638:
2901:
454:
39:
723:, stating that "the Italicum's advantage is indeed that the winner will be assigned 340 seats and the losers will have to divide the remaining 278 seats.... The point is that the Italicum is a majority-assuring system, such that it ensures that there will be an undisputed winner, but unlike the British system, it is not a winner-takes-all system. In fact, the winner does not take the entire pot, but only 54 percent".
2890:
730:, who was a key player in pushing Italian parties into reforming the electoral system, remarked that "this law certainly hasn't been written in a month, it took more than one year, there have been many discussions, there has been a committee of scholars who opened the way, therefore I believe this has been an important accomplishment".
719:), who was the main scholar proposing the new system, said that "the Italicum is a good instrument that represents a point of satisfactory equilibrium between governability and representativeness. However ... good government ... depends mostly on the men and women who use it". He also made a comparison with the
844:
On 25 January 2017, the
Constitutional Court ruled some aspects of the Italicum unconstitutional, including the two-round system and the clause allowing head candidates, who were permitted to run in multiple constituencies, to choose which constituency they wished to represent. The majority bonus was
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electing between 3 and 9 deputies, depending on their population. For each constituency, the parties designate a list of candidates: "head of list" candidates can run in up to 10 constituencies, while other candidates are limited to a single constituency. Gender balance is promoted by requiring that,
748:
and one of the most prominent experts of
Italian constitutional law) was unhappy with the possibility for a candidate to run in more than one constituency and with the low 3% election threshold but otherwise praised the law. He said that the system does not introduce presidentialism but strengthens
567:
A few days later, on 8 December 2013, Matteo Renzi became the new leader of the
Democratic Party. In his victory speech, he vowed to change the electoral law to counter the risk of "stabilized grand coalitions". Renzi's reformist agenda ultimately led to him replacing Letta as prime minister. Renzi
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If no party achieves over 40% in the first round, a second round takes place two weeks after the first. This time, only the two highest-voted parties from the first round participate. The party winning the second round is attributed 340 seats, and the remaining seats are allocated to the other
685:
in the first round are assigned seats. If the party receiving the plurality of the votes achieves over 40% of total votes, it is attributed a minimum of 340 seats (54%). The remaining seats are allocated to the other parties in a proportional fashion, and no second round takes place.
385:. The largest party which won over 40% of the vote would automatically win a majority of seats; if no party won 40% of seats, a second round of voting would be held between the two largest parties, with the winner of the second round winning a majority of seats. The name "
1196:
To save the
Italicum from the application that hangs over its head, it would have been enough to pass an amendment to Article 66 of the Constitution, thereby eliminating the electoral esclusive cognisaince of the elected House, which is unknown in other countries :
845:
left intact, giving a majority to any party which won over 40% of votes in a single round of voting. After the ruling, the
Italicum essentially provided for pure proportional representation, unless a party was able to win over 40% of the vote and secure a majority.
697:. Each party receives a certain number of seats depending on its national result: these seats are then distributed amongst the 100 constituencies, starting from the head of list and continuing according to the number of preference votes for each candidate.
576:
The new law faced harsh opposition, even by members of the parties proposing it. However, it was approved by the
Chamber of Deputies on 12 March 2014 and, in an amended form, by the Senate on 27 January 2015, with the support of a large majority.
563:
without a threshold required to achieve it was struck down. This made electoral reform even more urgent, since proportional representation without majoritarian correction was thought to be incompatible with the competitive party system of Italy.
605:
party system that dominated
Italian politics between 1946 and 1993, which was replaced by a new (sometimes harshly) competitive system, making pure party-list proportional representation undesirable and arguably demanding a strong majoritarian
792:) wrote that "the Italicum is a bad reform with a single merit: the runoff giving real power to electors. As for the rest, the party bonus is wrong, as well as multiple candidatures and the low threshold for the access to the Parliament".
518:, which gave party executives great power in deciding the composition of Parliament, was called into question, as was the regional allocation of the majority bonus in the Senate, which made a "clear winner" of the elections less likely.
627:
The effectiveness of the system used to elect
Italian mayors and city councils which assures a majority and employs a runoff election (though, unlike the Italicum, gives the majority bonus to an electoral coalition rather than a single
584:
as
President of Italy on 31 January 2015, Berlusconi withdrew his support of the bill. In order for it to receive its final approval by the Chamber of Deputies, the government decided to link it to a confidence vote (hinting at a
936:
1086:
803:) was also critical of the reform. According to him, "the Italicum determines a direct election of the prime minister, giving him a turnkey majority", introducing a constitutional reform by means of an ordinary law.
572:
regarding a set of institutional reforms, including a new majority-assuring law based on a two-round system, designed to make the necessitation of a grand coalition impossible. This law was nicknamed the
Italicum.
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was written under the assumption that the Senate would be an indirectly-elected body by the next general election. As such, the Senate was not addressed in the bill, and remained under the previous election law
672:
In the first round, voters receive a ballot allowing them to vote for a single party and for its head of list candidate (pre-printed on the ballot), and are given the option to express up to two additional
810:
commented that "the important thing is that the law approved by the Chamber of Deputies obtains stability and governability, nevertheless respecting the decision coming from the polls as much as possible"
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for other candidates of that party, by writing their name next to the party symbol. If two preference votes are expressed, they must be of a different sex, otherwise the second preference is discarded.
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after declaring petitioners' applications admissible. The judges called for the Constitutional Court to rule on eight out of thirteen claims that the Italicum breached the Italian Constitution.
977:
781:), the Italicum "should be preferred over pure majoritarian systems" in which "the electoral law decimates not only small parties, but even parties going close to a 20% of the people's votes".
645:
The Italicum system regulates the allocation of 617 of the 630 seats of the Chamber of Deputies, excluding 12 seats attributed to representatives of Italians living abroad and one seat for the
874:
was unconstitutional, revising part of the law, and effectively removing one of the distinctive aspects of the law, whose main goal was to guarantee the existence of a parliamentary majority.
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A new electoral law was needed, however opinions were diverse among political forces. Renzi personally supported a return to a semi-proportional system similar to the 1993
1242:
1230:
870:). The issue of two different election laws for the two houses of Parliament was further compounded after the Constitutional Court ruled that the two-round aspect of the
669:, head of lists of either sex for the same party should not exceed 60% of the total; additionally, candidates in all lists must be in a sequence alternating by gender.
749:
the powers of the prime minister, which is "the characteristic of all functioning parliamentary systems (United Kingdom, German chancellorship, Spanish premiership)".
404:
The law was written under the assumption that major constitutional reforms would have taken place by the time it came into force. The failure of the reforms in the
712:
1277:
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They objected to the law mainly on the grounds that it awards an unfairly large bonus to the winner and does not sufficiently enable voters to pick their MPs:
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While the coalition agreed that a new electoral law was needed, it failed to agree on a specific model. The Democratic Party executive and prime minister
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system, the second providing a majority bonus for the winning coalition) gave rise to electoral coalitions which were prone to dissolving once in power.
753:
763:
1125:
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The 2005 electoral law passed by the centre-right government, nicknamed the Porcellum, immediately received widespread criticism. The use of long
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770:) stated that "it is to the lawmaker's credit to have been able to make a synthesis of the two principles" of governability and proportionality.
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1992:
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which lacked concentrated support, and as such were hostile to pure majoritarian solutions based on single-member constituencies, such as a
2623:
1975:
1084:
https://stefanoceccanti.wordpress.com/2015/05/03/perche-si-allitalicum-sullhuffington-post-le-mie-16-risposte-alle-domande-del-sole-24-ore/
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The mediocre performance of electoral coalitions from 1994 to 2013: the two electoral laws of this period (the first the semi-proportional
1002:
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1517:
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http://www.ansa.it/english/news/2016/02/24/court-sends-election-law-to-constitutional-court-2_650916ba-6698-4589-8f83-68469f3234bb.html
767:
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760:), the law is "definitely a good one, it would have been difficult for this fragmented, troublesome Parliament... to do any better".
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349:, was an Italian electoral law passed in 2015. The law, which came into force on 1 July 2016, regulated only the election of the
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in case of a negative outcome). The bill was finally approved on 4 May 2015 and signed by President Mattarella two days later.
405:
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525:, the law failed to produce a majority in the Senate: as a consequence, the only way to form a government was by means of a
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1997:
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https://stefanoceccanti.wordpress.com/2015/04/14/augusto-barbera-oggi-alla-camera-su-riforma-elettorale-e-costituzionale/
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prompted the resignation of Prime Minister Matteo Renzi, the chief proponent of both the constitutional reform and the
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https://stefanoceccanti.wordpress.com/2015/05/07/napolitano-connette-la-riforma-elettorale-alla-commissione-dei-saggi/
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https://stefanoceccanti.wordpress.com/2015/05/09/pasquale-pasquino-su-elezioni-inglesi-ed-italicum-per-il-mulino/
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939:[Dispositions on the matter of elections at the Chamber of Deputies] (Law 52) (in Italian). 6 May 2015.
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system similar to the German system, but failed to garner enough support for a serious debate. Ultimately, a
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Map of the electoral constituencies. Numbers indicate the number of deputies allocated to each constituency.
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between left wing and right wing parties that had harshly fought each other in the election. The resulting
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even went as far as requesting that his party vote against a parliamentary initiative by fellow democrat
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were not harmonised. This was compounded by a January 2017 Constitutional Court ruling finding the
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Several events contributed to the development of the electoral law into the current system:
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1918:
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1243:"Constitutional Court postpones judgment on new electoral law after referendum a done deal"
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Letta: Italicum parente del Porcellum, domani voto no. Cuperlo: noi contrari, ma no agguati
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law. Berlusconi's Forza Italia called for pure proportional representation, while both the
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8:
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Constitutional Court postpones judgment on new electoral law after referendum a done deal
950:
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785:
778:
621:
919:, allocates 37% of seats to single-member constituencies and 61% to proportional lists.
893:, with the same law applied to the Senate. Multiple proposals were floated, including a
737:
judged the Italicum "a close relative to the Porcellum" and voted against its adoption.
2841:
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46:
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was perceived by many people as the second "unelected government" in a row (after the
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2011:
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judged the Porcellum partly unconstitutional: in particular, the implementation of a
545:
133:
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An amendment, known as "Erasmus amendment", ensures Italians studying abroad in the
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1965:
1846:
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1185:
978:"Il Rosatellum bis è legge dello Stato: via libera definitivo al Senato con 214 sì"
951:"XVII Legislatura - XVII Legislatura - Documenti - Temi dell'AttivitĂ parlamentare"
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created unforeseen complications, as electoral law for the Chamber of Deputies and
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parties in a proportional fashion, according to the results of the first round.
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On 24 February 2016 a court in Messina sent the election law for review to the
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https://stefanoceccanti.wordpress.com/2015/05/09/tommaso-frosini-sullitalicum/
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assigned to the winning party, after a second round of voting if necessary.
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After two unsuccessful attempts at repealing the law by referendum, in the
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Among the politicians critical of the reform, former prime minister
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821:(the main left-wing journal in Israel), has suggested to use the
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is the first and only electoral law to have been approved by the
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Likewise, scholars have been divided on the electoral reform.
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Disposizioni in materia di elezione della Camera dei deputati
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was repealed by the Italian Parliament and replaced by the
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region. One uncommon feature of this system is that it is
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Israel's formula for a stable government lies in Italy
357:, which had been ruled partly unconstitutional by the
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Provisions on the election of the Chamber of Deputies
1898:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
861:law. Electoral law became a pressing issue, as the
401:, who was one of the legislation's main proponent.
693:The proportional allocation of seats follows the
2917:
905:was passed in October 2017, succeeding both the
377:. Candidates would have run in 100 multi-member
806:Among the foreign press, the Spanish newspaper
616:The presence of small centrist parties in the
416:partly unconstitutional. In October 2017, the
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889:called for snap elections using the revised
568:came to an agreement with coalition partner
660:The territory of Italy is divided into 100
482:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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768:Suor Orsola Benincasa University of Naples
37:
1201:"Legge elettorale: l'Italicum e la Corte"
913:in the Senate. This system, known as the
502:Learn how and when to remove this message
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855:2016 Italian constitutional referendum
434:but never used in a general election.
406:2016 Italian constitutional referendum
367:party-list proportional representation
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853:The victory of the "No" votes in the
1944:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
721:2015 United Kingdom general election
480:adding citations to reliable sources
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361:in December 2013. It provided for a
1278:"Italicum run-off KO'd, bonus OK'd"
909:in the Chamber of Deputies and the
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1003:The Long Road to a Majority System
976:Rubino, Monica (26 October 2017).
681:Only parties passing a 3% minimum
323:Presidential Decree n. 361 of 1957
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2669:Water supply and sanitation
2093:Italian geographical region
1961:Monarchy and the World Wars
1903:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1789:War of the Sicilian Vespers
1442:Timeline of Italian history
1205:Mondoperaio Edizione Online
1199:Buonomo, Giampiero (2015).
1161:Le regole come atto di fede
758:Sapienza University of Rome
744:(emeritus professor at the
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1998:Fall of the Fascist regime
1981:Fourth War of Independence
1939:Expedition of the Thousand
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389:" was coined in 2014 by
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1772:Guelphs and Ghibellines
1757:the Sardinian Judicates
1147:Quel premier debordante
395:Prime Minister of Italy
2445:Science and technology
2393:Italian regions by GDP
2194:Marine protected areas
1866:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
901:system similar to the
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410:Senate of the Republic
273:Senate of the Republic
221:Senate of the Republic
115:Senate of the Republic
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1752:the Holy Roman Empire
1175:Renzi arriesga y gana
833:Constitutional review
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523:2013 general election
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393:secretary and later
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1888:Early Modern period
1861:Kingdom of Sardinia
1812:Italian city-states
1337:1946 (proportional)
1131:18 May 2015 at the
1110:18 May 2015 at the
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801:Roma Tre University
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779:New York University
622:first-past-the-post
351:Chamber of Deputies
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883:Five Star Movement
728:Giorgio Napolitano
713:Roberto D'Alimonte
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182:12 March 2014
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173:Renzi Cabinet
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169:Introduced by
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2931:Law of Italy
2732:Architecture
2702:Quattrocento
2659:Social class
2639:Prostitution
2553:Demographics
2475:Trade unions
2418:Central Bank
2260:Human rights
2240:Constitution
2023:Contemporary
1993:World War II
1881:Italian Wars
1805:Early modern
1747:Papal States
1725:Italy under
1671:Ancient Rome
1370:
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1282:ANSA English
1281:
1255:. Retrieved
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1213:. Retrieved
1209:the original
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566:
554:
542:Enrico Letta
539:
520:
516:closed lists
513:
498:
489:
474:Please help
462:
427:
421:
417:
413:
403:
399:Matteo Renzi
386:
345:
344:
340:
338:
328:
306:
299:
292:
267:Final stages
255:
248:
241:
209:40 abstained
207:
200:
193:
56:
26:
2797:Italophilia
2757:Coat of arm
2707:Cinquecento
2583:Immigration
2533:Aristocracy
2398:Agriculture
2292:Nationality
2265:LGBT rights
2179:Earthquakes
2060:Mani pulite
1976:World War I
1919:Unification
1912:Late modern
1876:Renaissance
1721:Middle Ages
1714:Middle Ages
1691:Roman Italy
1458:Citizenship
1344:Mattarellum
1257:29 December
988:14 December
961:14 December
903:Mattarellum
879:Mattarellum
815:Moshe Arens
606:correction.
308:4 abstained
257:2 abstained
2920:Categories
2867:Traditions
2857:Television
2842:Philosophy
2807:Literature
2747:Cathedrals
2717:Settecento
2578:Healthcare
2543:Corruption
2538:Censorship
2297:Parliament
2255:Government
2055:Maxi Trial
2003:Resistance
1732:Ostrogoths
1664:Messapians
1549:Villanovan
1539:Prehistory
1532:Prehistory
1371:Rosatellum
923:References
916:Rosatellum
704:can vote.
633:Provisions
442:See also:
423:Rosatellum
383:open lists
281:4 May 2015
151:8 May 2015
143:6 May 2015
132:President
58:Long title
2827:Mythology
2802:Libraries
2722:Ottocento
2664:Terrorism
2605:Languages
2558:Education
2480:Transport
2430:Companies
2337:Provinces
2307:President
2272:Judiciary
2245:Elections
2157:Volcanoes
2152:Volcanism
2145:Apennines
2130:Mountains
2098:Peninsula
2081:Geography
2012:Civil War
1737:Byzantium
1644:Etruscans
1579:Canegrate
1574:Golasecca
1559:Rinaldone
1554:Terramare
1544:Neolithic
1353:Porcellum
911:Porcellum
868:Porcellum
708:Reactions
463:does not
373:and a 3%
365:based on
148:Commenced
2905:Category
2792:Internet
2782:Folklore
2712:Seicento
2697:Trecento
2692:Duecento
2654:Religion
2615:Regional
2593:Italians
2568:Gambling
2460:Taxation
2287:Military
2228:Politics
2030:Republic
1817:Florence
1742:Lombards
1681:Republic
1627:Samnites
1622:Picentes
1564:Apennine
1523:Railways
1503:Military
1451:By topic
1435:Overview
1419:articles
1362:Italicum
1215:13 April
1129:Archived
1108:Archived
1087:Archived
1066:Archived
1031:Archived
907:Italicum
891:Italicum
872:Italicum
863:Italicum
859:Italicum
823:Italicum
665:in each
611:scorporo
428:Italicum
418:Italicum
414:Italicum
387:Italicum
346:Italicum
332:Repealed
75:Citation
18:Italicum
2862:Theatre
2837:Palaces
2817:Museums
2787:Gardens
2772:Fashion
2762:Cuisine
2742:Castles
2684:Culture
2634:Poverty
2610:Italian
2521:Society
2502:Welfare
2470:Tourism
2440:Exports
2408:Banking
2388:Economy
2376:Economy
2332:Regions
2214:Valleys
2184:Islands
2164:Beaches
2135:Prealps
2115:Geology
2103:Climate
1767:Normans
1727:Odoacer
1676:Kingdom
1659:Ligures
1595:Ancient
1569:Nuragic
1518:Postage
1493:Judaism
1483:Genetic
1473:Fashion
1468:Economy
1427:History
827:Knesset
819:Haaretz
808:El PaĂs
628:party).
624:system.
484:removed
469:sources
438:History
329:Status:
2893:
2767:Design
2752:Cinema
2727:Anthem
2649:Racism
2598:People
2573:Health
2435:Energy
2425:Brands
2352:Comune
2347:Cities
2209:Rivers
2169:Canals
1852:Amalfi
1837:Venice
1696:Empire
1637:Veneti
1612:Latins
1584:Latial
1417:
1369:2017 (
1360:2015 (
1351:2005 (
1342:1993 (
849:Repeal
667:region
426:. The
381:using
318:Amends
227:Passed
179:Passed
140:Signed
121:Passed
103:Passed
2852:Sport
2822:Music
2812:Media
2674:Women
2548:Crime
2413:Banks
2189:Lakes
2174:Caves
2125:Flora
2120:Fauna
1842:Genoa
1827:Milan
1822:Siena
1762:Arabs
1649:Celts
1632:Umbri
1508:Music
1478:Flags
1415:Italy
717:LUISS
87:Italy
2777:Flag
2507:Wine
2495:road
2490:rail
2321:List
2311:List
2140:Alps
2005:and
1847:Pisa
1617:Osci
1513:Name
1498:LGBT
1259:2016
1217:2016
990:2019
963:2019
885:and
467:any
465:cite
339:The
2737:Art
2485:air
2277:Law
537:).
478:by
2922::
1280:.
1267:^
1245:.
1203:.
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