1986:
2435:
1907:
2021:
2616:
2045:
1280:
1857:
1923:
1392:
1838:. Annual rainfall under 600 millimetres (24 in) also occurs on the southern coast of Haiti's northwest peninsula and in the central Azúa region of the Plaine du Cul-de-Sac. In these regions, moreover, there is generally little rainfall outside hurricane season from August to October, and droughts are by no means uncommon when hurricanes do not come. On the northern coast, in contrast, rainfall may peak between December and February, though some rain falls in all months of the year. Annual amounts typically range from 1,700 to 2,000 millimetres (67 to 79 in) on the northern coastal lowlands; there is probably much more in the
2529:
2537:
1045:
1065:
1056:
1036:
2248:). More than half of the original distribution of its ecoregions has been lost due to habitat destruction impacting the local fauna and some of the original animals either threat, threatened with extinction or totally extinct, because of climate change or because they have been hunted by humans or their habitats have been felled or changed for some reasons or have become some of the animals have been threatened by (introduced animals, not native animals or invasive species) or there are fighting for space to survive and perhaps some animals that feed on the same plants or animals or just something like that.
1323:
2064:
133:
1892:
149:
1714:
1873:
1769:
1753:
5789:
1444:
1785:
953:
868:
1796:
2083:
3207:
323:
3127:
1807:
2624:
1738:
1943:
1702:
1974:
1272:
1959:
3142:
1842:, though no data exist. The interior of Hispaniola, along with the southeastern coast centered around Santo Domingo, typically receives around 1,400 millimetres (55 in) per year, with a distinct season from May to October. Usually, this wet season has two peaks: one around May, the other around the hurricane season. In the interior highlands, rainfall is much greater, around 3,100 millimetres (120 in) per year, but with a similar pattern to that observed in the central lowlands.
852:. In 1492, which is considered the peak of the Taíno, there were five different kingdoms on the island, the Xaragua, Higuey (Caizcimu), Magua (Huhabo), Ciguayos (Cayabo or Maguana), and Marien (Bainoa). Many distinct Taíno languages also existed in this time period. There is still heated debate over the population of Taíno people on the island of Hispaniola in 1492, but estimates range from no more than a few tens of thousands, according to a 2020 genetic analysis, to upwards of 750,000.
2033:
3221:
3157:
905:
3112:
1726:
2311:
785:
1815:
7099:
3193:
794:
360:
805:
1985:
1507:
2427:
3179:
1191:. By May 1519, as many as one-third of the remaining Taínos had died. In the century following the Spanish arrival on Hispaniola, the Taíno population fell by up to 95% of the population, out of a pre-contact population estimated from tens of thousands to 8,000,000. Many authors have described the treatment of Tainos in Hispaniola under the Spanish Empire as genocide.
1201:, and the first sugar mill in the New World was established in 1516, on Hispaniola. The need for a labor force to meet the growing demands of sugar cane cultivation led to an exponential increase in the importation of slaves over the following two decades. The sugar mill owners soon formed a new colonial elite.
1187:, previously an Eastern hemisphere disease, occurred on Hispaniola in December 1518 among enslaved African miners. Some scholars speculate that European diseases arrived before this date, but there is no compelling evidence for an outbreak. The natives had no acquired immunity to European diseases, including
2386:
Also extremely important are the rarely mentioned species of
Pinguicula casabitoana (a carnivorous plant), Gonocalyx tetraptera, Gesneria sylvicola, Lyonia alaini and Myrcia saliana, as well as palo de viento (Didymopanax tremulus), jaiqui (Bumelia salicifolia), pino criciolio) (pino criciol), sangre
2195:
are also diverse. There are many species endemic to the island including insects and other invertebrates, reptiles, amphibians, fishs, birds and mammals (originally animals, native animals) and also (imported animals, introduced animals, not native animals or invasive species) just like farm animals,
940:
Colonization began in earnest the following year when
Columbus brought 1,300 men to Hispaniola in November 1493 with the intention of establishing a permanent settlement. They found the encampment at Navidad had been destroyed and all the crewmen left behind killed by the natives. Columbus decided to
926:
on the north coast of present-day Haiti. He was welcomed in a friendly fashion by the indigenous people known as the Taíno. Trading with the natives yielded more gold than they had come across previously on the other
Caribbean islands and Columbus was led to believe that much more gold would be found
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of many portions of
Haitian territory. Haiti's poor citizens use cooking fires often, and this is a major culprit behind the nation's loss of trees. Haitians use trees as fuel either by burning the wood directly, or by first turning it into charcoal in ovens. Seventy-one percent of all fuel consumed
995:
of the Taínos, as well as redirection of their food production and labor to
Spaniards. This had a devastating impact on both mortality and fertility of the Taíno population over the first quarter century. Colonial administrators and Dominican and Hieronymite friars observed that the search for gold
855:
A Taíno home consisted of a circular building with woven straw and palm leaves as covering. Most individuals slept in fashioned hammocks, but grass beds were also used. The cacique lived in a different structure with larger rectangular walls and a porch. The Taíno village also had a flat court used
1018:
Precious metals played a large role in the history of the island after
Columbus's arrival. One of the first inhabitants Columbus came across on this island was "a girl wearing only a gold nose plug". Soon the Taínos were trading pieces of gold for hawk's bells with their cacique declaring the gold
847:
and agriculture. The earliest evidence of the ancestors of the Taino people on
Hispaniola is the Ostionoid culture, which dates to around 600 AD. The Taino represented the dominant group on the island during the period of European contact. Each society on the island was a small independent kingdom
2403:
In the
Dominican Republic, the forest cover has increased. In 2003, the Dominican Republic's forest cover had been reduced to 32% of its land area, but by 2011, forest cover had increased to nearly 40%. The success of the Dominican forest growth is due to several Dominican government policies and
2394:
Recent in-depth studies of satellite imagery and environmental analysis regarding forest classification conclude that Haiti actually has approximately 30% tree cover; this is, nevertheless, a stark decrease from the country's 60% forest cover in 1925. The country has been significantly deforested
1455:
of Santo
Domingo revolted against French rule and, with the aid of the United Kingdom, returned Santo Domingo to Spanish control. Fearing the influence of a society of slaves that had successfully revolted against their owners, the United States and European powers refused to recognize Haiti, the
859:
For food, the Taíno relied on meat and fish as a primary source for protein. On the island they hunted small mammals, but also snakes, worms, and birds. In lakes and in the sea they were able to catch ducks and turtles. The Taíno also relied on agriculture as a primary food source. The indigenous
3865:
Fernandes, Daniel M.; Sirak, Kendra A.; Ringbauer, Harald; Sedig, Jakob; Rohland, Nadin; Cheronet, Olivia; Mah, Matthew; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Culleton, Brendan J.; Adamski, Nicole; Bernardos, Rebecca; Bravo, Guillermo; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kimberly (February 4, 2021).
1845:
The variations of temperature depend on altitude and are much less marked than rainfall variations in the island. Lowland
Hispaniola is generally more hot and humid, with temperatures averaging 28 °C (82 °F). with high humidity during the daytime, and around 20 °C (68 °F) at
1514:
Hispaniola is the second-largest island in the Caribbean (after Cuba), with an area of 76,192 square kilometers (29,418 sq mi), 48,440 square kilometers (18,700 sq mi) of which is under the sovereignty of the Dominican Republic occupying the eastern portion and 27,750 square
1430:
during the summer months, and more than half of the French army died because of disease. After an extremely brutal war with atrocities committed on both sides, the French removed the surviving 7,000 troops in late 1803, the leaders of the revolution declared western Hispaniola the new nation of
1347:
invited the pirates on the island of Tortuga to set sail under him. They were hired by the French as a striking force that allowed France to have a much stronger hold on the Caribbean region. Consequently, the pirates never really controlled the island and kept Tortuga as a neutral hideout. The
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The island also has an economic history and current day interest and involvement in precious metals. In 1860, it was observed that the island contained a large supply of gold, which the early Spaniards had hardly developed. By 1919, Condit and Ross noted that much of the island was covered by
2390:
According to reports in the Dominican Republic and Haiti, the flora in this naturally protected area consists of 621 species of vascular plants, of which 153 are highly endemic to La Hispaniola. The most prominent endemic species of flora that abound in the area are Ebano Verde (green ebony),
1178:
system. Once the indigenous were forced into mining far from their home villages, they suffered hunger and other difficult conditions. By 1508, the Taíno population of about 400,000 was reduced to 60,000, and by 1514, only 26,334 remained. About half resided in the mining towns of Concepción,
1095:
and 15 men to search for the mines of Cibao. After a six-day journey, Ojeda came across an area containing gold, in which the gold was extracted from streams by the Taíno people. Columbus himself visited the mines of Cibao on 12 March 1494. He constructed the Fort of Santo Tomás, present day
1334:
In 1655 the island of Tortuga was reoccupied by the English and French. In 1660 the English appointed a Frenchman as Governor who proclaimed the King of France, set up French colours, and defeated several English attempts to reclaim the island. In 1665, French colonization of the island was
1439:
tried to conquer all of Hispaniola. They invaded Santo Domingo and sacked the towns of Santiago de los Caballeros and Moca, killing most of their residents, but news of a French fleet sailing towards Haiti forced General Christophe to withdraw from the east, leaving it in French hands.
715:. Martyr's literary work was translated into English and French soon after being written, the name Hispaniola became the most frequently used term in English-speaking countries for the island in scientific and cartographic works. In 1918, the United States occupation government, led by
1239:
was raided by increasingly numerous French pirates. In 1541, Spain authorized the construction of Santo Domingo's fortified wall, and in 1560 decided to restrict sea travel to enormous, well-armed convoys. In another move, which would destroy Hispaniola's sugar industry, in 1561
2334:
ecoregion covers approximately 50% of the island, especially the northern and eastern portions, predominantly in the lowlands but extending up to 2,100 meters (6,900 ft) elevation. The Hispaniolan dry forests ecoregion occupies approximately 20% of the island, lying in the
1383:, with a system of human slavery used to grow and harvest sugar cane during a time when European demand for sugar was high. Slavery kept costs low and profit was maximized. It was an important port in the Americas for goods and products flowing to and from France and Europe.
1315:, who fortified the island, and expelled the French and English. As most of the Spanish army left for the main island of Hispaniola to root out French colonists there, the French returned to Tortuga in 1630 and had constant battles for several decades. In 1654, the Spanish
1299:
ordered all inhabitants of Hispaniola to move close to Santo Domingo, to fight against piracy. Rather than secure the island, his action meant that French, English, and Dutch pirates established their own bases on the less populated north and west coasts of the island.
2775:
since 1971. The Cerro de Maimon copper/gold open-pit mine southeast of Maimón has been operated by Perilya since 2006. Copper is extracted from the sulfide ores, while gold and silver are extracted from both the sulfide and the oxide ores. Processing is via
1596:
The Sierra de Neiba rises in the southwest of the Dominican Republic, and continues northwest into Haiti, parallel to the Cordillera Central, as the Montagnes Noires, Chaîne des Matheux and the Montagnes du Trou d'Eau. The Plateau Central lies between the
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3316:
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for ball games and festivals. Religiously, the Taíno people were polytheists, and their gods were called Zemí. Religious worship and dancing were common, and medicine men or priests also consulted the Zemí for advice in public ceremonies.
1468:. This is one of the reasons for the tensions between the two countries today. Haiti would become one of the poorest countries in the Americas, while the Dominican Republic gradually has developed into one of the largest economies of
1006:
after a charter was passed in 1501, allowing the import of African slaves by Ferdinand and Isabel. The Spanish believed Africans would be more capable of performing physical labor. From 1519 to 1533, the indigenous uprising known as
1379:, Spain formally ceded the western third of the island to France. Saint-Domingue quickly came to overshadow the east in both wealth and population. Nicknamed the "Pearl of the Antilles", it became the most prosperous colony in the
877:
The Taíno people traveled often and used hollowed canoes with paddles when on the water for fishing or for migration purposes, and upwards of 100 people could fit into a single canoe. The Taíno came frequently in contact with the
2044:
1573:, spans the central part of the island, extending from the south coast of the Dominican Republic into northwestern Haiti, where it is known as the Massif du Nord. This mountain range boasts the highest peak in the Antilles,
882:, another indigenous tribe. The Taíno people had to defend themselves using bows and arrows with poisoned tips and some war clubs. When Columbus landed on Hispaniola, many Taíno leaders wanted protection from the Caribs.
2578:
The ethnic composition of the Dominican population is 73% mixed ethnicity, 16% white and 11% black. Descendants of early Spanish settlers and of black slaves from West Africa constitute the two main racial strains.
2400:
in Haiti is wood or charcoal. Haiti's government began establishing protected areas across the country in 1968. These 26 areas today represent nearly 7 per cent of the country's land and 1.5 per cent of its waters.
2374:
has long been cited by scientists as a source of ecological crisis; the timber industry dates back to French colonial rule. Haiti has seen a dramatic reduction of forests due to the excessive and increasing use of
4078:
Fernandes, Daniel M.; Sirak, Kendra A.; Ringbauer, Harald; Sedig, Jakob; Rohland, Nadin; Cheronet, Olivia; Mah, Matthew; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Culleton, Brendan J.; Adamski, Nicole (December 23, 2020).
2063:
1136:
central, which led to a mining boom. By 1501 Columbus's cousin, Giovanni Colombo, had discovered gold near Buenaventura. The deposits were later known as Minas Nuevas. Two major mining areas resulted, one along
5854:
1415:(July 22), Spain ceded the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, later to become the Dominican Republic. French settlers had begun to colonize some areas in the Spanish side of the territory.
1922:
1172:, the indigenous people were forced to work in the gold mines. By 1503, the Spanish Crown legalized the allocation of private grants of indigenous labor to particular Spaniards for mining through the
2462:
1375:
of 1684, signed by the European powers, that put an end to piracy. Most of the pirates after this time were hired out into the Royal services to suppress their former buccaneer allies. In the 1697
1104:, embarked on a war of revenge against Caonabo, capturing him and his family while "killing many Indians and capturing others." Afterwards, "every person of fourteen years of age or upward was to
1593:
and the Atlantic coastal plains, which extend westward into Haiti as the Plaine du Nord (Northern Plain). The lowest of the ranges is the Cordillera Oriental, in the eastern part of the country.
5289:
839:
The Archaic Age people arrived from mainland Central America or northern South America about 6,000 years ago, and are thought to have practised a largely hunter-gatherer lifestyle. During the
2544:
Haiti is a Creole-speaking nation of roughly 11.7 million people. Although French is spoken as a primary language by the educated and wealthy minority, virtually the entire population speaks
1663:
ecoregion covers approximately 50% of the island, especially the northern and eastern portions, predominantly in the lowlands but extending up to 2,100 meters (6,900 ft) elevation. The
1157:, and Bonao became mining towns. The gold rush of 1500–1508 ensued, and Ovando expropriated the gold mines of Miguel Díaz and Francisco de Garay in 1504, as pit mines became royal mines for
1002:
system were deciminating the indigenous population. Demographic data from two provinces in 1514 shows a low birth rate, consistent with a 3.5% annual population decline. In 1503, Spaniards
1856:
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1411:
abolished slavery in the colonies on February 4, 1794, it was a European first. The ex-slave army joined forces with France in its war against its European neighbors. In the second 1795
1312:
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730:
in 1804, as the official name of independent Saint-Domingue, in tribute to the Amerindian predecessors. It was also adopted as the official name of independent Santo Domingo, as the
4644:
Sheri P. Rosenberg, "Genocide Is a Process, Not an Event," Genocide Studies and Prevention 7, 1 (April 2012): 16–23. © 2012 Genocide Studies and Prevention. doi: 10.3138/gsp.7.1.16
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Alexander Laban Hinton, "Critical Genocide Studies," Genocide Studies and Prevention 7, 1 (April 2012): 4–15. © 2012 Genocide Studies and Prevention. doi: 10.3138/gsp.7.1.4, p. 11
2691:; however, most of the economic development is found in the Dominican Republic, the Dominican economy being nearly 800% larger than the Haitian economy. As of 2018, the estimated
1628:
is the highest peak in the southern range, the third highest peak in the Antilles and consequently the highest point in Haiti, at 2,680 meters (8,790 ft) above sea level. A
1112:
of gold dust", every three months, as "the Spaniards were sure there was more gold in the island than the natives had yet found, and were determined to make them dig it out."
2010:, and is the largest lake in both the Dominican Republic and Hispaniola, as well as the entire Caribbean. It is also the lowest point for an island country, and also borders
2718:. To the northeast, the Pueblo Viejo Gold Mine was operated by state-owned Rosario Dominicana from 1975 until 1991. In 2009, Pueblo Viejo Dominicana Corporation, formed by
4318:"The Early Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: Nicolas Ovando · African Laborers for a New Empire: Iberia, Slavery, and the Atlantic World · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative"
1554:
lie to the north. Its westernmost point is known as Cap Carcasse. Cuba, Cayman Islands, Navassa Island, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico are collectively known as the
1906:
2482:
1311:, just off the northwest coast of Hispaniola, which was originally settled by a few Spanish colonists. The pirates were attacked in 1629 by Spanish forces commanded by
1460:. France demanded a high payment for compensation to slaveholders who lost their property, and Haiti was saddled with unmanageable debt for decades. Haiti would Annex
5187:
4348:
1958:
2707:
government granted concessions for mining different types of minerals. Besides gold, these minerals included silver, manganese, copper, magnetite, iron and nickel.
6603:
3334:
2449:
nation of approximately 11.3 million people. Spanish is spoken by essentially all Dominicans as a primary language. Roman Catholicism is the official and dominant
843:, the Arawakan-speaking ancestors of the Taino people began to migrate into the Caribbean. Unlike the Archaic peoples, they practiced the intensive production of
2486:
860:
people of Hispaniola raised crops in a conuco, which is a large mound packed with leaves and fixed crops to prevent erosion. Some common agricultural goods were
2698:
The divergence between the level of economic development in Haiti and the Dominican Republic makes its border the highest contrast of all western land borders.
2589:
In recent times, Dominican and Puerto Rican researchers identified in the current Dominican population the presence of genes belonging to the aborigines of the
4648:
David Moshman (2007) Us and Them: Identity and Genocide, Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7:2, p. 125, DOI: 10.1080/15283480701326034
2020:
1768:
1752:
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984:. The colony was a meeting point of European explorers, soldiers, and settlers who brought with them the culture, architecture, laws, and traditions of the
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2478:
5155:
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1891:
1403:
European colonists often died young due to tropical fevers, as well as from violent slave resistance in the late eighteenth century. In 1791, during the
6448:
962:
In 1496, the town of Nueva Isabela was founded. After being destroyed by a hurricane, it was rebuilt on the opposite side of the Ozama River and called
4487:
2092:
1426:
in most of its Caribbean islands in 1802 and sent an army to bring the island into full control. However, thousands of the French troops succumbed to
5293:
933:, ran aground and sank in the bay on December 24. With only two smaller ships remaining for the voyage home, Columbus built a fortified encampment,
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1973:
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in 1496. These San Cristobal mines were later known as the Minas Viejas mines. Then, in 1499, the first major discovery of gold was made in the
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2106:
5216:. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section. July 11, 2022
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were destroyed by an earthquake. In the 1560s, English privateers joined the French in regularly raiding Spanish shipping in the Americas.
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2301:
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private organizations for the purpose of reforesting, and a strong educational campaign that has resulted in increased awareness by the
7319:
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642:. Based on a comprehensive survey and map prepared by Andrés de Morales in 1508, Martyr reported that the island as a whole was called
4533:
S, Rosenbaum S. Alan. Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2018. Page 302,313.
1822:
Hispaniola's climate shows considerable variation due to its diverse mountainous topography, and is the most varied island of all the
6111:
6083:
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5829:
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2082:
1683:
ecoregion in the south central region of the island surrounds a chain of lakes and lagoons in which the most notable include that of
639:
630:. The Taino had no written language, hence, historical evidence for these names comes through three European historians: the Italian
4659:
Grenke, Arthur. God, greed, and genocide: The Holocaust through the centuries. New Academia Publishing, LLC, 2005. pp. 141–143, 200.
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of 1514 accelerated emigration of the Spanish colonists, coupled with the exhaustion of the mines. The first documented outbreak of
864:, maize, squash, beans, peppers, peanuts, cotton, and tobacco, which was used as an aspect of social life and religious ceremonies.
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5905:
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5814:
5115:
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were open to private prospectors. King Ferdinand kept 967 natives in the San Cristóbal mining area, supervised by salaried miners.
821:
in the Dominican Republic. They contain the largest collection of 2,000-year-old rock art in the Caribbean, primarily made by the
6000:
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2118:
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1964:
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runs parallel to the southern range, between the southern range and the Chaîne des Matheux-Sierra de Neiba. It is known as the
1585:
runs parallel to the Central Range across the northern end of the Dominican Republic, extending into the Atlantic Ocean as the
1570:
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in the Dominican Republic, which is not only the lowest point of the island, but also the lowest point for an island country.
6411:
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4015:
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3126:
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1942:
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Hispaniola is the most populous Caribbean island with a combined population of 23 million inhabitants as of July 2023.
2434:
966:. It is the oldest permanent European settlement in the Americas. The island had an important role in the establishment of
6796:
5191:
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2285:
1605:, and the Plaine de l'Artibonite lies between the Montagnes Noires and the Chaîne des Matheux, opening westward toward the
981:
249:
17:
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2351:
ecoregion in the south central region of the island surrounds a chain of lakes and lagoons, the most notable of which are
1713:
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1371:(in opposition to former practice). This was a major legal blow to the Caribbean pirates. Settlements were made in the
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Christopher Columbus first landed at Hispaniola on December 6, 1492, at a small bay he named San Nicolas, now called
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Due to Taíno, Spanish and French influences on the island, historically the whole island was often referred to as
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5290:"La Comunidad » DOCUMENTALES GRATIS » UN ESTUDIO DEL GENOMA TAINO Y GUANCHE. ADN o DNA. Primera parte"
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on the southern coast, where some areas receive as little as 400 millimetres (16 in) of rainfall, and have
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Donald Bloxham, A. Dirk Moses, The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies, OXFORD UNIVERSITY press, 2010, p. 310.
1830:. As in Jamaica and Cuba, these winds deposit their moisture on the northern mountains, and create a distinct
1011:'s Revolt, after the Taíno cacique who led them, ensued, resulting from escaped African slaves on the island (
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Rosenbaum, Alan S. Is the Holocaust unique?: perspectives on comparative genocide. Routledge, 2018. p. 302.
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transport animals, house animals, pets and more. The two endemic terrestrial mammals on the island are the
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occur during the dry season on the highest peaks, where maxima are no higher than 18 °C (64 °F).
1826:. Except in the Northern Hemisphere summer season, the predominant winds over Hispaniola are the northeast
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The island has five major ranges of mountains: The Central Range, known in the Dominican Republic as the
1154:
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720:
666:" national park. On the other hand, Oviedo and Las Casas both recorded that the entire island was called
138:
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which had recently gained independence. However, suppression of the Dominican culture would lead to the
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who had massacred his settlement at Navidad. While Columbus established a new settlement the village of
550:(27,750 km (10,710 sq mi) to the west. The only other divided island in the Caribbean is
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563:
5253:
5188:"República Dominicana aumenta su cobertura boscosa a 39.7% - Fundación Global Democracia y Desarrollo"
1391:
7314:
7304:
7253:
6739:
6610:
6196:
5944:
5742:
5722:
5717:
3212:
2528:
2331:
2293:
2166:
2088:
2050:
1701:
1660:
1461:
1074:
731:
5442:
5420:
5129:
719:, obliged the use of the name Hispaniola on the island, and recommended the use of that name to the
635:
6891:
6593:
6515:
6475:
5333:
5271:
3254:
2800:, and sphalerite. Below the supergene zone is found the unaltered massive sulphide mineralization.
2344:
2150:
2110:
2069:
1839:
1676:
1582:
1551:
1255:
which had a royal monopoly on commerce with the Americas. In 1564, the island's main inland cities
503:
5391:
3357:
3156:
1515:
kilometers (10,710 sq mi) under the sovereignty of Haiti occupying the western portion.
1435:
in early 1804. France continued to rule Spanish Santo Domingo. In 1805, Haitian troops of General
1260:
7014:
6983:
6644:
6525:
6485:
6263:
5665:
3467:
3427:
3259:
2817:
1933:
1664:
1602:
1322:
1292:
1064:
1055:
1044:
1035:
941:
sail east in search of a better site to found a new settlement. In January 1494 they established
871:
727:
277:
91:
6829:
4722:
4656:
Keegan, William F., "Destruction of the Taino" in Archaeology. January/February 1992, pp. 51–56.
4461:
4455:
3234:
1100:, leaving Captain Pedro Margarit in command of 56 men. On 24 March 1495, Columbus with his ally
655:
581:(1493–1500), and the first permanent settlement, the current capital of the Dominican Republic,
7153:
6999:
6692:
6656:
6490:
6362:
5683:
5272:"Un estudio descubre la presencia de genes guanches en la República Dominicana | soitu.es"
4766:
3608:
2750:
2518:
2514:
2371:
2122:
1613:
1316:
1158:
970:
colonies for decades to come. Due to its strategic location, it was the military stronghold of
3776:
2536:
1522:
lies 80 kilometers (50 mi) to the west across the Windward Passage; to the southwest lie
600:
controlled the entire island of Hispaniola from the 1490s until the 17th century, when French
132:
7158:
7075:
6819:
6786:
6756:
6598:
6581:
6561:
6438:
6401:
6327:
6215:
4841:
4834:
4508:
4427:
3947:
3329:
2421:
2277:
2205:
1408:
1360:
1024:
688:, and when Peter Martyr detailed his account of the island in Latin, he rendered its name as
551:
2792:
enriched with gold and silver is found in the 30-meter thick oxide cap. Below that cap is a
923:
7085:
6697:
6682:
6586:
6505:
6495:
6280:
5688:
5061:
5017:
4353:
4092:
3879:
2660:, Ku are Cretaceous sedimentary and volcanic rocks, K are Cretaceous marine strata, IT are
2261:
2134:
1633:
1629:
1589:. The Cordillera Central and Cordillera Septentrional are separated by the lowlands of the
1225:
1003:
891:
586:
5360:"The Dominican Republic and Haiti: one island riven by an unresolved past | Carrie Gibson"
5235:
4671:
Jones, Adam. 2006. Genocide: a comprehensive introduction. London: Routledge. pp. 108–111.
3551:
2502:
2347:
occupy the mountainous 15% of the island, above 850 metres (2,790 ft) elevation. The
1679:
occupy the mountainous 15% of the island, above 850 metres (2,790 ft) elevation. The
8:
7289:
7213:
7183:
6896:
6866:
6576:
6426:
6322:
5768:
5610:
3269:
2793:
2785:
2552:, practiced by more than half the population, although in some cases in combination with
2178:
2007:
1929:
1863:
1501:
1443:
1296:
716:
5385:
5065:
5021:
4715:
4096:
3883:
3388:
2730:
operations of the Monte Negro and Moore oxide deposits. The mined ore is processed with
1586:
7193:
6861:
6844:
6791:
6761:
6725:
6632:
6566:
6458:
6317:
5647:
5557:
4607:
4585:
4299:
4121:
4080:
3908:
3867:
3676:
3556:
3294:
2809:
2379:
as fuel for cooking. Various media outlets have suggested that the country has just 2%
2319:
2003:
1621:
1617:
1485:
1457:
1423:
1372:
1121:
952:
946:
929:
867:
535:
328:
148:
5757:
4632:
A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas, 1492 to the Present
2408:
of the importance of forests for their welfare and other forms of life on the island.
1913:
1784:
662:
was the easternmost province of the island, an area in the Dominican Republic called "
31:
7080:
6901:
6886:
6876:
6776:
6549:
6530:
6421:
6078:
5606:
5552:
Rodríguez Morel, Genaro. "The Sugar Economy of Española in the Sixteenth Century" in
5500:
5407:
Economic Geology, Chapter X, in A Geological Reconnaissance of the Dominican Republic
4938:
4872:
4845:
4816:
4726:
4635:
4617:
4589:
4514:
4465:
4431:
4420:
4291:
4286:
4269:
4215:
4149:
4126:
4108:
4050:
4027:
3913:
3895:
3782:
3748:
3721:
3668:
2765:
2549:
2197:
2130:
1835:
1795:
1404:
1376:
1120:
Gold mining using forced indigenous labor began early on Hispaniola. Miguel Díaz and
1027:, which he named Río de Oro (River of Gold) because its "sands abound in gold dust".
840:
523:
499:
5693:
4547:
3993:
2548:, one of several French-derived creole languages. Roman Catholicism is the dominant
1725:
1645:
1606:
7238:
7168:
7045:
6952:
6920:
6881:
6806:
6781:
6720:
6710:
6670:
6379:
6337:
6307:
6290:
6250:
5763:
5542:
5069:
5025:
4577:
4281:
4116:
4100:
4023:
3903:
3887:
3781:(in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Editora Nacional, Ministerio de Cultura. p. 329.
3658:
3584:
3444:
3244:
3226:
3184:
2781:
2743:
2731:
2688:
2653:
2606:
2126:
1999:
1882:
1555:
1493:
1436:
895:
755:
507:
478:
422:
259:
244:
211:
118:
61:
5089:
4958:
3843:
2623:
937:, on the shore and left behind 21 crewman to await his return the following year.
604:
began establishing bases on the western side of the island. The official name was
224:
7034:
6834:
6824:
6771:
6285:
5753:
4668:
Norman M Naimark, Genocide a world history, OXFORD UNIVERSITY press, 2017, p. 39.
4491:
4214:. Carla Rahn Phillips. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. pp. 199–200.
3459:
3393:
2777:
2727:
2573:
2474:
2396:
2360:
1991:
1806:
1759:
1692:
1649:
1527:
1469:
1327:
1308:
1288:
1092:
956:
539:
531:
472:
254:
76:
3951:
822:
627:
7268:
7258:
7173:
7104:
6936:
6871:
6854:
6849:
6751:
6702:
6615:
6332:
6295:
5992:
5699:
5464:
4647:
4104:
3891:
3694:
3475:
3147:
2590:
2545:
2522:
2454:
2352:
2339:
of the mountains in the southern and western portion of the island, and in the
2232:
1995:
1684:
1637:
1598:
1535:
1531:
1497:
1452:
1412:
1349:
1340:
1198:
977:
967:
751:
711:
684:
in Spanish, both meaning "the Spanish island". Las Casas shortened the name to
597:
543:
376:
234:
106:
30:"Isla Española" and "San Domingo" redirect here. For the Galápagos island, see
5711:
5616:
5006:"The Areal Distribution of Mean Annual Rainfall Over the Island of Hispaniola"
4581:
3663:
3646:
3431:
2582:
The ethnic composition of Haiti is estimated to be 95% black and 5% white and
2356:
1688:
1671:
of the mountains in the southern and western portion of the island and in the
7283:
7263:
7228:
7040:
7019:
6839:
6312:
6116:
5563:
4710:
4688:
4609:
American Indian holocaust and survival : a population history since 1492
4295:
4112:
4054:
3899:
3672:
3367:
3117:
2649:
2557:
2553:
2470:
2458:
2214:
2212:). There are also many avian species on the island, with six endemic genera (
1744:
1304:
1271:
1236:
1209:
1180:
1162:
963:
615:
582:
340:
191:
178:
164:
5546:
5512:
The Spanish Caribbean & the Atlantic World in the Long Sixteenth Century
4565:
1612:
The southern range begins in the southwesternmost Dominican Republic as the
7163:
7148:
7065:
7055:
6941:
5579:
4130:
3917:
3588:
3198:
2797:
2719:
2680:
2638:
2627:
2490:
2465:
and minority religions such as African religions, Afro-American religions,
2446:
2380:
1774:
Bay of Samana Province in the northeastern region of the Dominican Republic
1625:
1543:
1427:
1353:
1344:
1250:
1228:. Many of these insurgents managed to escape where they formed independent
1217:
1101:
1083:
On Columbus's return during his second voyage, he learned it was the chief
972:
826:
814:
573:
Hispaniola is the site of one of the first European forts in the Americas,
567:
239:
229:
4407:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 44, 50, 57–58, 74.
904:
654:
referred to a rugged mountainous region on the western end of the island.
7248:
7233:
7218:
7203:
6814:
4813:
Facing Racial Revolution: Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection
3162:
2757:, which constitute the world's second largest sulphidation gold deposit.
2754:
2634:
2619:
Historical GDP per capita development in the Dominican Republic and Haiti
2336:
2073:
1831:
1827:
1668:
1574:
1563:
1547:
1539:
1380:
1245:
1221:
1129:
1125:
909:
515:
306:
5554:
Tropical Bablyons: Sugar and the Making of the Atlantic World. 1450–1680
5497:
Life and Society in the Early Caribbean: The Greater Antilles, 1493–1550
4303:
3680:
1810:
Köppen climate types of the Dominican Republic, the island of Hispaniola
585:(est. 1498). These settlements were founded successively during each of
7004:
5492:
4550:. New York : Oxford University Press – via Internet Archive.
4389:. New Brunswick: Rutgers, The State University. pp. 76–77, 83, 87.
2739:
2673:
2642:
2244:
2226:
1979:
Lake Enriquillo, Dominican Republic and Haiti, the island of Hispaniola
1194:
1174:
1133:
1105:
1088:
1008:
998:
942:
934:
578:
574:
3526:
2310:
1287:
By the early 17th century, Hispaniola and its nearby islands (notably
658:, a physician on Columbus's second voyage, also noted that “Ayiti” or
4236:
2665:
2327:
2238:
1878:
1656:
1641:
1578:
1473:
1336:
1283:
Spanish Caribbean Islands in the American Viceroyalties in the 1600s.
985:
784:
511:
7198:
5074:
4043:"Opinion | Ancient DNA Is Changing How We Think About the Caribbean"
2715:
2387:
de pollo (Mecranium amigdalinum) and palo santo (Alpinia speciosa).
1967:
in the Dominican Republic has the highest elevation of the Caribbean
1814:
1097:
7143:
7133:
7123:
7050:
2789:
2772:
2747:
2723:
2676:
2669:
2631:
2594:
2510:
2506:
2376:
2220:
1823:
1559:
1419:
1188:
1184:
879:
676:
5600:
5575:"The Franciscan Province of the Holy Cross of Española, 1505–1559"
5047:"More variable tropical climates have a slower demographic growth"
4836:
Plagues and Poxes: The Impact of Human History on Epidemic Disease
1624:, which form the mountainous spine of Haiti's southern peninsula.
1330:) made Hispaniola a center of pirate activity in the 17th century.
793:
770:
734:, a state that existed from November 1821 until its annexation by
7128:
7098:
7024:
6207:
5570:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966.
5213:
4387:
The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by his son Ferdinand
2583:
1667:
ecoregion occupies approximately 20% of the island, lying in the
1523:
1506:
1364:
1248:, was selected as the designated stopping point for the merchant
1229:
1213:
1084:
1012:
861:
849:
844:
804:
673:
When Columbus took possession of the island in 1492, he named it
526:. The 76,192-square-kilometre (29,418 sq mi) island is
1949:
1846:
night. At higher altitudes, temperatures fall steadily, so that
1023:. Traveling further east from Navidad, Columbus came across the
7208:
7029:
7009:
5773:
4937:. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. p. 503.
4791:
4510:
A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective
3421:
2769:
2735:
2661:
2657:
2645:
1241:
830:
774:
601:
555:
1640:
lies at its western end. The depression is home to a chain of
1220:
nation led an uprising in the sugar plantation of admiral Don
626:
The island was called various names by its native people, the
577:(1492–1493), as well as the first settlement and proper town,
7243:
7070:
6238:
5156:"After the earthquake: Haiti's deforestation needs attention"
3455:
2813:
2761:
2695:
is US$ 868 in Haiti and US$ 8,050 in the Dominican Republic.
2367:
2340:
2315:
2011:
1847:
1672:
1590:
1432:
1407:, a major slave revolt broke out on Saint-Domingue. When the
1146:
1020:
547:
538:(48,445 km (18,705 sq mi) to the east and the
365:
4077:
3864:
2426:
1866:, Dominican Republic, the tallest waterfall in the Caribbean
1542:
lies 130 km (81 mi) east of Hispaniola across the
1275:
The main cities and towns of the Spanish in the early 1600s.
7060:
5533:"Return to Hispaniola: Assessing a Demographic Catastrophe"
5409:. Washington: United States Geological Survey. p. 228.
5031:
10.1175/1520-0493(1941)069<0201:TADOMA>2.0.CO;2
4342:
4340:
4338:
1519:
1368:
927:
inland. Before he could explore further, his flagship, the
458:
452:
440:
387:
27,747 km (10,713 sq mi; 36.4%)
351:
48,445 km (18,705 sq mi; 63.6%)
27:
Caribbean island shared by the Dominican Republic and Haiti
4935:
The Geology of Hispaniola, in The Ocean Basins and Margins
4907:"El Pico Duarte es apenas 4 metros más alto que La Pelona"
4933:
Bowin, Carl (1975). Nairn, Alan; Stehli, Francis (eds.).
4548:"American holocaust : the conquest of the New World"
4270:"The Depopulation of Hispanic America after the Conquest"
3523:"Embassy of the Dominican Republic, in the United States"
484:
449:
431:
4335:
3335:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2076:, Dominican Republic and Haiti, the island of Hispaniola
2057:, Dominican Republic and Haiti, the island of Hispaniola
1936:, Dominican Republic and Haiti, the island of Hispaniola
1115:
5560:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2004.
4197:
The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages
3811:"The Conflict Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic"
3651:
NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
3494:
Décadas del Nuevo Mundo, Tercera Década, Libro VII
2679:. The black triangles indicate the Late Eocene Hatillo
2668:
marine strata, uT are Post-Eocene marine strata, T are
2597:). These genes also have been detected in Puerto Rico.
1818:
Köppen climate types of Haiti, the island of Hispaniola
5588:
Hispaniola: Caribbean Chiefdoms in the Age of Columbus
5499:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 2021.
4041:
Reich, David; Patterson, Orlando (December 23, 2020).
2710:
Mining operations in 2016 have taken advantage of the
726:
The name "Haïti" was adopted by Haitian revolutionary
5116:"One of the Most Repeated Facts about Haiti is a Lie"
4984:"Highest And Lowest Points Of Countries Of The World"
4752:
THE BUCCANEERS IN THE WEST INDIES IN THE XVII CENTURY
4717:
From Columbus to Castro: The History of the Caribbean
1451:
In 1808, following Napoleon's invasion of Spain, the
608:, meaning "The Spanish (Island)". It was also called
487:
443:
434:
425:
7094:
6982:
5465:"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab"
4959:"Caribbean: Island of Hispaniola | Ecoregions | WWF"
4178:
Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity
3174:
1762:
in the northeastern region of the Dominican Republic
481:
455:
437:
83:
5528:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1973.
5113:
3938:Poole, Robert (2011). "What Became of the Taíno?".
2391:Magnolia pallescens, a highly endangered hardwood.
2383:, but this has not been substantiated by research.
490:
446:
428:
4889:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
4833:
4714:
4419:
3774:
2532:People of Haitian origin in the Dominican Republic
1197:was introduced to Hispaniola by settlers from the
1161:, who reserved the best mines for himself, though
5174:"In Haiti, communities take aim at deforestation"
4485:"History of Smallpox – Smallpox Through the Ages"
3697:(Letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez, March 14, 1493).
3634:. University of California Press. pp. 37–48.
7281:
5601:Map of the Islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico
5526:The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492–1526
4867:Diamond, Jared M. and Robinson, James A. (2011)
4405:The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492–1526
4081:"A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean"
3868:"A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean"
3601:
2258:List of national parks of the Dominican Republic
1244:, more strategically located in relation to the
514:. Hispaniola is the most populous island in the
5646:
5590:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press 1990.
4146:21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook
4073:
4071:
2780:and cyanidation. The ore is located in the VMS
2672:marine strata, V are volcanic rocks, and Q are
1179:Santiago, Santo Domingo, and Buenaventura. The
1141:-Buenaventura, and another in Cibao within the
5334:"GDP per capita (current US$ ) - Haiti | Data"
4513:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 62.
4040:
2343:valley in the center-north of the island. The
1675:valley in the center-north of the island. The
6968:
6223:
5632:
5514:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 2019.
4506:
4148:. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: Sage Publications.
3328:
2556:faith. Another 25% of the populace belong to
2314:Satellite image depicting the border between
2107:The Birds of Haiti and the Dominican Republic
2038:Oviedo Lake in Pedernales, Dominican Republic
1307:and English pirates arrived on the island of
53:
5421:"Pueblo Viejo Gold Mine, Dominican Republic"
4634:, City Lights, 1997, 381 pages, p. 86,
4380:
4378:
4376:
4068:
3496:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Bajel.
2143:List of amphibians of the Dominican Republic
1791:of the Caribbean region, present (1980–2016)
982:further colonial expansion into the Americas
68:
5214:"World Population Prospects, 2023 Revision"
5090:"The island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean"
4825:
4682:Sugar Cane: Past and Present, Peter Sharpe
4426:. New Rochelle: Hispaniola Books. pp.
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3747:. University of Florida Press. p. 10.
3705:
3703:
2302:List of plants that are extinct in the wild
1802:of the Caribbean region, future (2071–2100)
98:
6975:
6961:
6230:
6216:
5639:
5625:
5404:
5300:
4863:
4861:
4496:Texas Department of State Health Services.
4422:The Dominican Republic, A National History
4267:
4199:. Oxford University Press. pp. 79–80.
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3568:
3546:
3544:
2687:The island has the largest economy in the
1015:) possibly working with the Taíno people.
817:are a series of 55 caves located north of
147:
131:
5613:contains primary materials on Hispaniola.
5607:The Kraus Collection of Sir Francis Drake
5517:Deagan, Kathleen and José María Cruxent.
5114:O'Connor, M. R., ed. (October 13, 2016).
5073:
5044:
5029:
4454:Hopkins, Donald R. (September 15, 2002).
4373:
4349:"Columbus' Confusion About the New World"
4285:
4120:
3907:
3662:
3506:
2712:volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits
2438:Peoples of Haiti in Port-de-Paix in Haiti
2395:over the last 50 years, resulting in the
2026:Yaque del Norte river, Dominican Republic
5521:. New Haven: Yale University Press 2002.
5405:Condit, D. Dale; Ross, Clyde P. (1921).
5383:
5377:
4999:
4997:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4709:
4605:
4559:
4557:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4460:. University of Chicago Press. pp.
4457:The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History
4398:
4396:
4384:
4209:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3775:Castillo Pantaleón, Juan Miguel (2012).
3740:
3709:
3700:
3575:Davies, Arthur (1953). "The Loss of the
3491:
2622:
2614:
2535:
2527:
2433:
2425:
2309:
1813:
1805:
1794:
1783:
1505:
1442:
1390:
1321:
1278:
1270:
1232:communities in the south of the island.
1206:first major slave revolt in the Americas
951:
903:
866:
4858:
4744:
4742:
4563:
4546:Stannard, David E. (October 14, 1993).
4453:
4194:
4167:
4165:
4143:
3991:
3958:
3541:
3515:
3485:
2290:List of IUCN Red List Vulnerable plants
2119:List of birds of the Dominican Republic
2072:, Hispaniolan pine forest as seen from
1577:at 3,101 meters (10,174 ft) above
1386:
1356:on the mainland of Hispaniola in 1676.
1339:. The French colony was given the name
272:76,192 km (29,418 sq mi)
14:
7282:
5390:. New York: Anson P. Norton. pp.
5357:
5003:
4831:
4346:
4013:
3644:
3574:
2418:Demographics of the Dominican Republic
6956:
6211:
5620:
5306:
4994:
4932:
4921:
4899:
4840:. Demos Medical Publishing. pp.
4554:
4536:
4449:
4447:
4402:
4393:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
3937:
3924:
3629:
3507:Las Casas, Fray Bartolomé de (1966).
2563:
2270:List of palms native to the Caribbean
1743:Caribbean general map and map of the
1616:, and extends west into Haiti as the
1317:re-captured Tortuga for the last time
1291:) became regular stopping points for
1116:16th century: gold, sugar and pirates
996:and agrarian enslavement through the
6993:(38,610 sq mi) and greater
6449:List of revolutions and coups d'état
4749:"Chapter Four: Tortuga: 1655-1664".
4739:
4592:– via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
4566:"Us and Them: Identity and Genocide"
4417:
4411:
4171:
4162:
3828:
3500:
3265:Spanish colonization of the Americas
2803:
2701:
2286:List of critically endangered plants
1609:, the largest gulf of the Antilles.
991:Spaniards imposed a harsh regime of
980:, serving as a headquarters for the
5538:Hispanic American Historical Review
5519:Columbus's Outpost Among the Taínos
5307:Bello, Marisol (January 21, 2010).
3858:
2014:in the north-west area of the lake.
1558:. Hispaniola is also a part of the
1490:Geography of the Dominican Republic
24:
6269:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
6237:
5738:Spanish occupation 1861–1865
5510:Altman, Ida and David Wheat, eds.
5486:
5358:Gibson, Carrie (October 7, 2013).
5292:. February 6, 2010. Archived from
4755:– via www.thepirateking.com.
4444:
4347:Morgan, Edmund S. (October 2009).
4254:
4234:
4212:The worlds of Christopher Columbus
4016:"The Greater Antilles and Bahamas"
3808:
3695:Epistola De Insulis Nuper Repertis
3492:Anglería, Pedro Mártir de (1949).
3317:Haiti & The Dominican Republic
3290:"Field Listing—Elevation extremes"
3240:Dominican Republic–Haiti relations
1343:. By 1670 a Welsh privateer named
1073:Colonial era weapons and armor in
748:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
25:
7336:
7320:Islands of the Dominican Republic
5594:
4274:Population and Development Review
3602:Maclean, Frances (January 2008).
3250:Geology of the Dominican Republic
2611:Economy of the Dominican Republic
2430:Peoples of the Dominican Republic
2115:Mammals of the Dominican Republic
900:History of the Dominican Republic
885:
760:History of the Dominican Republic
7097:
5787:
4287:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2006.00116.x
4237:"Colonial City of Santo Domingo"
4028:10.1016/B978-012373962-9.00391-5
3219:
3205:
3191:
3177:
3155:
3140:
3125:
3110:
2570:People of the Dominican Republic
2175:List of rodents of the Caribbean
2171:List of rodents of the Caribbean
2159:List of recently extinct mammals
2155:List of mammals of North America
2081:
2062:
2043:
2031:
2019:
1984:
1972:
1957:
1941:
1921:
1905:
1890:
1871:
1855:
1767:
1751:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1348:capital of the French Colony of
1063:
1054:
1043:
1034:
1004:began to bring enslaved Africans
803:
792:
783:
764:
534:countries: the Spanish-speaking
477:
421:
358:
321:
7179:Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego
5748:U.S. occupation 1916–1924
5457:
5435:
5413:
5398:
5351:
5326:
5282:
5264:
5246:
5228:
5206:
5180:
5166:
5148:
5122:
5107:
5082:
5038:
4976:
4951:
4881:
4805:
4784:
4759:
4703:
4676:
4596:
4564:Moshman, David (May 15, 2007).
4527:
4507:Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003).
4500:
4478:
4310:
4235:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
4228:
4203:
4188:
4137:
4034:
4007:
3802:
3768:
3734:
3693:"Quam protinus Hispanam dixi":
3687:
3638:
3623:
3595:
2411:
2349:flooded grasslands and savannas
2306:List of recently extinct plants
2298:List of recently extinct plants
2266:Flora of the Dominican Republic
1912:Tropical rainforest climate in
1681:flooded grasslands and savannas
1266:
7117:(7,722–38,610 sq mi)
6385:Anti-Duvalier protest movement
5387:The Gold Fields of St. Domingo
5136:. Tarter, Andrew. May 19, 2016
4869:Natural Experiments of History
4195:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1974).
3581:The American Historical Review
3438:
3409:
3394:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3381:
3350:
3322:
3310:
3282:
2540:Haiti Population Density, 2000
2282:List of trees of the Caribbean
2274:List of near threatened plants
2193:the island's amphibian species
1636:in Haiti, and Haiti's capital
1538:; 190 km (120 mi) .
1335:officially recognized by King
290:3,059 km (1900.8 mi)
13:
1:
5130:"Haiti is Covered with Trees"
4210:Phillips, William D. (1992).
3744:The Butterflies of Hispaniola
3509:Apologética Histórica Sumaria
3338:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
3275:
2746:found in the 120-meter thick
2326:The island has four distinct
2183:Fauna and Flora International
1899:Constanza, Dominican Republic
1719:Caribbean maritime boundaries
1655:The island has four distinct
1466:Dominican War of Independence
1295:. In 1606, the government of
913:
4909:(in Spanish). ojala.do. 2021
4614:University of Oklahoma Press
4385:Columbus, Ferdinand (1959).
4268:Livi-Bacci, Massimo (2006).
3710:McIntosh, Gregory C (2000).
2600:
2445:The Dominican Republic is a
1479:
1447:Dominican war against Haiti.
1235:Beginning in the 1520s, the
993:forced labor and enslavement
908:Early map of Hispaniola and
621:
518:, and the second-largest by
298:3,175 m (10417 ft)
36:San Domingo (disambiguation)
7:
5258:Encyclopedia of the Nations
4020:Encyclopedia of Archaeology
3718:University of Georgia Press
3630:Sauer, Carl Ortwin (1966).
3604:"The Lost Fort of Columbus"
3562:Central Intelligence Agency
3511:(in Spanish). Mexico: UNAM.
3300:Central Intelligence Agency
3170:
2363:in the Dominican Republic.
2163:List of prehistoric mammals
2147:List of amphibians of Haiti
2139:List of birds of Hispaniola
1652:in the Dominican Republic.
1212:during 1521, when enslaved
721:National Geographic Society
640:Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo
410:280.8/km (727.3/sq mi)
10:
7341:
5045:Camberlin, Pierre (2010).
4172:Cook, Noble David (2005).
4105:10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2
3892:10.1038/s41586-020-03053-2
3836:"Haiti – Historical Flags"
3778:La Nacionalidad Dominicana
3363:Collins English Dictionary
3133:Santiago de los Caballeros
2604:
2567:
2467:African diaspora religions
2463:The Church of Jesus Christ
2415:
2255:
2189:bird species in Hispaniola
2104:
2055:Santiago de los Caballeros
1779:
1483:
1352:was moved from Tortuga to
1257:Santiago de los Caballeros
1151:Santiago de los Caballeros
1075:Museum of the Royal Houses
889:
768:
745:
741:
554:, which is shared between
379: (pop. 1,234,742)
343: (pop. 2,201,941)
29:
7114:
7092:
6990:
6914:
6805:
6747:
6738:
6678:
6669:
6557:
6548:
6466:
6457:
6358:Unification of Hispaniola
6249:
6169:
6102:
6054:
6045:
5988:
5979:
5886:
5877:
5805:
5796:
5785:
5723:Unification of Hispaniola
5655:
5160:Christian Science Monitor
4811:Popkin, Jeremy D. (2008)
4792:"Dominican Republic 2014"
4685:"Ethnobotanical Leaflets"
4606:Thornton, Russel (1987).
4582:10.1080/15283480701326034
3741:Schwartz, Albert (1989).
3713:The Piri Reis Map of 1513
3664:10.1163/13822373-90002615
3319:IMF population estimates.
3213:Dominican Republic portal
2975:
2943:Medium human development
2942:
2839:
2483:Congos Del Espiritu Santo
2332:Hispaniolan moist forests
2294:List of endangered plants
2167:Pilosans of the Caribbean
2089:Nord (Haitian department)
2051:Hispaniolan moist forests
1897:Frosted alpine forest in
1661:Hispaniolan moist forests
1168:Under the royal governor
732:Republic of Spanish Haiti
406:
396:
391:
383:
372:
355:
347:
336:
317:
312:
302:
294:
286:
276:
268:
217:
207:
170:
160:
155:
146:
130:
48:
6471:Administrative divisions
5541:83, no. 1 (2003): 3–51.
4174:"Taino (Arawak) Indians"
3255:History of the Caribbean
2796:zone containing pyrite,
2693:annual per capita income
2359:in Haiti and the nearby
2345:Hispaniolan pine forests
2251:
2151:Mammals of the Caribbean
2111:Amphibians of Hispaniola
2100:
2070:Hispaniolan pine forests
1840:Cordillera Septentrional
1691:in Haiti and the nearby
1677:Hispaniolan pine forests
1583:Cordillera Septentrional
1552:Turks and Caicos Islands
402:both countries combined)
373:Capital and largest city
337:Capital and largest city
6984:World's largest islands
5547:10.1215/00182168-83-1-3
5423:. mining-technology.com
5384:Courtney, W.S. (1860).
5309:"Hispaniola comparison"
4490:March 14, 2016, at the
3479:
3428:Oxford University Press
3260:List of divided islands
2840:High human development
2818:Human Development Index
2766:Falconbridge Dominicana
2630:of Hispaniola. Mzb are
2525:and others also exist.
1934:Hispaniolan dry forests
1665:Hispaniolan dry forests
1456:second republic in the
872:Chiefdoms of Hispaniola
848:with a lead known as a
728:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
632:Peter Martyr d'Anghiera
498:) is an island between
99:
7224:Prince of Wales Island
6407:2010s cholera outbreak
6368:Post-imperial Republic
5684:Devastations of Osorio
5568:The Early Spanish Main
5010:Monthly Weather Review
3994:"The History of Haiti"
3645:Geggus, David (1997).
3632:The Early Spanish Main
3579:Christmas Day, 1492".
3471:
3463:
3448:
2976:Low human development
2684:
2620:
2541:
2533:
2515:Unitarian Universalism
2439:
2431:
2323:
2123:List of birds of Haiti
1819:
1811:
1803:
1792:
1511:
1448:
1400:
1331:
1313:Don Fadrique de Toledo
1284:
1276:
1159:Ferdinand II of Aragon
1091:on Jan. 1494, he sent
959:
919:
874:
636:Bartolomé de las Casas
295:Highest elevation
84:
69:
54:
34:. For other uses, see
7310:International islands
7300:Freshwater ecoregions
7115:20,000–99,999 km
6417:Crisis (2018–present)
5573:Tibesar, Antonine S.
5469:hdi.globaldatalab.org
4832:Bollet, A.J. (2004).
4322:ldhi.library.cofc.edu
4014:Berman, Mary (2008).
3992:Corbett, Bob (1995).
3647:"The Naming of Haiti"
3453:That That Is Spanish;
3424:UK English Dictionary
2626:
2618:
2539:
2531:
2487:Dominican Protestants
2437:
2429:
2422:Demographics of Haiti
2313:
2278:List of Agave species
2206:Hispaniolan solenodon
1948:Desert sand dunes of
1928:Semi-arid climate in
1817:
1809:
1798:
1787:
1509:
1446:
1394:
1359:In 1680, new Acts of
1325:
1282:
1274:
1261:Concepción de la Vega
1025:Yaque del Norte River
955:
907:
870:
100:Ayití, Bohío, Babeque
6830:Citadelle Laferrière
6797:Water and sanitation
6536:World Heritage Sites
6281:Atlantic slave trade
6094:Water and sanitation
5531:Livi-Bacci, Maximo.
5296:on February 6, 2010.
5254:"DOMINICAN REPUBLIC"
5242:. November 22, 2021.
5236:"The World Factbook"
5004:Alpert, Leo (1941).
4895:. November 18, 2021.
4767:"Hispaniola Article"
4418:Pons, Frank (1995).
4403:Floyd, Troy (1973).
4361:on September 7, 2017
4354:Smithsonian Magazine
3589:10.1086/ahr/58.4.854
3434:on December 2, 2020.
3235:Casa de Contratación
2648:, Kv are Cretaceous
2262:Environment of Haiti
2135:Environment of Haiti
1952:, Dominican Republic
1916:, Dominican Republic
1800:Köppen climate types
1789:Köppen climate types
1634:Plaine du Cul-de-Sac
1387:18th century onwards
1226:Christopher Columbus
892:Christopher Columbus
656:Diego Álvarez Chanca
634:, and the Spaniards
587:Christopher Columbus
18:Island of Hispaniola
7325:Spanish West Indies
7184:Axel Heiberg Island
6621:Chamber of Deputies
6604:Commanders-in-chief
5906:Chamber of Deputies
5769:Dominican Civil War
5733:War of Independence
5611:Library of Congress
5094:World Wildlife Fund
5066:2010ClRes..41..157C
5022:1941MWRv...69..201A
4963:World Wildlife Fund
4721:. Vintage. p.
4097:2021Natur.590..103F
3884:2021Natur.590..103F
3270:Spanish West Indies
2971:Dominican Republic
2957:Dominican Republic
2938:Dominican Republic
2924:Dominican Republic
2910:Dominican Republic
2896:Dominican Republic
2882:Dominican Republic
2868:Dominican Republic
2854:Dominican Republic
2519:Jehovah's Witnesses
2210:Solenodon paradoxus
2202:Plagiodontia aedium
2179:Caribbean bioregion
2008:Enriquillo wetlands
2006:. It is located in
1707:Caribbean locations
1526:, separated by the
1502:Caribbean bioregion
717:Harry Shepard Knapp
188: /
45:
7295:French West Indies
7194:Southampton Island
6902:The Unknown Maroon
6716:Telecommunications
6318:Haitian Revolution
6301:Colonial governors
6274:Colonial governors
6023:Telecommunications
5706:Spanish reconquest
5677:Colonial governors
5648:Dominican Republic
5586:Wilson, Samuel M.
5558:Stuart B. Schwartz
5338:data.worldbank.org
4602:Multiple sources:
4155:-9781412957380
4047:The New York Times
4030:– via Credo.
3840:Flags of the World
3564:. October 6, 2021.
3557:The World Factbook
3480:Ayiti or Quisqueya
3295:The World Factbook
2810:Dominican Republic
2808:This is a list of
2685:
2621:
2564:Ethnic composition
2542:
2534:
2479:Dominican Santeria
2440:
2432:
2324:
2320:Dominican Republic
2004:Dominican Republic
1965:Cordillera Central
1862:Salto de Jalda in
1836:semi-arid climates
1820:
1812:
1804:
1793:
1622:Massif de la Hotte
1618:Massif de la Selle
1614:Sierra de Bahoruco
1571:Cordillera Central
1512:
1486:Geography of Haiti
1458:Western Hemisphere
1449:
1401:
1373:Treaty of Ratisbon
1332:
1326:Ile de la Tortue (
1285:
1277:
1122:Francisco de Garay
960:
947:Dominican Republic
924:Môle-Saint-Nicolas
920:
875:
738:in February 1822.
536:Dominican Republic
530:into two separate
329:Dominican Republic
303:Highest point
43:
7277:
7276:
6950:
6949:
6910:
6909:
6887:Sans-Souci Palace
6734:
6733:
6665:
6664:
6628:Political parties
6572:Foreign relations
6544:
6543:
6444:List of massacres
6434:COVID-19 pandemic
6412:Hurricane Matthew
6205:
6204:
6165:
6164:
6041:
6040:
5975:
5974:
5962:Political parties
5923:Foreign relations
5873:
5872:
5779:COVID-19 pandemic
5583:13, no. 4 (1957).
5505:978-0-8071-7578-1
5443:"Cerro de Maimon"
4640:978-0-87286-323-1
4630:Churchill, Ward,
4623:978-0-8061-2074-4
4471:978-0-226-35168-1
4184:– via GVRL.
4091:(7844): 103–110.
3878:(7844): 103–110.
3809:Lancer, Jalisco.
3788:978-9945-469-97-4
3754:978-0-8130-0902-5
3727:978-0-8203-2157-8
3397:. Merriam-Webster
3306:on June 13, 2007.
3106:
3105:
2804:Human development
2702:Natural resources
2593:(commonly called
2198:Hispaniolan hutia
2131:Wildlife of Haiti
2053:, hills north of
1424:reimposed slavery
1405:French Revolution
1377:Treaty of Ryswick
1293:Caribbean pirates
1170:Nicolás de Ovando
1124:discovered large
841:1st millennium BC
469:
414:
413:
400:22,278,000 (2020;
122:
16:(Redirected from
7332:
7315:Islands of Haiti
7305:Greater Antilles
7239:Vancouver Island
7169:Alexander Island
7107:
7102:
7101:
7046:Ellesmere Island
6977:
6970:
6963:
6954:
6953:
6930:
6923:
6745:
6744:
6706:
6676:
6675:
6555:
6554:
6464:
6463:
6397:2004 coup d'état
6392:1991 coup d'état
6380:Duvalier dynasty
6291:Peace of Ryswick
6232:
6225:
6218:
6209:
6208:
6185:
6178:
6052:
6051:
5996:
5986:
5985:
5884:
5883:
5803:
5802:
5791:
5764:Parsley massacre
5641:
5634:
5627:
5618:
5617:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5194:on April 5, 2019
5190:. Archived from
5184:
5178:
5177:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5054:Climate Research
5051:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5001:
4992:
4991:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4930:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4885:
4879:
4865:
4856:
4855:
4839:
4829:
4823:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4746:
4737:
4736:
4720:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4687:. Archived from
4680:
4674:
4627:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4561:
4552:
4551:
4543:
4534:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4504:
4498:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4451:
4442:
4441:
4425:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4400:
4391:
4390:
4382:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4357:. Archived from
4344:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4289:
4265:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4169:
4160:
4159:
4144:Holguín (2010).
4141:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4075:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3989:
3956:
3955:
3935:
3922:
3921:
3911:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3842:. Archived from
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3707:
3698:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3666:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3525:. Archived from
3519:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3489:
3483:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3430:. Archived from
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3302:. Archived from
3286:
3245:Geology of Haiti
3229:
3227:Caribbean portal
3224:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3185:Geography portal
3182:
3181:
3180:
3159:
3144:
3129:
3114:
2823:
2822:
2782:Early Cretaceous
2768:has been mining
2744:sulfide minerals
2732:gold cyanidation
2689:Greater Antilles
2654:Upper Cretaceous
2607:Economy of Haiti
2406:Dominican people
2127:Mammals of Haiti
2085:
2066:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2000:hypersaline lake
1988:
1976:
1961:
1945:
1925:
1909:
1894:
1875:
1859:
1771:
1755:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1603:Montagnes Noires
1587:Samaná Peninsula
1556:Greater Antilles
1494:Islands of Haiti
1437:Henri Christophe
1149:triangle, while
1067:
1058:
1047:
1038:
918:
915:
896:History of Haiti
807:
796:
787:
756:History of Haiti
682:La Isla Española
508:Greater Antilles
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
486:
483:
476:
467:
465:
464:
461:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
364:
362:
361:
327:
325:
324:
212:Greater Antilles
203:
202:
200:
199:
198:
193:
189:
186:
185:
184:
181:
151:
135:
116:
110:
102:
95:
87:
80:
72:
65:
57:
46:
42:
21:
7340:
7339:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7273:
7254:Somerset Island
7189:Melville Island
7116:
7110:
7103:
7096:
7090:
7035:Victoria Island
6992:
6991:100,000 km
6986:
6981:
6951:
6946:
6933:
6926:
6919:
6906:
6892:Public holidays
6882:National anthem
6801:
6730:
6704:
6661:
6594:Law enforcement
6540:
6476:Arrondissements
6453:
6439:2021 earthquake
6402:2010 earthquake
6373:U.S. occupation
6264:Taíno chiefdoms
6245:
6236:
6206:
6201:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6161:
6098:
6084:Public holidays
6037:
5994:
5971:
5869:
5845:Protected areas
5820:Ciudad Colonial
5792:
5783:
5758:Héctor Trujillo
5743:Restoration War
5651:
5645:
5597:
5524:Floyd, Troy S.
5489:
5487:Further reading
5484:
5483:
5473:
5471:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5448:
5446:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5426:
5424:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5403:
5399:
5382:
5378:
5368:
5366:
5356:
5352:
5342:
5340:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5317:
5315:
5305:
5301:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5252:
5251:
5247:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5219:
5217:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5197:
5195:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5176:. June 3, 2021.
5172:
5171:
5167:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5139:
5137:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5112:
5108:
5098:
5096:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5075:10.3354/cr00856
5049:
5043:
5039:
5002:
4995:
4990:. May 20, 2021.
4982:
4981:
4977:
4967:
4965:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4945:
4931:
4922:
4912:
4910:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4871:. pp. 126–128.
4866:
4859:
4852:
4830:
4826:
4815:. pp. 184–213.
4810:
4806:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4775:
4773:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4748:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4708:
4704:
4694:
4692:
4691:on May 18, 2008
4683:
4681:
4677:
4624:
4601:
4597:
4562:
4555:
4544:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4505:
4501:
4492:Wayback Machine
4483:
4479:
4472:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4416:
4412:
4401:
4394:
4383:
4374:
4364:
4362:
4345:
4336:
4326:
4324:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4266:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4208:
4204:
4193:
4189:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4142:
4138:
4076:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4039:
4035:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3996:
3990:
3959:
3936:
3925:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3807:
3803:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3773:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3708:
3701:
3692:
3688:
3643:
3639:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3612:
3600:
3596:
3573:
3569:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3529:on May 24, 2007
3521:
3520:
3516:
3505:
3501:
3490:
3486:
3451:; translation:
3443:
3439:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3370:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3166:
3160:
3151:
3145:
3136:
3130:
3121:
3115:
2806:
2778:froth flotation
2728:open-pit mining
2704:
2639:metasedimentary
2637:and associated
2613:
2603:
2576:
2574:People of Haiti
2566:
2475:Dominican Vodou
2424:
2416:Main articles:
2414:
2397:desertification
2361:Lake Enriquillo
2318:(left) and the
2308:
2254:
2187:There are many
2185:
2103:
2096:
2086:
2077:
2067:
2058:
2048:
2039:
2036:
2027:
2024:
2015:
1994:is the biggest
1992:Lake Enriquillo
1989:
1980:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1953:
1946:
1937:
1926:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1876:
1867:
1860:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1763:
1760:Samana Province
1756:
1747:
1741:
1732:
1729:
1720:
1717:
1708:
1705:
1693:Lake Enriquillo
1650:Lake Enriquillo
1626:Pic de la Selle
1528:Jamaica Channel
1510:Topographic map
1504:
1482:
1470:Central America
1413:Treaty of Basel
1409:French Republic
1395:Saint-Domingue
1389:
1269:
1118:
1093:Alonso de Ojeda
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1039:
957:Fortaleza Ozama
945:in present-day
916:
902:
888:
837:
836:
835:
834:
825:, but also the
810:
809:
808:
799:
798:
797:
789:
788:
777:
767:
762:
744:
670:by the Taíno.
624:
589:'s first three
480:
471:
470:
424:
420:
401:
368:
359:
357:
332:
322:
320:
264:
196:
194:
190:
187:
182:
179:
177:
175:
174:
142:
126:
125:
104:
89:
74:
59:
39:
32:Española Island
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7338:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7259:Kotelny Island
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7174:Severny Island
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7120:
7118:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7105:Islands portal
7093:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7083:
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7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
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7012:
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6996:
6994:
6988:
6987:
6980:
6979:
6972:
6965:
6957:
6948:
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6944:
6939:
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6931:
6924:
6916:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6858:
6857:
6855:Haitian French
6852:
6850:Haitian Creole
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6811:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6748:
6742:
6736:
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6731:
6729:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6679:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6645:Prime Minister
6642:
6641:
6640:
6630:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6596:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6558:
6552:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6521:National parks
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6455:
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6451:
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6431:
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6424:
6414:
6409:
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6399:
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6365:
6360:
6355:
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6353:
6348:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6296:Saint-Domingue
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6277:
6276:
6266:
6261:
6255:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6235:
6234:
6227:
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6212:
6203:
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6187:
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6144:
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6119:
6114:
6108:
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6055:
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6015:
6010:
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6008:
5998:
5989:
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5959:
5954:
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5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5893:
5887:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5840:Municipalities
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5752:Trujillo Era (
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5708:
5703:
5700:Era de Francia
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5669:
5661:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5650: articles
5644:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5604:
5596:
5595:External links
5593:
5592:
5591:
5584:
5571:
5561:
5550:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5456:
5434:
5412:
5397:
5376:
5350:
5325:
5299:
5281:
5263:
5245:
5227:
5205:
5179:
5165:
5147:
5121:
5106:
5081:
5037:
5016:(7): 201–204.
4993:
4975:
4950:
4943:
4920:
4898:
4880:
4857:
4850:
4824:
4804:
4783:
4771:Britannica.com
4758:
4738:
4731:
4711:Williams, Eric
4702:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4628:
4622:
4616:. p. 16.
4595:
4576:(2): 115–135.
4553:
4535:
4526:
4519:
4499:
4477:
4470:
4443:
4436:
4410:
4392:
4372:
4334:
4309:
4280:(2): 208–213.
4253:
4241:whc.unesco.org
4227:
4220:
4202:
4187:
4161:
4154:
4136:
4067:
4033:
4006:
3957:
3923:
3857:
3846:on May 5, 2005
3827:
3815:allempires.com
3801:
3787:
3767:
3753:
3733:
3726:
3720:. p. 88.
3699:
3686:
3657:(1/2): 43–68.
3637:
3622:
3594:
3567:
3540:
3514:
3499:
3484:
3468:Haitian Creole
3437:
3408:
3380:
3349:
3321:
3309:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3216:
3202:
3188:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3154:
3152:
3150:in Ouest Metro
3148:Port-au-Prince
3146:
3139:
3137:
3135:in Cibao North
3131:
3124:
3122:
3120:in South Metro
3116:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
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2833:
2830:
2827:
2805:
2802:
2703:
2700:
2650:volcanic rocks
2641:rocks, Ki are
2602:
2599:
2591:Canary Islands
2565:
2562:
2546:Haitian Creole
2523:Pentecostalism
2455:Evangelicalism
2413:
2410:
2353:Etang Saumatre
2253:
2250:
2233:Phaenicophilus
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2018:
2016:
1996:saltwater lake
1990:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1699:
1638:Port-au-Prince
1607:Gulf of Gonâve
1599:Massif du Nord
1536:Navassa Island
1532:Cayman Islands
1518:The island of
1498:Navassa Island
1481:
1478:
1388:
1385:
1367:under foreign
1350:Saint-Domingue
1341:Saint-Domingue
1337:Louis XIV
1328:Tortuga island
1268:
1265:
1199:Canary Islands
1117:
1114:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
978:Spanish Empire
968:Latin American
887:
886:Post-Columbian
884:
812:
811:
802:
801:
800:
791:
790:
782:
781:
780:
779:
778:
766:
763:
752:Saint-Domingue
743:
740:
712:Saint-Domingue
623:
620:
598:Spanish Empire
544:Haitian Creole
412:
411:
408:
404:
403:
398:
394:
393:
389:
388:
385:
381:
380:
377:Port-au-Prince
374:
370:
369:
356:
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349:
345:
344:
338:
334:
333:
318:
315:
314:
313:Administration
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157:
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144:
143:
137:View from the
136:
128:
127:
124:
123:
111:
96:
92:Haitian Creole
81:
66:
50:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7337:
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7260:
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7240:
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7232:
7230:
7229:Yuzhny Island
7227:
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7041:Great Britain
7039:
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7020:Baffin Island
7018:
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6767:Ethnic groups
6765:
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6753:
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6707:
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6693:External debt
6691:
6689:
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6680:
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6657:Supreme Court
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6512:
6509:
6507:
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6502:
6499:
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6491:Deforestation
6489:
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6364:
6363:Second Empire
6361:
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6336:
6334:
6331:
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6323:1804 massacre
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6313:Le Jeune Case
6311:
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6299:
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5741:
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5736:
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5729:
5728:La Trinitaria
5726:
5724:
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5718:Spanish Haiti
5716:
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5709:
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5678:
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5672:Santo Domingo
5670:
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5599:
5598:
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5581:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5565:
5564:Sauer, Carl O
5562:
5559:
5555:
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5548:
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5540:
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5527:
5523:
5520:
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5509:
5506:
5502:
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5491:
5490:
5474:September 13,
5470:
5466:
5460:
5445:. Perilya.com
5444:
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5134:EnviroSociety
5131:
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4877:9780674060197
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4851:1-888799-79-X
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4221:0-521-35097-2
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3368:HarperCollins
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3175:
3164:
3158:
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3149:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3118:Santo Domingo
3113:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3095:
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2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2751:conglomerates
2749:
2745:
2742:are the main
2741:
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2725:
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2708:
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2559:
2555:
2554:Haitian Vodou
2551:
2547:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2471:Haitian Vodou
2468:
2464:
2461:churches and
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2384:
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2378:
2373:
2372:deforestation
2369:
2364:
2362:
2358:
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2346:
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2241:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2215:Calyptophilus
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
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2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2094:
2093:La Belle Mère
2090:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
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1915:
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1900:
1893:
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1816:
1808:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1745:Caribbean Sea
1739:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1703:
1698:
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1694:
1690:
1686:
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1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1648:in Haiti and
1647:
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1516:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:Spanish Haiti
1459:
1454:
1445:
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1438:
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1281:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
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1247:
1243:
1238:
1237:Caribbean Sea
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:Santo Domingo
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:repartimiento
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:San Cristobal
1135:
1131:
1128:on the lower
1127:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
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974:
973:conquistadors
969:
965:
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765:Pre-Columbian
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724:
722:
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708:
707:
706:Santo Domingo
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
680:in Latin and
679:
678:
671:
669:
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629:
619:
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616:Saint Dominic
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583:Santo Domingo
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7164:Devon Island
7149:Banks Island
7138:
7076:Newfoundland
7066:North Island
7056:South Island
6820:Coat of arms
6787:Social class
6757:Demographics
6688:Central bank
6582:Human rights
6562:Constitution
6510:
6328:First Empire
6127:Coat of arms
6064:Demographics
6006:Central Bank
5928:Human rights
5913:Constitution
5824:
5710:
5698:
5664:
5587:
5580:The Americas
5578:
5567:
5553:
5536:
5525:
5518:
5511:
5496:
5472:. Retrieved
5468:
5459:
5449:December 28,
5447:. Retrieved
5437:
5427:December 28,
5425:. Retrieved
5415:
5406:
5400:
5386:
5379:
5369:November 13,
5367:. Retrieved
5364:the Guardian
5363:
5353:
5341:. Retrieved
5337:
5328:
5316:. Retrieved
5312:
5302:
5294:the original
5284:
5276:www.soitu.es
5275:
5266:
5257:
5248:
5239:
5230:
5220:February 10,
5218:. Retrieved
5208:
5196:. Retrieved
5192:the original
5182:
5168:
5159:
5150:
5138:. Retrieved
5133:
5124:
5118:. Vice News.
5109:
5097:. Retrieved
5093:
5084:
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4962:
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4901:
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4883:
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4786:
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4770:
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4751:
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4689:the original
4678:
4631:
4608:
4598:
4573:
4569:
4529:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4480:
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4421:
4413:
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4363:. Retrieved
4359:the original
4352:
4325:. Retrieved
4321:
4312:
4277:
4273:
4244:. Retrieved
4240:
4230:
4211:
4205:
4196:
4190:
4181:
4177:
4145:
4139:
4088:
4084:
4060:December 24,
4058:. Retrieved
4046:
4036:
4019:
4009:
3999:November 20,
3997:. Retrieved
3943:
3939:
3875:
3871:
3860:
3850:December 24,
3848:. Retrieved
3844:the original
3839:
3830:
3820:November 13,
3818:. Retrieved
3814:
3804:
3792:. Retrieved
3777:
3770:
3758:. Retrieved
3743:
3736:
3712:
3689:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3631:
3625:
3613:. Retrieved
3607:
3597:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3555:
3533:February 27,
3531:. Retrieved
3527:the original
3517:
3508:
3502:
3493:
3487:
3452:
3440:
3432:the original
3420:
3417:"Hispaniola"
3411:
3399:. Retrieved
3392:
3389:"Hispaniola"
3383:
3371:. Retrieved
3361:
3358:"Hispaniola"
3352:
3340:. Retrieved
3333:
3330:"Hispaniola"
3324:
3312:
3304:the original
3293:
3284:
3199:Haiti portal
2862:Cibao North
2848:South Metro
2820:as of 2018.
2807:
2798:chalcopyrite
2764:and Maimón,
2759:
2755:agglomerates
2720:Barrick Gold
2709:
2705:
2697:
2686:
2681:Thrust fault
2635:amphibolites
2628:Geologic map
2588:
2581:
2577:
2543:
2503:Baháʼí Faith
2491:Pentecostals
2447:Hispanophone
2444:
2441:
2412:Demographics
2402:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:forest cover
2365:
2325:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2186:
1844:
1821:
1654:
1644:, including
1611:
1595:
1591:Cibao Valley
1568:
1544:Mona Passage
1517:
1513:
1450:
1431:independent
1428:yellow fever
1417:
1402:
1397:slave revolt
1358:
1354:Port-de-Paix
1345:Henry Morgan
1333:
1302:
1286:
1267:17th century
1249:
1234:
1208:occurred in
1203:
1193:
1173:
1167:
1126:gold nuggets
1119:
1109:
1102:Guacanagarix
1082:
1017:
997:
990:
971:
961:
939:
928:
921:
876:
858:
854:
838:
827:Carib people
823:Taíno people
815:Pomier Caves
725:
710:
705:
700:
696:
694:
689:
685:
681:
674:
672:
667:
664:Los Haitises
663:
659:
651:
647:
643:
625:
609:
605:
595:
572:
568:Sint Maarten
560:Saint Martin
552:Saint Martin
416:
415:
407:Pop. density
392:Demographics
384:Area covered
348:Area covered
319:
113:
40:
7219:New Britain
7204:Spitsbergen
6698:Foreign aid
6683:Agriculture
6587:LGBT rights
6506:Environment
6501:Earthquakes
6496:Departments
6427:2022 crisis
5945:enforcement
5933:LGBT rights
5712:España Boba
5689:Slave trade
5493:Altman, Ida
5198:October 27,
5060:: 157–167.
4968:December 6,
3940:Smithsonian
3615:January 24,
3609:Smithsonian
3583:: 854–865.
3577:Santa Maria
3449:La Española
3163:Cap Haitien
3068:Grande-Anse
3026:North-East
2984:Ouest Metro
2816:regions by
2357:Trou Caïman
2337:rain shadow
2074:Pico Duarte
1832:rain shadow
1828:trade winds
1689:Trou Caïman
1669:rain shadow
1575:Pico Duarte
1564:West Indies
1548:The Bahamas
1540:Puerto Rico
1381:West Indies
1246:Gulf Stream
1222:Diego Colon
1130:Haina River
1110:hawk's bell
930:Santa Maria
917: 1639
910:Puerto Rico
606:La Española
564:Netherlands
516:West Indies
504:Puerto Rico
307:Pico Duarte
245:Île-à-Vache
208:Archipelago
195: /
171:Coordinates
55:La Española
44:La Española
7290:Hispaniola
7284:Categories
7139:Hispaniola
7015:Madagascar
7005:New Guinea
6897:Television
6862:Literature
6705:(currency)
6611:Parliament
6577:Government
6511:Hispaniola
6142:Literature
5995:(currency)
5825:Hispaniola
5318:October 9,
5099:October 4,
4988:WorldAtlas
4821:0226675831
4776:January 4,
4612:. Norman:
4437:1885509014
4327:October 4,
4246:October 4,
3464:Hispaniola
3276:References
3082:Artibonite
3054:South-East
3012:North-West
2965:North-West
2932:Enriquillo
2876:North-East
2740:sphalerite
2726:, started
2674:Quaternary
2643:Cretaceous
2605:See also:
2568:See also:
2560:churches.
2558:Protestant
2459:Protestant
2328:ecoregions
2256:See also:
2245:Microligea
2227:Nesoctites
2204:) and the
2105:See also:
1930:Pedernales
1864:Hato Mayor
1685:Lake Azuei
1657:ecoregions
1646:Lake Azuei
1642:salt lakes
1630:depression
1484:See also:
1361:Parliament
1297:Philip III
1195:Sugar cane
1175:encomienda
1155:Concepción
1134:cordillera
1089:La Isabela
1019:came from
1009:Enriquillo
999:encomienda
943:La Isabela
935:La Navidad
890:See also:
769:See also:
746:See also:
690:Hispaniola
644:Quizquella
579:La Isabela
575:La Navidad
562:) and the
546:–speaking
417:Hispaniola
397:Population
70:Hispaniola
7154:Sri Lanka
7000:Greenland
6877:Mythology
6845:Languages
6792:Squatting
6762:Education
6726:Transport
6633:President
6567:Elections
6459:Geography
6351:1820–1849
6346:1806–1820
6342:Republic
6069:Education
6033:Transport
6013:Companies
5967:President
5918:Elections
5850:Provinces
5835:Mountains
5798:Geography
5666:Cacicazgo
5603:from 1639
5313:USA Today
4797:April 24,
4713:(1984) .
4590:143561036
4296:0098-7921
4113:1476-4687
4055:0362-4331
3952:897718111
3900:0028-0836
3760:April 12,
3673:1382-2373
2794:supergene
2786:Formation
2773:laterites
2666:Paleocene
2652:, uK are
2601:Economics
2453:and some
2239:Xenoligea
1879:Les Cayes
1579:sea level
1480:Geography
1474:Caribbean
1422:, France
1303:In 1625,
1224:, son of
986:Old World
648:Quisqueya
622:Etymology
532:sovereign
520:land area
512:Caribbean
287:Coastline
278:Area rank
260:Alto Velo
192:19°N 71°W
156:Geography
114:Quisqueya
7264:Sardinia
7159:Tasmania
7144:Sakhalin
7134:Hokkaido
7124:Mindanao
7051:Sulawesi
7037:(Canada)
6937:Category
6777:Religion
6599:Military
6550:Politics
6531:Wildlife
6422:Gang war
6259:Timeline
6243:articles
6192:Category
6089:Religion
6079:Language
5957:Politics
5952:Military
5896:Congress
5879:Politics
5865:Wildlife
5343:April 5,
4913:July 26,
4695:July 15,
4570:Identity
4488:Archived
4304:20058872
4131:33361817
3948:ProQuest
3918:33361817
3794:June 15,
3681:41849817
3472:Ispayola
3401:July 22,
3373:July 22,
3342:July 22,
3171:See also
2951:El Valle
2890:Valdesia
2835:Country
2832:2018 HDI
2790:Goethite
2760:Between
2748:volcanic
2724:Goldcorp
2677:alluvium
2670:Tertiary
2632:Mesozoic
2595:Guanches
2550:religion
2511:Buddhism
2507:Hinduism
2451:religion
2377:charcoal
1824:Antilles
1731:Antilles
1620:and the
1601:and the
1562:and the
1560:Antilles
1472:and the
1453:criollos
1420:Napoleon
1363:forbade
1189:smallpox
1185:smallpox
1108:a large
829:and the
686:Española
614:, after
522:, after
250:Catalina
161:Location
85:Ispayola
7269:Bananal
7129:Ireland
7086:Iceland
7025:Sumatra
6921:Outline
6835:Cuisine
6807:Culture
6740:Society
6721:Tourism
6711:Poverty
6703:Gourde
6671:Economy
6516:Islands
6338:Kingdom
6308:Slavery
6286:Maroons
6251:History
6176:Outline
6132:Cuisine
6104:Culture
6047:Society
6028:Tourism
5981:Economy
5891:Cabinet
5855:Regions
5830:Islands
5694:Maroons
5657:History
5609:at the
5240:Cia.gov
5140:May 19,
5062:Bibcode
5018:Bibcode
4893:cia.gov
4365:July 5,
4122:7864882
4093:Bibcode
3909:7864882
3880:Bibcode
3552:"Haiti"
3445:Spanish
3165:in Nord
2904:Center
2784:Maimón
2714:around
2664:and/or
2656:marine
2646:plutons
2584:Mulatto
2495:Judaism
2322:(right)
2095:, Haiti
2002:in the
1885:, Haiti
1780:Climate
1758:Bay of
1524:Jamaica
1399:in 1791
1365:sailing
1309:Tortuga
1289:Tortuga
1216:of the
1214:Muslims
1163:placers
1145:-Cotuy-
1143:La Vega
1085:Caonabo
1013:maroons
976:of the
862:cassava
850:cacique
845:pottery
742:History
677:Hispana
675:Insula
602:pirates
591:voyages
528:divided
510:of the
506:in the
255:Tortuga
235:Navassa
197:19; -71
119:Ciguayo
62:Spanish
7249:Sicily
7234:Hainan
7214:Taiwan
7209:Kyushu
7199:Marajó
7030:Honshu
7010:Borneo
6942:Portal
6825:Cinema
6782:People
6772:Health
6616:Senate
6526:Rivers
6486:Cities
6481:Border
6241:
6197:Portal
6157:Sports
6152:People
6122:Cinema
6112:Anthem
6074:Health
6018:Energy
5901:Senate
5860:Rivers
5815:Cities
5810:Border
5774:DOMREP
5754:Rafael
5556:, ed.
5503:
4941:
4875:
4848:
4819:
4729:
4638:
4620:
4588:
4517:
4468:
4434:
4302:
4294:
4218:
4152:
4129:
4119:
4111:
4085:Nature
4053:
3950:
3916:
3906:
3898:
3872:Nature
3785:
3751:
3724:
3679:
3671:
3460:French
3422:Lexico
3102:Haiti
3096:Centre
3088:Haiti
3074:Haiti
3060:Haiti
3046:Haiti
3032:Haiti
3029:0.492
3018:Haiti
3004:Haiti
2990:Haiti
2907:0.737
2851:0.764
2829:Region
2770:nickel
2736:Pyrite
2716:Maimón
2662:Eocene
2658:strata
2330:. The
2304:, and
2191:, and
2181:, and
1914:Samana
1848:frosts
1659:. The
1581:. The
1530:, the
1500:, and
1418:Under
1305:French
1251:flotas
1242:Havana
1230:maroon
1098:Jánico
898:, and
880:Caribs
831:Igneri
775:Arawak
758:, and
650:) and
556:France
540:French
363:
326:
225:Gonâve
141:, 2011
103:
88:
77:French
73:
58:
7244:Timor
7071:Luzon
6928:Index
6872:Music
6867:Media
6752:Crime
6333:State
6239:Haiti
6183:Index
6147:Music
6059:Crime
6001:Banks
5993:Peso
5394:–125.
5050:(PDF)
4842:48–49
4586:S2CID
4428:33–37
4300:JSTOR
3677:JSTOR
3476:Taino
3456:Latin
3099:0.454
3085:0.469
3071:0.471
3057:0.481
3043:0.487
3040:South
3015:0.493
3001:0.516
2998:North
2987:0.535
2968:0.694
2954:0.697
2935:0.706
2921:0.728
2893:0.744
2879:0.745
2865:0.755
2814:Haiti
2762:Bonao
2499:Islam
2368:Haiti
2341:Cibao
2316:Haiti
2252:Flora
2221:Dulus
2101:Fauna
2012:Haiti
1673:Cibao
1433:Haiti
1369:flags
1218:Wolof
1147:Bonao
1021:Cibao
771:Taíno
736:Haiti
709:, or
701:Hayti
697:Haïti
668:Ayiti
660:Haïti
652:Ayiti
628:Taíno
548:Haiti
366:Haiti
240:Beata
230:Saona
107:Taino
7081:Cuba
7061:Java
6840:Flag
6650:List
6638:List
6137:Flag
5756:and
5501:ISBN
5476:2018
5451:2016
5429:2016
5371:2018
5345:2020
5320:2016
5222:2023
5200:2014
5142:2016
5101:2018
4970:2018
4939:ISBN
4915:2022
4873:ISBN
4846:ISBN
4817:ISBN
4799:2014
4778:2014
4727:ISBN
4697:2008
4636:ISBN
4618:ISBN
4515:ISBN
4466:ISBN
4432:ISBN
4367:2024
4329:2018
4292:ISSN
4248:2018
4216:ISBN
4150:ISBN
4127:PMID
4109:ISSN
4062:2020
4051:ISSN
4001:2018
3914:PMID
3896:ISSN
3852:2007
3822:2018
3796:2015
3783:ISBN
3762:2015
3749:ISBN
3722:ISBN
3669:ISSN
3617:2008
3535:2009
3458:and
3403:2019
3375:2019
3344:2019
2918:Yuma
2826:Rank
2812:and
2753:and
2738:and
2722:and
2609:and
2572:and
2501:and
2457:and
2420:and
2355:and
2242:and
1950:Baní
1687:and
1550:and
1534:and
1520:Cuba
1259:and
1204:The
813:The
773:and
646:(or
638:and
596:The
542:and
524:Cuba
502:and
500:Cuba
468:also
282:22nd
269:Area
183:71°W
180:19°N
6815:Art
6117:Art
5940:Law
5543:doi
5535:.
5495:.
5392:123
5070:doi
5026:doi
4578:doi
4462:205
4282:doi
4117:PMC
4101:doi
4089:590
4024:doi
3904:PMC
3888:doi
3876:590
3659:doi
3585:doi
3079:17
3051:15
3023:13
2493:,
2366:In
1883:Sud
1106:pay
570:).
139:ISS
7286::
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