Israeli citizenship law

289: 785: 861:, provided that the declarant is living overseas, already possesses another nationality, and has no military service obligations. Returnees living in Israel who obtained Israeli citizenship may voluntarily renounce that status if continuing to hold it would cause their loss of another country's nationality. Between 2003 and 2015, there were 8,308 people who renounced their Israeli citizenship. While some former citizens renounce their citizenship because of their intention to permanently settle overseas and not return to Israel, others do so as a condition of obtaining foreign nationality in their country of residence. 754:

reviewed a case in 1985 on whether Samaritan women could marry Jewish men (Jews in Israel are only permitted to marry other Jews) and concluded that Samaritans were required to first convert to Judaism, the Ministry of Interior revoked Samaritan entitlement to the right of return using the rabbinical ruling as justification. The Supreme Court ruled on the matter in 1994, restoring the original policy and further extending Samaritan eligibility for citizenship to members of the group who reside in the West Bank. The total population of this community is about 700 people who live exclusively in either

735:, Jews who converted to Christianity for ease of integration with Ethiopian society but largely remained associated with the Ethiopian Jewish community. A ministerial decision in 1992 ruled this community ineligible for right of return, but some migrants were allowed to immigrate to Israel for family reunification. Subsequent government decisions have allowed more Falash Mura to migrate, though they are required to convert to Judaism before receiving citizenship. About 33,000 members of this community entered Israel from 1993 to 2013. 341:

elsewhere on 6 August 1924 had a right to choose Palestinian citizenship, but this required an application within two years of the treaty's enforcement and approval by the Mandatory government. This right of option was later extended until 24 July 1945. A 1931 amendment automatically extended Palestinian citizenship to Turkish nationals who had been living in Palestine on 6 August 1924 but became resident abroad before 1 August 1925, unless they voluntarily acquired another nationality before 23 July 1931.

483:

a looser interpretation of the residential requirements; individuals who had permission to temporarily leave Israel during or shortly after the conflict qualified for citizenship, despite their gap in residence. The Knesset amended the Citizenship Law in 1980 to fully resolve statelessness for this group of residents; all Arab residents who had been living in Israel before 1948 were granted citizenship regardless of their eligibility under the 1952 residence requirements, along with their children.

5753: 5357: 865:

three years of that person having become an Israeli citizen. For persons who fraudulently acquired citizenship more than three years earlier, the Minister must request the Administrative Court to revoke citizenship. Revocation on the basis of disloyalty has only occurred on three occasions since 1948; twice in 2002 and once in 2017. Israeli citizenship may also be revoked from citizens who illegally travel to countries officially declared as enemy states (

44: 776:

under the Law of Return may apply for a grant of citizenship, subject to discretionary approval by the government. Adopted children are automatically granted citizenship, regardless of their religious status. Individuals born in Israel who are between the ages of 18 and 21 and have never held any nationality are entitled to citizenship, provided they have been continuously resident for the five years immediately preceding their application.

6476: 479:

the British mandate before 1948, had registered as Israeli residents since February 1949 and remained registered, and had not left the country before claiming citizenship. These requirements were intended to systemically exclude Arabs from participation in the new state. About 90 percent of the Arab population that remained in Israel were barred from citizenship under the residence requirements and held no nationality.

5765: 622:, when it ruled that children of non-practicing Jews would be considered Jews. Unlike Rufeisen, the children took no action that could be considered dissociating. However, this ruling created a separation between the Jewish religion and the legal interpretation of membership in the Jewish people that required legislative clarification. 658:

to Israel itself. The US began enforcing an entry quota of 50,000 people in 1990 while Germany restricted admission in 1991 only to Jews who could prove German ancestry. The number of Soviet Jews emigrating to Israel increased sharply from just 2,250 in 1988 to over 200,000 in 1990 and remained at high levels following the

405:

without a replacement status, there was one case in which a judge ruled that all residents of Palestine at the time of Israel's establishment were automatically Israeli nationals. The Supreme Court settled this issue in 1952, ruling that Palestinian citizens of the British mandate had not automatically become Israeli.

526:. Arab residents of East Jerusalem did not automatically become Israeli citizens but were given permanent resident status. Although they may apply for naturalization, few have done so due to the Hebrew language requirement and resistance to acknowledging Israeli control of Jerusalem. After passage of the 1980 848:

to migrate to Israel without forcing them to lose their previous national statuses. By contrast, naturalization candidates are required to renounce their original nationalities to obtain citizenship. Persons opting to naturalize are typically individuals who migrate to Israel for employment or family

807:

automatically becomes an Israeli citizen. In this context, a Jew means a person born to a Jewish mother, or someone who has converted to Judaism and does not adhere to another religion. This right to citizenship extends to any children or grandchildren of a Jew, as well as the spouse of a Jew, or the

482:

Palestinians who managed to return to their homes in Israel after the war did not satisfy the conditions for citizenship under the 1952 law. This class of residents continued living in Israel but held no citizenship or residence status. A 1960 Supreme Court ruling partially addressed this by allowing

340:

confirmed the transition from Ottoman/Turkish to Palestinian citizenship in local legislation; all Ottoman/Turkish subjects who were ordinarily resident in Palestine on 1 August 1925 became Palestinian citizens on that date. Turkish nationals originating from Mandate territory but habitually resident

899:

spouses of Jews have been eligible for this since 2014. Otherwise, they are granted temporary residence permits gradually replaced by less restrictive conditions of stay over a period of 4.5 years until they become eligible for citizenship. Until 1996, non-Jewish spouses without right of return were

625:

The Law of Return was amended in 1970 to provide a more detailed explanation of who qualifies: a Jew means any person born to a Jewish mother, or someone who has converted to Judaism and is not an adherent of another religion. The amendment extended the right of return to Israel to include children,

582:

Although the Law of Return gave every Jew the right to immigrate to Israel, the original text and all other legislation up to that point lacked a clear definition for who was considered a Jew. Government and religious authorities continually disagreed over the meaning of the word and its application

657:

Most emigrating Soviet Jews initially departed for the United States, with some making their way to Germany. However, these countries soon imposed restrictions on Jews who could immigrate from the Soviet Union at the request of the Israeli government, which intended to redirect the flow of migrants

478:

Jewish residents at the time of Israel's establishment were granted Israeli citizenship based on return, but non-Jewish Palestinians were subject to strict residency requirements for claiming that status. They could only acquire citizenship based on their residence in 1952 if they were nationals of

919:

effectively discouraged further marriages between Israeli citizens and Palestinians by adding cumbersome administrative barriers that made legal cohabitation prohibitively difficult for affected couples. About 12,700 Palestinians married to Israeli citizens are prevented from obtaining citizenship

775:

Individuals born in Israel receive citizenship at birth if at least one parent is an Israeli citizen. Children born overseas are citizens by descent if either parent is a citizen, limited to the first generation born abroad. Those born abroad in the second generation who are not otherwise eligible

404:

to Mandatory Palestine, Israeli courts during this time offered conflicting opinions on the continuing validity of Palestinian citizenship legislation enacted during the British mandate. While almost all courts held that Palestinian citizenship had ceased to exist at the end of the mandate in 1948

753:

declared Samaritans eligible for Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return, reasoning that their Hebrew heritage qualified them for recognition as Jews. Although the decision was implemented as official policy, no legislation was ever enacted on the issue. Consequently, when the Chief Rabbinate

351:

at birth also automatically acquired citizenship. Foreigners could obtain Palestinian citizenship through naturalization after residing in the territory for at least two of the three years preceding an application, fulfilling a language requirement (in English, Hebrew, or Arabic), affirming their

864:

Citizenship may be involuntarily removed from individuals who fraudulently acquired it or from those who willfully perform an act that constitutes a breach of loyalty to the state. The Minister of Interior may revoke citizenship from a person who obtained status based on false information within

237:

and nationality is not always clear in the English language and differs by country. Generally, nationality refers a person's legal belonging to a state and is the common term used in international treaties when referring to members of a state; citizenship refers to the set of rights and duties a

470:

Arabs were displaced during the war, with only 170,000 remaining in Israel after its establishment. Despite international support for the return of displaced Palestinians after conclusion of the war, the Israeli government was unwilling to allow what it regarded as a hostile population into its

312:

in 1922. Similarly, local residents ostensibly continued their status as Ottoman subjects, although British authorities began issuing provisional certificates of Palestinian nationality shortly after the start of occupation. The terms of the mandate allowed Britain to exclude its application on

927:

on the basis that the legislation was discriminatory by disproportionally affecting Israeli citizens who were ethnically Arab. However, in its 2006 ruling upholding the legislation, the Supreme Court held that the admittance of noncitizen spouses was not a constitutional right held by Israeli

471:

borders and barred them from returning. The administration justified this prohibition as a defensive measure against continued Arab incursions into Israeli territory as well as to official rhetoric from neighboring Arab states that expressed their desire to eliminate Israel, which views a

723:

differing from those of other Jews. Their status as Jews was disputed until the Chief Rabbinate confirmed its recognition of this group as Jews in 1973 and declared its support for their immigration to Israel. Following Ethiopia's communist revolution and the subsequent outbreak of

956:. This type of citizenship is a substantive status and gives its holders all the rights and privileges that other Israeli citizens have. About 130 Righteous Gentiles resettled in Israel; they are entitled to permanent residency and a special pension from the state. 824:

was previously an official language and has a special recognized status, there is no similar knowledge stipulation for it as part of the naturalization process. All of these requirements may be partially or completely waived for a candidate if they: served in the

633:

The Citizenship Law was amended in 1971 to allow any Jew who formally expresses their desire to migrate to Israel to immediately become an Israeli citizen, without any requirement to enter Israeli territory. This change was made to facilitate emigration of

618:, was ruled to have no longer met the criterion of being a Jew on his religious conversion. Converting to any other faith is considered to be a deliberate act of dissociation from the Jewish people. The Supreme Court elaborated on this in the 1969 case 808:

spouse of a child or grandchild of a Jew. A Jew who voluntarily converts to another religion forfeits their right to claim citizenship under this provision. At the end of 2020, 21 percent of the total Jewish population in Israel was born overseas.

815:

as Israeli citizens after residing in Israel for at least three of the previous five years while holding permanent residency. Candidates must be physically present in the country at the time of application, be able to demonstrate knowledge of the

1588: 936:(consequently making Palestinians enemy subjects). The law was upheld again by the Supreme Court in 2012 and continued to be effective until its expiration in July 2021, before reimplementation under new legislation in March 2022. 920:

under these restrictions. Affected persons are only allowed to remain in Israel on temporary permits, which would lapse on the death of their spouses or if they were to fail to receive regular reapproval by the Israeli government.

177:

and become an Israeli citizen. Individuals born within the country receive citizenship at birth if at least one parent is a citizen. Non-Jewish foreigners may naturalize after living there for at least three years while holding

829:

or suffered the loss of a child during their military service period, are a minor child of a naturalized parent or Israeli resident, or made extraordinary contributions to Israel. Successful applicants are required to swear an

395:

For the first four years after its establishment, Israel had no citizenship law and technically had no citizens. International law typically assumes the continued operation of laws of a predecessor state in the event of a

486:

Conversely, Palestinians who had fled to neighboring countries were not granted citizenship there and remained stateless except those who resettled in Jordan. After Israel took control of the West Bank following the 1967

420:. The Citizenship Law details the requirements for Israeli citizenship, dependent on an individual's religious affiliation, and explicitly repeals all prior British-enacted legislation concerning Palestinian nationality. 695:

and is the authoritative institution for religious matters within Israel, which has led to disputes over whether converts into non-Orthodox movements of Judaism should be recognized as Jews. Foreigners who convert to

530:, the Supreme Court has considered the territory as having been annexed by Israel. About 19,000 residents, representing five percent of the East Jerusalem Palestinian population, held Israeli citizenship in 2022. 682:

The definition of a Jew in the 1970 Law of Return amendment does not explain the meaning of "conversion" and has been interpreted to allow for adherents of any Jewish movement to qualify for right of return. The

5738: 2437: 1528: 626:

grandchildren, and a spouse of a Jew, as well as spouses of their children and grandchildren. This entitlement was given despite the fact that not all applicable persons would be considered Jews under

375:

by British authorities. Protected persons could not travel to the UK without first requesting permission, but were afforded the same consular protection as British subjects when travelling outside the

1125: 5459: 719:

prior to their contact with the outside world in the 19th century. Over the course of their prolonged separation, this population developed a number of religious practices heavily influenced by

2506: 1578: 900:

immediately granted permanent residency upon entry into Israel. Marriages must be valid under Israeli law for the partner of a citizen to be eligible under the 4.5-year naturalization process.

1930: 1774: 3000: 1633: 491:, Jordan maintained its sovereignty claim over the area until 1988, when it renounced this claim and unilaterally severed all links to the region. Palestinians living in the West Bank lost 2360: 2698: 1020: 2587: 2632: 506:. However, the terms of these accords did not result in the creation of a definitive Palestinian state, nor has any legislation regulating Palestinian citizenship been enacted by the 2734: 904:

or same-sex partners are subject to a longer 7.5-year gradual process that grants permanent residency, after which they may apply for naturalization under the standard procedure.

510:. Palestinians may be considered stateless by other countries as their status is not tied to a sovereign state, although recognition of their statelessness varies by government. 1963: 4707: 4612: 932:

into its borders. The court further ruled that Israel held a right to forbid Palestinian residents from entering the state on the basis that a state of war existed with the

2264: 1894: 304:

in 1516. Accordingly, Ottoman nationality law applied to the area. Palestine was governed by the Ottomans for four centuries until British occupation in 1917 during the

2126: 347:

children of a Palestinian father automatically held Palestinian citizenship. Any person born outside these conditions who held no other nationality and was otherwise

4622: 4440: 2665: 2056: 670:

departed for Israel between 1989 and 2002. Most of this wave of migrants were nonpracticing and secular Jews; a significant portion were not considered Jewish under

245:

is not linked to a person's origin from a particular territory but is more broadly defined. Although the term may be used in other countries to indicate a person's

4747: 2767: 2429: 4737: 3761: 2214: 601:, the Jewish religion has a central role in Israeli politics because the main purpose of the country's establishment was to create an independent Jewish state. 3660: 3121: 1517: 1092: 749:, a religion closely related to Judaism, and hold an exceptional right of return without the agreement of the Chief Rabbinate. In 1949, the Foreign Minister 3392: 1115: 3888:

Tolts, Mark (2020). "A Half Century of Jewish Emigration from the Former Soviet Union". In Denisenko, Mikhail; Strozza, Salvatore; Light, Matthew (eds.).

2330: 704:

within the country have been entitled to citizenship under the Law of Return since 2021. Both the Chief Rabbinate and Supreme Court consider followers of

213:

Arab residents of the former mandate and their descendants who remained living in Israel were granted Israeli citizenship in 1980, those resident in the

186:. Naturalizing non-Jews are additionally required to renounce their previous nationalities, while Jewish immigrants are not subject to this requirement. 2867:

Davis, Uri (1995). "Jinsiyya Versus Muwatana: The Question of Citizenship and the State in the Middle East: The Cases of Israel, Jordan and Palestine".

5647: 3199:

Kassim, Anis F. (2000). "The Palestinians: From Hyphenated to Integrated Citizenship". In Butenschøn, Nils A.; Davis, Uri; Hassassian, Manuel (eds.).

2496: 163:

details the conditions by which a person holds citizenship of Israel. The two primary pieces of legislation governing these requirements are the 1950

5522: 1916: 545:. About 4,300 of the 21,000 Druze living in the area held Israeli citizenship in 2022. Prior to Syrian independence, this territory was part of the 4076: 1764: 2993: 1623: 541:

residents were granted permanent resident status. Although eligible for naturalization as Israeli citizens, the Golan Druze have largely retained

5657: 2352: 5395: 4382: 2688: 209:

created a set of complex citizenship circumstances for the non-Jewish inhabitants of the region that continue to be unresolved. While pre-1948

3497: 1012: 359:

over Palestinian territory, domestic law in the United Kingdom treated the mandate as foreign territory. Palestinian citizens were treated as

61: 2577: 2622: 5971: 5126: 549:

assigned to France. The extension of Israeli law and effective annexation of both East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights are regarded by the

3183: 5842: 5122: 2720: 583:

to that law, with some organizations considering the Jewish religion and nationality to be the same concept. One of these bodies was the

443: 2934: 2391: 249:, the meaning in Israeli law is particularly expansive by including any person practicing Judaism and their descendants. Members of the 6107: 4427: 3986: 288: 5577: 5532: 5464: 3108: 5642: 3592: 5419: 4436: 2897: 1953: 890: 412:

and 1952 Citizenship Law. The Law of Return grants every Jew the right to migrate to and settle in Israel, reinforcing the central

380: 202: 5803: 5592: 5547: 5517: 5444: 635: 442:, Israel controlled the majority of former Mandatory Palestine, including much of the land assigned for an Arab state under the 6413: 6134: 5717: 5567: 5542: 5527: 5487: 4968: 4412: 4314: 4241: 970: 5582: 3625: 1884: 6223: 5893: 5769: 5692: 5687: 5652: 5622: 5537: 5502: 5492: 5130: 3909: 3732: 3701: 3363: 3212: 2982: 2830: 2807: 916: 433: 79: 2114: 5702: 5682: 5637: 5627: 5572: 5562: 5497: 2254: 2122: 924: 606: 308:. The area nominally remained an Ottoman territory following the conclusion of the war until the United Kingdom obtained a 3959: 2655: 2046: 6041: 5876: 5832: 5712: 5707: 5697: 5667: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5557: 5552: 5507: 4281: 3559: 3414: 2210: 384: 5617: 2757: 6393: 5677: 5672: 5662: 5632: 5587: 5512: 5482: 5439: 5388: 4998: 4667: 4354: 3453: 337: 279: 144: 5612: 5174: 5093: 4764: 3318: 2799: 2199: 1524: 546: 708:

as Christians and specifically bar them from right of return, unless they otherwise have sufficient Jewish descent.

6496: 6439: 6198: 5888: 5816: 3893: 3744: 3290:

Khalil, Asem (2007). Palestinian Nationality and Citizenship: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives (Report).

2888:

Dietz, Barbara; Lebok, Uwe; Polian, Pavel (2002). "The Jewish Emigration from the Former Soviet Union to Germany".

5429: 1082: 5454: 5221: 5103: 4862: 4216: 4056: 3643: 3375: 3102: 659: 554: 550: 507: 333: 17: 6102: 5900: 4251: 4231: 4131: 3979: 3781:

Shapira, Assaf (2017). "Israel's Citizenship Policy towards Family Immigrants: Developments and Implications".

3388: 2322: 933: 503: 895:

Non-Jewish spouses have right of return if they immigrate to Israel at the same time as their Jewish spouses;

6146: 5757: 5449: 5424: 5381: 5118: 4682: 4567: 4432: 4246: 4091: 3656: 3621: 3291: 3024: 2951: 663: 588: 4988: 117: 6325: 6070: 5339: 4692: 4652: 4417: 4051: 3257: 3015: 372: 127: 107: 3449:"The Implications of the Acquisition of a New Nationality for the Right of Return of Palestinian Refugees" 6183: 6031: 5905: 5796: 5209: 5164: 5083: 5078: 5058: 5003: 4993: 4958: 4687: 4607: 4542: 4339: 4226: 4176: 4046: 3919:

Weil, Shalva (1997). "Religion, Blood and the Equality of Rights: The Case of Ethiopian Jews in Israel".

949: 858: 820:, have the intention of permanently settling in Israel, and renounce any foreign nationalities. Although 472: 3042:

Herzog, Ben (2017). "The construction of Israeli Citizenship Law: Intertwining political philosophies".

6466: 6237: 6188: 5733: 5159: 5136: 5073: 5053: 5013: 4897: 4872: 4867: 4697: 4672: 4577: 4512: 4502: 4492: 4482: 4422: 4407: 4402: 4377: 4359: 4291: 4221: 4191: 4081: 3823: 3462: 2840:

Carmi, Na'ama (2007). "The Nationality and Entry into Israel Case before the Supreme Court of Israel".

6398: 6308: 6151: 5883: 5028: 4912: 4887: 4842: 4837: 4787: 4712: 4662: 4637: 4632: 4602: 4557: 4547: 4507: 4477: 4467: 4457: 4372: 4349: 4324: 4261: 4181: 4106: 4071: 4041: 4036: 4031: 3972: 3204: 3150: 684: 492: 439: 206: 6019: 5976: 5939: 5360: 5113: 4983: 4973: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4902: 4812: 4792: 4777: 4627: 4597: 4552: 4537: 4497: 4487: 4462: 4392: 4387: 4334: 4329: 4319: 4271: 4266: 4256: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4186: 4166: 4161: 4151: 4121: 4111: 4101: 4096: 4086: 4066: 4026: 4016: 3481: 2930: 597:(Jewish religious law); a Jew was defined as anyone born to a Jewish mother. While Israel is not a 584: 360: 352:

intention to permanently reside in Mandate territory, and satisfying a good character requirement.

198: 915:

are prohibited from obtaining citizenship and residency until reaching the relevant age. The 2003

6383: 6208: 6097: 6084: 5949: 5910: 5088: 5068: 5033: 5023: 5018: 5008: 4978: 4922: 4917: 4877: 4857: 4852: 4817: 4797: 4782: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4642: 4617: 4582: 4562: 4472: 4397: 4286: 4276: 4211: 4146: 4136: 4126: 4116: 4061: 4021: 3522: 3493: 3423: 3117: 2974: 2822: 728:, the Israeli government resettled 45,000 people, nearly the entire Ethiopian Jewish population. 429: 344: 254: 6358: 6281: 6254: 6129: 5789: 5326: 5108: 5098: 5063: 4963: 4907: 4892: 4827: 4822: 4807: 4702: 4677: 4647: 4572: 4532: 4364: 4236: 4171: 4156: 4141: 3255:

Kattan, Victor (2019). "U.S. Recognition of Golan Heights Annexation: Testament to Our Times".

3167: 908: 542: 318: 6408: 6353: 6286: 6173: 6124: 5169: 4927: 4882: 4847: 4832: 4802: 4657: 4587: 4344: 3757: 3588: 3247: 2918: 2383: 965: 826: 591:

until 1970. Accordingly, the Law of Return during this period was strictly interpreted under

309: 194: 639: 6378: 6276: 6092: 6053: 5837: 5404: 5290: 5263: 5154: 4717: 3855:

Tolts, Mark (2003). "Mass Aliyah and Jewish emigration from Russia: Dynamics and factors".

2842: 2356: 2326: 953: 837: 697: 397: 1579:"Just 5 Percent of E. Jerusalem Palestinians Have Received Israeli Citizenship Since 1967" 8: 6298: 6271: 6218: 6065: 6058: 6026: 5944: 5922: 5871: 5280: 5199: 4742: 3864: 3790: 3576: 3266: 3051: 2627: 2582: 2433: 1628: 1087: 901: 725: 720: 577: 329: 283: 190: 179: 5373: 1518:"Palestinians and the search for protection as refugees and stateless persons in Europe" 6373: 6335: 6320: 6203: 6002: 5988: 5179: 3940: 3876: 3843: 3835: 3802: 3716: 3534: 3435: 3347: 3330: 3278: 3154: 3088: 3063: 2876: 2855: 2725: 2660: 2501: 2259: 2051: 1958: 1921: 1889: 1769: 912: 831: 667: 325: 313:

certain parts of the region; this exclusion was exercised on the territory east of the

297: 522:

in 1967 during the Six-Day War, incorporating it into the municipal administration of

6432: 6345: 6213: 6178: 6161: 6014: 5934: 5824: 5321: 5273: 3905: 3880: 3847: 3806: 3728: 3697: 3513:

Perez, Nahshon (February 2011). "Israel's Law of Return: A Qualified Justification".

3359: 3243: 3208: 3067: 2978: 2909: 2826: 2803: 896: 716: 705: 3890:

Migration from the Newly Independent States: 25 Years After the Collapse of the USSR

3023:

Harpaz, Yossi; Herzog, Ben (June 2018). Report on Citizenship Law: Israel (Report).

408:

Israeli citizenship policy is centered on two early pieces of legislation: the 1950

6501: 6363: 6315: 6193: 5204: 3932: 3928: 3897: 3868: 3827: 3794: 3720: 3689: 3685: 3609: 3526: 3466: 3427: 3351: 3322: 3295: 3270: 3235: 3231: 3179: 3055: 3028: 2955: 2901: 1926: 1624:"As ties to Syria fade, Golan Druze increasingly turning to Israel for citizenship" 688: 3798: 3059: 2353:"Give up (renounce) Israeli citizenship in order to keep your foreign citizenship" 6448: 6403: 6388: 6368: 6330: 6303: 6249: 5285: 3995: 3901: 3724: 3711:

Sela, Avraham (2019). "The West Bank Under Jordan". In Kumaraswamy, P. R. (ed.).

3482:"Families Divided: An Analysis of Israel's Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law" 845: 817: 715:, lived as an isolated community away from mainstream Judaism since at least the 611: 401: 364: 305: 183: 475:

to any part of its territory as an existential threat to the nation's security.

5966: 5959: 5316: 5216: 3084: 2851: 812: 792: 701: 523: 519: 417: 376: 301: 170: 3936: 3872: 3831: 3814:

Tekiner, Roselle (1991). "Race and the Issue of National Identity in Israel".

3471: 3448: 2117:[Procedure for granting citizenship to a minor under Article 9(a)(2)] 6490: 6480: 6453: 6141: 5847: 5346: 5295: 5227: 4769: 3547: 3274: 3239: 2578:"Knesset extends law banning Palestinian family unification for another year" 1120: 907:

Male spouses under 35 and female spouses under 25 ordinarily resident in the

849:

reasons, or are permanent residents of East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights.

804: 759: 750: 566: 534: 527: 409: 348: 222: 164: 2950:

Frost, Lillian (February 2022). Report on Citizenship Law: Jordan (Report).

2905: 1229: 5981: 5242: 3610:"Israel's Law of Return: Analysis of Its Evolution and Present Application" 1885:"Israeli Court Says Converts to Non-Orthodox Judaism Can Claim Citizenship" 1207: 1205: 1203: 746: 647: 499: 314: 262: 246: 3693: 3355: 2200:

Jews, By Continent of Origin, Continent of Birth and Period of Immigration

844:

who becomes Israeli by right of return. This is to encourage the overseas

6048: 5300: 5258: 3222:

Kattan, Victor (2005). "The Nationality of Denationalized Palestinians".

3201:

Citizenship and the State in the Middle East: Approaches and Applications

2762: 2623:"With ban on Palestinian family unification expiring, what happens next?" 929: 923:

These restrictions were challenged as unconstitutional for violating the

732: 712: 677: 643: 615: 488: 467: 368: 356: 234: 210: 3944: 3538: 3530: 3282: 3168:"Immigration Policy of Israel: The Unique Perspective of a Jewish State" 3158: 3092: 2880: 2859: 2430:"Israel: Amendment Authorizing Revocation of Israeli Nationality Passed" 2047:"The World's Last Samaritans, Straddling the Israeli-Palestinian Divide" 1282: 1280: 1200: 857:

Israeli citizenship can be voluntarily relinquished by a declaration of

604:

This absence of legal clarity was tested in the 1962 Supreme Court case

5852: 3773: 3672: 3404: 3334: 3133: 742: 738: 455: 218: 3839: 3439: 3033: 2960: 911:(administrative division for the West Bank under Israeli law) outside 3300: 2656:"Israel's New Government Fails to Extend Contentious Citizenship Law" 2323:"Give up (renounce) Israeli citizenship – for Israelis living abroad" 1917:"Israeli Court Rules Jews for Jesus Cannot Automatically Be Citizens" 1277: 945: 651: 598: 447: 214: 3412:

Margalith, Haim (1953). "Enactment of a Nationality Law in Israel".

3326: 2497:"Non-Jewish partners in gay marriage are now entitled to make aliya" 6264: 6117: 5954: 5268: 5234: 3964: 3431: 928:

citizens and that Israel was entitled to limit the entrance of any

495:

while those residing in the rest of Jordan maintained that status.

43: 5781: 3745:"Whose Republic: Citizenship and Membership in the Israeli Polity" 2919:"Russian Jewish Immigration and its Effect on the State of Israel" 2796:

Politics and Sociolinguistic Reflexes: Palestinian Border Villages

6293: 6036: 5859: 3141:

Kaplan, Steven; Rosen, Chaim (1994). "Ethiopian Jews in Israel".

2730: 2693: 1765:"The Russian Jews Wonder Whether Israel Is Really Ready for Them" 1583: 1369: 1016: 870: 593: 413: 51: 6259: 6112: 5864: 5812: 3075:

Herzog, Ben (2010). "The Revocation of Citizenship in Israel".

821: 796: 451: 174: 137: 3682:

The Comfort of Kin: Samaritan Community, Kinship, and Marriage

1789: 1866: 1864: 1660: 1603: 1116:"Israel's hugely controversial "nation-state" law, explained" 881:) or if they obtain nationality from one of those countries. 866: 770: 755: 538: 463: 459: 3376:"The Controversy of a Palestinian Right of Return to Israel" 2758:"'Righteous' Moved to Israel After Saving Jews in Holocaust" 2411: 2409: 2303: 2168: 2014: 2002: 1359: 1357: 1355: 784: 674:, but qualified for immigration based on the Law of Return. 2476: 2387: 2144: 1849: 1732: 1708: 1684: 1435: 1340: 878: 874: 2721:"Raoul Wallenberg Is Granted Honorary Israeli Citizenship" 2687:

Chacar, Henriette (10 March 2022). Oatis, Jonathan (ed.).

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2999:(Report). Vol. 1. Government Printer, Palestine. 2533: 2521: 2095: 1408: 1398: 1396: 1217: 1188: 1152: 988: 765: 678:

Recognition of non-Orthodox Jews and exceptional cases

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established the basis for separate nationalities in

253:

form the core part of Israel's citizenry, while the

3577:"Soviet Immigration To The West Bank: Is It Legal?" 2557: 2279: 1825: 1720: 1474: 1393: 1265: 1035: 3921:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 3743: 3642: 3486:Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights 3374: 3101: 2968: 1375: 1286: 1176: 944:In recognition of aid provided to Jews during the 502:in the 1990s, Palestinians have been eligible for 2115:"נוהל טיפול בהענקת אזרחות לקטין לפי סעיף 9(א)(2)" 852: 788:A welcoming for new immigrants from North America 233:The distinction between the meaning of the terms 6488: 3892:. Societies and Political Orders in Transition. 3548:"Genesis of Citizenship in Palestine and Israel" 2887: 2044: 1795: 952:. These individuals may additionally be granted 571: 537:was incorporated into Israel proper in 1981 and 423: 5797: 5389: 3980: 5127:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 3816:International Journal of Middle East Studies 3022: 2415: 2309: 2186: 2174: 2150: 1870: 1738: 1609: 1552: 1441: 1363: 1346: 1334: 189:The territory of modern Israel was formerly 3140: 2969:Goodwin-Gill, Guy S.; McAdam, Jane (2007). 2575: 2020: 2008: 444:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine 383:on 14 May 1948, the same date on which the 5804: 5790: 5396: 5382: 3987: 3973: 2992:Government of Mandatory Palestine (1946). 2816: 1666: 1564: 1080: 771:Entitlement by birth, descent, or adoption 400:. However, despite Israel's status as the 42: 5434: 3679: 3470: 3411: 3299: 3109:The British Yearbook of International Law 3032: 2959: 2101: 2089: 2077: 2032: 1954:"Will Israel ever accept Messianic Jews?" 999: 416:tenet of the return of all Jews to their 3607: 3545: 2898:International Organization for Migration 2653: 2620: 1882: 1855: 1714: 1690: 1259: 1223: 1194: 1170: 1158: 1146: 891:Recognition of same-sex unions in Israel 783: 779: 731:Migrating with the Beta Israel were the 310:League of Nations mandate for the region 287: 3813: 3780: 3741: 3608:Richmond, Nancy C. (1 September 1993). 3574: 2923:Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 2539: 2527: 2381: 2297: 1819: 1750: 1453: 1068: 1053: 939: 390: 334:territories ceded by the Ottoman Empire 195:League of Nations mandate for Palestine 14: 6489: 3663:from the original on 30 September 2021 3628:from the original on 27 September 2020 3562:from the original on 30 September 2021 3479: 3372: 3289: 3254: 3221: 3198: 3165: 3074: 3041: 2916: 2755: 2686: 2563: 2494: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2440:from the original on 30 September 2021 2427: 2241: 2162: 1843: 1654: 1576: 1504: 1492: 1429: 1387: 1322: 1113: 971:Visa requirements for Israeli citizens 513: 5785: 5377: 3968: 3887: 3854: 3640: 3512: 3446: 3341: 3099: 2949: 2866: 2839: 2793: 2608: 2551: 2285: 2267:from the original on 24 December 2018 2132:from the original on 12 November 2022 1951: 1831: 1807: 1762: 1726: 1702: 1678: 1534:from the original on 11 November 2023 1468: 1417: 1402: 1310: 1298: 1247: 1182: 1095:from the original on 13 February 2020 1041: 917:Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law 434:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 274:National status under British mandate 182:and demonstrating proficiency in the 5764: 3994: 3918: 3710: 3500:from the original on 24 January 2021 3395:from the original on 29 January 2024 3311:The Journal of Educational Sociology 3308: 3124:from the original on 23 October 2021 2576:Keller-Lynn, Carrie (6 March 2023). 2509:from the original on 24 October 2021 2333:from the original on 1 November 2020 2220:from the original on 28 October 2021 2123:Population and Immigration Authority 2059:from the original on 22 October 2023 1996: 1984: 1897:from the original on 18 October 2021 1621: 1591:from the original on 11 January 2023 1480: 1271: 1128:from the original on 27 January 2022 925:Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty 614:, a Polish Jew who had converted to 607:Rufeisen v. Minister of the Interior 5811: 3764:from the original on 2 October 2021 3614:Penn State International Law Review 3595:from the original on 1 October 2021 3415:American Journal of Comparative Law 3224:Nordic Journal of International Law 3186:from the original on 2 October 2021 3103:"Who are British Protected Persons" 2937:from the original on 5 October 2021 2819:The International Law of Occupation 2635:from the original on 4 October 2021 2363:from the original on 5 October 2021 2207:Statistical Abstract of Israel 2020 1966:from the original on 2 October 2021 1777:from the original on 1 October 2021 766:Acquisition and loss of citizenship 561:Qualification under right of return 379:. This arrangement continued until 24: 5972:National parks and nature reserves 3960:Ministry of Aliyah and Immigration 3750:Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 3454:Asian Journal of International Law 2786: 2701:from the original on 11 March 2022 2668:from the original on 6 August 2021 1952:Zieve, Tamara (16 December 2017). 1883:Kingsley, Patrick (1 March 2021). 1081:Goldenberg, Tia (4 October 2013). 620:Shalit v. Minister of the Interior 381:termination of the British mandate 338:Palestinian Citizenship Order 1925 280:History of Palestinian nationality 191:administered by the British Empire 145:Palestinian Citizenship Order 1925 25: 6513: 3953: 3319:American Sociological Association 2800:John Benjamins Publishing Company 2756:Jeffay, Nathan (6 October 2011). 2495:Sharon, Jeremy (12 August 2014). 2394:from the original on 7 April 2019 1933:from the original on 19 July 2021 1525:European Network on Statelessness 1023:from the original on 3 March 2022 884: 547:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon 458:fell under the administration of 265:of the Jewish people since 2018. 6474: 5763: 5752: 5751: 5356: 5355: 4077:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3006:from the original on 13 May 2021 2971:The Refugee in International Law 2770:from the original on 21 May 2022 2749: 2737:from the original on 7 July 2022 2713: 2680: 2654:Kershner, Isabel (6 July 2021). 2590:from the original on 6 June 2023 2382:Eichner, Itamar (23 June 2016). 1636:from the original on 5 July 2023 948:, non-Jews may be recognized as 654:were relaxed in the late 1980s. 5222:Birth aboard aircraft and ships 2647: 2621:Boxerman, Aaron (6 July 2021). 2614: 2569: 2488: 2421: 2375: 2345: 2315: 2247: 2192: 2107: 2038: 1945: 1909: 1876: 1756: 1622:Amun, Fadi (3 September 2022). 1615: 1570: 1510: 1114:Berger, Miriam (31 July 2018). 741:are descendants of the ancient 660:dissolution of the Soviet Union 557:as illegal acts of aggression. 555:United Nations General Assembly 551:United Nations Security Council 508:Palestinian Legislative Council 504:Palestinian Authority passports 385:State of Israel was established 5059:Federated States of Micronesia 4423:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 3389:James E. Rogers College of Law 2875:(1/2). Pluto Journals: 19–50. 2428:Levush, Ruth (23 March 2017). 1796:Dietz, Lebok & Polian 2002 1376:Goodwin-Gill & McAdam 2007 1287:Goodwin-Gill & McAdam 2007 1107: 1074: 1005: 934:Palestinian National Authority 853:Relinquishment and deprivation 711:Ethiopian Jews, also known as 666:. About 940,000 Jews from the 371:in the UK but could be issued 228: 173:has the unrestricted right to 13: 1: 3799:10.1080/13531042.2018.1545676 3657:Southern Methodist University 3622:Pennsylvania State University 3344:Citizenship in a Global World 3292:European University Institute 3143:The American Jewish Year Book 3060:10.1080/13531042.2017.1317668 3025:European University Institute 2952:European University Institute 1236:Survey of Palestine, Volume 1 1212:Survey of Palestine, Volume 1 976: 840:is explicitly allowed for an 803:(Jewish immigrant) under the 664:1998 Russian financial crisis 650:remained at low levels until 572:Apostate and irreligious Jews 438:Following its victory in the 373:Mandatory Palestine passports 5889:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 5340:British Overseas Territories 3902:10.1007/978-3-030-36075-7_15 3857:East European Jewish Affairs 3725:10.1007/978-981-13-9166-8_17 3342:Kondo, Atsushi, ed. (2001). 3258:Journal of Palestine Studies 3016:Berman Jewish Policy Archive 2211:Central Bureau of Statistics 1763:Stern, Sol (16 April 1972). 981: 642:, especially after the 1967 638:, who were routinely denied 7: 6224:Water supply and sanitation 5210:Renunciation of citizenship 3546:Qafisheh, Mutaz M. (2010). 3480:Nikfar, Bethany M. (2005). 1577:Hasson, Nir (29 May 2022). 959: 950:Righteous Among the Nations 498:Following agreement on the 473:Palestinian right of return 424:Status of Palestinian Arabs 238:person has in that nation. 10: 6518: 5901:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 3824:Cambridge University Press 3783:Journal of Israeli History 3680:Schreiber, Monica (2014). 3463:Cambridge University Press 3166:Kaplan, Yehiel S. (2015). 3044:Journal of Israeli History 888: 636:Jews from the Soviet Union 575: 564: 427: 277: 268: 203:dissolution of the mandate 167:and 1952 Citizenship Law. 32:Citizenship Law, 5712-1952 6426: 6344: 6245: 6236: 6169: 6160: 6083: 6010: 6001: 5930: 5921: 5823: 5747: 5726: 5473: 5412: 5335: 5309: 5251: 5192: 5145: 5046: 4936: 4763: 4756: 4525: 4450: 4307: 4300: 4009: 4002: 3937:10.1163/15718119620907256 3873:10.1080/13501670308578002 3832:10.1017/S0020743800034541 3472:10.1017/S2044251314000241 3205:Syracuse University Press 3151:American Jewish Committee 3100:Jones, J. Mervyn (1945). 2817:Benvenisti, Eyal (2012). 838:Dual/multiple citizenship 367:, meaning that they were 361:British protected persons 199:British protected persons 197:and local residents were 150: 143: 136: 126: 116: 106: 101: 93: 85: 75: 67: 57: 50: 41: 34: 31: 4057:Central African Republic 3742:Shachar, Ayelet (1999). 3649:Southwestern Law Journal 3275:10.1525/jps.2019.48.3.79 3240:10.1163/1571810054301004 2931:Indiana University Press 2917:Emmons, Shelese (1997). 2794:Amara, Muhammad (1999). 2416:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 2310:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 2187:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 2175:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 2151:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 1871:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 1739:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 1610:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 1553:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 1442:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 1364:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 1347:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 1335:Harpaz & Herzog 2018 834:to the State of Israel. 585:National Religious Party 241:In the Israeli context, 35:חוק האזרחות, התשי"ב-1952 6497:Israeli nationality law 6209:Tel Aviv Stock Exchange 5155:Commonwealth of Nations 3523:Oxford University Press 3494:Northwestern University 3424:Oxford University Press 3118:Oxford University Press 2975:Oxford University Press 2906:10.1111/1468-2435.00189 2890:International Migration 2823:Oxford University Press 2021:Kaplan & Rosen 1994 2009:Kaplan & Rosen 1994 1013:"Citizenship Law, 1952" 662:in 1991 and subsequent 466:estimated that 720,000 430:Arab citizens of Israel 255:Supreme Court of Israel 221:are largely considered 161:Israeli citizenship law 6199:Science and technology 6103:Intelligence Community 4969:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3641:Savir, Yehuda (1963). 3575:Quigley, John (1991). 3373:Kramer, Tanya (2001). 2869:Arab Studies Quarterly 909:Judea and Samaria Area 789: 319:Emirate of Transjordan 293: 6125:Israel Defense Forces 5884:Arab–Israeli conflict 5648:Roquebrune-Cap-Martin 5352:Partially recognized. 4217:São Tomé and Príncipe 3758:Georgetown University 3694:10.1163/9789004274259 3589:University of Georgia 3447:Masri, Mazen (2015). 3356:10.1057/9780333993880 2611:, pp. 26, 33–35. 2485:, pp. 1090–1091. 966:Visa policy of Israel 827:Israel Defense Forces 787: 780:Voluntary acquisition 646:. Migration from the 493:Jordanian nationality 440:1948 Arab–Israeli War 300:was conquered by the 291: 6414:World Heritage Sites 6071:System of government 5838:Second Temple period 5739:Revolutionary France 5405:Honorary citizenship 5291:Second-class citizen 5264:Multiple citizenship 4733:United Arab Emirates 4367:(Kingdom of Denmark) 3896:. pp. 323–344. 3865:Taylor & Francis 3791:Taylor & Francis 3719:. pp. 277–294. 3267:Taylor & Francis 3207:. pp. 201–224. 3077:Israel Studies Forum 3052:Taylor & Francis 2843:Israel Studies Forum 2357:Government of Israel 2327:Government of Israel 1929:. 27 December 1989. 954:honorary citizenship 940:Honorary citizenship 797:immigrates to Israel 589:Ministry of Interior 418:traditional homeland 398:succession of states 391:Post-1948 transition 5281:Permanent residency 5200:Loss of citizenship 5175:Caribbean Community 4428:Trinidad and Tobago 4413:St. Kitts and Nevis 4315:Antigua and Barbuda 2994:Survey of Palestine 2733:. 17 January 1986. 2628:The Times of Israel 2583:The Times of Israel 2434:Library of Congress 2300:, pp. 127–128. 2125:. 1 December 2019. 1999:, pp. 400–401. 1987:, pp. 397–399. 1858:, pp. 110–112. 1822:, pp. 389–391. 1753:, pp. 388–389. 1717:, pp. 106–109. 1693:, pp. 101–103. 1681:, pp. 123–124. 1669:, pp. 203–205. 1629:The Times of Israel 1456:, pp. 250–251. 1432:, pp. 984–985. 1289:, pp. 459–460. 1250:, pp. 127–128. 1238:, pp. 206–207. 1088:The Times of Israel 913:Israeli settlements 721:Coptic Christianity 668:former Soviet Union 578:Apostasy in Judaism 514:Annexed territories 330:Mandatory Palestine 298:region of Palestine 284:Mandatory Palestine 259:Israeli nationality 207:subsequent conflict 180:permanent residency 175:immigrate to Israel 102:Legislative history 6326:Standard of living 5658:Schleswig-Holstein 4355:Dominican Republic 3717:Palgrave Macmillan 3348:Palgrave Macmillan 2726:The New York Times 2661:The New York Times 2554:, pp. 27, 32. 2502:The Jerusalem Post 2260:The New York Times 2213:. 31 August 2021. 2052:The New York Times 1959:The Jerusalem Post 1922:The New York Times 1890:The New York Times 1770:The New York Times 832:oath of allegiance 790: 691:interpretation of 687:operates under an 543:Syrian nationality 355:Despite Britain's 326:Treaty of Lausanne 294: 257:has ruled that an 251:Jewish nationality 68:Territorial extent 6462: 6461: 6422: 6421: 6232: 6231: 6152:West Bank barrier 6079: 6078: 6032:Foreign relations 5997: 5996: 5779: 5778: 5371: 5370: 5345:Open border with 5188: 5187: 5042: 5041: 4521: 4520: 4441:US Virgin Islands 4368: 4092:Equatorial Guinea 3911:978-3-030-36074-0 3734:978-981-13-9166-8 3703:978-90-04-27425-9 3531:10.1093/mj/kjq032 3365:978-0-333-80266-3 3214:978-0-81-562829-3 2984:978-0-19-928130-5 2832:978-0-19-958889-3 2809:978-9-02-724128-3 2473:, pp. 62–63. 2244:, pp. 61–62. 2092:, pp. 57–62. 2023:, pp. 66–68. 2011:, pp. 62–66. 1612:, pp. 11–12. 1507:, pp. 40–41. 1420:, pp. 26–27. 1262:, pp. 7, 16. 717:Early Middle Ages 706:Messianic Judaism 652:exit restrictions 321:was established. 158: 157: 16:(Redirected from 6509: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6470: 6442: 6435: 6394:National symbols 6243: 6242: 6189:Diamond industry 6167: 6166: 6008: 6007: 5928: 5927: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5783: 5782: 5767: 5766: 5755: 5754: 5407:around the world 5398: 5391: 5384: 5375: 5374: 5359: 5358: 5205:Denaturalization 5094:Papua New Guinea 5079:Marshall Islands 4761: 4760: 4366: 4305: 4304: 4007: 4006: 3996:Nationality laws 3989: 3982: 3975: 3966: 3965: 3948: 3915: 3884: 3851: 3810: 3777: 3771: 3769: 3747: 3738: 3707: 3676: 3670: 3668: 3646: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3542: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3476: 3474: 3443: 3408: 3402: 3400: 3378: 3369: 3338: 3305: 3303: 3286: 3251: 3218: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3180:Touro Law Center 3172:Touro Law Review 3162: 3137: 3131: 3129: 3105: 3096: 3071: 3038: 3036: 3019: 3013: 3011: 3005: 2998: 2988: 2973:(3rd ed.). 2965: 2963: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2913: 2884: 2863: 2836: 2821:(2nd ed.). 2813: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 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6418: 6399:Public holidays 6340: 6228: 6156: 6075: 5993: 5917: 5872:British mandate 5819: 5810: 5780: 5775: 5743: 5722: 5475: 5469: 5408: 5402: 5372: 5367: 5331: 5305: 5286:Right of return 5247: 5184: 5147: 5141: 5104:Solomon Islands 5038: 5004:Northern Cyprus 4999:North Macedonia 4932: 4767: 4752: 4517: 4446: 4296: 3998: 3993: 3956: 3951: 3912: 3767: 3765: 3735: 3704: 3666: 3664: 3631: 3629: 3598: 3596: 3565: 3563: 3503: 3501: 3398: 3396: 3366: 3327:10.2307/2263817 3215: 3189: 3187: 3127: 3125: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2996: 2985: 2940: 2938: 2833: 2810: 2789: 2787:General sources 2784: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2685: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2619: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2270: 2268: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2233: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2153:, pp. 5–6. 2149: 2145: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2118: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2062: 2060: 2043: 2039: 2035:, pp. 1–2. 2031: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1969: 1967: 1950: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1900: 1898: 1881: 1877: 1869: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1830: 1826: 1818: 1814: 1806: 1802: 1794: 1790: 1780: 1778: 1761: 1757: 1749: 1745: 1741:, pp. 3–4. 1737: 1733: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1701: 1697: 1689: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1667:Benvenisti 2012 1665: 1661: 1653: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1620: 1616: 1608: 1604: 1594: 1592: 1575: 1571: 1565:Benvenisti 2012 1563: 1559: 1551: 1547: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1520: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1503: 1499: 1491: 1487: 1479: 1475: 1467: 1460: 1452: 1448: 1444:, pp. 4–5. 1440: 1436: 1428: 1424: 1416: 1409: 1401: 1394: 1386: 1382: 1374: 1370: 1362: 1353: 1349:, pp. 1–2. 1345: 1341: 1333: 1329: 1321: 1317: 1309: 1305: 1297: 1293: 1285: 1278: 1270: 1266: 1258: 1254: 1246: 1242: 1234: 1230: 1222: 1218: 1210: 1201: 1193: 1189: 1181: 1177: 1169: 1165: 1161:, pp. 5–6. 1157: 1153: 1145: 1141: 1131: 1129: 1112: 1108: 1098: 1096: 1079: 1075: 1067: 1060: 1052: 1048: 1044:, pp. 2–3. 1040: 1036: 1026: 1024: 1011: 1010: 1006: 998: 989: 984: 979: 962: 942: 893: 887: 855: 846:Jewish diaspora 818:Hebrew language 811:Foreigners may 782: 773: 768: 685:Chief Rabbinate 680: 612:Oswald Rufeisen 580: 574: 569: 563: 533:Similarly, the 516: 450:was annexed by 436: 426: 402:successor state 393: 306:First World War 286: 276: 271: 231: 184:Hebrew language 76:Enacted by 33: 23: 22: 18:Israeli citizen 15: 12: 11: 5: 6515: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6484: 6483: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6444: 6443: 6436: 6428: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6350: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6296: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6122: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6100: 6095: 6089: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6020:Prime Minister 6011: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5985: 5984: 5974: 5969: 5967:Land of Israel 5964: 5963: 5962: 5960:Sea of Galilee 5957: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5903: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5809: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5786: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5761: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5479: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5401: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5378: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5353: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5266: 5261: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5217:Naturalization 5214: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5170:Nordic Council 5167: 5162: 5160:European Union 5157: 5151: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5123:American Samoa 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5036: 5034:United Kingdom 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4940: 4938: 4937:Rest of Europe 4934: 4933: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4803:Czech Republic 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4774: 4772: 4765:European Union 4758: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4444: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4309: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4282:Western Sahara 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4072:Congo Republic 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3992: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3955: 3954:External links 3952: 3950: 3949: 3916: 3910: 3885: 3852: 3811: 3778: 3739: 3733: 3708: 3702: 3677: 3638: 3605: 3572: 3543: 3515:Modern Judaism 3510: 3477: 3444: 3432:10.2307/837997 3409: 3370: 3364: 3339: 3306: 3287: 3252: 3219: 3213: 3196: 3163: 3138: 3097: 3085:Berghahn Books 3072: 3039: 3020: 2989: 2983: 2966: 2947: 2914: 2885: 2864: 2852:Berghahn Books 2837: 2831: 2814: 2808: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2748: 2712: 2679: 2646: 2613: 2601: 2568: 2556: 2544: 2542:, p. 132. 2532: 2530:, p. 131. 2520: 2487: 2475: 2463: 2451: 2420: 2405: 2374: 2344: 2314: 2302: 2290: 2278: 2246: 2231: 2191: 2179: 2167: 2165:, p. 206. 2155: 2143: 2106: 2102:Schreiber 2014 2094: 2090:Schreiber 2014 2082: 2078:Schreiber 2014 2070: 2037: 2033:Schreiber 2014 2025: 2013: 2001: 1989: 1977: 1944: 1908: 1875: 1860: 1848: 1846:, p. 344. 1836: 1824: 1812: 1810:, p. 323. 1800: 1788: 1755: 1743: 1731: 1719: 1707: 1705:, p. 128. 1695: 1683: 1671: 1659: 1647: 1614: 1602: 1569: 1567:, p. 205. 1557: 1545: 1509: 1497: 1485: 1483:, p. 292. 1473: 1471:, p. 375. 1458: 1446: 1434: 1422: 1407: 1392: 1390:, p. 984. 1380: 1378:, p. 460. 1368: 1351: 1339: 1327: 1315: 1313:, p. 372. 1303: 1301:, p. 362. 1291: 1276: 1274:, p. 369. 1264: 1252: 1240: 1228: 1216: 1214:, p. 206. 1199: 1187: 1175: 1163: 1151: 1139: 1106: 1073: 1058: 1046: 1034: 1004: 1000:Margalith 1953 986: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 974: 973: 968: 961: 958: 941: 938: 886: 885:Spousal rights 883: 854: 851: 781: 778: 772: 769: 767: 764: 702:Reform Judaism 679: 676: 573: 570: 565:Main article: 562: 559: 524:West Jerusalem 520:East Jerusalem 515: 512: 425: 422: 392: 389: 377:British Empire 363:, rather than 332:and all other 302:Ottoman Empire 275: 272: 270: 267: 230: 227: 156: 155: 148: 147: 141: 140: 134: 133: 130: 124: 123: 120: 118:Second reading 114: 113: 110: 104: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 59: 55: 54: 48: 47: 39: 38: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6514: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6482: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6098:Civil defense 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5894:Peace process 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5848:Ottoman Syria 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5802: 5800: 5795: 5793: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5772: 5771: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5465:United States 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5399: 5394: 5392: 5387: 5385: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5364: 5363: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5347:Schengen Area 5344: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5296:Statelessness 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5228:Ius sanguinis 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5180:African Union 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148:organizations 5146:International 5144: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5119:United States 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4863:Liechtenstein 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4770:Schengen Area 4766: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4433:United States 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4132:Guinea-Bissau 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3978: 3976: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3957: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3410: 3406: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3185: 3182:: 1089–1135. 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3002: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2791: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2752: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2716: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2690: 2683: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2650: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2617: 2610: 2605: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2572: 2565: 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