrieved
5047:
5023:. Retrieved
5014:
5004:
4983:cite journal
4968:
4959:
4955:
4945:
4920:
4910:
4893:
4888:
4880:
4875:
4864:. Retrieved
4844:
4832:. Retrieved
4821:
4811:
4786:
4778:
4759:
4753:
4742:. Retrieved
4738:
4729:
4716:
4710:
4697:
4691:
4683:
4678:
4662:
4658:
4650:
4638:. Retrieved
4629:
4620:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4583:
4571:. Retrieved
4567:the original
4562:
4553:
4545:
4540:28 September
4538:. Retrieved
4514:
4506:the original
4496:
4417:, footballer
4367:grand vizier
4299:
4251:bombings in
4235:
4215:
4206:Islamophobia
4201:
4199:propaganda.
4189:
4188:against the
4183:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4157:North Africa
4145:
4134:
4113:
4109:
4082:
4073:
4066:
4051:
4040:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4004:
3988:
3898:
3889:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3846:
3834:Please help
3829:verification
3826:
3783:
3767:Khayr al-Din
3751:
3699:
3662:
3644:Frederick II
3641:
3633:Hohenstaufen
3614:
3598:
3575:
3516:
3465:
3438:
3425:Shia Muslims
3414:
3361:
3325:
3276:
3205:
3174:
3150:North Africa
3139:
3094:Constitution
3075:
3072:Legal status
3039:
3013:presence in
3000:
2999:
2866:Cook Islands
2676:
2352:Turkmenistan
2312:Saudi Arabia
2055:South Africa
2045:Sierra Leone
1833:Burkina Faso
1631:Cook Islands
1441:
1117:Turkmenistan
1077:Saudi Arabia
820:South Africa
810:Sierra Leone
598:Burkina Faso
356:
237: 10–20%
216: 30–35%
190: 50–55%
169: 90–95%
126:
104:
98:October 2009
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
6522:Neopaganism
6457:Catholicism
6362:Switzerland
6302:Netherlands
6050:Orientalism
5958:Reconquista
5911:Middle Ages
5667:: 133–136.
5356:reuters.com
5244:20 December
4439:Rondodasosa
4161:the Balkans
4024:clandestini
4020:clandestini
4016:clandestini
3983:2022 census
3981:2016 census
3808:Present day
3786:Holy League
3629:Caltagirone
3393:Pope John X
3142:Pantelleria
3078:Catholicism
2906:New Zealand
2799:Switzerland
2727:Netherlands
2537:Saint Lucia
2467:El Salvador
2302:Philippines
2230:South Korea
2225:North Korea
2115:Afghanistan
2060:South Sudan
1933:Ivory Coast
1671:New Zealand
1564:Switzerland
1492:Netherlands
1302:Saint Lucia
1232:El Salvador
1067:Philippines
995:South Korea
990:North Korea
880:Afghanistan
825:South Sudan
698:Ivory Coast
321:Switzerland
316:Netherlands
278: 5–10%
6553:Irreligion
6297:Montenegro
6282:Luxembourg
6167:Azerbaijan
6140:By country
5963:Tatar yoke
5923:Al-Andalus
5808:2018-04-24
5783:2018-03-02
5758:2018-03-02
5709:2 November
5645:2019-03-20
5615:2018-08-25
5590:2018-08-25
5557:2018-08-25
5523:2018-12-21
5458:2018-12-21
5429:2018-12-21
5396:2018-08-25
5307:2019-11-05
5274:2019-11-06
5214:4 November
5178:2019-11-06
5144:2019-11-10
5114:2019-11-05
5085:2023-01-27
4952:"Volume 6"
4923:(3/2007).
4866:2007-12-18
4744:2022-12-16
4427:Khaby Lame
4411:, activist
4409:Adel Smith
4397:Vinnie Paz
4393:, diplomat
4177:center in
4058:Adel Smith
4054:crucifixes
3862:newspapers
3738:Cem Sultan
3617:William II
3508:Berengar I
3459:in French
3445:Septimania
3427:under the
3391:. In 915,
3377:Garigliano
3368:occidental
3244:Andalusian
3216:Michael II
3050:Bangladesh
2891:Micronesia
2769:San Marino
2722:Montenegro
2702:Luxembourg
2442:Costa Rica
2362:Uzbekistan
2337:Tajikistan
2242:Kyrgyzstan
2215:Kazakhstan
2165:East Timor
2135:Bangladesh
2125:Azerbaijan
2040:Seychelles
2000:Mozambique
1973:Mauritania
1958:Madagascar
1848:Cape Verde
1797:by country
1656:Micronesia
1534:San Marino
1487:Montenegro
1467:Luxembourg
1207:Costa Rica
1127:Uzbekistan
1102:Tajikistan
1007:Kyrgyzstan
980:Kazakhstan
930:East Timor
900:Bangladesh
890:Azerbaijan
805:Seychelles
765:Mozambique
738:Mauritania
723:Madagascar
613:Cape Verde
562:by country
525:San Marino
411: 1–2%
383:Luxembourg
375: 2–4%
349: 4–5%
260:Montenegro
151:Azerbaijan
68:newspapers
6277:Lithuania
5849:144179321
5681:143907923
5234:The Local
5134:Brookings
4937:0301-6307
4445:Baby Gang
4131:Extremism
4120:Lega Nord
4034:, or the
4008:Lega Nord
3994:, with a
3971:1,500,000
3960:1,400,000
3949:1,200,000
3892:July 2008
3788:" in the
3781:in 1565.
3714:Black Sea
3706:Mehmet II
3637:Ibn Abbad
3590:Hammadids
3480:La Spezia
3336:Benevento
3212:Byzantine
3208:Euphemius
3182:Judicates
2851:Australia
2762:Tatarstan
2697:Lithuania
2567:Venezuela
2512:Nicaragua
2482:Guatemala
2397:Argentina
2322:Sri Lanka
2317:Singapore
2297:Palestine
2185:Indonesia
2175:Hong Kong
1978:Mauritius
1616:Australia
1527:Tatarstan
1462:Lithuania
1332:Venezuela
1277:Nicaragua
1247:Guatemala
1162:Argentina
1087:Sri Lanka
1082:Singapore
1062:Palestine
950:Indonesia
940:Hong Kong
743:Mauritius
495:Lithuania
6568:Category
6507:Hinduism
6502:Buddhism
6392:Scotland
6347:Slovenia
6342:Slovakia
6322:Portugal
6187:Bulgaria
5953:Crusades
5802:Archived
5777:Archived
5734:Archived
5703:Archived
5639:Archived
5609:Archived
5581:Archived
5551:Archived
5514:Archived
5452:Archived
5423:Archived
5390:Archived
5366:10 April
5360:Archived
5335:10 April
5329:Archived
5301:Archived
5268:Archived
5238:Archived
5208:Archived
5172:Archived
5138:Archived
5108:Archived
5058:10 April
5052:Archived
5048:ismu.org
5025:10 April
5019:Archived
4898:Archived
4857:Archived
4834:10 April
4828:Archived
4640:10 April
4634:Archived
4591:Archived
4573:10 April
4531:Archived
4452:See also
4447:, rapper
4441:, rapper
4435:, rapper
4342:Occhiali
4153:jihadism
3610:Almohads
3601:Roger II
3569:of King
3527:Sardinia
3523:Sardinia
3461:Provence
3453:Fraxinet
3449:Narbonne
3441:Visigoth
3385:Campania
3373:Louis II
3366:did the
3348:Brindisi
3328:Calabria
3266:in 902.
3264:Taormina
3260:Syracuse
3258:in 843,
3232:Ifriqiya
3228:Aghlabid
3224:Ifriqiya
3177:Sardinia
3162:Syracuse
3154:Umayyads
3136:Saracens
3112:and the
3042:Pakistan
2881:Kiribati
2824:Scotland
2784:Slovenia
2779:Slovakia
2747:Portugal
2617:Bulgaria
2547:Suriname
2522:Paraguay
2497:Honduras
2452:Dominica
2437:Colombia
2407:Barbados
2385:Americas
2342:Thailand
2292:Pakistan
2272:Mongolia
2267:Maldives
2262:Malaysia
2150:Cambodia
2095:Zimbabwe
2070:Tanzania
1903:Ethiopia
1898:Eswatini
1878:Djibouti
1843:Cameroon
1828:Botswana
1646:Kiribati
1589:Scotland
1549:Slovenia
1544:Slovakia
1512:Portugal
1382:Bulgaria
1312:Suriname
1287:Paraguay
1262:Honduras
1217:Dominica
1202:Colombia
1172:Barbados
1150:Americas
1107:Thailand
1057:Pakistan
1037:Mongolia
1032:Maldives
1027:Malaysia
915:Cambodia
860:Zimbabwe
835:Tanzania
668:Ethiopia
663:Eswatini
643:Djibouti
608:Cameroon
593:Botswana
530:Slovakia
515:Portugal
393:Slovenia
245:Bulgaria
6536:Related
6527:Sikhism
6517:Judaism
6382:England
6372:Ukraine
6327:Romania
6292:Moldova
6252:Ireland
6247:Iceland
6242:Hungary
6232:Germany
6227:Georgia
6217:Finland
6212:Estonia
6207:Denmark
6192:Croatia
6177:Belgium
6172:Belarus
6162:Austria
6157:Armenia
6152:Andorra
6147:Albania
4349:corsair
4346:Ottoman
4289:Bologna
4285:Bologna
4141:Perugia
4095:Mosques
4089:Tunisia
4085:Morocco
4028:Germany
3996:Shi'ite
3952:+130.8%
3938:520,000
3876:scholar
3726:Otranto
3686:Palermo
3665:Spanish
3663:During
3586:Roger I
3582:Normans
3519:Corsica
3429:Kalbids
3417:Fatimid
3402:Otto II
3340:Taranto
3284:dhimmis
3272:Rometta
3256:Messina
3252:Palermo
3236:Arabian
3170:Maghreb
3168:of the
3166:Berbers
3125:History
3102:Judaism
3066:Tunisia
3058:Morocco
3046:Balkans
3044:, the
2946:Vanuatu
2844:Oceania
2814:England
2804:Ukraine
2752:Romania
2712:Moldova
2672:Ireland
2667:Iceland
2662:Hungary
2652:Germany
2642:Finland
2637:Estonia
2632:Denmark
2627:Czechia
2622:Croatia
2607:Belgium
2602:Belarus
2597:Austria
2592:Andorra
2587:Albania
2562:Uruguay
2502:Jamaica
2477:Grenada
2462:Ecuador
2417:Bolivia
2402:Bahamas
2367:Vietnam
2277:Myanmar
2252:Lebanon
2170:Georgia
2130:Bahrain
2120:Armenia
2080:Tunisia
2050:Somalia
2035:Senegal
2020:Réunion
2015:Nigeria
2005:Namibia
1988:Morocco
1983:Mayotte
1948:Liberia
1943:Lesotho
1893:Eritrea
1863:Comoros
1838:Burundi
1813:Algeria
1795:Muslims
1711:Vanuatu
1609:Oceania
1579:England
1569:Ukraine
1517:Romania
1477:Moldova
1437:Ireland
1432:Iceland
1427:Hungary
1417:Germany
1407:Finland
1402:Estonia
1397:Denmark
1392:Czechia
1387:Croatia
1372:Belgium
1367:Belarus
1362:Austria
1357:Andorra
1352:Albania
1327:Uruguay
1267:Jamaica
1242:Grenada
1227:Ecuador
1182:Bolivia
1167:Bahamas
1132:Vietnam
1042:Myanmar
1017:Lebanon
935:Georgia
895:Bahrain
885:Armenia
845:Tunisia
815:Somalia
800:Senegal
785:Réunion
780:Nigeria
770:Namibia
753:Morocco
748:Mayotte
713:Liberia
708:Lesotho
658:Eritrea
628:Comoros
603:Burundi
578:Algeria
560:Muslims
520:Romania
500:Moldova
485:Iceland
480:Hungary
475:Finland
470:Estonia
460:Belarus
455:Armenia
450:Andorra
429:Ukraine
424:Ireland
419:Croatia
336:Denmark
301:Germany
296:Belgium
286:Austria
255:Georgia
198:Albania
82:scholar
6367:Turkey
6357:Sweden
6337:Serbia
6332:Russia
6317:Poland
6312:Norway
6267:Latvia
6262:Kosovo
6237:Greece
6222:France
6197:Cyprus
6038:Modern
5847:
5679:
5506:
5297:Quartz
5015:Quartz
4935:
4799:
4766:
4669:
4355:, and
4329:1920s.
4278:Savona
4253:Sicily
4186:Foggia
4175:Asonna
4047:Apulia
4043:Lucera
4032:France
4000:Ahmadi
3963:+16.7%
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3849:
3763:Reggio
3759:Vienna
3722:Friuli
3718:Euboea
3710:Galata
3690:Madrid
3677:'Moor'
3648:Lucera
3578:Zirids
3525:. In
3457:Fréjus
3357:Ragusa
3332:Naples
3300:Zakaat
3296:kharaj
3288:dhimmi
3286:. The
3242:, and
3240:Berber
3146:Sicily
3064:, and
3027:Mazara
3019:Sicily
3011:Muslim
2941:Tuvalu
2794:Sweden
2774:Serbia
2757:Russia
2742:Poland
2737:Norway
2717:Monaco
2687:Latvia
2682:Kosovo
2657:Greece
2647:France
2580:Europe
2517:Panama
2507:Mexico
2487:Guyana
2427:Canada
2422:Brazil
2412:Belize
2347:Turkey
2332:Taiwan
2237:Kuwait
2210:Jordan
2200:Israel
2160:Cyprus
2145:Brunei
2140:Bhutan
2090:Zambia
2085:Uganda
2025:Rwanda
1963:Malawi
1923:Guinea
1913:Gambia
1818:Angola
1806:Africa
1706:Tuvalu
1559:Sweden
1539:Serbia
1522:Russia
1507:Poland
1502:Norway
1482:Monaco
1452:Latvia
1447:Kosovo
1422:Greece
1412:France
1345:Europe
1282:Panama
1272:Mexico
1252:Guyana
1192:Canada
1187:Brazil
1177:Belize
1112:Turkey
1097:Taiwan
1002:Kuwait
975:Jordan
965:Israel
925:Cyprus
910:Brunei
905:Bhutan
855:Zambia
850:Uganda
790:Rwanda
728:Malawi
688:Guinea
678:Gambia
583:Angola
571:Africa
510:Poland
505:Monaco
490:Latvia
440:
409:
373:
362:Serbia
347:
331:Norway
306:Greece
291:Sweden
276:
265:Russia
250:France
235:
214:
188:
177:Kosovo
167:
156:Turkey
141:
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
6512:Islam
6397:Wales
6352:Spain
6287:Malta
6257:Italy
5845:S2CID
5677:S2CID
5584:(PDF)
5577:(PDF)
5517:(PDF)
5500:(PDF)
4860:(PDF)
4853:(PDF)
4534:(PDF)
4523:(PDF)
4468:Moors
4433:Ghali
4305:UCOII
4125:Milan
4045:, in
3992:Sunni
3974:+7.1%
3957:2016
3946:2009
3935:1999
3883:JSTOR
3869:books
3651:King
3536:Genoa
3504:Savoy
3492:Rhône
3476:Genoa
3455:near
3421:Sunni
3389:Lazio
3381:Gaeta
3292:jizya
3234:sent
3158:Roman
3062:Egypt
3054:India
3015:Italy
3002:Islam
2936:Tonga
2926:Samoa
2916:Palau
2896:Nauru
2829:Wales
2789:Spain
2707:Malta
2677:Italy
2492:Haiti
2432:Chile
2372:Yemen
2327:Syria
2307:Qatar
2282:Nepal
2257:Macau
2220:Korea
2205:Japan
2180:India
2155:China
2065:Sudan
2010:Niger
1953:Libya
1938:Kenya
1918:Ghana
1908:Gabon
1883:Egypt
1823:Benin
1701:Tonga
1691:Samoa
1681:Palau
1661:Nauru
1594:Wales
1554:Spain
1472:Malta
1442:Italy
1257:Haiti
1197:Chile
1137:Yemen
1092:Syria
1072:Qatar
1047:Nepal
1022:Macau
985:Korea
970:Japan
945:India
920:China
830:Sudan
775:Niger
718:Libya
703:Kenya
683:Ghana
673:Gabon
648:Egypt
588:Benin
398:Spain
388:Malta
357:Italy
89:JSTOR
75:books
5711:2019
5635:ISPI
5504:ISBN
5480:help
5419:ISPI
5368:2018
5337:2018
5246:2017
5216:2016
5079:Vita
5060:2018
5027:2018
4996:help
4962:(1).
4933:ISSN
4836:2018
4797:ISBN
4793:81–2
4764:ISBN
4667:ISBN
4642:2018
4575:2018
4542:2012
4255:and
4220:and
4192:Dawa
4087:and
3968:2022
3924:Pop.
3920:Year
3855:news
3798:wars
3594:Noto
3540:Pisa
3538:and
3496:Alps
3488:Novi
3486:and
3484:Asti
3478:and
3447:and
3423:and
3352:Rome
3344:Bari
3342:and
3210:, a
3148:and
2876:Guam
2871:Fiji
2527:Peru
2447:Cuba
2287:Oman
2247:Laos
2195:Iraq
2190:Iran
2108:Asia
2075:Togo
1968:Mali
1858:Chad
1769:The
1641:Guam
1636:Fiji
1292:Peru
1212:Cuba
1052:Oman
1012:Laos
960:Iraq
955:Iran
873:Asia
840:Togo
733:Mali
623:Chad
61:news
5837:doi
5669:doi
4925:doi
4276:in
4261:On
4240:On
4190:Al
4139:in
3838:by
3222:in
3068:..
3037:).
44:by
6570::
5843:.
5833:22
5831:.
5800:.
5750:.
5732:.
5728:.
5697:.
5675:.
5663:.
5637:.
5633:.
5607:.
5545:.
5532:^
5512:.
5471::
5469:}}
5465:{{
5450:.
5438:^
5421:.
5417:.
5405:^
5388:.
5384:.
5358:.
5354:.
5316:^
5299:.
5295:.
5283:^
5266:.
5262:.
5232:.
5170:.
5166:.
5153:^
5136:.
5132:.
5102:.
5077:.
5046:.
5035:^
5017:.
5013:.
4987::
4985:}}
4981:{{
4958:.
4954:.
4931:.
4919:.
4855:.
4826:.
4820:.
4795:.
4737:.
4719:.
4700:.
4657::
4632:.
4628:.
4610:.
4561:.
4544:.
4525:.
4163:.
4091:.
4038:.
4030:,
3929:±%
3612:.
3542:.
3431:.
3412:.
3250:.
3238:,
3184:.
3108:,
3060:,
3056:,
3052:,
3048:,
3009:.
6433:e
6426:t
6419:v
5896:e
5889:t
5882:v
5851:.
5839::
5811:.
5786:.
5761:.
5713:.
5683:.
5671::
5665:2
5648:.
5618:.
5593:.
5560:.
5526:.
5482:)
5478:(
5461:.
5432:.
5399:.
5370:.
5310:.
5277:.
5248:.
5218:.
5181:.
5147:.
5117:.
5088:.
5062:.
5029:.
4998:)
4994:(
4977:.
4960:6
4939:.
4927::
4869:.
4838:.
4805:.
4772:.
4747:.
4673:.
4644:.
4612:7
4577:.
4269:,
3905:)
3899:(
3894:)
3890:(
3880:·
3873:·
3866:·
3859:·
3832:.
3773:(
3317:.
2989:e
2982:t
2975:v
1754:e
1747:t
1740:v
111:)
105:(
100:)
96:(
86:·
79:·
72:·
65:·
38:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
