452:
3049:
4340:
3068:
3033:
1759:
3017:
2711:
3001:
19:
2267:
1622:
2412:
2592:
2289:, Ottoman suzerainty had an overall reduced impact on the local population, and the impact of Islam was itself much reduced. Wallachia and Moldavia enjoyed a large degree of autonomy, and their history was punctuated by episodes of revolt and momentary independence. After 1417, when Ottoman domination over Wallachia first became effective, the towns of
2733:
set aside special classes for Tatar and
Turkish children. According to Irwin, this was part of an attempt to create a separate Tatar literary language, intended as a means to assimilate the Tatar community. A reported decline in standards led to the separate education agenda being ceased in 1957. As
2394:
or build military facilities. Instead, as it happened in several instances, Ottoman
Sultans allowed their Tatar subjects to raid Moldavia or Wallachia as a means to punish the dissent of local Princes. Literary historian Ioana Feodorov notes that the relations between the two smaller states and the
2379:
discourse in the 20th century, were forgeries. Traditionally, Ottoman documents referring to
Wallachia and Moldavia were unilateral decrees issued by the Sultan. In one compromise version published in 1993, Romanian historian Mihai Maxim argues that, although these were unilateral acts, they were
1901:
The nationwide
Islamic community is internally divided into 50 local groups of Muslims, each of whom elects its own leadership committee. Members provide funding for the religious institution, which is supplemented by state donations and subsidies, as well by assistance from international Islamic
2037:
The exact location of their earliest area of settlement is disputed: a group of historians proposes that the group was probably tasked with defending the
Byzantine border to the north, and settled in and around what later became known as Babadag, while another one centers this presence on the
1766:
According to the 2022 census, 76,215 people, approximately 0.4% of the total population, indicated that their religion was Islam, marking an increase from 2011, when 64,337 people declared adherence to Islam. The vast majority of
Romania's Muslims are Sunnis who adhere to the
2356:
The issue of Muslim presence on the territory of the two countries is often viewed in relation to the relations between the
Ottoman Sultans and local Princes. Romanian historiography has generally claimed that the latter two were bound by bilateral treaties with the
2427:, Dobruja was also home to a distinct community of people of mixed Turkish and Wallachian heritage. Additionally, a part of the Dobrujan Roma community has traditionally adhered to Islam; it is believed that it originated with groups of Romani people serving in the
2669:, Romania had a population of 200,000 Muslims from a total of 7 million, the majority of which were Turks who lived in the two areas of Dobruja (as many as 178,000). Since 1877, the community was led by four separate muftiyats. Their number was reduced during the
2702:, the overall religiously conservative and apolitical Muslim population reportedly enjoyed a notable degree of religious tolerance. Nevertheless, after 1910, the community was subject to a steady decline, and many predominantly-Muslim villages were abandoned.
2383:
Provisions toward Muslim-Christian relations have traditionally been assessed by taking in view later policies. According to one prominent interpretation, this would mean that the
Principalities were regarded by the Ottomans as belonging to the
2838:. Also after the fall of communism, ethnic Romanians began converting to Islam. According to Murat Iusuf, they number in the thousands, and are frequently women who marry Muslim men. In 2014, a member of this community established the
2431:
during the 16th century, and has probably incorporated various ethnic Turks who had not settled down in the cities or villages. Alongside
Dobruja, a part of present-day Romania under direct Ottoman rule in 1551-1718 was the
1726:
was not accompanied by a growth in the number of
Muslims, whose presence there was always marginal. Also linked to the Ottoman Empire, groups of Islamic colonists in other parts of present-day Romania were relocated by the
2245:
in 1903. From the same period onwards, groups of Muslim Tatars and Oghuz Turks from Anatolia were settled into Dobruja at various intervals; in 1525, a sizable group of these, originating from the ports of
1717:
epoch. The Islamic presence in Northern Dobruja was expanded by Ottoman overseeing and successive immigration, but has been in steady decline since the late 19th century. In Wallachia and Moldavia, the two
3915:
2371:), which were supposedly agreed between the two states and the Ottoman Empire at some point in the Middle Ages. Such documents have not been preserved: modern Romanian historians have revealed that
2345:). While Roma slavery also existed in Wallachia, the presence of Tatar slaves there has not been documented, and is only theorized. The population may have foremost comprised Muslim Nogais from the
3868:
2673:, when the cities of Constanța and Tulcea each housed a muftiyat. In 1943, the two institutions were again unified around the mufi in Constanța. Outside Dobruja, the relatively small presence of
1742:, when Romanian Muslims were subject to a measure of supervision by the state, but the group again emancipated itself after the Romanian Revolution of 1989. Its interests are represented by the
3704:, Bucharest, 1995, p.283 (mention of an Ottoman garrison stationed near Bucharest in 1802, one which intervened in the city to restore order after widespread panic over a rumored attack by
2846:, in the region of Moldavia, its congregation is made up of converts. For some fourteen years, discussions went on regarding the building of a mosque in Bucharest. In 2015, Prime Minister
2148:
The grave of Sari Saltik, reportedly first erected into a monument by Sultan Bayezid, has since endured as a major shrine in Romanian Islam. The shrine, which has been described as a
3358:
2395:
Ottoman suzerain were based on a set of principles and rules to which the Ottoman Empire adhered, and indicates that, early in the 17th century, this system drew admiration from the
2618:
and of other regions liberated from Ottoman rule were expelled, avoiding any contact between the Dobrujan Circassians and the Romanian authorities. Following the conflict and the
3966:
4069:
Ioana Feodorov, "Ottoman Authority in the Romanian Principalities as Witnessed by a Christian Arab Traveler of the 17th Century", in B. Michalak-Pikulska, A. Pikulski (eds.),
3886:
3681:
3267:
2482:(1783), many Tatars there took refuge in Dobruja, especially around Medgidia. At the time, Crimean Tatars had become the largest community in the region. Nogais in the
4438:
2759:
However, according to historian Zachary T. Irwin, the degree to which the Muslim community was repressed and dispersed was lower in Romania than in other countries of
2815:
Following the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Tatar and Turkish were again added to the curriculum for members of the respective communities, and, in 1993, the Medgidia
4239:
4377:
4221:
2789:
3941:
2541:, were resettled in the Balkans, including Northern Dobruja, by the Ottomans (localities with large Circassian populace in Northern Dobruja included Isaccea,
4285:
4642:
4319:
4126:
3606:
Feodorov, p.302-304; Angela Jianu, "Women, Fashion and Europeanization: The Romanian Principalities, 1750-1830", in Amila Buturovic, Irvin Cemil Schick,
3338:
1850:
1895:
4667:
4304:
4116:
2776:
4254:
4182:
2390:("Abode of the Covenant"), a status granted to them in exchange for material gains. Therefore, the Ottoman Empire did not maintain troops or
530:
3484:
2785:
2106:
1795:". Traditionally, they are less religious than people belonging to other Islamic communities, and their culture mixes Islamic customs with
3191:, in International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM) Newsletter 8, September 2001, p.32. Retrieved June 2, 2007.
1991:. Both the Pechenegs and Cumans were present in the area, where they probably established a number of small communities. Around 1260, two
4402:
1553:
3538:
3131:
1650:
2744:
in Medgidia was shut down in the 1960s. The population of Ada Kaleh relocated to Anatolia shortly before the 1968 construction of the
4576:
4492:
3814:, in International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM) Newsletter 3, July 1999, p.32. Retrieved June 2, 2007.
3251:, in International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM) Newsletter 3, July 1999, p.34. Retrieved June 2, 2007.
1204:
2756:
tradition was frowned upon by Communist officials—as a result of their policies, the Sufi groups became almost completely inactive.
2459:
The presence of Muslims in the two Danubian Principalities was also attested, centering on Turkish traders and small communities of
1972:
and Moldavia, there was a Muslim minority among them, as was among the Cumans. The Cumans followed the Pechenegs in 1171, while the
4535:
2749:
4071:
Authority, Privacy and Public Order in Islam: Proceedings of the 22nd Congress of L'Union Européenne des Arabisants et Islamisants
4718:
4708:
4392:
4229:
3768:
3127:
4339:
3264:
451:
4611:
4244:
3418:
2085:, who passed through the area in 1334. In Ibn Battuta's time, the region was regarded as a westernmost possession of the Tatar
3992:
3916:"Cum ar putea fi construita la Bucuresti cea mai mare moschee din Europa. Propunerea controversata a candidatilor la primarie"
3032:
692:
4407:
4382:
3156:
3048:
1573:
515:
4545:
1523:
2433:
2729:. After 1948, all property of the Islamic institutions became state-owned. The following year, the state-run and secular
4626:
4525:
3067:
2137:
2097:. Archeology has uncovered that another Tatar group, belonging to the Golden Horde, came to Dobruja during the rule of
535:
4175:
4096:
4078:
4064:
4056:
3733:
3619:
3574:
3566:
3522:
3330:
3114:
2487:
2468:
1735:
1019:
3000:
2830:. Since the 1990s, the official representatives of the Muslim community maintain close relations with international
4849:
4329:
4264:
3849:
2600:
2561:
and joined in the exodus to Dobruja. Members of other Muslim communities which joined in the colonization included
2554:
3807:
3630:Ștefan Gorovei, "Moldova în Casa Păcii, pe marginea izvoarelor privind primul secol de relații moldo-otomane", in
3244:
3184:
3016:
2375:, as invoked in the 18th and 19th centuries to invoke Romanian rights vis à vis the Ottomans, and as reclaimed by
4779:
4662:
4083:
Zachary T. Irwin, "The Fate of Islam in the Balkans: A Comparison of Four State Policies", in Pedro Ramet (ed.),
1943:, which comprises 23 members and offers advice on matters of administration and discipline. The current Mufti is
1274:
1119:
100:
2228:
in the late 15th century has it that the name surfaced soon after a Christian attack partly destroyed the tomb.
1931:. The Constanța Mufti, who is the community's main representative, is elected by a secret ballot from among the
4713:
4293:
4259:
2572:
2428:
1643:
1194:
4151:
4540:
4485:
4234:
2831:
2511:
1548:
2557:). During the 1860s, a significant number of Nogais, also fleeing Russian conquest, left their homes in the
4530:
4515:
4269:
4168:
4138:(The Islamic and Cultural League of Romania), a non-governmental organization of Muslim students in Romania
3143:
Irina Vainovski-Mihai, "Romania", in Jørgen Nielsen, Samim Akgönül, Ahmet Alibašić, Egdunas Racius (eds.),
2764:
1214:
1054:
2715:
1854:
4974:
4799:
4703:
4423:
4367:
2870:
expressing opposition or calling for a referendum. The plan was canceled due to a lack of funds in 2018.
2317:
2300:
1471:
1289:
362:
223:
3887:"Ponta, despre moscheea de la București: Pun în aplicare o înțelegere între statul român și statul turc"
2046:). In addition, various historians argue that this Seljuq migration was the decisive contributor to the
4824:
4279:
4274:
3725:
3701:
2396:
2328:
1219:
832:
550:
152:
3128:"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021"
2665:, whose population was over 50% Turkish (the region was ceded to Bulgaria in 1940). As recorded after
1992:
5022:
5017:
4984:
4657:
4596:
4397:
4210:
4111:
1772:
1636:
1583:
1528:
1518:
1481:
4031:
3443:, "Die muslimische Gemeinschaft Rumäniens. Der Weg einer Elite zur marginalisierten Minderheit", in
2638:, as sign of reconciliation after World War I. A small Turkish-speaking Muslim community resided on
2349:
who were captured in skirmishes, although, according to one theory, the first of them may have been
4904:
4899:
4478:
4298:
4215:
3869:"Un român convertit la Islam a ridicat o moschee peste drum de casă. "Este pentru toți musulmanii""
2000:
1796:
1593:
1394:
1389:
964:
213:
121:
2823:
2334:(1546–1551). At the other end of the social spectrum, Moldavia held a sizable population of Tatar
2156:
is supposed to be buried: a similar tradition is held by various local communities throughout the
4621:
4586:
4581:
2619:
2363:
2286:
2063:
1988:
1719:
655:
3481:
2016:
1791:
immigrants. Members of the Muslim community inside the Roma minority are colloquially known as "
4869:
4591:
4357:
4026:
3673:
2615:
2224:) is a probable reference to Sari Saltik, and a Dobrujan Muslim account recorded by chronicler
1563:
1354:
1134:
590:
208:
4324:
2854:
3 million for construction costs, while the Romanian state donated 11,000 m of land near
2514:
until 1808. Two more Grand Viziers between 1821 and 1828 came from the once Moldavian city of
1839:
4459:
4088:
3533:
2611:
2507:
2270:
1864:
1835:
1047:
1014:
974:
717:
707:
495:
4959:
4672:
4387:
2730:
2674:
2583:—all of these three communities were quickly integrated into the Tatar–Turkish mainstream.
2278:
2067:
1784:
1568:
1461:
1199:
1129:
1064:
892:
887:
777:
722:
595:
525:
218:
4372:
3705:
2850:
signed an agreement allowing the Turkish government to proceed. The latter was to provide
2793:
2688:
2546:
8:
4894:
4879:
4764:
4652:
4606:
4428:
4192:
2835:
2820:
1803:
1699:
1431:
1384:
1364:
1104:
1024:
999:
904:
877:
827:
797:
787:
702:
662:
635:
620:
575:
510:
422:
280:
157:
48:
4149:(The Muslim Association of Romania), a non-governmental organization of Romanian Muslims
3942:"Reacția președintelui Turciei la opoziția românilor care nu vor o moschee la București"
3509:
Alexandre Popovic, "Morts de saints et tombeaux miraculeux", in Gilles Veinstein (ed.),
2826:. The school was later elevated to National College status, and is known in Romanian as
2550:
1807:
682:
4874:
4616:
2867:
2801:
2658:
2523:
2519:
2341:
1973:
1513:
1424:
1359:
1229:
1174:
1144:
1059:
984:
979:
959:
847:
837:
640:
392:
2310:
For the following centuries, three conversions in the ranks of acting or former local
4989:
4944:
4939:
4919:
4784:
4677:
4092:
4074:
4060:
3729:
3615:
3570:
3518:
3152:
2812:. These gestures, according to Irwin, brought only a few objections from the regime.
2763:, and the measures were less severe than, for instance, those taken against Romanian
2726:
2684:
2654:
2449:
2217:
2197:
2027:
1739:
1728:
1687:
1666:
is followed by only 0.4 percent of the population, but has 700 years of tradition in
1558:
1543:
1486:
1446:
1441:
1409:
1279:
1209:
1184:
1159:
1114:
1099:
1069:
1004:
954:
934:
929:
924:
812:
757:
732:
565:
560:
540:
505:
490:
427:
412:
290:
142:
3415:
2863:
2542:
2386:
2290:
2109:
visited the region in the mid-14th century and around 100,000 Tatars settled there.
2011:, was reportedly followed by as many as 12,000 of his subjects. Researchers such as
4979:
4969:
4889:
4844:
4839:
4829:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4789:
4774:
4769:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4311:
3514:
3148:
2735:
2719:
2662:
2117:
2004:
1714:
1691:
1667:
1608:
1506:
1476:
1466:
1374:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1314:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1284:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1224:
1164:
1139:
1124:
1079:
1029:
939:
914:
792:
782:
742:
712:
697:
677:
667:
650:
645:
610:
605:
555:
500:
475:
443:
397:
382:
377:
372:
367:
357:
352:
347:
326:
321:
316:
233:
198:
193:
183:
95:
2804:
succeeded in that country. They also adhered to international bodies sponsored by
2630:
to non-Christians. In 1923 a monument in the shape of a small mosque was built in
2424:
2331:
2225:
1999:
and the mystic Sari Saltik, were allowed to settle the region during the reign of
1823:
4964:
4954:
4934:
4929:
4914:
4909:
4864:
4859:
4834:
4819:
4794:
4693:
4601:
4501:
4160:
4155:
3811:
3542:
3493:
3488:
3427:
3422:
3334:
3271:
3248:
3188:
3091:
3073:
2752:-Romanian venture, which resulted in the island being flooded. At the same time,
2670:
2647:
2580:
2515:
2475:
2448:(1661–1699). The few thousand Muslims settled there were, however, driven out by
2324:
2320:
2132:
2121:
2094:
2008:
1868:). The two mosques are state-recognized historical monuments, as are the ones in
1603:
1456:
1436:
1419:
1404:
1399:
1379:
1349:
1344:
1319:
1309:
1242:
1179:
1169:
1149:
1089:
1084:
1074:
1009:
994:
899:
872:
862:
822:
807:
802:
752:
747:
687:
625:
585:
480:
468:
407:
402:
387:
259:
228:
203:
188:
162:
147:
74:
53:
25:
3359:"Satul islamic. Reportaj din singura localitate majoritar musulmană din România"
2623:
4994:
4949:
4884:
4854:
4728:
4698:
3717:
3237:
3177:
3054:
2866:
warning of "an accelerated Islamization process" and every major candidate for
2760:
2606:
2576:
2479:
2400:
2165:
2113:
2059:
2054:, which, some of them believe, could also have involved the Cumans, Pechenegs,
2012:
1738:, the community preserved its self-determining status. This changed during the
1675:
1598:
1588:
1578:
1491:
1451:
1369:
1339:
1154:
1094:
1034:
989:
969:
944:
919:
882:
867:
842:
817:
727:
672:
615:
600:
580:
570:
545:
485:
295:
285:
254:
5011:
3693:
2839:
2768:
2538:
2441:
2358:
2251:
2078:
2051:
1811:
1538:
1533:
1189:
1109:
949:
909:
857:
852:
770:
737:
630:
520:
3967:"Asociația musulmanilor a renunțat la proiectul Marii moschei din București"
2862:
and a library on site. The project was controversial, with former President
2710:
2677:
Muslims also left a cultural imprint: in 1921, the first translation of the
1987:, and partly predates both Ottoman rule and the creation of the neighboring
4723:
4443:
2847:
2809:
2796:'s years in office. In the 1980s, a delegation of Romanian Muslims visited
2699:
2627:
2255:
2173:
2086:
2047:
1977:
1869:
1792:
1758:
1626:
4021:
Kettani, Houssain (January 2010). "World Muslim Population: 1950 – 2020".
3325:
3077:
2416:
2116:, were recipients of its cultural influences, and the language in use was
1927:. As of 2008, the Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs recognizes 35
4647:
4555:
4433:
4048:
3611:
2858:
valued at €4 million. The mosque would have fit 2000 people, with a
2666:
2534:
2460:
2376:
2266:
2101:, and were probably closely related to the present-day Nogais. Following
2082:
2055:
1944:
1788:
1780:
1710:
1695:
3363:
3276:
2725:
The Dobrujan Muslim community was exposed to cultural repression during
2692:
2237:
in Dobruja and Romania as a whole was set up in Babadag, on orders from
4560:
4520:
4145:
3804:
3678:
Istoria Bucureștilor. Din cele mai vechi timpuri pînă în zilele noastre
3440:
3241:
3181:
2745:
2635:
2491:
2464:
2238:
2181:
2098:
2020:
1996:
1750:), which was created as the reunion of two separate such institutions.
1723:
18:
4120:
2184:. Other accounts hold that Saltuk was buried in the Anatolian city of
1802:
Ninety-seven percent of the Romanian Muslims are residents of the two
2679:
2639:
2631:
2599:
Tatars in Tulcea County were driven out by Russian troops during the
2453:
2193:
2124:
1969:
1961:
1960:
The first significant numbers of Muslims arrived in Romania with the
1861:, near Constanța, is the site of a monumental mosque, built in 1575 (
1815:
1671:
2819:
was reopened as a Theological and Pedagogic High School named after
2304:
2209:
1827:
1819:
4550:
3971:
3891:
3698:Între Orient și Occident. Țările române la începutul epocii moderne
3039:
2740:
2558:
2391:
2312:
2274:
2242:
2233:
2161:
2149:
2128:
2112:
Before and after the Golden Horde fell, Dobrujan Muslims, like the
2043:
2039:
2031:
2019:
endorse the view that Saltuk and his followers were in fact crypto-
1858:
1857:
and the location of the Muftiyat, is the center of Romanian Islam;
1705:
According to tradition, Islam was first established locally around
4470:
2738:
was eliminated in stages after 1959, becoming optional, while the
2595:
Tatars (yellow) and Turks (dark purple) in Northern Dobruja (1903)
2189:
2185:
2177:
4196:
3546:
3023:
3007:
2855:
2499:
2495:
2335:
2157:
2142:
2090:
1984:
1923:
1891:
1877:
1873:
1831:
1679:
457:
2843:
2411:
2062:. The Gagauz, few of whom have endured in Dobruja, are majority
2007:. Kaykaus, who arrived in Dobruja with his brother and co-ruler
1884:, together with the Babadag tombs of two popularly revered Sufi
3722:
An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires
3058:
2753:
2643:
2567:
2503:
2494:
were ceded to Russia (they settled in northern Tulcea County -
2483:
2445:
2350:
2346:
2247:
2205:
2169:
2074:
1965:
1917:
1906:
1886:
1881:
1846:
1776:
1768:
4023:
International Journal of Environmental Science and Development
2591:
4085:
Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics
3920:
3110:
2805:
2562:
2437:
2353:
captured long before the first Ottoman and Tatar incursions.
2295:
2201:
2102:
2023:
1936:
1743:
1683:
1734:
After Northern Dobruja became part of Romania following the
3632:
Anuarul Institutului de Istorie și Arheologie A. D. Xenopol
2851:
2797:
2781:
2646:, south of the Banat, an Ottoman enclave and later part of
2380:
viewed as treaties by the Wallachian and Moldavian rulers.
1911:
1706:
3111:"Muslim Population Growth in Europe Pew Research Center"
2471:, Ottoman troops were stationed on Wallachia's territory.
2261:
1678:
for almost five centuries (ca. 1420-1878). In present-day
3728:, Westport & London, 1994, entry for "Nogai", p.514.
3608:
Women in the Ottoman Balkans: Gender, Culture and History
3265:"Europa merge pe sârmă între islamizare și radicalizare"
2423:
By the 17th century, according to the notes of traveler
4134:
3342:
2705:
3850:"Moschee la Rediu, pentru românii convertiți la Islam"
2216:(Turkish for "Old Man's Mountain", later adapted into
1806:
forming Northern Dobruja: eighty-five percent live in
4073:, Peeters Publishers, Leuven, 2006, p. 295-303.
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
2440:
region of western Romania), which extended as far as
2338:, who shared this status with all local Roma people (
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
1898:. There are also 108 Islamic cemeteries in Romania.
4320:
Romanian Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists
3993:"What does the 2011 census tell us about religion?"
4190:
4127:Romanian Ministry of Education, Research and Youth
3339:Romanian Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs
2160:, who argue that his tomb is located in Kaliakra,
1851:Romanian Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs
3511:Les Ottomans et la Mort: Permanences et mutations
3194:
1853:, seventy-seven. The city of Constanța, with its
1731:expansion or by various other political changes.
5009:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
2120:. The extension of Ottoman rule, effected under
1814:. The rest mainly inhabit urban centers such as
1753:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3769:"Povestea dramatică a cerchezilor din Dobrogea"
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
2734:a consequence, education in Tatar dialects and
2506:, once part of Moldavia, was the birthplace of
4117:The Kemal Atatürk National College in Medgidia
4091:, Durham & London, 1989, p. 378-407.
3517:, Leiden, New York & Köln, 1996, p.98-99.
2066:, a fact which was attributed to a process of
4486:
4240:Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession
4176:
3584:
3582:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3161:
1698:doctrine. The Islamic religion is one of the
1644:
4222:Convention of the Hungarian Baptist Churches
3826:
3738:
3473:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
2650:, which was transferred to Romania in 1923.
2303:in 1829 (the status was briefly extended to
1783:(as many as 15,000 people by one estimate),
1771:school. Ethnically, they are mostly Tatars (
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
1968:. Around 1061, when the Pechenegs ruled in
4493:
4479:
4255:Jehovah's Witnesses Association of Romania
4183:
4169:
4053:History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness
3805:"A New Era for Sufi Trends in the Balkans"
3579:
3505:
3503:
2077:was notably attested through the works of
2034:, and who sought refuge from persecution.
1651:
1637:
4577:Reception of Islam in early modern Europe
4030:
3557:
3555:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3283:
2610:). Furthermore, after the signing of the
2463:. It is also attested that, during later
2038:Southern Dobrujan strip of land known as
1762:Percentage of Muslims by settlement, 2002
4000:National Institute of Statistics Romania
3669:
3667:
3450:
3416:"Prezențe musulmane în spațiul românesc"
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
2771:. The state sponsored an edition of the
2709:
2590:
2537:(as many as 200,000), refugees from the
2410:
2265:
1757:
1748:Muftiyatul Cultului Musulman din România
17:
4719:Hijab and burka controversies in Europe
4709:Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe
4343:Main religions in the localities (2002)
4020:
3866:
3500:
3343:State Secretariat for Religious Affairs
2262:In late medieval Wallachia and Moldavia
2254:, moved to Babadag. Bayezid also asked
2030:by the dominant Sunni group of central
1849:, or, according to records kept by the
5010:
4612:Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina
4136:Liga Islamică și Culturală din România
3614:, London & New York, 2007, p.202.
3552:
3137:
2533:Over the same period, large groups of
2486:began to arrive upon the close of the
1995:community leaders, the deposed Sultan
1845:In all, Romania has as many as eighty
4474:
4408:Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement
4325:Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Timișoara
4164:
3910:
3908:
3867:Ionescu, Sînziana (15 January 2015).
3664:
3370:
2586:
2361:. One of the main issues was that of
4546:Medieval Christian views on Muhammad
3803:Nathalie Clayer, Alexandre Popovic,
3766:
3431:, 2002/2/48. Retrieved June 2, 2007.
2706:Communism and post-Revolution period
2406:
4500:
2788:, represented the community in the
2258:to resettle into northern Dobruja.
31:by percentage of country population
13:
4627:Orientalism in early modern France
4338:
4147:Asociația Musulmanilor din România
3934:
3905:
3879:
2152:, is one of many places where the
1983:Muslim presence is traditional in
1980:and other parts of their kingdom.
1787:(as many as 3,000), and groups of
1700:18 rites awarded state recognition
1694:ethnic communities and follow the
14:
5034:
4102:
4057:Central European University Press
3767:Tița, Diana (16 September 2018).
3567:Central European University Press
1955:
1779:), followed by Turks, as well as
4330:Unitarian Church of Transylvania
4265:Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church
3132:National Institute of Statistics
3066:
3047:
3031:
3015:
2999:
2775:, and top clerics such as Mufti
1620:
1205:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
531:Democratic Republic of the Congo
450:
4668:Nazi Germany and the Arab world
4663:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
4014:
3985:
3959:
3860:
3842:
3817:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3760:
3711:
3687:
3655:
3646:
3637:
3624:
3600:
3591:
3527:
3434:
3357:Cristian Delcea, Mihai Voinea,
3182:"The Muslim Gypsies in Romania"
2828:Colegiul Național Kemal Atatürk
1976:kings settled the Pechenegs in
4714:Religion in the European Union
4294:Romanian Greek Catholic Church
3549:. Retrieved February 29, 2008.
3348:
3345:. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
3254:
3121:
3103:
2832:non-governmental organizations
2601:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878
2575:, brought over in 1831–1833),
2488:Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812
2196:, or even as far south as the
2135:, as Dobruja was added to the
1736:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878
1:
4541:Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture
4042:
3447:, 3-4/2005, Leipzig, p.94-101
3145:Yearbook of Muslims in Europe
2873:
2622:, the Romanian government of
2105:'s offensives, the troops of
1754:Demographics and organization
4531:Transmission of the Classics
4393:Old Calendar Orthodox Church
4354:(as a religious association,
4305:Ukrainian Orthodox Vicariate
4270:Pentecostal Union of Romania
4230:Christian Evangelical Church
3856:(in Romanian). 28 June 2014.
3563:The Roma in Romanian History
3113:. 2024-07-10. Archived from
2565:(a group of 150 families of
2299:, a rule enforced until the
2293:and Giurgiu were annexed as
1674:coast which was part of the
7:
4286:Armenian Catholic Vicariate
4245:Evangelical Lutheran Church
3085:
2731:compulsory education system
2131:, brought the influence of
10:
5039:
3726:Greenwood Publishing Group
2992:
2691:in the Wallachian city of
2530:, meaning "from Bender").
1950:
4737:
4686:
4635:
4569:
4508:
4452:
4416:
4398:Pentecostal Church of God
4350:
4336:
4211:Armenian Apostolic Church
4203:
4109:(in Romanian and Turkish)
3682:Editura pentru literatură
2716:Grand Mosque of Constanța
2397:Arabic-speaking Christian
1855:Grand Mosque of Constanța
1842:, has a Muslim majority.
1838:. A single municipality,
4299:Romanian Orthodox Church
4216:Baptist Union of Romania
3684:, Bucharest, 1966, p.273
3569:, Budapest, 2004, p.28.
3480:Constantin Rezachevici,
3097:
2452:conquest and settled at
2241:(1484); it was moved to
2001:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1894:Sari Saltik and that of
1810:, and twelve percent in
1574:Northern Mariana Islands
516:Central African Republic
4622:Islamization of Albania
4587:Anglo-Moroccan alliance
4582:Protestantism and Islam
4526:Islam in southern Italy
3151:, Leiden, 2014, p.499.
3006:Gazi Ali Pasha Mosque,
2790:Great National Assembly
2467:rules and the frequent
2287:Danubian Principalities
2204:or as far north as the
1989:Danubian Principalities
1720:Danubian Principalities
1524:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4780:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4643:Islam in the Far North
4592:Ottoman wars in Europe
4344:
3674:Constantin C. Giurescu
2722:
2616:Circassians of Dobruja
2596:
2510:, who was the Ottoman
2490:, when the Budjak and
2420:
2282:
1935:. He is assisted by a
1890:—the supposed tomb of
1763:
1275:Bosnia and Herzegovina
437:
101:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4597:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
4536:Cultural transmission
4460:Irreligion in Romania
4342:
4280:Roman Catholic Church
4125:entry; hosted by the
4112:The Romanian Muftiyat
4089:Duke University Press
3038:Abdul Medgid Mosque,
3022:Ottoman clock tower,
2824:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
2713:
2612:Treaty of San Stefano
2594:
2508:Alemdar Mustafa Pasha
2414:
2271:Esmahan Sultan Mosque
2269:
2026:who were regarded as
1865:Esmahan Sultan Mosque
1836:Drobeta-Turnu Severin
1761:
1722:, the era of Ottoman
1195:Saint Kitts and Nevis
693:São Tomé and Príncipe
536:Republic of the Congo
21:
4673:Islam and secularism
4516:Conquest of Hispania
4417:Not state-recognised
4388:New Apostolic Church
3242:"Muslims in Romania"
2301:Treaty of Adrianople
2279:Ottoman architecture
2068:religious conversion
2017:Gheorghe I. Brătianu
1909:in Romania includes
1682:, most adherents to
1020:United Arab Emirates
456:World percentage of
4687:Contemporary issues
4653:Islam and modernity
4607:Barbary slave trade
3661:Feodorov, p.301-302
3652:Feodorov, p.300-304
3482:"Găgăuzii" (part I)
3367:, November 22, 2015
2836:Muslim World League
2478:'s conquest by the
1215:Trinidad and Tobago
1055:Antigua and Barbuda
4617:Russo-Turkish wars
4345:
4235:Evangelical Church
4154:2009-05-03 at the
4059:, Budapest, 2001.
3810:2007-09-26 at the
3541:2009-08-10 at the
3487:2007-01-26 at the
3421:2007-05-24 at the
3333:2016-03-03 at the
3280:, January 24, 2008
3270:2008-01-24 at the
3247:2007-09-26 at the
3187:2007-04-12 at the
2868:Mayor of Bucharest
2802:Islamic Revolution
2723:
2659:Kingdom of Romania
2653:At the end of the
2597:
2587:Kingdom of Romania
2524:Mehmed Selim Pasha
2520:Benderli Ali Pasha
2469:Russo-Turkish Wars
2434:Eyalet of Temeşvar
2421:
2367:(Ottoman Turkish:
2342:Slavery in Romania
2318:Wallachian Princes
2283:
1764:
1670:, a region on the
1120:Dominican Republic
438:
5005:
5004:
4704:Islamic terrorism
4678:Islamic democracy
4658:Islam in the USSR
4468:
4467:
4368:Assemblies of God
3785:Irwin, p.402, 404
3706:Osman Pazvantoğlu
3414:Dan Toma Dulciu,
3157:978-90-04-27754-0
2990:
2989:
2821:Turkish President
2794:Nicolae Ceaușescu
2727:Communist Romania
2689:Ilo Mitkë Qafzezi
2687:was completed by
2655:Second Balkan War
2626:agreed to extend
2407:17th–19th century
2327:(1577–1591), and
1797:Roma social norms
1661:
1660:
551:Equatorial Guinea
436:
435:
5030:
5023:Islam by country
5018:Islam in Romania
4985:Northern Ireland
4495:
4488:
4481:
4472:
4471:
4361:
4314:
4312:Army of the Lord
4307:
4288:
4224:
4204:State-recognised
4185:
4178:
4171:
4162:
4161:
4144:
4133:
4110:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3997:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3912:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3824:
3823:Irwin, p.402-403
3821:
3815:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3736:
3715:
3709:
3691:
3685:
3671:
3662:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3635:
3628:
3622:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3577:
3559:
3550:
3535:Sari Saltuk Tomb
3531:
3525:
3515:Brill Publishers
3507:
3498:
3479:
3475:
3448:
3438:
3432:
3413:
3409:
3368:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3324:
3320:
3281:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3235:
3192:
3174:
3159:
3149:Brill Publishers
3141:
3135:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3107:
3070:
3051:
3035:
3019:
3003:
2878:
2877:
2720:Islamic crescent
2718:, topped by the
2714:The dome of the
2663:Southern Dobruja
2661:came to include
2555:Nicolae Bălcescu
2444:(1551–1699) and
2329:Moldavian Prince
2323:(1462–1475) and
2316:are documented:
2093:centered on the
2073:The presence of
2064:Eastern Orthodox
2005:Byzantine Empire
1808:Constanța County
1775:and a number of
1740:communist regime
1668:Northern Dobruja
1664:Islam in Romania
1653:
1646:
1639:
1627:Islam portal
1625:
1624:
1623:
1584:Papua New Guinea
1549:Marshall Islands
1519:Christmas Island
1482:Northern Ireland
454:
444:Islam by country
440:
439:
339:
308:
272:
246:
175:
134:
113:
87:
66:
40:
34:
33:
29:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4905:North Macedonia
4733:
4694:Islam in Europe
4682:
4631:
4602:Barbary pirates
4565:
4504:
4502:Islam in Europe
4499:
4469:
4464:
4448:
4412:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4351:Semi-recognised
4346:
4334:
4310:
4303:
4284:
4275:Reformed Church
4220:
4199:
4189:
4156:Wayback Machine
4142:
4131:
4108:
4105:
4045:
4040:
4032:10.1.1.180.3753
4019:
4015:
4005:
4003:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3977:
3975:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3951:
3949:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3926:
3924:
3914:
3913:
3906:
3897:
3895:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3865:
3861:
3854:Ziarul de Roman
3848:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3812:Wayback Machine
3802:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3739:
3716:
3712:
3692:
3688:
3672:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:Feodorov, p.304
3642:
3638:
3629:
3625:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3580:
3560:
3553:
3543:Wayback Machine
3532:
3528:
3508:
3501:
3494:Magazin Istoric
3489:Wayback Machine
3477:
3476:
3451:
3445:Europa Regional
3439:
3435:
3428:Revista Sud-Est
3423:Wayback Machine
3411:
3410:
3371:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3335:Wayback Machine
3327:Cultul musulman
3322:
3321:
3284:
3272:Wayback Machine
3260:
3259:
3255:
3249:Wayback Machine
3236:
3195:
3189:Wayback Machine
3175:
3162:
3142:
3138:
3126:
3122:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3092:Ottoman Romania
3088:
3081:
3074:Hunchiar Mosque
3071:
3062:
3052:
3043:
3036:
3027:
3020:
3011:
3004:
2995:
2876:
2765:Roman Catholics
2748:dam by a joint
2708:
2671:interwar period
2648:Austria-Hungary
2620:Berlin Congress
2589:
2476:Crimean Khanate
2409:
2325:Mihnea Turcitul
2321:Radu cel Frumos
2264:
2133:Ottoman Turkish
2095:Eurasian Steppe
2009:Kilij Arslan IV
2003:, ruler of the
1958:
1953:
1902:organizations.
1756:
1657:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1594:Solomon Islands
1509:
1499:
1498:
1395:North Macedonia
1245:
1235:
1234:
1050:
1040:
1039:
773:
763:
762:
471:
461:
432:
341:
337:
331:
310:
306:
300:
274:
270:
264:
248:
244:
238:
177:
173:
167:
136:
132:
126:
122:North Macedonia
115:
111:
105:
89:
85:
79:
68:
64:
58:
42:
38:
32:
30:
26:Islam in Europe
23:
12:
11:
5:
5036:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4975:United Kingdom
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4800:Czech Republic
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4729:Jihadi tourism
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4699:European Islam
4696:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4498:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4475:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4188:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4140:
4129:
4114:
4104:
4103:External links
4101:
4100:
4099:
4081:
4067:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4013:
3984:
3958:
3933:
3904:
3878:
3875:(in Romanian).
3859:
3841:
3825:
3816:
3796:
3787:
3778:
3775:(in Romanian).
3759:
3737:
3718:James S. Olson
3710:
3686:
3663:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3623:
3599:
3590:
3578:
3561:Viorel Achim,
3551:
3526:
3499:
3449:
3433:
3369:
3347:
3282:
3253:
3238:George Grigore
3193:
3178:George Grigore
3160:
3136:
3120:
3117:on 2024-07-10.
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3072:
3065:
3063:
3055:Azizyie Mosque
3053:
3046:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2966:
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2962:
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2926:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2864:Traian Băsescu
2779:and Bucharest
2761:Eastern Europe
2707:
2704:
2642:island in the
2607:Muhajir Balkan
2588:
2585:
2573:Syria Province
2543:Slava Cercheză
2480:Russian Empire
2474:Following the
2408:
2405:
2401:Paul of Aleppo
2263:
2260:
2212:. The toponym
2114:Crimean Tatars
2060:Turkic peoples
2042:(presently in
2013:Franz Babinger
1957:
1956:Early presence
1954:
1952:
1949:
1789:Middle Eastern
1773:Crimean Tatars
1755:
1752:
1686:belong to the
1676:Ottoman Empire
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1606:
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1596:
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1576:
1571:
1566:
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1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
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1510:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1472:United Kingdom
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
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1177:
1172:
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1077:
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1038:
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1022:
1017:
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1007:
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987:
982:
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835:
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790:
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765:
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761:
760:
755:
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745:
740:
735:
730:
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720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
659:
658:
656:Western Sahara
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
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478:
472:
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455:
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431:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
363:Czech Republic
360:
355:
350:
344:
342:
336:
333:
332:
330:
329:
324:
319:
313:
311:
305:
302:
301:
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288:
283:
277:
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269:
266:
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262:
257:
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224:United Kingdom
221:
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196:
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90:
84:
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80:
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69:
63:
60:
59:
57:
56:
51:
45:
43:
37:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5035:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
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4978:
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4976:
4973:
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4968:
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4918:
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4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4870:Liechtenstein
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
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4781:
4778:
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4771:
4768:
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4758:
4756:
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4730:
4727:
4725:
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4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
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4659:
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4628:
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4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
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4588:
4585:
4583:
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4578:
4575:
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4568:
4562:
4559:
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4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
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4514:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4491:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4341:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4181:
4179:
4174:
4172:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4143:(in Romanian)
4141:
4139:
4137:
4132:(in Romanian)
4130:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4098:
4097:0-8223-0891-6
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4080:
4079:90-429-1736-9
4076:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4065:963-9116-96-3
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4002:(in Romanian)
4001:
3994:
3988:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3948:(in Romanian)
3947:
3943:
3937:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3882:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3820:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3800:
3791:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3735:
3734:0-313-27497-5
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3694:Neagu Djuvara
3690:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3658:
3649:
3640:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3620:1-84511-505-8
3617:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3594:
3585:
3583:
3576:
3575:963-9241-84-9
3572:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3523:90-04-10505-0
3520:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3496:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3478:(in Romanian)
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3412:(in Romanian)
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:(in Romanian)
3351:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3323:(in Romanian)
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3263:Adina Șuteu,
3261:(in Romanian)
3257:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:Ana Oprișan,
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2842:. Located in
2841:
2840:Maryam Mosque
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:in 1913, the
2656:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2593:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:Caucasian War
2536:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2425:Evliya Çelebi
2418:
2413:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2373:Capitulations
2370:
2366:
2365:
2364:Capitulations
2360:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2332:Ilie II Rareș
2330:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2226:Evliya Çelebi
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:Mediterranean
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2052:Gagauz people
2049:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1907:Muslim clergy
1903:
1899:
1897:
1896:Gazi Ali Pașa
1893:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:Tulcea County
1809:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:New Caledonia
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:Liechtenstein
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:United States
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:French Guiana
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
772:
767:
766:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
657:
654:
653:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
591:Guinea-Bissau
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
470:
465:
464:
459:
453:
449:
448:
445:
442:
441:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
343:
340: < 1%
335:
334:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
312:
304:
303:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
276:
268:
267:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
250:
242:
241:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
209:Liechtenstein
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
179:
171:
170:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
138:
130:
129:
123:
120:
119:
117:
109:
108:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
91:
83:
82:
76:
73:
72:
70:
62:
61:
55:
52:
50:
47:
46:
44:
41: 95–100%
36:
35:
28:
27:
20:
16:
4924:
4724:Islamophobia
4570:Early Modern
4444:Zalmoxianism
4373:Baháʼí Faith
4358:denomination
4249:
4146:
4135:
4121:
4084:
4070:
4052:
4022:
4016:
4004:. Retrieved
3999:
3987:
3976:. Retrieved
3970:
3961:
3950:. Retrieved
3945:
3936:
3925:. Retrieved
3919:
3896:. Retrieved
3890:
3881:
3872:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3839:Irwin, p.403
3819:
3799:
3794:Irwin, p.407
3790:
3781:
3772:
3762:
3757:Irwin, p.402
3721:
3713:
3697:
3689:
3677:
3657:
3648:
3639:
3634:, XVII, 1980
3631:
3626:
3607:
3602:
3593:
3562:
3534:
3529:
3510:
3492:
3444:
3436:
3426:
3362:
3350:
3326:
3275:
3256:
3144:
3139:
3123:
3115:the original
3105:
2859:
2848:Victor Ponta
2834:such as the
2827:
2816:
2814:
2810:Saudi Arabia
2780:
2777:Iacub Mehmet
2772:
2758:
2739:
2724:
2700:World War II
2698:Until after
2697:
2678:
2652:
2628:civil rights
2624:Ion Brătianu
2604:
2598:
2566:
2532:
2527:
2512:Grand Vizier
2473:
2458:
2429:Ottoman Army
2422:
2385:
2382:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2355:
2339:
2311:
2309:
2294:
2284:
2256:Volga Tatars
2232:
2230:
2221:
2213:
2174:Has District
2153:
2147:
2138:Beylerbeylik
2136:
2111:
2087:Golden Horde
2072:
2070:from Islam.
2048:ethnogenesis
2036:
1982:
1978:Transylvania
1959:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1885:
1862:
1844:
1801:
1793:Turkish Roma
1765:
1747:
1733:
1704:
1663:
1662:
1529:Cook Islands
1414:
1015:Turkmenistan
975:Saudi Arabia
718:South Africa
708:Sierra Leone
496:Burkina Faso
417:
135: 10–20%
114: 30–35%
88: 50–55%
67: 90–95%
24:
15:
4960:Switzerland
4900:Netherlands
4648:Orientalism
4556:Reconquista
4509:Middle Ages
4434:Inochentism
4424:Anglicanism
4049:Lucian Boia
3946:Gandul.info
3612:I.B. Tauris
3597:Boia, p.245
3042:(1859-1865)
3010:(1609-1610)
2769:Protestants
2667:World War I
2535:Circassians
2526:(nicknamed
2461:Muslim Roma
2415:Mosques in
2387:Dâr al ahd'
2377:nationalist
2285:In the two
2231:The oldest
2083:Ibn Battuta
1945:Murat Iusuf
1918:imam-hatips
1781:Muslim Roma
1713:during the
1711:Sari Saltik
1569:New Zealand
1462:Switzerland
1390:Netherlands
1200:Saint Lucia
1130:El Salvador
965:Philippines
893:South Korea
888:North Korea
778:Afghanistan
723:South Sudan
596:Ivory Coast
219:Switzerland
214:Netherlands
176: 5–10%
5012:Categories
4895:Montenegro
4880:Luxembourg
4765:Azerbaijan
4738:By country
4561:Tatar yoke
4521:Al-Andalus
4356:but not a
4191:Principal
4122:School Map
4043:References
3978:2018-07-20
3952:2016-03-30
3927:2016-03-30
3898:2016-03-30
3708:'s troops)
3588:Boia, p.79
3497:, May 1997
3441:Thede Kahl
2884:Population
2874:Statistics
2800:after the
2786:Regep Sali
2746:Iron Gates
2636:Carol Park
2492:Bessarabia
2465:Phanariote
2307:in 1542).
2239:Bayezid II
2200:island of
2182:Sveti Naum
2107:Aktai Khan
2099:Nogai Khan
2058:and other
1997:Kaykaus II
1993:Rûm Seljuq
1941:Sura Islam
1939:body, the
1724:suzerainty
1554:Micronesia
1432:San Marino
1385:Montenegro
1365:Luxembourg
1105:Costa Rica
1025:Uzbekistan
1000:Tajikistan
905:Kyrgyzstan
878:Kazakhstan
828:East Timor
798:Bangladesh
788:Azerbaijan
703:Seychelles
663:Mozambique
636:Mauritania
621:Madagascar
511:Cape Verde
460:by country
423:San Marino
309: 1–2%
281:Luxembourg
273: 2–4%
247: 4–5%
158:Montenegro
49:Azerbaijan
4875:Lithuania
4439:Mormonism
4403:Renovatio
4193:religions
4027:CiteSeerX
3702:Humanitas
3337:, at the
3078:Constanța
2640:Ada Kaleh
2632:Bucharest
2454:Ada Kaleh
2417:Timișoara
2399:traveler
2392:garrisons
2313:hospodars
2194:Wallachia
2125:Bayezid I
2081:traveler
2028:apostates
1974:Hungarian
1970:Wallachia
1962:Pechenegs
1816:Bucharest
1785:Albanians
1715:Byzantine
1672:Black Sea
1514:Australia
1425:Tatarstan
1360:Lithuania
1230:Venezuela
1175:Nicaragua
1145:Guatemala
1060:Argentina
985:Sri Lanka
980:Singapore
960:Palestine
848:Indonesia
838:Hong Kong
641:Mauritius
393:Lithuania
4990:Scotland
4945:Slovenia
4940:Slovakia
4920:Portugal
4785:Bulgaria
4551:Crusades
4429:Hinduism
4383:Nazarene
4152:Archived
4006:23 April
3972:Mediafax
3892:Mediafax
3873:Adevărul
3808:Archived
3773:Historia
3539:Archived
3485:Archived
3419:Archived
3364:Adevărul
3331:Archived
3277:Adevărul
3268:Archived
3245:Archived
3185:Archived
3086:See also
3040:Medgidia
2860:madrasah
2817:madrasah
2750:Yugoslav
2741:madrasah
2693:Ploiești
2685:Albanian
2675:Albanian
2581:Persians
2568:fellahin
2559:Caucasus
2528:Benderli
2450:Habsburg
2275:Mangalia
2243:Medgidia
2234:madrasah
2218:Romanian
2208:city of
2162:Babaeski
2150:cenotaph
2129:Mehmed I
2044:Bulgaria
2040:Kaliakra
2032:Anatolia
1924:muezzins
1859:Mangalia
1840:Dobromir
1824:Călărași
1804:counties
1744:Muftiyat
1729:Habsburg
1544:Kiribati
1487:Scotland
1447:Slovenia
1442:Slovakia
1410:Portugal
1280:Bulgaria
1210:Suriname
1185:Paraguay
1160:Honduras
1115:Dominica
1100:Colombia
1070:Barbados
1048:Americas
1005:Thailand
955:Pakistan
935:Mongolia
930:Maldives
925:Malaysia
813:Cambodia
758:Zimbabwe
733:Tanzania
566:Ethiopia
561:Eswatini
541:Djibouti
506:Cameroon
491:Botswana
428:Slovakia
413:Portugal
291:Slovenia
143:Bulgaria
4980:England
4970:Ukraine
4925:Romania
4890:Moldova
4850:Ireland
4845:Iceland
4840:Hungary
4830:Germany
4825:Georgia
4815:Finland
4810:Estonia
4805:Denmark
4790:Croatia
4775:Belgium
4770:Belarus
4760:Austria
4755:Armenia
4750:Andorra
4745:Albania
4378:Harvest
4260:Judaism
4197:Romania
3547:ArchNet
3130:(XLS).
3024:Giurgiu
3008:Babadag
2993:Gallery
2895:185,486
2856:Romexpo
2792:during
2736:Turkish
2500:Babadag
2496:Isaccea
2369:ahdnâme
2277:, with
2222:Babadag
2214:Babadağ
2158:Balkans
2143:Rumelia
2122:Sultans
2118:Kipchak
2091:khanate
2050:of the
1985:Dobruja
1951:History
1937:synodal
1892:dervish
1887:sheikhs
1878:Babadag
1874:Amzacea
1870:Hârșova
1847:mosques
1832:Giurgiu
1709:leader
1692:Turkish
1680:Romania
1609:Vanuatu
1507:Oceania
1477:England
1467:Ukraine
1415:Romania
1375:Moldova
1335:Ireland
1330:Iceland
1325:Hungary
1315:Germany
1305:Finland
1300:Estonia
1295:Denmark
1290:Czechia
1285:Croatia
1270:Belgium
1265:Belarus
1260:Austria
1255:Andorra
1250:Albania
1225:Uruguay
1165:Jamaica
1140:Grenada
1125:Ecuador
1080:Bolivia
1065:Bahamas
1030:Vietnam
940:Myanmar
915:Lebanon
833:Georgia
793:Bahrain
783:Armenia
743:Tunisia
713:Somalia
698:Senegal
683:Réunion
678:Nigeria
668:Namibia
651:Morocco
646:Mayotte
611:Liberia
606:Lesotho
556:Eritrea
526:Comoros
501:Burundi
476:Algeria
458:Muslims
418:Romania
398:Moldova
383:Iceland
378:Hungary
373:Finland
368:Estonia
358:Belarus
353:Armenia
348:Andorra
327:Ukraine
322:Ireland
317:Croatia
234:Denmark
199:Germany
194:Belgium
184:Austria
153:Georgia
96:Albania
4965:Turkey
4955:Sweden
4935:Serbia
4930:Russia
4915:Poland
4910:Norway
4865:Latvia
4860:Kosovo
4835:Greece
4820:France
4795:Cyprus
4636:Modern
4453:Others
4095:
4077:
4063:
4029:
4025:: 20.
3732:
3618:
3573:
3521:
3155:
3080:(1869)
3061:(1863)
3059:Tulcea
3026:(1771)
2983:76,215
2975:0.34%
2972:64,337
2964:0.31%
2961:67,257
2953:0.25%
2950:55,928
2942:0.22%
2939:46,791
2931:0.21%
2928:40,191
2917:34,798
2909:0.18%
2906:28,782
2898:1.03%
2773:Qur'an
2680:Qur'an
2644:Danube
2614:, the
2579:, and
2553:, and
2547:Crucea
2516:Bender
2504:Khotyn
2484:Budjak
2446:Oradea
2419:, 1656
2351:Cumans
2347:Budjak
2336:slaves
2305:Brăila
2248:Samsun
2210:Gdańsk
2206:Polish
2172:, the
2170:Edirne
2166:Blagaj
2154:Sheikh
2079:Berber
2075:Tatars
2024:Alevis
2021:Shiite
1966:Cumans
1921:, and
1882:Tulcea
1834:, and
1828:Galați
1820:Brăila
1777:Nogais
1769:Hanafi
1604:Tuvalu
1457:Sweden
1437:Serbia
1420:Russia
1405:Poland
1400:Norway
1380:Monaco
1350:Latvia
1345:Kosovo
1320:Greece
1310:France
1243:Europe
1180:Panama
1170:Mexico
1150:Guyana
1090:Canada
1085:Brazil
1075:Belize
1010:Turkey
995:Taiwan
900:Kuwait
873:Jordan
863:Israel
823:Cyprus
808:Brunei
803:Bhutan
753:Zambia
748:Uganda
688:Rwanda
626:Malawi
586:Guinea
576:Gambia
481:Angola
469:Africa
408:Poland
403:Monaco
388:Latvia
338:
307:
271:
260:Serbia
245:
229:Norway
204:Greece
189:Sweden
174:
163:Russia
148:France
133:
112:
86:
75:Kosovo
65:
54:Turkey
39:
4995:Wales
4950:Spain
4885:Malta
4855:Italy
4250:Islam
3996:(PDF)
3921:ProTV
3545:, on
3491:, in
3425:, in
3361:, in
3274:, in
3098:Notes
2986:0.4%
2920:0.2%
2887:Note
2844:Rediu
2806:Libya
2683:into
2577:Kurds
2571:from
2563:Arabs
2551:Horia
2438:Banat
2436:(the
2359:Porte
2296:kazas
2291:Turnu
2252:Sinop
2202:Corfu
2190:Buzău
2188:, in
2186:İznik
2180:, or
2178:Krujë
2103:Timur
2056:Oghuz
1933:imams
1929:imams
1912:imams
1696:Sunni
1688:Tatar
1684:Islam
1599:Tonga
1589:Samoa
1579:Palau
1559:Nauru
1492:Wales
1452:Spain
1370:Malta
1340:Italy
1155:Haiti
1095:Chile
1035:Yemen
990:Syria
970:Qatar
945:Nepal
920:Macau
883:Korea
868:Japan
843:India
818:China
728:Sudan
673:Niger
616:Libya
601:Kenya
581:Ghana
571:Gabon
546:Egypt
486:Benin
296:Spain
286:Malta
255:Italy
4093:ISBN
4075:ISBN
4061:ISBN
4008:2014
3730:ISBN
3616:ISBN
3571:ISBN
3519:ISBN
3153:ISBN
2980:2022
2969:2011
2958:2002
2947:1992
2936:1977
2925:1966
2914:1956
2903:1949
2892:1930
2881:Year
2808:and
2798:Iran
2782:Imam
2767:and
2754:Sufi
2605:see
2522:and
2498:and
2442:Arad
2340:see
2250:and
2127:and
2089:, a
2015:and
1964:and
1905:The
1880:and
1863:see
1707:Sufi
1690:and
1539:Guam
1534:Fiji
1190:Peru
1110:Cuba
950:Oman
910:Laos
858:Iraq
853:Iran
771:Asia
738:Togo
631:Mali
521:Chad
4195:of
2634:'s
2502:).
2273:in
2220:as
2141:of
5014::
4119:,
4087:,
4055:,
4051:,
3998:.
3969:.
3944:.
3918:.
3907:^
3889:.
3871:.
3852:.
3828:^
3771:.
3740:^
3724:,
3720:,
3700:,
3696:,
3680:,
3676:,
3666:^
3610:,
3581:^
3565:,
3554:^
3513:,
3502:^
3452:^
3372:^
3341:'
3285:^
3240:,
3196:^
3180:,
3163:^
3147:,
3076:,
3057:,
2695:.
2549:,
2545:,
2518::
2456:.
2403:.
2192:,
2176:,
2168:,
2164:,
2145:.
1947:.
1915:,
1876:,
1872:,
1830:,
1826:,
1822:,
1818:,
1799:.
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4010:.
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