1610:
1786:
1826:
2281:
involved not only trying to
Catholicize England ... but also creating a modern, centralizing, and extremely bureaucratic state apparatus." The second is that James was undone in 1688 far less by Protestant reaction against Catholicization than by nationwide hostile reaction against his intrusive bureaucratic state and taxation apparatus, expressed in massive popular support for William of Orange's armed invasion of England. Pincus presents James as neither naïve nor stupid nor egotistical. Instead, readers are shown an intelligent, clear-thinking strategically motivated monarch whose vision for a French authoritarian political model and alliance clashed with, and lost out to, alternative views that favoured an entrepreneurial Dutch economic model, feared French power, and were outraged by James's authoritarianism.
1434:
2292:
contends that James's policies of religious toleration attracted substantial support from religious nonconformists, including
Quakers, Baptists, Congregationalists and Presbyterians, who were attracted by the king's push for a new "Magna Carta for liberty of conscience". The king was overthrown, in Sowerby's view, largely because of fears among the Dutch and English elites that James might be aligning himself with Louis XIV in a supposed "holy league" to destroy Protestantism across northern Europe. Sowerby presents James's reign as a struggle between those who believed that the king was sincerely devoted to liberty of conscience and those who were sceptical of the king's espousals of toleration and believed that he had a hidden agenda to overthrow English Protestantism.
1318:
2083:
2483:
1685:. In the summer of 1687 he attempted to increase support for his tolerationist policy by a speaking tour of the western counties of England. As part of this tour, he gave a speech at Chester in which he said, "suppose... there should be a law made that all black men should be imprisoned, it would be unreasonable and we had as little reason to quarrel with other men for being of different opinions as for being of different complexions." At the same time, James provided partial toleration in Scotland, using his dispensing power to grant relief to Roman Catholics and partial relief to Presbyterians.
2507:
2495:
1002:
874:
1909:
756:
3095:) may result from a calculation done by an author of anonymous "An Exact Account of the Sickness and Death of the Late King James II, as also of the Proceedings at St. Germains thereupon, 1701, in a letter from an English gentleman in France to his friend in London". The account reads: "And on Friday the 17th instant, about three in the afternoon, the king died, the day he always fasted in memory of our blessed Saviour's passion, the day he ever desired to die on, and the ninth hour, according to the Jewish account, when our Saviour was crucified." As 17 September 1701
1967:
1664:, began replacing office-holders at court with "Papist" favourites, James began to lose the confidence of many of his Anglican supporters. Sunderland's purge of office-holders even extended to the King's brothers-in-law (the Hydes) and their supporters. Roman Catholics made up no more than one-fiftieth of the English population. In May 1686, James sought to obtain a ruling from the English common-law courts that showed he had the power to dispense with Acts of Parliament. He dismissed judges who disagreed with him on this matter, as well as the Solicitor General,
2188:
2233:, a writer and Catholic apologist, broke with this tradition in 1928, casting James as an honourable man and a true advocate for freedom of conscience, and his enemies "men in the small clique of great fortunes ... which destroyed the ancient monarchy of the English". However, he observed that James "concluded the Catholic church to be the sole authoritative voice on earth, and thenceforward ... he not only stood firm against surrender but on no single occasion contemplated the least compromise or by a word would modify the impression made."
6624:
1207:
1629:
lamented that he was not there in person to promote such a law. In response, the
Parliament passed an Act that stated, "whoever should preach in a conventicle under a roof, or should attend, either as preacher or as a hearer, a conventicle in the open air, should be punished with death and confiscation of property". In March 1686, James sent a letter to the Scottish Privy Council advocating toleration for Roman Catholics but not for rebellious Presbyterian Covenanters. Presbyterians would later call this period "
2173:
1747:: 1. Would they consent to the repeal of the Test Act and the Penal Laws? 2. Would they assist candidates who would do so? 3. Would they accept the Declaration of Indulgence? During the first three months of 1688, hundreds of those who gave negative replies to those questions were dismissed. Corporations were purged by agents, known as the Regulators, who were given wide discretionary powers, in an attempt to create a permanent royal electoral machine. Most of the regulators were
594:
42:
844:
1501:
1689:
374:
1451:, after supposedly converting to Catholicism on his deathbed. Having no legitimate children, he was succeeded by his brother James, who reigned in England and Ireland as James II and in Scotland as James VII. There was little initial opposition to James's accession, and there were widespread reports of public rejoicing at the orderly succession. He wished to proceed quickly to the coronation, and he and Mary were crowned at
1979:
1817:, on 10 June that year. When James's only possible successors were his two Protestant daughters, Anglicans could see his pro-Catholic policies as a temporary phenomenon, but when the prince's birth opened the possibility of a permanent Roman Catholic dynasty, such men had to reconsider their position. Threatened by a Roman Catholic dynasty, several influential Protestants claimed the child was
2301:
704:, and later against their Spanish allies. In the French army James had his first true experience of battle, in which, according to one observer, he "ventures himself and chargeth gallantly where anything is to be done". Turenne's favour led to James being given command of a captured Irish regiment in December 1652, then appointed Lieutenant-General in 1654.
1771:. However, upon realising in September that William of Orange was going to land in England, James withdrew the writs and subsequently wrote to the lord-lieutenants to inquire over allegations of abuses committed during the regulations and election preparations, as part of the concessions he made to win support.
1711:. While the Declaration elicited some thanks from its beneficiaries, it left the Established Church, the traditional ally of the monarchy, in the difficult position of being forced to erode its own privileges. James provoked further opposition by attempting to reduce the Anglican monopoly on education. At the
2535:
3172:
Historians are unclear on Farmer's exact religious affiliation. Macaulay wrote that Farmer "pretended to turn Papist". Prall called him a "Catholic sympathizer". Miller wrote that "although he had not declared himself a
Catholic, it was believed he was no longer an Anglican". Ashley did not refer to
1542:
on 18 June 1685. Having arrived with fewer than 300 men and unable to convince many more to flock to his standard, he never posed a credible threat to James. Argyll was taken as a prisoner to
Edinburgh. A new trial was not commenced because Argyll had previously been tried and sentenced to death. The
2256:
that "James was genuinely committed to religious toleration, but also sought to increase the power of the crown." He added that, unlike the government of the
Netherlands, "James was too autocratic to combine freedom of conscience with popular government. He resisted any check on the monarch's power.
3128:
were rediscovered in 1824 and reburied. Hilliam disputed that his remains were either scattered or lost, stating that when revolutionaries broke into the church, they were amazed at the body's preservation and it was put on public exhibition where miracles were said to have happened. Hilliam stated
1734:
In 1687, James prepared to pack
Parliament with his supporters, so that it would repeal the Test Act and the Penal Laws. James was convinced by addresses from Dissenters that he had their support and so could dispense with relying on Tories and Anglicans. He instituted a wholesale purge of those in
1605:
and challenged the
Archbishop of Canterbury and the whole Anglican episcopal bench to refute Charles's arguments: "Let me have a solid answer, and in a gentlemanlike style; and it may have the effect which you so much desire of bringing me over to your church." The Archbishop refused on the grounds
1411:
and the Duke of
Monmouth, were implicated. Monmouth initially confessed to complicity in the plot and implicated fellow conspirators, but later recanted. Essex committed suicide, and Monmouth, along with several others, was obliged to flee into exile in continental Europe. Charles II reacted to the
450:
James succeeded to the throne with widespread support, largely due to a reluctance to undermine the principle of heredity succession, and the belief that a
Catholic monarchy was purely temporary. However, tolerance of his personal views did not extend to Catholicism in general, and both the English
2267:
The jury will doubtless remain out on James for a long time ... Was he an egotistical bigot ... a tyrant who rode roughshod over the will of the vast majority of his subjects (at least in England and Scotland) ... simply naïve, or even perhaps plain stupid, unable to appreciate the
2240:
and Stuart Prall began to reconsider James's motives in granting religious toleration, while still taking note of James's autocratic rule. Modern historians have moved away from the school of thought that preached the continuous march of progress and democracy, Ashley contending that "history is,
2226:
that James was "obviously a political and religious bigot", although never devoid of "a vein of patriotic sentiment"; "his conversion to the church of Rome made the emancipation of his fellow-catholics in the first instance, and the recovery of England for catholicism in the second, the governing
1884:
on 12 February that denounced James for abusing his power, and proclaimed many limitations on royal authority. The abuses charged to James included the suspension of the Test Acts, the prosecution of the Seven Bishops for merely petitioning the Crown, the establishment of a standing army, and the
5797:
He 'wished that all his subjects could be as convinced as he was that the Catholic church was the one true church. He was also convinced that the established church was maintained artificially by penal laws that proscribed nonconformity. If these were removed, and conversions to Catholicism were
2291:
He noted that English taxes remained low during James II's reign, at about 4% of the English national income, and thus it was unlikely that James could have built a bureaucratic state on the model of Louis XIV's France, where taxes were at least twice as high as a proportion of GDP. Sowerby also
2280:
Pincus claims that James's reign must be understood within a context of economic change and European politics, and makes two major assertions about James II. The first of these is that James purposefully "followed the French Sun King, Louis XIV, in trying to create a modern Catholic polity. This
1628:
in all three of his kingdoms, but in the early years of his reign he refused to allow those dissenters who did not petition for relief to receive it. James sent a letter to the Scottish Parliament at its opening in 1685, declaring his wish for new penal laws against refractory Presbyterians and
1192:
In 1672, the Royal African Company received a new charter from Charles II. It set up forts and factories, maintained troops, and exercised martial law in West Africa in pursuit of trade in gold, silver and African slaves. In the 1680s, the RAC transported about 5,000 slaves a year to markets
1368:
in Edinburgh to suppress an uprising and oversee the royal government. James returned to England for a time when Charles was stricken ill and appeared to be near death. The hysteria of the accusations eventually faded, but James's relations with many in the English Parliament, including the
1126:
in 1667, James oversaw the survey and re-fortification of the southern coast. The office of Lord High Admiral, combined with his revenue from post office and wine tariffs (positions granted him by Charles II upon his restoration), gave James enough money to keep a sizable court household.
1197:
on the chest with the letters "DY" for "Duke of York", the RAC's Governor. As historian William Pettigrew writes, the RAC "shipped more enslaved African women, men, and children to the Americas than any other single institution during the entire period of the transatlantic slave trade".
1933:
against those who had rebelled against him. At James's urging, the Irish Parliament passed an Act for Liberty of Conscience that granted religious freedom to all Roman Catholics and Protestants in Ireland. James worked to build an army in Ireland, but was ultimately defeated at the
1600:
in November 1685, never to meet again in his reign. At the beginning of 1686, two papers were found in Charles II's strong box and his closet, in his own hand, stating the arguments for Catholicism over Protestantism. James published these papers with a declaration signed by his
1189:. This was not a political office, but his actions and leadership were noteworthy. "The Duke of York hath won the hearts of the people with his continual and indefatigable pains day and night in helping to quench the Fire", wrote a witness in a letter on 8 September.
5798:
encouraged, then many would take place. In the event his optimism was misplaced, for few converted. James underestimated the appeal of Protestantism in general and the Church of England in particular. His was the zeal and even bigotry of a narrow-minded convert...'
1466:", was initially favourable to James, who had stated that most former exclusionists would be forgiven if they acquiesced to his rule. Most of Charles's officers continued in office, the exceptions being the promotion of James's brothers-in-law, the earls of
2017:. James rejected the offer, fearing that accepting the Polish crown might (in the minds of the English people) disqualify him from being King of England. After Louis concluded peace with William in 1697, he ceased to offer much assistance to James.
524:. While contemporary opponents often portrayed him as an absolutist tyrant, some 20th century historians have praised James for advocating religious tolerance, although more recent scholarship has tended to take a middle ground between these views.
2024:. He wrote a memorandum for his son advising him on how to govern England, specifying that Catholics should possess one Secretary of State, one Commissioner of the Treasury, the Secretary at War, with the majority of the officers in the army.
1864:; later, he was released and placed under Dutch protective guard. Having no desire to make James a martyr, William let him escape on 23 December. James was received by his cousin and ally, Louis XIV, who offered him a palace and a pension.
1591:. This alarmed his subjects, not only because of the trouble soldiers caused in the towns, but because it was against the English tradition to keep a professional army in peacetime. Even more alarming to Parliament was James's use of his
1821:
and had been smuggled into the Queen's bedchamber in a warming pan. They had already entered into negotiations with the Prince of Orange when it became known the Queen was pregnant, and the birth of a son reinforced their convictions.
2245:, writing in 2000, accepted the claims of James's absolutism, but argued that "his main concern was to secure religious liberty and civil equality for Catholics. Any 'absolutist' methods ... were essentially means to that end."
1550:
on 11 June. He attempted to raise recruits but was unable to gather enough rebels to defeat even James's small standing army. Monmouth's soldiers attacked the King's army at night, in an attempt at surprise, but were defeated at the
798:, no matter what he had pledged beforehand. Although nearly everyone, including Anne's father, urged the two not to marry, the couple married secretly, then went through an official marriage ceremony on 3 September 1660 in London.
3173:
Farmer by name, but only as the King's Catholic nominee. All these sources agreed that Farmer's bad reputation as a "person of scandalous character" was as much a deterrent to his nomination as his uncertain religious loyalties.
1383:, in which between 130 and 250 people perished. James argued with the pilot about the navigation of the ship before it ran aground on a sandbank, and then delayed abandoning ship, which may have contributed to the death toll.
1221:
in 1668 or 1669, although his conversion was kept secret for almost a decade as he continued to attend Anglican services until 1676. In spite of his conversion, James continued to associate primarily with Anglicans, including
1298:. James reluctantly acquiesced after his brother and nephew had agreed to the marriage. Despite the Protestant marriage, fears of a potential Catholic monarch persisted, intensified by the failure of Charles II and his wife,
1871:
to decide how to handle James's flight. It convened on 22 January 1689. While the Parliament refused to depose him, they declared that James, having fled to France and dropped the Great Seal into the Thames, had effectively
1019:
An Act for explaining of a Proviso conteyned in an Act, entituled "An Act for settling the Profitts of ye Post-Office and Power of granteing Wine-Licences on His Royall Highnes ye Duke of Yorke and the Heyres Males of his
2268:
realities of political power ... Or was he a well-intentioned and even enlightened ruler—an enlightened despot well ahead of his time, perhaps—who was merely trying to do what he thought was best for his subjects?
1595:
to allow Roman Catholics to command several regiments without having to take the oath mandated by the Test Act. When even the previously supportive Parliament objected to these measures, James ordered Parliament
6459:
Goodlad, Graham (2007). "Before the Glorious Revolution: The Making of Absolute Monarchy? Graham Goodlad Examines the Controversies Surrounding the Development of Royal Power under Charles II and James II"
2350:, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled. In Scotland, he was "James the Seventh, by the Grace of God, King of Scotland, England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc."
1876:, and that the throne had thereby become vacant. To fill this vacancy, James's daughter Mary was declared Queen; she was to rule jointly with her husband William, who would be King. On 11 April 1689, the
817:
wrote that James was fond of his children and his role as a father, and played with them "like an ordinary private father of a child", a contrast to the distant parenting common with royalty at the time.
3099:
falls on a Saturday and the author insists that James died on Friday, "the day he ever desired to die on", so the author may have miscalculated the date, which later made it to various reference works.
459:
religion. His attempts to impose them by decree met with opposition, and as a result, it has been argued it was a political principle, rather than a religious one, that ultimately led to his removal.
482:, and their acquittal on 30 June destroyed his political authority. Ensuing anti-Catholic riots in England and Scotland led to a general feeling only James's removal could prevent another civil war.
2218:, while more balanced than Macaulay, still characterised James as a tyrant, his attempts at religious tolerance as a fraud, and his reign as an aberration in the course of British history. In 1892,
1272:, performed a brief Anglican service that did little more than recognise the marriage by proxy. Many British people, distrustful of Catholicism, regarded the new Duchess of York as an agent of the
1353:
were those who opposed it. Ultimately, the succession was not altered, but James was convinced to withdraw from all policy-making bodies and to accept a lesser role in his brother's government.
775:, it seemed unlikely that he would inherit the Crown, as Charles was still a young man capable of fathering children. On 31 December 1660, following his brother's restoration, James was created
1609:
8717:
829:, and was reputed to be "the most unguarded ogler of his time". Samuel Pepys recorded in his diary that James "did eye my wife mightily". James's taste in women was often maligned, with
1840:, to come to England with an army. By September, it had become clear that William sought to invade. Believing that his own army would be adequate, James refused the assistance of King
1276:. James was noted for his deep devotion, once remarking, "If occasion were, I hope God would give me his grace to suffer death for the true Catholic religion as well as banishment."
1256:
King Charles II opposed James's conversion, ordering that James's daughters, Mary and Anne, be raised in the Church of England. Nevertheless, he allowed the widowed James to marry
6940:
1889:
enacted later in 1689. The Bill also declared that henceforth, no Roman Catholic was permitted to ascend the English throne, nor could any English monarch marry a Roman Catholic.
2241:
after all, the story of human beings and individuals, as well as of the classes and the masses." He cast James II and William III as "men of ideals as well as human weaknesses".
1579:. Around 250 of the rebels were executed. While both rebellions were defeated easily, they hardened James's resolve against his enemies and increased his suspicion of the Dutch.
1217:
James's time in France had exposed him to the beliefs and ceremonies of the Roman Catholic Church, and both he and his wife Anne became drawn to that faith. James took Catholic
2257:
That is why his heart was not in the concessions he had to make in 1688. He would rather live in exile with his principles intact than continue to reign as a limited monarch."
8737:
6226:
5506:
1852:. James lost his nerve and declined to attack the invading army, despite his army's numerical superiority. On 11 December, James tried to flee to France, first throwing the
1674:
affirmed his dispensing power, with eleven out of the twelve judges ruling in the king's favour after six judges were dismissed for refusing to promise to support the king.
2010:
William III to restore James to the throne in 1696, but the plot failed and the backlash made James's cause less popular. In the same year, Louis XIV offered to have James
1681:, also known as the Declaration for Liberty of Conscience, in which he used his dispensing power to negate the effect of laws punishing both Roman Catholics and Protestant
1832:
greeting the exiled James II in 1689 ("La Reception faite au Roy d'Angleterre par le Roy à St. Germain en Laye le VIIe janvier 1689", engraving by Nicolas Langlois, 1690)
4226:
1785:
1731:, a man of generally ill repute who was believed to be a Roman Catholic, which was seen as a violation of the Fellows' right to elect someone of their own choosing.
1253:. James refused to perform either action, instead choosing to relinquish the post of Lord High Admiral. His conversion to Roman Catholicism was thereby made public.
1420:
in 1684. While some in the English Parliament remained wary of the possibility of a Roman Catholic king, the threat of excluding James from the throne had passed.
779:
in Scotland, to go along with his English title, Duke of York. Upon his return to England, James prompted an immediate controversy by announcing his engagement to
891:
An Act for setling the Proffitts of the Post Office and Power of graunting Wyne Lycences on his Royall Highnes the Duke of Yorke and the Heires Males of his Body.
8637:
7710:
3028:
304:
1345:
were elected in 1680 and 1681, but were dissolved for the same reason. The Exclusion Crisis contributed to the development of the English two-party system: the
8707:
3151:
According to Turner, James's reaction to the agreement was "The King shall be obeyed, and I would be glad if all his subjects would learn of me to obey him".
1482:
and the customs duties. James worked harder as king than his brother had, but was less willing to compromise when his advisers disagreed with his policies.
6933:
6824:
5105:
2534:
3044:
68:
2160:
of the Roman Catholic Church. Henry was the last of James II's legitimate descendants. He died childless, and no relative has publicly acknowledged the
8747:
5346:
8702:
1825:
1337:
that would have excluded James from the line of succession. Some members of Parliament even proposed to pass the crown to Charles's illegitimate son,
3142:
Anne "made the greatest single impact upon his thinking" and that she converted shortly after the Restoration, "almost certainly before her husband".
2592:
1314:" to kill Charles and to put the Duke of York on the throne. The fabricated plot caused a wave of anti-Catholic hysteria to sweep across the nation.
802:
244:
8677:
8657:
1844:
of France, fearing that the English would oppose French intervention. When William arrived on 5 November 1688, many Protestant officers, including
1954:
argues that "Irish political poetry for most of the eighteenth century is essentially Jacobite poetry", and both Ó Buachalla and fellow-historian
1114:(1665–1667) he immediately directed the fleet towards the capture of forts off the African coast that would facilitate English involvement in the
8672:
6926:
3849:
680:
regime proclaimed Charles II King of Scotland, and after lengthy negotiations agreed to provide troops to restore him to the English throne. The
1555:. The King's forces, led by Feversham and Churchill, quickly dispersed the ill-prepared rebels. Monmouth was captured and later executed at the
1245:
in 1673. Under this Act, all civil and military officials were required to take an oath (in which they were required to disavow the doctrine of
688:
in September 1651. Although Charles managed to escape capture and to return to the exiled court in Paris, the Royalist cause appeared hopeless.
501:
derived from Parliament, not birth. James landed in Ireland on 14 March 1689 in an attempt to recover his kingdoms, but, despite a simultaneous
8647:
6467:
Johnson, Richard R. (1978). "Politics Redefined: An Assessment of Recent Writings on the Late Stuart Period of English History, 1660 to 1714."
2361:
1330:
17:
1942:
when William arrived, personally leading an army to defeat James and reassert English control. James fled to France once more, departing from
8387:
6221:
5907:
3749:
Brewer, Holly (October 2017). "Slavery, Sovereignty, and 'Inheritable Blood': Reconsidering John Locke and the Origins of American Slavery".
2793:
2176:
3163:, as they did not recognize James (or any uncovenanted king) as a legitimate ruler, would not petition James for relief from the penal laws.
1707:
In 1688, James ordered the Declaration read from the pulpits of every Anglican church, further alienating the Anglican bishops against the
1249:
and denounce certain practices of the Roman Church as superstitious and idolatrous) and to receive the Eucharist under the auspices of the
1094:
After the Restoration, James was confirmed as Lord High Admiral, an office that carried with it the subsidiary appointments of Governor of
8682:
7703:
2848:
died of convulsions and buried in Westminster Abbey on 8 October (Old Style) as "The Lady Charlotte-Marie, daughter to the Duke of York"
1295:
1118:(indeed English attacks on such forts occupied by the Dutch precipitated the war itself). James remained Admiral of the Fleet during the
8697:
1958:
argue that James and his successors played a central role as messianic figures throughout the 18th century for all classes in Ireland.
1801:
In April 1688, James re-issued the Declaration of Indulgence, subsequently ordering Anglican clergy to read it in their churches. When
1106:) in October 1660, an office James retained until after the Glorious Revolution when he was forced to resign. When James commanded the
1531:, where James's nephew and son-in-law, the Prince of Orange, had neglected to detain them or put a stop to their recruitment efforts.
1459:
8767:
8742:
8687:
8622:
8516:
8374:
8286:
2101:
provided that, if the line of succession established in the Bill of Rights were extinguished, the crown would go to a German cousin,
1708:
8662:
8500:
8358:
6836:
6758:
5099:
642:
5503:
2334:
The official style of James in England was "James the Second, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland,
2044:
8732:
8627:
8587:
8431:
5772:
2253:
1845:
1442:
570:
566:
562:
497:
held James had "vacated" the English throne and installed William and Mary as joint monarchs, thereby establishing the principle
88:
1433:
435:, his reign is now remembered primarily for conflicts over religion. However, it also involved struggles over the principles of
8727:
8602:
8582:
8508:
8366:
7696:
2986:
2981:
Married, firstly, Lady Honora Burke (a/k/a Lady Honora de Burgh) and had issue. Married, secondly, Anne Bulkely and had issue.
2958:
2074:
heard evidence to support James's canonisation, but nothing came of it. During the French Revolution, James's tomb was raided.
1661:
1524:
1475:
1025:
896:
6600:
1543:
King confirmed the earlier death sentence and ordered that it be carried out within three days of receiving the confirmation.
719:, James was expelled from France. James quarrelled with his brother over this choice, but ultimately joined Spanish forces in
8692:
6817:
6721:
6554:
6510:
6429:
6381:
6362:
6324:
6244:
5831:
5693:
5122:
4996:
3884:
3289:
1546:
Monmouth's rebellion was coordinated with Argyll's, but was more dangerous to James. Monmouth had proclaimed himself King at
1235:
1946:, never to return to any of his former kingdoms. Because he deserted his Irish supporters, James became known in Ireland as
833:
famously remarking that James's mistresses must have been "given him by his priests as a penance". Anne Hyde died in 1671.
8607:
8597:
8592:
3040:
2970:
1692:
1665:
1613:
1471:
294:
738:, James considered taking a Spanish offer to be an admiral in their navy, but declined the position. Soon after, the 1660
8475:
8451:
6785:
3125:
2937:
2339:
2210:, cast James as a cruel absolutist and his reign as "tyranny which approached to insanity". Subsequent scholars, such as
1809:, submitted a petition requesting the reconsideration of the King's religious policies, they were arrested and tried for
1560:
822:
790:
In 1659, while trying to seduce her, James promised he would marry Anne. Anne became pregnant in 1660, but following the
2133:
was recognised as king at his father's death by Louis XIV of France and James II's remaining supporters (later known as
1971:
517:
154:
6807:
3876:
2962:
2014:
1999:
1361:
805:, was born less than two months later, but died in infancy, as did five further children. Only two daughters survived:
784:
708:
681:
493:
on 5 November 1688, James's army deserted and he went into exile in France on 23 December. In February 1689, a special
1317:
8463:
8318:
6619:
6528:
6491:
6400:
6343:
6306:
6285:
6263:
6211:
6192:
6170:
6151:
6132:
6110:
6088:
6069:
5325:
5307:
3792:
3392:
1597:
1467:
1370:
1338:
1322:
1227:
8762:
8632:
5666:
5144:
2223:
2157:
2043:
in Paris. His entrails were placed in two gilt urns and sent to the parish church of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and the
2007:
1678:
1408:
1350:
638:
8312:
6728:
2394:
1099:
621:
in October, and narrowly escaped capture by Parliamentarian cavalry. He spent most of the next four years in the
2066:. James was not buried, but put in one of the side chapels. Lights were kept burning round his coffin until the
1930:
1929:
did not follow the example of the English Parliament; it declared that James remained King and passed a massive
8722:
8381:
8306:
6570:
Walcott, Robert (1962). "The Later Stuarts (1660–1714): Significant Work of the Last Twenty Years (1939–1959)"
2528:). James II was the fourth Stuart monarch in England, the second of his generation and the father of two more.
1417:
1342:
5932:
8279:
6792:
5660:
3202:
2620:
1939:
1649:
1102:. Charles II also made his brother the Governor of the Royal Adventurers into Africa (later shortened to the
1079:
960:
821:
James's wife was devoted to him and influenced many of his decisions. Even so, he kept mistresses, including
727:. Given command of six regiments of British volunteers, he fought against his former French comrades at the
471:
387:
132:
660:, Parliament considered making James king. James was ordered by his father to escape, and, with the help of
8757:
8617:
8567:
8324:
8232:
7600:
7563:
6765:
3121:
3113:
2644:
2102:
2094:
2082:
1868:
1849:
1657:
1636:
James allowed Roman Catholics to occupy the highest offices of his kingdoms, and received at his court the
810:
506:
494:
259:
2054:(consisting of two wooden coffins and one of lead) at the St Edmund's Chapel in the Church of the English
1403:, backfired upon its conspirators and provoked a wave of sympathy for the King and James. Several notable
656:
Frustrated by their inability to agree terms with Charles I, and with his brother Charles out of reach in
633:
by the University on 1 November 1642 and served as colonel of a volunteer regiment of foot. Following the
509:
followed England in ruling that James had "forfeited" the throne, which was offered to William and Mary.
8535:
8424:
8043:
7325:
6909:
6003:
The Marriage, Baptismal, and Burial Registers of the Collegiate Church or Abbey of St. Peter, Westminster
3587:
2875:
2086:
771:
in 1660, Charles II was restored to the thrones of England, Ireland and Scotland. Although James was the
463:
8033:
7314:
8612:
8333:
8008:
7982:
7727:
7610:
7288:
7256:
6057:
2237:
2063:
1720:
1211:
728:
358:
6615:
3845:
2117:. Thus, when Anne died in 1714 (less than two months after the death of Sophia), she was succeeded by
1341:. In 1679, with the Exclusion Bill in danger of passing, Charles II dissolved Parliament. Two further
443:, with his deposition ending a century of political and civil strife by confirming the primacy of the
373:
8123:
8063:
7962:
7719:
7605:
7400:
7345:
6953:
6738:
6273:
5341:
3601:
2525:
2304:
2118:
2011:
1951:
1903:
716:
542:
339:
249:
59:
2149:, but was again defeated. The risings were the last serious attempts to restore the Stuart dynasty.
1880:
declared James to have forfeited the throne of Scotland as well. The Convention Parliament issued a
1743:. In October, James gave orders for the lord-lieutenants to provide three standard questions to all
8752:
8712:
8667:
8652:
8457:
8272:
8128:
8118:
7927:
7406:
7395:
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6949:
2680:
2656:
2628:
2541:
2059:
669:
554:
269:
254:
7912:
7892:
4699:
Dixon, Dennis (20 November 2006). "Godden v Hales revisited – James II and the dispensing power".
1122:(1672–1674), during which significant fighting also occurred off the African coast. Following the
974:
462:
In June 1688, two events turned dissent into a crisis. Firstly, the birth of James's son and heir
8777:
8548:
8400:
8098:
8093:
8073:
8048:
7375:
7370:
7355:
7330:
5777:
3873:
Freedom's Debt. The Royal African Company and the Politics of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1672–1752
2664:
2466:
2446:
2263:
conclusions from his 2006 book summarised the ambivalence of modern scholarship towards James II:
2242:
2146:
2138:
1853:
1568:
1396:
1241:
Growing fears of Roman Catholic influence at court led the English Parliament to introduce a new
1175:
768:
712:
614:
502:
264:
7872:
7037:
6609:
8772:
8642:
8417:
8227:
8167:
8108:
8088:
8078:
8053:
8038:
7554:
7439:
7385:
7360:
7335:
7320:
7192:
7027:
6863:
6604:
3255:
2458:
1877:
1790:
1264:
in a Roman Catholic ceremony on 20 September 1673. On 21 November, Mary arrived in England and
1111:
735:
673:
452:
274:
63:
7497:
3182:
Harris analyses the legal nature of the abdication; James did not agree that he had abdicated.
3133:
heard about it and ordered the body buried in the parish church of St Germain-en-Laye in 1824.
8212:
8182:
8162:
8083:
8023:
8013:
8003:
7544:
7454:
7434:
7365:
7303:
7293:
7283:
7162:
7157:
7130:
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7086:
6846:
6775:
6667:
6294:
6180:
5998:
5499:
3681:
3591:
3111:
MacLeod and Waller wrote that all of James's remains were lost in the French Revolution. The
2482:
2419:
2335:
2215:
2153:
2142:
2040:
2032:
1995:
1983:
1955:
1908:
1837:
1794:
1744:
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1377:
1299:
1291:
1119:
1103:
1014:
1006:
886:
878:
610:
558:
486:
440:
412:
101:
7977:
7249:
7001:
2524:
In four generations of Stuarts, there were seven reigning monarchs (not including Hanover's
2089:
was known as "James III and VIII" to his supporters, and "The Old Pretender" to his enemies.
724:
8577:
8572:
8487:
8345:
8207:
8197:
8187:
8177:
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8134:
8058:
7987:
7862:
7522:
7469:
7459:
7449:
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7263:
7197:
7152:
7142:
7136:
7125:
7119:
7069:
6120:
3596:
3446:
2381:
2260:
2130:
2114:
2110:
1881:
1818:
1814:
1712:
1641:
1564:
1479:
1290:
In 1677, King Charles II arranged for James's daughter Mary to marry the Protestant Prince
1182:
1147:
1115:
848:
755:
650:
646:
598:
546:
538:
329:
137:
3091:
An assertion found in many sources that James died on 6 September 1701 (17 September 1701
1966:
8:
8172:
8103:
7502:
7444:
7380:
7177:
7167:
7147:
7113:
6918:
6897:
6883:
6702:
6694:
5903:
5659:
4207:
2946:
2895:
2887:
2071:
2047:, while the flesh from his right arm was given to the English Augustinian nuns of Paris.
2003:
1935:
1913:
1886:
1780:
1625:
1552:
791:
685:
582:
513:
428:
416:
396:
289:
279:
115:
6623:
6438:
DeKrey, Gary S. (2008). "Between Revolutions: Re-appraising the Restoration in Britain"
5883:
1181:
In September 1666, Charles II put James in charge of firefighting operations during the
516:
in July 1690, James returned to France, where he spent the rest of his life in exile at
466:
on 10 June raised the prospect of a Catholic dynasty, excluding his Protestant daughter
8251:
8247:
8222:
7852:
7807:
7586:
7224:
7172:
7096:
5888:
5359:
5161:
2506:
1926:
1756:
1682:
1520:
1516:
1495:
1491:
1416:. Taking advantage of James's rebounding popularity, Charles invited him back onto the
1413:
1404:
1346:
1246:
1206:
1123:
806:
739:
618:
609:
In August 1642, long running political disputes between Charles I and his opponents in
574:
467:
444:
432:
424:
5958:
2494:
1813:. Public alarm increased when Queen Mary gave birth to a Roman Catholic son and heir,
1333:, a former government minister and now a leading opponent of Catholicism, proposed an
7752:
7219:
7032:
6853:
6550:
6524:
6506:
6487:
6425:
6396:
6377:
6358:
6339:
6320:
6302:
6281:
6259:
6240:
6207:
6188:
6166:
6147:
6128:
6106:
6084:
6065:
5827:
5689:
5321:
5303:
5118:
4992:
4716:
3880:
3788:
3388:
3285:
2785:
2415:
2098:
2067:
2028:
1696:
1592:
1452:
1250:
1186:
1138:
rivers to James. Following its capture by the British, the former Dutch territory of
1135:
1030:
924:
479:
436:
228:
7080:
1478:. Parliament granted James a generous life income, including all of the proceeds of
1391:
In 1683, a plot was uncovered to assassinate Charles II and his brother and spark a
794:
and James's return to power, no one at the royal court expected a prince to marry a
8152:
8113:
7972:
7907:
7537:
7527:
7417:
7390:
7242:
7074:
6994:
6987:
6678:
6595:
6591:
6575:
6472:
5781:
5351:
5153:
5110:
4708:
3758:
3124:
on St. Germain from September 1903 claimed that parts of his bowel interred at the
3019:
2438:
2423:
2411:
2354:
2187:
1806:
1768:
1740:
1724:
1715:, he offended Anglicans by allowing Roman Catholics to hold important positions in
1700:
1630:
1463:
1285:
1269:
1261:
1171:
826:
772:
696:
James, like his brother, sought refuge in France, serving in the French army under
661:
557:. He was educated by private tutors, along with his older brother, the future King
404:
5132:
2141:
in Scotland in 1715 shortly after George I's accession, but was defeated. His son
1534:
Argyll sailed to Scotland where he raised recruits, mainly from his own clan, the
7997:
7792:
7532:
7277:
7107:
7059:
7049:
7043:
6682:
6674:
6638:
5510:
5495:
5300:
New Gill History of Ireland 3: Seventeenth-Century Ireland – The War of Religions
3782:
2545:
2442:
2211:
1925:
With the assistance of French troops, James landed in Ireland in March 1689. The
1810:
1736:
1587:
To protect himself from further rebellions, James sought safety by enlarging his
1556:
1365:
1155:
634:
573:; the position was initially honorary, but became a substantive office after the
392:
319:
299:
55:
7688:
8339:
8295:
8202:
7747:
7630:
7517:
7474:
7428:
7213:
5785:
5681:
5114:
2727:
2365:
2230:
2191:
2161:
2106:
2035:. James's heart was placed in a silver-gilt locket and given to the convent at
1728:
1670:
1576:
1528:
1400:
1373:, a former ally, were forever strained and a solid segment turned against him.
1334:
1265:
1257:
1223:
1194:
1139:
1131:
830:
776:
630:
207:
5767:
5157:
4712:
1723:, two of Oxford's largest colleges. He also attempted to force the Fellows of
8561:
7757:
5139:
4720:
3762:
3676:
2772:
2430:
2427:
2284:
2273:
2207:
2172:
1802:
1760:
1588:
1535:
1392:
1159:
1151:
1143:
475:
6419:
2788:
on 4 March (Old Style) as "The Lady Isabella, daughter to the Duke of York"
664:, in April 1648 successfully evaded his guards and crossed the North Sea to
8440:
8140:
7817:
7655:
7412:
5094:
3672:
2203:
2180:
1857:
1637:
1167:
1043:
914:
814:
637:
in June 1646, James was taken to London and held with his younger siblings
578:
550:
7917:
7007:
6393:
Ungrateful Daughters: The Stuart Princesses who Stole Their Father's Crown
7897:
7837:
7802:
7660:
7645:
7230:
6542:
5763:
3831:
Spelling modernized for clarity; quoted by Adrian Tinniswood (2003). 80.
3380:
2249:
2055:
2051:
1919:
1602:
1572:
1311:
1307:
1163:
843:
593:
498:
141:
41:
7877:
5363:
2364:
opened the cause for the canonisation of James as a saint, making him a
1174:
after James's Scottish title. In 1683, James became the Governor of the
8481:
7947:
7902:
7847:
7832:
7827:
7772:
7635:
7625:
7615:
7202:
7064:
6098:
5165:
4227:"Wreck of Royal Navy warship sunk in 1682 identified off Norfolk coast"
3160:
2407:
2347:
2343:
2327:
2219:
2134:
2002:; most, but not all, were Roman Catholic. In 1692, James's last child,
1998:. James's wife and some of his supporters fled with him, including the
1885:
imposition of cruel punishments. The Declaration was the basis for the
1547:
1511:
in his role as head of the army, wearing a general officer's state coat
1107:
1095:
677:
602:
549:
in London on 14 October 1633. Later that same year, he was baptized by
456:
352:
47:
1950:
or "James the shit". Despite this popular perception, later historian
1201:
8529:
8469:
7942:
7937:
7867:
7857:
7822:
7782:
7762:
7650:
7620:
7207:
7182:
6871:
5355:
3130:
3096:
3092:
2583:
2195:
1987:
1873:
1841:
1829:
1764:
1539:
1303:
1231:
1218:
901:
780:
760:
665:
521:
182:
8028:
7308:
6579:
6476:
1688:
1656:
confessor, was a particular object of Anglican ire. When the King's
8523:
7922:
7887:
7882:
7842:
7797:
7777:
7767:
7742:
7640:
7581:
7187:
7012:
4211:
2805:
2454:
2036:
2021:
1748:
1448:
1357:
1242:
836:
795:
720:
622:
420:
8264:
3522:
3520:
1644:, the first representative from Rome to London since the reign of
1500:
1193:
primarily in the English Caribbean across the Atlantic. Many were
455:
refused to pass measures viewed as undermining the primacy of the
8192:
7952:
7812:
7787:
7737:
7558:
7464:
6706:
6336:
The British Civil Wars: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1638–1660
2608:
2450:
2121:, Sophia's son, the Elector of Hanover and Anne's second cousin.
1943:
1752:
697:
490:
314:
111:
8409:
5417:
4208:"Shipwreck The Gloucester hailed most important since Mary Rose"
2202:
Historical analysis of James II has been somewhat revised since
1978:
1538:. The rebellion was quickly crushed, and Argyll was captured at
1154:
in James's honour. James gave part of the colony to proprietors
8068:
8018:
7350:
7298:
7022:
7017:
6125:
Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720
3517:
2462:
1653:
1645:
1621:
1273:
1074:
955:
701:
657:
626:
569:
and Francis Villiers. At the age of three, James was appointed
5142:(1937). "The Elections to the Convention Parliament of 1689".
3833:
By Permission of Heaven: The Story of the Great Fire of London
2342:
was only nominal, and was asserted by every English king from
7992:
7932:
7270:
6278:
Aisling ghéar: na Stíobhartaigh agus an taos léinn, 1603–1788
6227:
The History of England from the Accession of James the Second
5281:
5279:
5077:
5075:
5038:
5036:
4787:
4785:
4772:
4770:
4626:
4624:
2434:
2300:
2289:
Making Toleration: The Repealers and the Glorious Revolution.
2105:, and to her Protestant heirs. Sophia was a granddaughter of
2039:, and his brain was placed in a lead casket and given to the
1994:
In France, James was allowed to live in the royal château of
8718:
Jacobite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland
6355:
Making Toleration: The Repealers and the Glorious Revolution
4499:
4497:
4313:
4311:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
1751:, and the new town officials that they recommended included
1735:
offices under the Crown opposed to his plan, appointing new
585:
in 1642, and formally created Duke of York in January 1644.
474:, who was also his nephew. Secondly, the prosecution of the
7054:
6185:
The Stuart Constitution 1603–1688, Documents and Commentary
5864:
5619:
5607:
5595:
5583:
4884:
4533:
1861:
1848:, defected and joined William, as did James's own daughter
1437:
Coronation procession of King James II and Queen Mary, 1685
1260:, a fifteen-year-old Italian princess. James and Mary were
1130:
In 1664, Charles II granted American territory between the
6948:
6081:
The Making of King James II: The Formative Years of a King
5803:
5702:
5461:
5397:
5276:
5252:
5240:
5228:
5184:
5072:
5060:
5048:
5033:
5021:
4920:
4782:
4767:
4727:
4621:
4609:
4404:
4402:
3954:
3952:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3507:
3505:
742:
returned his brother to the English throne as Charles II.
5852:
5840:
5714:
5561:
5559:
4860:
4521:
4494:
4470:
4387:
4308:
4296:
4272:
4237:
4124:
4012:
2997:
Married Marie Gabrielle d'Audibert de Lussan; had issue.
1774:
1767:. Finally, on 24 August 1688, James ordered the issue of
1582:
5631:
5473:
4814:
4812:
4797:
4648:
4636:
4509:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4088:
3298:
1616:, once a supporter of James, turned against him by 1688.
1527:. Monmouth and Argyll both began their expeditions from
6009:
5731:
5729:
5571:
5528:
4460:
4458:
4426:
4399:
4347:
4172:
4148:
4112:
4024:
3988:
3949:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3653:
3632:
3556:
3544:
3532:
3502:
3466:
3327:
3325:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
2323:
31 December 1660 – 6 February 1685: The Duke of Albany
415:, on 6 February 1685, until he was deposed in the 1688
305:
Catherine Sheffield, Duchess of Buckingham and Normanby
27:
King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1685 to 1688
5649:
See Prall, vii–xv, for a more detailed historiography.
5556:
5449:
5385:
5264:
5172:
4824:
4739:
3444:
White, Geoffrey H.; Lea, R.S. (eds.). "Duke of York".
3415:
3413:
2124:
2050:
The rest of James's body was laid to rest in a triple
1462:
that assembled in May 1685, which gained the name of "
8738:
Lords High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland
5741:
4908:
4896:
4872:
4848:
4836:
4809:
4482:
4438:
4359:
4335:
4284:
4064:
3964:
3937:
3909:
3801:
3730:
2406:
Prior to his accession, James's coat of arms was the
1739:
and remodelling the corporations governing towns and
1519:
led by his nephew, the Duke of Monmouth, and another
1376:
On 6 May 1682, James narrowly escaped the sinking of
1178:, but did not take an active role in its governance.
489:
to assume the English throne. When William landed in
5726:
5516:
4455:
4414:
4323:
4160:
4136:
4100:
4076:
4036:
4000:
3976:
3813:
3718:
3689:
3620:
3608:
3568:
3490:
3478:
3454:
3425:
3398:
3337:
3322:
3228:
2317:
14 October 1633 – 6 February 1685: The Duke of York
2295:
1961:
1836:
On 30 June 1688, a group of seven Protestant nobles
617:. James and his brother Charles were present at the
5908:"The forgotten canonisation Cause of King James II"
3410:
3045:
John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby
2500:
Coat of arms of James II as king (outside Scotland)
1982:Tomb of James II & VII in the parish church of
1575:in a series of trials that came to be known as the
1202:
Conversion to Roman Catholicism and second marriage
5416:
5098:
3310:
1356:On the orders of the King, James left England for
7718:
6536:England in the Reigns of James II and William III
3129:that the body was then kept "above ground" until
2357:by King Louis XIV of France on 31 December 1660.
2320:10 May 1659 – 6 February 1685: The Earl of Ulster
2020:During his last years, James lived as an austere
8559:
3526:
3443:
3385:Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy
837:Military and political offices and royal slavery
734:After France and Spain made peace with the 1659
5344:(Spring–Summer 1992). "Irish Jacobite Poetry".
2152:Charles's claims passed to his younger brother
1892:
1412:plot by increasing the repression of Whigs and
1395:revolution to re-establish a government of the
485:Leading members of the English political class
8638:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism
6005:. Vol. 10. Harleian Society. p. 201.
5959:"Marks of cadency in the British royal family"
2330:until 16 September 1701): His Majesty The King
1916:between James II and William III, 11 July 1690
8425:
8280:
7704:
6934:
6454:The Reigns of Charles II and James VII and II
5984:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5972:
2410:(which he later inherited), differenced by a
1349:were those who supported the Bill, while the
588:
577:, when James was an adult. He was designated
8708:History of Catholicism in the United Kingdom
6237:James VII: Duke and King of Scots, 1633–1701
6230:(Popular in two volumes ed.). Longmans.
6187:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
5318:The Jacobites, Britain and Europe, 1688–1788
5109:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3846:"The Royal African Company (RAC) is Founded"
3279:
1559:on 15 July. The King's judges—most notably,
783:, the daughter of Charles's chief minister,
7501:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
6272:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6033:
5876:
5670:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
5376:
5340:
5320:. Manchester University Press. p. 48.
5297:
3787:(reprint ed.). Routledge. p. 62.
3280:Harris, Tim; Taylor, Stephen, eds. (2015).
3209:. Vol. XI 1809–1815. pp. 339–342.
2077:
8432:
8418:
8287:
8273:
7711:
7697:
7678:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
6941:
6927:
6622:
5969:
4991:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 58.
3284:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 144–159.
2876:James, Prince of Wales "the Old Pretender"
2512:Coat of arms of King James VII in Scotland
1428:
715:, and when Charles responded by signing a
40:
8748:Pre-statehood history of New York (state)
6299:Ireland and the Jacobite Cause, 1685–1766
6293:
5758:
5756:
5688:. J. B. Lippincott Company. p. vii.
5380:
3870:
3387:. Revised Edition. Random House, London.
2276:confronted that scholarly ambivalence in
2097:succeeded when William died in 1702. The
1795:invited to "save the Protestant religion"
1185:, in the absence of action by Lord Mayor
166:Church of the English Benedictines, Paris
6837:William Douglas, 1st Duke of Queensberry
6759:Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington
6565:James II and the first modern revolution
6220:
6030:
5902:
5637:
5479:
5421:(Second World War ed.). p. 228
4803:
4757:
4682:
4654:
4642:
4603:
4583:
4567:
4551:
4539:
3219:
3107:
3105:
2866:
2855:
2830:
2814:
2763:
2738:
2299:
2186:
2171:
2081:
1977:
1965:
1907:
1824:
1784:
1687:
1608:
1515:Soon after becoming king, James faced a
1499:
1447:Charles II died on 6 February 1685 from
1432:
1316:
1205:
842:
754:
592:
8678:English pretenders to the French throne
8658:Peers of Scotland created by Charles II
6521:James II and English Politics 1678–1688
6352:
6317:The Bloodless Revolution: England, 1688
6258:(3rd ed.). Yale University Press.
6201:
6141:
6015:
5997:
5882:
5870:
5858:
5846:
5773:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5625:
5613:
5601:
5589:
5577:
5550:
5534:
5106:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5093:
4890:
4745:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3282:The Final Crisis of the Stuart Monarchy
3166:
2488:Coat of arms of James, Duke of York, KG
2326:6 February 1685 – 23 December 1688 (by
2254:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2006:, was born. Some supporters in England
1443:Coronation of James II and VII and Mary
1210:Wedding suit of James II, 1673, in the
1166:, 150 miles (240 km) north on the
197: 1660; died 1671)
14:
8673:Peers of Ireland created by Charles II
8560:
6500:
6481:
6417:
6390:
6371:
6253:
6179:
6119:
6097:
6078:
6056:
5826:. Yale University Press. p. 475.
5821:
5809:
5753:
5747:
5735:
5708:
5680:
5565:
5546:
5491:
5467:
5455:
5443:
5439:
5403:
5391:
5315:
5285:
5270:
5258:
5246:
5234:
5222:
5218:
5206:
5202:
5190:
5178:
5081:
5066:
5054:
5042:
5027:
5015:
5011:
4974:
4970:
4958:
4954:
4938:
4926:
4842:
4830:
4791:
4776:
4761:
4733:
4686:
4670:
4666:
4630:
4615:
4599:
4587:
4571:
4555:
4527:
4515:
4503:
4488:
4476:
4464:
4449:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4393:
4381:
4377:
4365:
4353:
4341:
4329:
4317:
4302:
4290:
4278:
4266:
4262:
4250:
4224:
4194:
4190:
4178:
4166:
4154:
4142:
4130:
4118:
4106:
4094:
4082:
4070:
4058:
4054:
4042:
4030:
4018:
4006:
3994:
3982:
3970:
3958:
3943:
3931:
3927:
3915:
3903:
3899:
3819:
3807:
3780:
3768:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3659:
3647:
3626:
3614:
3574:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3511:
3496:
3472:
3460:
3431:
3419:
3404:
3359:
3355:
3343:
3331:
3316:
3304:
3241:
3222:English Historical Documents 1660–1714
2987:Henry FitzJames, 1st Duke of Albemarle
2548:following the 1603 Union of the Crowns
1775:Deposition and the Glorious Revolution
1583:Religious liberty and dispensing power
1525:Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll
1294:, son of Charles's and James's sister
668:. Following their victory in the 1648
8703:Governors of the Hudson's Bay Company
8648:Peers of England created by Charles I
8413:
8268:
7692:
6922:
6898:King of England, Scotland and Ireland
6818:John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale
6722:Heneage Finch, 3rd Earl of Winchilsea
6541:
6333:
6314:
6160:
5762:
5720:
5138:
4986:
4942:
4914:
4902:
4878:
4866:
4854:
4818:
4698:
3852:from the original on 14 November 2022
3671:
3586:
3484:
3102:
3011:Became a nun under the name Ignatia.
2912:
2287:countered Pincus's thesis in 2013 in
1974:, James's home during his final exile
1236:Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham
975:Text of statute as originally enacted
707:In 1657, France, then engaged in the
411:from the death of his elder brother,
290:Henrietta Butler, Viscountess Galmoye
6449:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
6234:
5522:
3365:
3126:parish church of St. Germain-en-Laye
3085:
3041:James Annesley, 3rd Earl of Anglesey
3039:Alleged daughter. Married, firstly,
2971:James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick
2311:
2137:) as "James III and VIII". He led a
2045:English Jesuit college at Saint-Omer
1614:Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester
1325:was involved in plots against James.
537:James, second surviving son of King
295:James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick
8294:
6786:Charles Stewart, 6th Duke of Lennox
6165:. Orion Publishing Group, Limited.
6144:Kings, Queens, Bones & Bastards
5302:. Gill and Macmillan. p. 253.
4692:
3260:Economic History Association EH.net
2558:
2125:Subsequent uprisings and pretenders
1386:
1279:
1069:Settlement on Duke of York Act 1663
861:Settlement on Duke of York Act 1663
24:
8683:English people of Scottish descent
6808:William Hamilton, Duke of Hamilton
6538:, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
6411:
3877:University of North Carolina Press
3201:
3043:and had issue. Married, secondly,
2963:Piers Butler, 3rd Viscount Galmoye
2278:1688: The First Modern Revolution.
1362:Lord High Commissioner of Scotland
691:
152:16 September 1701 (aged 67) (N.S.)
25:
8789:
8698:People of the Glorious Revolution
8439:
6620:National Portrait Gallery, London
6585:
6163:The Revolution of 1688 in England
5956:
5937:The Confederation of Cinque Ports
5824:1688: The First Modern Revolution
3253:
2296:Titles, styles, honours, and arms
2167:
1962:Return to exile, death and legacy
1897:
1838:invited William, Prince of Orange
1563:—condemned many of the rebels to
1485:
1339:James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth
750:
8768:Children of Charles I of England
8743:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports
8688:English people of French descent
8623:18th-century Jacobite pretenders
6376:. Creative Media Partners, LLC.
6021:
5991:
5950:
5925:
5896:
5815:
5674:
5667:Dictionary of National Biography
5652:
5643:
5540:
5485:
5433:
5409:
5370:
5334:
5291:
5212:
5196:
5145:The Cambridge Historical Journal
5087:
5005:
4980:
4964:
4948:
4932:
4751:
4676:
4660:
4593:
3176:
2961:; had issue. Married, secondly,
2533:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2461:); III Azure a harp Or stringed
2224:Dictionary of National Biography
2158:Dean of the College of Cardinals
1972:Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1763:and Roman Catholics, as well as
1709:Supreme Governor of their church
1000:
872:
372:
155:Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
8663:Earls in the Peerage of Ireland
8330:Arthur or Robert Stewart (1541)
6978:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
6729:Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
6603:at the official website of the
6594:at the official website of the
6204:Dynasty, the Stuarts, 1560–1807
6062:The Glorious Revolution of 1688
5504:Association Frontenac-Amériques
4577:
4561:
4545:
4371:
4256:
4218:
4200:
4184:
4048:
3921:
3893:
3864:
3838:
3825:
3781:Davies, Kenneth Gordon (1999).
3774:
3742:
3665:
3580:
3437:
3349:
3154:
3145:
3136:
2395:Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
1789:James's nephew and son-in-law,
1399:. The conspiracy, known as the
1100:Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
763:in the 1660s, by Sir Peter Lely
216:
194:
8733:Lord high admirals of Scotland
8628:British monarchs buried abroad
8588:17th-century Scottish monarchs
6975:Monarchs of England until 1603
6447:The Life and Times of James II
5892:. 16 February 1684. p. 1.
5768:"James II and VII (1633–1701)"
3871:Pettigrew, William A. (2013).
3273:
3247:
3224:. Routledge. pp. 136–138.
3220:Browning, Andrew, ed. (2001).
3213:
3195:
2519:
2214:(Macaulay's great-nephew) and
1606:of respect for the late king.
745:
711:, agreed an alliance with the
709:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
478:was seen as an assault on the
18:James, Duke of York and Albany
13:
1:
8728:Lord high admirals of England
8603:17th-century English nobility
8583:17th-century English monarchs
7720:Pictish and Scottish monarchs
6793:Lord High Admiral of Scotland
6567:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword.
6452:Glassey, Lionel, ed. (1997).
6301:, Dublin: Four Courts Press,
6103:The Scottish Nation 1700–2007
5298:Fitzpatrick, Brendan (1988).
4225:Thomas, Tobi (10 June 2022).
3450:. Vol. XII. p. 914.
3189:
2815:
2621:William III, Prince of Orange
2109:through his eldest daughter,
1517:rebellion in southern England
1505:
1364:and took up residence at the
1302:, to produce any children. A
1080:Statute Law Revision Act 1863
989:Post Office Revenues Act 1670
961:Statute Law Revision Act 1863
950:Post Office Revenues Act 1670
527:
472:William III, Prince of Orange
8693:Fellows of the Royal Society
6766:Lord High Admiral of England
6563:Van der Kiste, John (2021).
5776:(online May 2006 ed.).
5133:UK public library membership
4701:The Journal of Legal History
3114:English Illustrated Magazine
2645:Anne, Queen of Great Britain
2103:Sophia, Electress of Hanover
2062:, with a funeral oration by
1893:Attempt to regain the throne
1769:writs for a general election
1737:lord-lieutenants of counties
1727:to elect as their President
1360:. In 1680, he was appointed
581:at birth, invested with the
260:Anne, Queen of Great Britain
7:
8608:17th-century Scottish peers
8598:18th-century British people
8593:17th-century Irish monarchs
7585:British monarchs after the
6372:Turner, Francis C. (1948).
6319:. Univ of Wisconsin Press.
6280:(in Irish), An Clóchomhar,
6064:. Charles Scribner's Sons.
5661:"James II of England"
2457:flory-counter-flory Gules (
2422:, I and IV Grandquarterly,
1990:when the church was rebuilt
464:James Francis Edward Stuart
10:
8794:
8334:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
6827:the Parliament of Scotland
6616:Portraits of King James II
6572:American Historical Review
6469:William and Mary Quarterly
6222:Macaulay, Thomas Babington
6049:
3751:American Historical Review
3677:"Monday 12 September 1664"
2794:Charles, Duke of Cambridge
2593:Charles, Duke of Cambridge
2371:
2064:Henri-Emmanuel de Roquette
1986:, commissioned in 1828 by
1901:
1778:
1677:In 1687, James issued the
1489:
1440:
1283:
1212:Victoria and Albert Museum
982:United Kingdom legislation
854:United Kingdom legislation
801:The couple's first child,
767:After the collapse of the
589:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
561:, and the two sons of the
245:Charles, Duke of Cambridge
234:
8545:
8447:
8397:
8302:
8241:
7961:
7726:
7673:
7596:
7580:
7576:
7513:
7496:
7492:
6969:
6965:
6905:
6888:
6877:
6870:
6860:
6851:
6843:
6833:
6825:Lord High Commissioner to
6822:
6814:
6799:
6790:
6782:
6772:
6763:
6750:
6745:
6735:
6726:
6718:
6713:
6689:
6672:
6664:
6659:
6632:
6486:(2nd ed.). Longman.
5502:, with transcription, at
5158:10.1017/S1474691300001529
4713:10.1080/01440360600831162
3784:The Royal African Company
3682:The Diary of Samuel Pepys
3256:"The Glorious Revolution"
3015:
2933:
2723:
2579:
2544:Principal members of the
2418:. His arms as king were:
2164:since his death in 1807.
2093:James's younger daughter
1904:Williamite War in Ireland
1679:Declaration of Indulgence
1085:
1073:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1042:
1037:
1024:
1013:
999:
994:
987:
973:
966:
954:
946:
941:
933:
923:
913:
908:
895:
885:
871:
866:
859:
809:(born 30 April 1662) and
672:, Parliament ordered the
543:Henrietta Maria of France
391:– 16 September 1701) was
368:
345:
340:Henrietta Maria of France
335:
325:
313:
250:Mary II, Queen of England
227:
171:
161:
148:
125:
121:
107:
97:
87:
76:
54:
39:
34:
8549:Dukes of York and Albany
8401:Dukes of York and Albany
6424:. J.M. Dent & Sons.
6418:Ashley, Maurice (1978).
6391:Waller, Maureen (2002).
5509:10 November 2012 at the
3835:. London: Jonathan Cape.
3078:
2681:Edgar, Duke of Cambridge
2657:Prince George of Denmark
2629:James, Duke of Cambridge
2553:
2236:By the 1960s and 1970s,
2227:objects of his policy."
2078:Later Hanover succession
2060:Rue Saint-Jacques, Paris
2031:on 16 September 1701 at
2027:James died aged 67 of a
2008:attempted to assassinate
1807:Archbishop of Canterbury
1423:
1142:and its principal port,
813:(born 6 February 1665).
723:led by the French exile
670:Second English Civil War
555:Archbishop of Canterbury
532:
512:After his defeat at the
270:Edgar, Duke of Cambridge
255:James, Duke of Cambridge
8763:Roman Catholic monarchs
8633:English Roman Catholics
6484:The Glorious Revolution
6353:Sowerby, Scott (2013).
6235:Mann, Alastair (2014).
6142:Hilliam, David (1998).
5822:Pincus, Steven (2009).
5778:Oxford University Press
5316:Szechi, Daniel (1994).
3600:. Vol. I. p.
2665:Charles, Duke of Kendal
2475:James II's coat of arms
2401:
2147:Jacobite rising in 1745
1854:Great Seal of the Realm
1693:1686 statue of James II
1429:Accession to the throne
713:Commonwealth of England
615:First English Civil War
597:James with his father,
265:Charles, Duke of Kendal
7728:Monarchs of the Picts
6605:Royal Collection Trust
6334:Royle, Trevor (2004).
6315:Prall, Stuart (1972).
6202:MacLeod, John (1999).
5933:"List of Lord Wardens"
5786:10.1093/ref:odnb/14593
5115:10.1093/ref:odnb/29450
4987:Gregg, Edward (2000).
3763:10.1093/ahr/122.4.1038
3592:Cokayne, George Edward
2308:
2270:
2199:
2184:
2090:
1991:
1975:
1922:
1878:Parliament of Scotland
1833:
1798:
1704:
1617:
1512:
1474:, and the demotion of
1438:
1326:
1214:
1112:Second Anglo-Dutch War
851:
847:James in the 1660s by
764:
736:Treaty of the Pyrenees
674:execution of Charles I
629:, where he was made a
606:
275:James, Prince of Wales
8723:Knights of the Garter
8476:Richard of Shrewsbury
8388:Prince Charles Edward
7963:Monarchs of the Scots
6891:— TITULAR —
6501:Miller, John (2004).
6482:Miller, John (1997).
6445:Earle, Peter (1972).
6274:Ó Buachalla, Breandán
6254:Miller, John (2000).
6161:Jones, J. R. (1988).
6079:Callow, John (2000).
5500:Saint-Germain-en-Laye
5342:Ó Buachalla, Breandán
3675:(12 September 2007).
2659:; no surviving issue
2336:Defender of the Faith
2303:
2265:
2190:
2175:
2154:Henry Benedict Stuart
2143:Charles Edward Stuart
2085:
2033:Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1996:Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1984:Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1981:
1969:
1911:
1869:Convention Parliament
1860:. He was captured in
1828:
1788:
1745:Justices of the Peace
1691:
1612:
1521:rebellion in Scotland
1503:
1436:
1320:
1300:Catherine of Braganza
1292:William III of Orange
1209:
1120:Third Anglo-Dutch War
1104:Royal African Company
1007:Parliament of England
879:Parliament of England
846:
758:
676:in January 1649. The
596:
495:Convention Parliament
441:divine right of kings
8044:Constantine III (IV)
8009:Constantine II (III)
7555:William III & II
7120:Henry the Young King
7070:Edward the Confessor
7038:Æthelred the Unready
6910:James III & VIII
6703:William III & II
6634:James II of England
6519:Mullett, M. (1993).
5221:, pp. 206–209;
5100:"William III and II"
4973:, pp. 271–272;
4957:, pp. 186–187;
4941:, pp. 260–262;
4685:, pp. 368–369;
4669:, pp. 156–157;
4586:, pp. 385–386;
4380:, pp. 140–143;
3930:, pp. 143–144;
3597:The Complete Peerage
3527:The Complete Peerage
3447:The Complete Peerage
2756:died of convulsions
2382:Knight of the Garter
2131:James Francis Edward
1952:Breandán Ó Buachalla
1882:Declaration of Right
1815:James Francis Edward
1713:University of Oxford
1569:indentured servitude
1480:tonnage and poundage
1306:Anglican clergyman,
1183:Great Fire of London
1176:Hudson's Bay Company
453:Scottish parliaments
330:Charles I of England
116:William III & II
8758:Princes of Scotland
8618:Jacobite pretenders
8568:James II of England
8464:Richard Plantagenet
8074:Malcolm III Canmore
7503:Union of the Crowns
6884:Glorious Revolution
6695:Glorious Revolution
6534:Ogg, David (1957).
5957:Velde, Francois R.
5873:, pp. 227–239.
5812:, pp. 478–479.
5723:, pp. 291–293.
5711:, pp. 196–198.
5628:, pp. 373–374.
5616:, pp. 371–372.
5604:, pp. 365–371.
5592:, pp. 361–363.
5470:, pp. 234–236.
5406:, pp. 235–236.
5288:, pp. 446–449.
5261:, pp. 226–227.
5249:, pp. 222–224.
5237:, pp. 349–350.
5193:, pp. 320–328.
5084:, pp. 205–209.
5069:, pp. 201–203.
5057:, pp. 236–239.
5045:, pp. 190–196.
5030:, pp. 201–202.
4929:, pp. 258–259.
4893:, pp. 136–143.
4869:, pp. 132–133.
4794:, pp. 224–229.
4779:, pp. 216–224.
4736:, pp. 389–391.
4633:, pp. 150–152.
4618:, pp. 195–196.
4542:, pp. 349–350.
4530:, pp. 146–147.
4506:, pp. 142–143.
4479:, pp. 141–142.
4396:, pp. 139–140.
4320:, pp. 120–121.
4305:, pp. 118–119.
4281:, pp. 116–117.
4253:, pp. 115–116.
4133:, pp. 103–104.
4021:, pp. 110–111.
3307:, pp. 264–268.
3002:Arabella FitzJames
2947:Henrietta FitzJames
2896:Louisa Maria Teresa
2888:Clementina Sobieska
2633:11 or 12 July 1663
2362:Archbishop of Paris
2206:historians, led by
2072:Archbishop of Paris
2004:Louisa Maria Teresa
1936:Battle of the Boyne
1914:Battle of the Boyne
1867:William summoned a
1781:Glorious Revolution
1553:Battle of Sedgemoor
1331:Earl of Shaftesbury
1146:, were renamed the
729:Battle of the Dunes
684:ended in defeat at
635:surrender of Oxford
625:wartime capital of
583:Order of the Garter
514:Battle of the Boyne
507:Scottish Convention
417:Glorious Revolution
280:Louisa Maria Stuart
8147:Second Interregnum
8114:William I the Lion
7983:Constantine I (II)
7973:Kenneth I MacAlpin
7587:Acts of Union 1707
7550:James II & VII
7243:Kenneth I MacAlpin
7028:Edgar the Peaceful
6872:Titles in pretence
6804:Title next held by
6755:Title last held by
6746:Political offices
6699:Title next held by
6592:James VII & II
5889:The London Gazette
5766:(September 2004).
5377:Ó Buachalla (1996)
5225:, pp. 329–348
5209:, pp. 402–407
5018:, pp. 186–187
5014:, pp. 43–46;
4977:, pp. 110–111
4961:, pp. 269–272
4764:, pp. 480–482
4673:, pp. 192–195
4558:, pp. 480–481
4518:, pp. 95–100.
4269:, pp. 142–143
4197:, pp. 180–183
4097:, pp. 99–105.
3906:, pp. 144–145
3902:, pp. 58–59;
2957:Married, firstly,
2938:Arabella Churchill
2913:Illegitimate issue
2781:2 or 4 March 1681
2739:March or May 1674
2685:14 September 1667
2353:James was created
2309:
2200:
2185:
2091:
1992:
1976:
1923:
1834:
1799:
1757:Congregationalists
1721:University College
1705:
1662:Earl of Sunderland
1658:Secretary of State
1618:
1513:
1492:Monmouth Rebellion
1455:on 23 April 1685.
1439:
1327:
1247:transubstantiation
1232:French Protestants
1215:
1124:raid on the Medway
1031:22 & 23 Cha. 2
852:
823:Arabella Churchill
765:
740:Stuart Restoration
619:Battle of Edgehill
607:
563:Duke of Buckingham
503:rising in Scotland
445:English Parliament
135:: 24 October 1633)
80:6 February 1685 –
8613:Dukes of Normandy
8555:
8554:
8458:Edward of Norwich
8452:Edmund of Langley
8407:
8406:
8319:Alexander Stewart
8262:
8261:
8135:First Interregnum
7686:
7685:
7669:
7668:
7572:
7571:
7488:
7487:
7483:
7482:
7033:Edward the Martyr
6917:
6916:
6906:Succeeded by
6893:
6861:Succeeded by
6854:Lord High Admiral
6834:Succeeded by
6773:Succeeded by
6736:Succeeded by
6654:16 September 1701
6556:978-0-5822-8712-9
6512:978-1-8528-5432-4
6471:35 (4): 691–732.
6431:978-0-4601-2021-0
6383:978-1-346-30578-3
6364:978-0-674-07309-8
6326:978-0-299-10294-4
6295:Ó Ciardha, Éamonn
6246:978-1-907-90909-2
5904:Coulombe, Charles
5861:, pp. 43–44.
5849:, pp. 51–53.
5833:978-0-3001-1547-5
5695:978-0-8369-5922-2
5418:"Burke's Peerage"
5131:(Subscription or
5124:978-0-198-61412-8
4998:978-0-710-00400-0
4435:, pp. 82–85.
4411:, pp. 75–76.
4356:, pp. 44–45.
4181:, pp. 98–99.
4157:, pp. 87–91.
4121:, pp. 93–95.
4033:, pp. 30–31.
3997:, pp. 16–17.
3961:, pp. 69–71.
3886:978-1-4696-1182-2
3715:, pp. 45–46.
3662:, pp. 49–50.
3650:, pp. 44–45.
3565:, pp. 24–25.
3553:, pp. 19–25.
3541:, pp. 19–20.
3514:, pp. 16–17.
3475:, pp. 48–50.
3291:978-1-783-27044-6
3076:
3075:
3029:Catherine Darnley
2910:
2909:
2801:12 December 1677
2786:Westminster Abbey
2702:15 November 1669
2616:28 December 1694
2433:(for France) and
2368:among Catholics.
2312:Titles and styles
2307:of James II, 1686
2252:wrote in the new
2099:Act of Settlement
2068:French Revolution
2029:brain haemorrhage
1931:bill of attainder
1791:William of Orange
1697:Peter Van Dievoet
1642:Ferdinando d'Adda
1453:Westminster Abbey
1397:Cromwellian style
1251:Church of England
1187:Thomas Bloodworth
1092:
1091:
1061:Other legislation
995:Act of Parliament
980:
979:
942:Other legislation
867:Act of Parliament
717:treaty with Spain
651:St James's Palace
571:Lord High Admiral
547:St James's Palace
480:Church of England
385:(14 October 1633
380:
379:
138:St James's Palace
16:(Redirected from
8785:
8496:(1633/1644–1685)
8434:
8427:
8420:
8411:
8410:
8289:
8282:
8275:
8266:
8265:
8255:
8246:also monarch of
7713:
7706:
7699:
7690:
7689:
7578:
7577:
7538:Richard Cromwell
7528:The Protectorate
7518:James I & VI
7494:
7493:
7075:Harold Godwinson
6995:Edward the Elder
6988:Alfred the Great
6972:
6971:
6967:
6966:
6943:
6936:
6929:
6920:
6919:
6889:
6844:Preceded by
6815:Preceded by
6783:Preceded by
6719:Preceded by
6714:Honorary titles
6665:Preceded by
6655:
6648:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6596:British monarchy
6574:67 (2): 352–370
6560:
6516:
6497:
6435:
6406:
6387:
6368:
6349:
6330:
6311:
6290:
6269:
6250:
6231:
6217:
6198:
6176:
6157:
6138:
6116:
6094:
6075:
6044:
6041:
6028:
6025:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6006:
5995:
5989:
5986:
5967:
5966:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5906:(5 March 2019).
5900:
5894:
5893:
5880:
5874:
5868:
5862:
5856:
5850:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5819:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5794:
5792:
5760:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5733:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5686:James the Second
5678:
5672:
5671:
5663:
5656:
5650:
5647:
5641:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5617:
5611:
5605:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5569:
5563:
5554:
5544:
5538:
5532:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5453:
5447:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5420:
5413:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5381:Ó Ciardha (2002)
5374:
5368:
5367:
5356:10.2307/29735642
5347:The Irish Review
5338:
5332:
5331:
5313:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5216:
5210:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5136:
5128:
5102:
5091:
5085:
5079:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5009:
5003:
5002:
4984:
4978:
4968:
4962:
4952:
4946:
4936:
4930:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4894:
4888:
4882:
4876:
4870:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4780:
4774:
4765:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4696:
4690:
4680:
4674:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4597:
4591:
4581:
4575:
4565:
4559:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4453:
4447:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4384:, pp. 73–86
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4260:
4254:
4248:
4235:
4234:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4204:
4198:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4061:, pp. 94–97
4052:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3956:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3842:
3836:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3778:
3772:
3771:, pp. 43–44
3766:
3757:(4): 1038–1078.
3746:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3704:
3698:
3687:
3686:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3515:
3509:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3378:
3363:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3254:Quinn, Stephen.
3251:
3245:
3239:
3226:
3225:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3199:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3119:
3109:
3100:
3089:
3065:Charles Darnley
3020:Catherine Sedley
3008:7 November 1704
2959:Henry Waldegrave
2917:
2916:
2845:16 October 1682
2839:Charlotte Maria
2820:
2817:
2798:7 November 1677
2750:10 January 1675
2747:Catherine Laura
2716:5 December 1671
2713:9 February 1671
2699:13 January 1669
2649:6 February 1665
2597:22 October 1660
2563:
2562:
2559:Legitimate issue
2537:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2453:within a double
2449:); II Or a lion
2439:passant guardant
2414:of three points
2355:Duke of Normandy
2113:, the sister of
2111:Elizabeth Stuart
1956:Éamonn Ó Ciardha
1927:Irish Parliament
1805:, including the
1741:livery companies
1725:Magdalen College
1701:Trafalgar Square
1631:The Killing Time
1620:James advocated
1593:dispensing power
1510:
1507:
1504:James portrayed
1464:Loyal Parliament
1407:, including the
1387:Return to favour
1329:In England, the
1323:Duke of Monmouth
1286:Exclusion Crisis
1280:Exclusion Crisis
1270:Bishop of Oxford
1262:married by proxy
1152:City of New York
1087:Status: Repealed
1004:
1003:
990:
985:
984:
968:Status: Repealed
929:18 February 1663
876:
875:
862:
857:
856:
827:Catherine Sedley
773:heir presumptive
662:Joseph Bampfield
470:and her husband
447:over the Crown.
405:King of Scotland
390:
383:James II and VII
376:
238:
220:
218:
198:
196:
83:
82:23 December 1688
44:
35:James II and VII
32:
31:
21:
8793:
8792:
8788:
8787:
8786:
8784:
8783:
8782:
8753:English princes
8713:House of Stuart
8668:Earls of Ulster
8653:Dukes of Albany
8558:
8557:
8556:
8551:
8547:italics denote
8541:
8501:Ernest Augustus
8443:
8438:
8408:
8403:
8399:italics denote
8393:
8359:Ernest Augustus
8313:Murdoch Stewart
8298:
8296:Dukes of Albany
8293:
8263:
8258:
8245:
8237:
7964:
7957:
7913:Constantine (I)
7793:Galam Cennalath
7729:
7722:
7717:
7687:
7682:
7665:
7592:
7568:
7533:Oliver Cromwell
7509:
7484:
7479:
7326:Constantine III
7235:
7060:Harold Harefoot
7050:Edmund Ironside
6961:
6956: and
6947:
6913:
6902:
6894:
6886:
6881:
6866:
6857:
6849:
6839:
6830:
6826:
6820:
6805:
6796:
6788:
6778:
6769:
6756:
6741:
6732:
6724:
6700:
6697:
6686:
6675:King of England
6670:
6649:
6647:14 October 1633
6643:
6642:
6639:House of Stuart
6635:
6588:
6580:10.2307/1843428
6557:
6513:
6494:
6477:10.2307/1923211
6442:6 (3): 738–773.
6440:History Compass
6432:
6414:
6412:Further reading
6409:
6403:
6384:
6365:
6346:
6327:
6309:
6288:
6266:
6247:
6239:. John Donald.
6214:
6195:
6173:
6154:
6135:
6113:
6091:
6072:
6058:Ashley, Maurice
6052:
6047:
6042:
6031:
6026:
6022:
6014:
6010:
5996:
5992:
5987:
5970:
5955:
5951:
5941:
5939:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5916:
5914:
5912:Catholic Herald
5901:
5897:
5881:
5877:
5869:
5865:
5857:
5853:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5820:
5816:
5808:
5804:
5790:
5788:
5761:
5754:
5746:
5742:
5734:
5727:
5719:
5715:
5707:
5703:
5696:
5682:Belloc, Hilaire
5679:
5675:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5648:
5644:
5638:Macaulay (1889)
5636:
5632:
5624:
5620:
5612:
5608:
5600:
5596:
5588:
5584:
5576:
5572:
5564:
5557:
5549:, p. 401;
5545:
5541:
5533:
5529:
5521:
5517:
5511:Wayback Machine
5496:Parish register
5494:, p. 240;
5490:
5486:
5480:Macaulay (1889)
5478:
5474:
5466:
5462:
5454:
5450:
5442:, p. 238;
5438:
5434:
5424:
5422:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5402:
5398:
5390:
5386:
5375:
5371:
5339:
5335:
5328:
5310:
5296:
5292:
5284:
5277:
5269:
5265:
5257:
5253:
5245:
5241:
5233:
5229:
5217:
5213:
5201:
5197:
5189:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5130:
5125:
5092:
5088:
5080:
5073:
5065:
5061:
5053:
5049:
5041:
5034:
5026:
5022:
5010:
5006:
4999:
4985:
4981:
4969:
4965:
4953:
4949:
4937:
4933:
4925:
4921:
4913:
4909:
4901:
4897:
4889:
4885:
4877:
4873:
4865:
4861:
4853:
4849:
4841:
4837:
4829:
4825:
4817:
4810:
4804:Macaulay (1889)
4802:
4798:
4790:
4783:
4775:
4768:
4760:, p. 429;
4758:Macaulay (1889)
4756:
4752:
4744:
4740:
4732:
4728:
4697:
4693:
4683:Macaulay (1889)
4681:
4677:
4665:
4661:
4655:Macaulay (1889)
4653:
4649:
4643:Macaulay (1889)
4641:
4637:
4629:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4604:Macaulay (1889)
4602:, p. 142;
4598:
4594:
4584:Macaulay (1889)
4582:
4578:
4570:, p. 242;
4568:Macaulay (1889)
4566:
4562:
4554:, p. 242;
4552:Macaulay (1889)
4550:
4546:
4540:Macaulay (1889)
4538:
4534:
4526:
4522:
4514:
4510:
4502:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4456:
4448:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4419:
4415:
4407:
4400:
4392:
4388:
4376:
4372:
4364:
4360:
4352:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4328:
4324:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4273:
4265:, p. 116;
4261:
4257:
4249:
4238:
4223:
4219:
4214:. 10 June 2022.
4206:
4205:
4201:
4189:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4165:
4161:
4153:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4081:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4053:
4049:
4041:
4037:
4029:
4025:
4017:
4013:
4005:
4001:
3993:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3957:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3869:
3865:
3855:
3853:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3830:
3826:
3818:
3814:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3779:
3775:
3747:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3723:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3690:
3670:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3646:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3613:
3609:
3585:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3518:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3455:
3442:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3379:
3366:
3354:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3229:
3218:
3214:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3047:and had issue.
2975:21 August 1670
2915:
2883:1 January 1766
2842:16 August 1682
2818:
2778:28 August 1676
2753:3 October 1675
2561:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:House of Stuart
2543:
2538:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2404:
2384:, 20 April 1642
2374:
2340:claim to France
2314:
2305:Half crown coin
2298:
2212:G. M. Trevelyan
2170:
2127:
2080:
2070:. In 1734, the
2000:Earl of Melfort
1964:
1948:Séamus an Chaca
1938:on 1 July 1690
1906:
1900:
1895:
1811:seditious libel
1783:
1777:
1585:
1561:George Jeffreys
1557:Tower of London
1508:
1498:
1496:Argyll's Rising
1490:Main articles:
1488:
1445:
1431:
1426:
1389:
1366:Holyrood Palace
1288:
1282:
1204:
1156:George Carteret
1088:
1009:
1001:
988:
983:
969:
881:
873:
860:
855:
839:
753:
748:
694:
692:Exile in France
591:
553:, the Anglican
535:
530:
520:, protected by
487:invited William
393:King of England
386:
364:
309:
300:Henry FitzJames
284:
232:
231:
223:
222:
219: 1673)
214:
210:
200:
192:
188:
185:
167:
153:
136:
130:
129:14 October 1633
81:
72:
56:King of England
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8791:
8781:
8780:
8778:Exiled royalty
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
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8695:
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8585:
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8575:
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8546:
8543:
8542:
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8539:
8538:(1986–present)
8533:
8527:
8521:
8513:
8505:
8497:
8491:
8485:
8479:
8473:
8470:Edward of York
8467:
8461:
8455:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8437:
8436:
8429:
8422:
8414:
8405:
8404:
8398:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8391:
8385:
8382:Prince Leopold
8379:
8371:
8363:
8355:
8349:
8346:Charles Stuart
8343:
8337:
8331:
8328:
8322:
8321:(c. 1458–1485)
8316:
8310:
8307:Robert Stewart
8303:
8300:
8299:
8292:
8291:
8284:
8277:
8269:
8260:
8259:
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7480:
7478:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7429:Edward Balliol
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7289:Constantine II
7286:
7281:
7274:
7267:
7260:
7253:
7246:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7233:
7228:
7217:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7116:
7111:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7081:Edgar Ætheling
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7040:
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7030:
7025:
7020:
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6983:
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6887:
6882:
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6859:
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6803:
6798:
6789:
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6762:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6742:
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6734:
6725:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6671:
6666:
6662:
6661:
6660:Regnal titles
6657:
6656:
6636:
6633:
6628:
6627:
6613:
6612:at BBC History
6607:
6598:
6587:
6586:External links
6584:
6583:
6582:
6568:
6561:
6555:
6539:
6532:
6517:
6511:
6498:
6492:
6479:
6465:
6462:History Review
6457:
6450:
6443:
6436:
6430:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6401:
6388:
6382:
6369:
6363:
6350:
6344:
6331:
6325:
6312:
6307:
6291:
6286:
6270:
6264:
6251:
6245:
6232:
6218:
6212:
6199:
6193:
6177:
6171:
6158:
6152:
6139:
6133:
6127:. Allen Lane.
6117:
6111:
6095:
6089:
6076:
6070:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6029:
6020:
6018:, p. 206.
6016:Chester (1876)
6008:
5999:Chester, J. L.
5990:
5968:
5949:
5924:
5895:
5875:
5871:Sowerby (2013)
5863:
5859:Sowerby (2013)
5851:
5847:Sowerby (2013)
5839:
5832:
5814:
5802:
5752:
5740:
5725:
5713:
5701:
5694:
5673:
5651:
5642:
5640:, p. 239.
5630:
5626:MacLeod (1999)
5618:
5614:MacLeod (1999)
5606:
5602:MacLeod (1999)
5594:
5590:MacLeod (1999)
5582:
5580:, p. 349.
5578:MacLeod (1999)
5570:
5568:, p. 493.
5555:
5551:MacLeod (1999)
5539:
5537:, p. 205.
5535:Hilliam (1998)
5527:
5525:, p. 223.
5515:
5484:
5482:, p. 445.
5472:
5460:
5458:, p. 239.
5448:
5432:
5408:
5396:
5394:, p. 235.
5384:
5369:
5333:
5326:
5308:
5290:
5275:
5273:, p. 440.
5263:
5251:
5239:
5227:
5211:
5195:
5183:
5181:, p. 209.
5171:
5152:(3): 235–254.
5123:
5086:
5071:
5059:
5047:
5032:
5020:
5004:
4997:
4979:
4963:
4947:
4931:
4919:
4917:, p. 159.
4907:
4905:, p. 150.
4895:
4891:Sowerby (2013)
4883:
4881:, p. 146.
4871:
4859:
4857:, p. 132.
4847:
4835:
4833:, p. 170.
4823:
4821:, p. 148.
4808:
4806:, p. 264.
4796:
4781:
4766:
4750:
4746:Sowerby (2013)
4738:
4726:
4707:(2): 129–152.
4691:
4675:
4659:
4657:, p. 368.
4647:
4645:, p. 444.
4635:
4620:
4608:
4592:
4576:
4560:
4544:
4532:
4520:
4508:
4493:
4491:, p. 142.
4481:
4469:
4454:
4452:, p. 141.
4437:
4425:
4413:
4398:
4386:
4370:
4368:, p. 123.
4358:
4346:
4344:, p. 121.
4334:
4322:
4307:
4295:
4293:, p. 117.
4283:
4271:
4255:
4236:
4217:
4199:
4193:, p. 89;
4183:
4171:
4159:
4147:
4135:
4123:
4111:
4099:
4087:
4075:
4073:, p. 132.
4063:
4057:, p. 84;
4047:
4035:
4023:
4011:
3999:
3987:
3975:
3973:, p. 385.
3963:
3948:
3946:, p. 149.
3936:
3920:
3918:, p. 144.
3908:
3892:
3885:
3879:. p. 11.
3863:
3837:
3824:
3812:
3810:, p. 104.
3800:
3793:
3773:
3741:
3739:, p. 101.
3729:
3717:
3705:
3688:
3664:
3652:
3631:
3619:
3607:
3579:
3567:
3555:
3543:
3531:
3529:, p. 915.
3516:
3501:
3489:
3487:, p. 517.
3477:
3465:
3453:
3436:
3424:
3409:
3397:
3364:
3358:, p. 10;
3348:
3336:
3321:
3309:
3297:
3290:
3272:
3246:
3244:, p. 240.
3227:
3212:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3175:
3165:
3153:
3144:
3135:
3101:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:22 April 1685
3056:
3053:
3052:James Darnley
3049:
3048:
3037:
3036:13 March 1743
3034:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:December 1702
2992:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:18 April 1712
2901:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2886:married 1719,
2884:
2881:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2864:Unnamed child
2861:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2853:Unnamed child
2850:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:February 1681
2829:
2828:Unnamed child
2825:
2824:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2775:(or Isabella)
2769:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2761:Unnamed child
2758:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2736:Unnamed child
2733:
2732:
2728:Mary of Modena
2721:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2655:married 1683,
2653:
2652:1 August 1714
2650:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2619:married 1677,
2617:
2614:
2613:30 April 1662
2611:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2540:
2539:
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2521:
2518:
2511:
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2499:
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2491:
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2479:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2373:
2370:
2366:Servant of God
2332:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2297:
2294:
2238:Maurice Ashley
2231:Hilaire Belloc
2222:wrote for the
2194:was a notable
2169:
2168:Historiography
2166:
2162:Jacobite claim
2126:
2123:
2107:James VI and I
2079:
2076:
2015:King of Poland
1963:
1960:
1902:Main article:
1899:
1898:War in Ireland
1896:
1894:
1891:
1887:Bill of Rights
1819:supposititious
1779:Main article:
1776:
1773:
1729:Anthony Farmer
1671:Godden v Hales
1668:. The case of
1584:
1581:
1577:Bloody Assizes
1565:transportation
1487:
1486:Two rebellions
1484:
1441:Main article:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1401:Rye House Plot
1388:
1385:
1335:Exclusion Bill
1310:, spoke of a "
1284:Main article:
1281:
1278:
1266:Nathaniel Crew
1258:Mary of Modena
1224:John Churchill
1203:
1200:
1170:, was renamed
1140:New Netherland
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1067:
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1062:
1058:
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917:
911:
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906:
905:
899:
893:
892:
889:
883:
882:
877:
869:
868:
864:
863:
853:
838:
835:
831:Gilbert Burnet
777:Duke of Albany
752:
751:First marriage
749:
747:
744:
693:
690:
631:Master of Arts
590:
587:
545:, was born at
541:and his wife,
534:
531:
529:
526:
378:
377:
370:
366:
365:
363:
362:
356:
349:
347:
343:
342:
337:
333:
332:
327:
323:
322:
317:
311:
310:
308:
307:
302:
297:
292:
286:
285:Illegitimate:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
241:
239:
225:
224:
212:
208:Mary of Modena
206:
205:
204:
203:
190:
186:
181:
180:
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165:
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159:
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127:
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109:
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99:
95:
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91:
85:
84:
78:
74:
73:
66:
52:
51:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8790:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8773:Sons of kings
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8643:Dukes of York
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8550:
8544:
8537:
8534:
8531:
8528:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8518:
8514:
8512:
8510:
8506:
8504:
8502:
8498:
8495:
8492:
8489:
8486:
8483:
8480:
8477:
8474:
8471:
8468:
8465:
8462:
8459:
8456:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8446:
8442:
8441:Dukes of York
8435:
8430:
8428:
8423:
8421:
8416:
8415:
8412:
8402:
8396:
8389:
8386:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8376:
8372:
8370:
8368:
8364:
8362:
8360:
8356:
8353:
8350:
8347:
8344:
8341:
8338:
8335:
8332:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8320:
8317:
8314:
8311:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8301:
8297:
8290:
8285:
8283:
8278:
8276:
8271:
8270:
8267:
8253:
8249:
8244:
8243:
8240:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8148:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8136:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8124:Alexander III
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7966:
7965:(traditional)
7960:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7758:Galan Erilich
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7730:(traditional)
7725:
7721:
7714:
7709:
7707:
7702:
7700:
7695:
7694:
7691:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7672:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7595:
7589:
7588:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7575:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7512:
7506:
7504:
7499:
7498:
7495:
7491:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7404:
7402:
7401:Alexander III
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7316:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7268:
7266:
7265:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7257:Constantine I
7254:
7252:
7251:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7215:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7138:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7082:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7045:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7003:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6964:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6944:
6939:
6937:
6932:
6930:
6925:
6924:
6921:
6912:
6911:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6892:
6885:
6880:
6879:Loss of title
6876:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6856:
6855:
6848:
6842:
6838:
6829:
6828:
6819:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6802:
6795:
6794:
6787:
6781:
6777:
6768:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6753:
6749:
6744:
6740:
6739:John Beaumont
6731:
6730:
6723:
6717:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6696:
6692:
6685:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6669:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6646:
6641:
6640:
6631:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6537:
6533:
6530:
6529:0-4150-9042-3
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6508:
6504:
6499:
6495:
6493:0-5822-9222-0
6489:
6485:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6444:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6404:
6402:0-312-30711-X
6398:
6395:. Macmillan.
6394:
6389:
6385:
6379:
6375:
6370:
6366:
6360:
6356:
6351:
6347:
6345:0-312-29293-7
6341:
6338:. Macmillan.
6337:
6332:
6328:
6322:
6318:
6313:
6310:
6308:1-851-82534-7
6304:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6289:
6287:0-903-75899-7
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6265:0-300-08728-4
6261:
6257:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6238:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6213:0-3407-0767-4
6209:
6205:
6200:
6196:
6194:0-521-31327-9
6190:
6186:
6182:
6181:Kenyon, J. P.
6178:
6174:
6172:0-2979-9467-0
6168:
6164:
6159:
6155:
6153:0-7509-3553-7
6149:
6145:
6140:
6136:
6134:0-7139-9759-1
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6112:0-1410-2769-X
6108:
6104:
6100:
6099:Devine, T. M.
6096:
6092:
6090:0-7509-2398-9
6086:
6082:
6077:
6073:
6071:0-340-00896-2
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6054:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6024:
6017:
6012:
6004:
6000:
5994:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5964:
5960:
5953:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5879:
5872:
5867:
5860:
5855:
5848:
5843:
5835:
5829:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5810:Harris (2006)
5806:
5799:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5765:
5759:
5757:
5750:, p. ix.
5749:
5748:Miller (2000)
5744:
5737:
5736:Ashley (1996)
5732:
5730:
5722:
5717:
5710:
5709:Ashley (1996)
5705:
5697:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5669:
5668:
5662:
5655:
5646:
5639:
5634:
5627:
5622:
5615:
5610:
5603:
5598:
5591:
5586:
5579:
5574:
5567:
5566:Harris (2006)
5562:
5560:
5553:, p. 349
5552:
5548:
5547:Waller (2002)
5543:
5536:
5531:
5524:
5519:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5492:Miller (2000)
5488:
5481:
5476:
5469:
5468:Miller (2000)
5464:
5457:
5456:Miller (2000)
5452:
5446:, p. 350
5445:
5444:Waller (2002)
5441:
5440:Miller (2000)
5436:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5404:Miller (2000)
5400:
5393:
5392:Miller (2000)
5388:
5382:
5378:
5373:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5350:(12): 40–49.
5349:
5348:
5343:
5337:
5329:
5327:0-7190-3774-3
5323:
5319:
5311:
5309:0-7171-1626-3
5305:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5286:Harris (2006)
5282:
5280:
5272:
5271:Harris (2006)
5267:
5260:
5259:Miller (2000)
5255:
5248:
5247:Miller (2000)
5243:
5236:
5235:Harris (2006)
5231:
5224:
5223:Harris (2006)
5220:
5219:Ashley (1996)
5215:
5208:
5207:Harris (2006)
5205:, p. 3;
5204:
5203:Devine (2006)
5199:
5192:
5191:Harris (2006)
5187:
5180:
5179:Miller (2000)
5175:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5134:
5126:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5101:
5096:
5095:Claydon, Tony
5090:
5083:
5082:Miller (2000)
5078:
5076:
5068:
5067:Miller (2000)
5063:
5056:
5055:Waller (2002)
5051:
5044:
5043:Miller (2000)
5039:
5037:
5029:
5028:Ashley (1996)
5024:
5017:
5016:Miller (2000)
5013:
5012:Waller (2002)
5008:
5000:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4975:Ashley (1996)
4972:
4971:Harris (2006)
4967:
4960:
4959:Harris (2006)
4956:
4955:Miller (2000)
4951:
4945:, p. 312
4944:
4940:
4939:Harris (2006)
4935:
4928:
4927:Harris (2006)
4923:
4916:
4911:
4904:
4899:
4892:
4887:
4880:
4875:
4868:
4863:
4856:
4851:
4845:, p. 89.
4844:
4843:Ashley (1996)
4839:
4832:
4831:Miller (2000)
4827:
4820:
4815:
4813:
4805:
4800:
4793:
4792:Harris (2006)
4788:
4786:
4778:
4777:Harris (2006)
4773:
4771:
4763:
4762:Harris (2006)
4759:
4754:
4748:, p. 42.
4747:
4742:
4735:
4734:Kenyon (1986)
4730:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4689:, p. 192
4688:
4687:Harris (2006)
4684:
4679:
4672:
4671:Harris (2006)
4668:
4667:Miller (2000)
4663:
4656:
4651:
4644:
4639:
4632:
4631:Miller (2000)
4627:
4625:
4617:
4616:Harris (2006)
4612:
4606:, p. 445
4605:
4601:
4600:Miller (2000)
4596:
4590:, p. 373
4589:
4588:Turner (1948)
4585:
4580:
4573:
4572:Harris (2006)
4569:
4564:
4557:
4556:Harris (2006)
4553:
4548:
4541:
4536:
4529:
4528:Miller (2000)
4524:
4517:
4516:Harris (2006)
4512:
4505:
4504:Miller (2000)
4500:
4498:
4490:
4489:Miller (2000)
4485:
4478:
4477:Miller (2000)
4473:
4467:, p. 88.
4466:
4465:Harris (2006)
4461:
4459:
4451:
4450:Miller (2000)
4446:
4444:
4442:
4434:
4433:Harris (2006)
4429:
4423:, p. 76.
4422:
4421:Harris (2006)
4417:
4410:
4409:Harris (2006)
4405:
4403:
4395:
4394:Miller (2000)
4390:
4383:
4382:Harris (2006)
4379:
4378:Miller (2000)
4374:
4367:
4366:Miller (2000)
4362:
4355:
4354:Harris (2006)
4350:
4343:
4342:Miller (2000)
4338:
4332:, p. 45.
4331:
4330:Harris (2006)
4326:
4319:
4318:Miller (2000)
4314:
4312:
4304:
4303:Miller (2000)
4299:
4292:
4291:Miller (2000)
4287:
4280:
4279:Miller (2000)
4275:
4268:
4267:Waller (2002)
4264:
4263:Miller (2000)
4259:
4252:
4251:Miller (2000)
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4196:
4195:Callow (2000)
4192:
4191:Miller (2000)
4187:
4180:
4179:Miller (2000)
4175:
4169:, p. 95.
4168:
4167:Miller (2000)
4163:
4156:
4155:Miller (2000)
4151:
4145:, p. 90.
4144:
4143:Miller (2000)
4139:
4132:
4131:Miller (2000)
4127:
4120:
4119:Miller (2000)
4115:
4109:, p. 74.
4108:
4107:Harris (2006)
4103:
4096:
4095:Miller (2000)
4091:
4085:, p. 87.
4084:
4083:Miller (2000)
4079:
4072:
4071:Turner (1948)
4067:
4060:
4059:Waller (2002)
4056:
4055:Miller (2000)
4051:
4045:, p. 99.
4044:
4043:Miller (2000)
4039:
4032:
4031:Waller (2002)
4027:
4020:
4019:Turner (1948)
4015:
4009:, p. 73.
4008:
4007:Miller (2000)
4003:
3996:
3995:Waller (2002)
3991:
3985:, p. 92.
3984:
3983:Waller (2002)
3979:
3972:
3971:Kenyon (1986)
3967:
3960:
3959:Miller (2000)
3955:
3953:
3945:
3944:Callow (2000)
3940:
3934:, p. 135
3933:
3932:Waller (2002)
3929:
3928:Callow (2000)
3924:
3917:
3916:Callow (2000)
3912:
3905:
3904:Callow (2000)
3901:
3900:Miller (2000)
3896:
3888:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3834:
3828:
3822:, p. 42.
3821:
3820:Miller (2000)
3816:
3809:
3808:Callow (2000)
3804:
3796:
3794:9780415190770
3790:
3786:
3785:
3777:
3770:
3769:Miller (2000)
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3737:Callow (2000)
3733:
3727:, p. 59.
3726:
3725:Miller (2000)
3721:
3714:
3713:Miller (2000)
3709:
3703:, p. 46.
3702:
3701:Miller (2000)
3697:
3695:
3693:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3673:Pepys, Samuel
3668:
3661:
3660:Waller (2002)
3656:
3649:
3648:Miller (2000)
3644:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3629:, p. 44.
3628:
3627:Miller (2000)
3623:
3617:, p. 90.
3616:
3615:Callow (2000)
3611:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3588:Gibbs, Vicary
3583:
3577:, p. 89.
3576:
3575:Callow (2000)
3571:
3564:
3563:Miller (2000)
3559:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3521:
3513:
3512:Miller (2000)
3508:
3506:
3499:, p. 15.
3498:
3493:
3486:
3481:
3474:
3473:Callow (2000)
3469:
3463:, p. 45.
3462:
3461:Callow (2000)
3457:
3449:
3448:
3440:
3434:, p. 42.
3433:
3432:Callow (2000)
3428:
3421:
3420:Miller (2000)
3416:
3414:
3407:, p. 36.
3406:
3405:Callow (2000)
3401:
3394:
3393:0-7126-7448-9
3390:
3386:
3383:(1996). 258.
3382:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3362:, p. 101
3361:
3360:Callow (2000)
3357:
3356:Miller (2000)
3352:
3346:, p. 34.
3345:
3344:Callow (2000)
3340:
3334:, p. 31.
3333:
3332:Callow (2000)
3328:
3326:
3318:
3317:Miller (2000)
3313:
3306:
3305:Harris (2006)
3301:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3242:Miller (2000)
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3179:
3169:
3162:
3157:
3148:
3139:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2978:12 June 1734
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2954:3 April 1730
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2905:
2902:
2900:28 June 1692
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2880:10 June 1688
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2856:October 1683
2852:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2764:October 1675
2760:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:20 June 1667
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2587:
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2585:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2508:
2496:
2484:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:fleurs-de-lis
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2376:
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2351:
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2345:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2285:Scott Sowerby
2282:
2279:
2275:
2274:Steven Pincus
2269:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:Lord Macaulay
2205:
2198:for James II.
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2179:wrote in the
2178:
2174:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:Scots College
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:seven bishops
1796:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:Presbyterians
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:Christ Church
1714:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1666:Heneage Finch
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1589:standing army
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1435:
1421:
1419:
1418:Privy Council
1415:
1410:
1409:Earl of Essex
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1371:Earl of Danby
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1230:, as well as
1229:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:John Berkeley
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:New Amsterdam
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:22 April 1671
1047:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
998:
993:
986:
976:
972:
965:
962:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
926:
922:
918:
916:
912:
907:
903:
900:
898:
894:
890:
888:
884:
880:
870:
865:
858:
850:
845:
841:
834:
832:
828:
824:
819:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
762:
757:
743:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
604:
600:
595:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
525:
523:
519:
518:Saint-Germain
515:
510:
508:
505:, in April a
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
476:Seven Bishops
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
384:
375:
371:
367:
360:
357:
354:
351:
350:
348:
344:
341:
338:
334:
331:
328:
324:
321:
318:
316:
312:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
240:
237:
236:
230:
226:
209:
202:
201:
184:
177:
176:
174:
170:
164:
160:
156:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
100:
96:
93:23 April 1685
92:
90:
86:
79:
75:
70:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
8515:
8507:
8499:
8493:
8373:
8365:
8357:
8352:James Stuart
8351:
8340:James Stuart
8325:John Stewart
8217:
8145:
8133:
8119:Alexander II
7818:Gartnait III
7677:
7656:Elizabeth II
7584:
7549:
7500:
7427:
7405:
7396:Alexander II
7313:
7276:
7269:
7262:
7255:
7248:
7241:
7223:
7212:
7135:
7118:
7106:
7079:
7042:
7000:
6993:
6986:
6908:
6896:
6895:
6890:
6878:
6852:
6823:
6806:
6800:
6791:
6764:
6757:
6751:
6727:
6701:
6690:
6673:
6651:
6644:
6637:
6571:
6564:
6546:
6543:Speck, W. A.
6535:
6520:
6502:
6483:
6468:
6461:
6453:
6446:
6439:
6420:
6392:
6373:
6354:
6335:
6316:
6298:
6277:
6255:
6236:
6225:
6203:
6184:
6162:
6143:
6124:
6102:
6080:
6061:
6043:Weir, p. 263
6023:
6011:
6002:
5993:
5988:Weir, p. 260
5962:
5952:
5940:. Retrieved
5936:
5927:
5915:. Retrieved
5911:
5898:
5887:
5878:
5866:
5854:
5842:
5823:
5817:
5805:
5796:
5789:. Retrieved
5771:
5743:
5738:, p. 9.
5721:Prall (1972)
5716:
5704:
5685:
5676:
5665:
5654:
5645:
5633:
5621:
5609:
5597:
5585:
5573:
5542:
5530:
5518:
5487:
5475:
5463:
5451:
5435:
5423:. Retrieved
5411:
5399:
5387:
5372:
5345:
5336:
5317:
5299:
5293:
5266:
5254:
5242:
5230:
5214:
5198:
5186:
5174:
5149:
5143:
5140:Plumb, J. H.
5104:
5089:
5062:
5050:
5023:
5007:
4988:
4982:
4966:
4950:
4943:Prall (1972)
4934:
4922:
4915:Jones (1988)
4910:
4903:Jones (1988)
4898:
4886:
4879:Jones (1988)
4874:
4867:Jones (1988)
4862:
4855:Jones (1988)
4850:
4838:
4826:
4819:Prall (1972)
4799:
4753:
4741:
4729:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4678:
4662:
4650:
4638:
4611:
4595:
4579:
4574:, p. 70
4563:
4547:
4535:
4523:
4511:
4484:
4472:
4428:
4416:
4389:
4373:
4361:
4349:
4337:
4325:
4298:
4286:
4274:
4258:
4231:The Guardian
4230:
4220:
4202:
4186:
4174:
4162:
4150:
4138:
4126:
4114:
4102:
4090:
4078:
4066:
4050:
4038:
4026:
4014:
4002:
3990:
3978:
3966:
3939:
3923:
3911:
3895:
3872:
3866:
3854:. Retrieved
3840:
3832:
3827:
3815:
3803:
3783:
3776:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3732:
3720:
3708:
3680:
3667:
3655:
3622:
3610:
3595:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3546:
3534:
3492:
3485:Royle (2004)
3480:
3468:
3456:
3445:
3439:
3427:
3422:, p. 3.
3400:
3384:
3381:Weir, Alison
3351:
3339:
3319:, p. 1.
3312:
3300:
3281:
3275:
3263:. Retrieved
3259:
3249:
3221:
3215:
3206:
3203:Somers, John
3197:
3178:
3168:
3156:
3147:
3138:
3112:
3087:
3017:
3016:
2991:August 1673
2965:; no issue.
2935:
2934:
2890:; had issue
2725:
2724:
2688:8 June 1671
2672:22 May 1667
2669:4 July 1666
2581:
2580:
2523:
2459:for Scotland
2437:three lions
2405:
2389:Appointments
2377:
2360:In 1734 the
2359:
2352:
2338:, etc." The
2333:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2266:
2261:Tim Harris's
2259:
2247:
2235:
2229:
2201:
2151:
2129:James's son
2128:
2092:
2056:Benedictines
2049:
2026:
2019:
1993:
1947:
1924:
1912:
1866:
1858:River Thames
1835:
1800:
1755:, Baptists,
1733:
1706:
1676:
1669:
1650:Edward Petre
1638:papal nuncio
1635:
1619:
1586:
1545:
1533:
1514:
1457:
1446:
1390:
1379:
1375:
1355:
1328:
1289:
1255:
1240:
1228:George Legge
1216:
1191:
1180:
1168:Hudson River
1129:
1093:
1056:28 July 1863
1044:Royal assent
937:28 July 1863
925:Commencement
919:27 July 1663
915:Royal assent
840:
820:
815:Samuel Pepys
800:
789:
769:Commonwealth
766:
733:
706:
700:against the
695:
655:
608:
579:Duke of York
551:William Laud
536:
511:
484:
461:
449:
408:
400:
382:
381:
233:
46:Portrait by
29:
8578:1701 deaths
8573:1633 births
8532:(1920–1936)
8526:(1892–1910)
8519:(1784–1827)
8511:(1760–1767)
8503:(1716–1728)
8490:(1605–1625)
8484:(1494–1509)
8478:(1474–1483)
8472:(1460–1461)
8466:(1415–1460)
8460:(1402–1415)
8454:(1385–1402)
8390:(1884–1919)
8384:(1881–1884)
8377:(1784–1827)
8369:(1760–1767)
8361:(1716–1728)
8354:(1660–1685)
8348:(1603–1625)
8336:(1565–1567)
8327:(1485–1536)
8315:(1420–1425)
8309:(1398–1420)
8099:Alexander I
8049:Kenneth III
8000:(uncertain)
7898:Talorgan II
7863:Nechtan III
7838:Gartnait IV
7803:Gartnait II
7661:Charles III
7646:Edward VIII
7376:Alexander I
7356:Malcolm III
7331:Kenneth III
7231:Elizabeth I
7193:Richard III
6864:William III
6549:. Longman.
6503:The Stuarts
6206:. Sceptre.
6121:Harris, Tim
6105:. Penguin.
5764:Speck, W.A.
5523:Mann (2014)
5513:(in French)
3856:14 November
3551:Miller 2000
3539:Miller 2000
3497:Miller 2000
3161:Covenanters
3072:Died young
2870:stillbirth
2859:stillbirth
2834:stillbirth
2819: 1678
2767:stillbirth
2742:stillbirth
2623:; no issue
2600:5 May 1661
2520:Family tree
2467:for Ireland
2447:for England
2397:, 1660–1669
2250:W. A. Speck
2243:John Miller
2087:James's son
2052:sarcophagus
1920:Huchtenburg
1603:sign manual
1573:West Indies
1509: 1685
1343:Parliaments
1312:Popish Plot
1308:Titus Oates
1164:Fort Orange
1136:Connecticut
1116:slave trade
1110:during the
1075:Repealed by
956:Repealed by
792:Restoration
785:Edward Hyde
746:Restoration
613:led to the
575:Restoration
499:sovereignty
423:monarch of
419:. The last
361:(1668–1701)
359:Catholicism
355:(1633–1668)
142:Westminster
98:Predecessor
8562:Categories
8228:William II
8213:Charles II
8168:Robert III
8109:Malcolm IV
8089:Donald III
8079:Donald III
8054:Malcolm II
8039:Kenneth II
7948:Bridei VII
7903:Drest VIII
7848:Bridei III
7833:Talorgan I
7828:Talorc III
7808:Nechtan II
7773:Gartnait I
7636:Edward VII
7626:William IV
7616:George III
7545:Charles II
7440:Robert III
7386:Malcolm IV
7361:Donald III
7336:Malcolm II
7321:Kenneth II
7203:Henry VIII
7163:Richard II
7158:Edward III
7092:William II
7065:Harthacnut
6903:1688–1701
6858:1685–1688
6847:Charles II
6831:1680–1685
6797:1673–1688
6776:Charles II
6770:1660–1673
6733:1660–1673
6687:1685–1688
6668:Charles II
6464:58: 10 ff.
6146:. Sutton.
6083:. Sutton.
5884:"No. 2009"
5791:15 October
5135:required.)
4989:Queen Anne
3190:References
2812:Elizabeth
2784:buried in
2710:Catherine
2696:Henrietta
2408:royal arms
2348:George III
2344:Edward III
2220:A. W. Ward
2183:tradition.
1683:Dissenters
1652:, James's
1626:penal laws
1548:Lyme Regis
1460:Parliament
1414:dissenters
1393:republican
1380:Gloucester
1108:Royal Navy
1096:Portsmouth
1015:Long title
947:Amended by
887:Long title
849:John Riley
759:James and
678:Covenanter
611:Parliament
603:Peter Lely
559:Charles II
528:Early life
457:Protestant
437:absolutism
413:Charles II
353:Protestant
108:Successors
102:Charles II
89:Coronation
48:Peter Lely
8517:Frederick
8375:Frederick
8218:James VII
8208:Charles I
8183:James III
8163:Robert II
8084:Duncan II
8014:Malcolm I
8004:Donald II
7943:Ciniod II
7938:Bridei VI
7918:Óengus II
7868:Drest VII
7858:Bridei IV
7823:Bridei II
7783:Talorc II
7763:Drest III
7748:Nechtan I
7651:George VI
7621:George IV
7611:George II
7523:Charles I
7505:from 1603
7455:James III
7435:Robert II
7391:William I
7366:Duncan II
7294:Malcolm I
7284:Donald II
7208:Edward VI
7198:Henry VII
7183:Edward IV
7153:Edward II
7143:Henry III
7126:Richard I
7087:William I
7008:Æthelstan
6027:Weir, 261
5963:Heraldica
4721:0144-0365
3265:3 January
3131:George IV
3097:New Style
3093:New Style
2906:no issue
2867:May 1684
2584:Anne Hyde
2420:Quarterly
2328:Jacobites
2272:In 2009,
2248:In 2004,
2216:David Ogg
2196:apologist
2135:Jacobites
2115:Charles I
1988:George IV
1874:abdicated
1856:into the
1846:Churchill
1842:Louis XIV
1830:Louis XIV
1765:Anglicans
1598:prorogued
1540:Inchinnan
1536:Campbells
1472:Rochester
1468:Clarendon
1304:defrocked
1219:Eucharist
902:15 Cha. 2
781:Anne Hyde
761:Anne Hyde
686:Worcester
666:The Hague
647:Henrietta
643:Elizabeth
601:, by Sir
599:Charles I
539:Charles I
522:Louis XIV
409:James VII
369:Signature
183:Anne Hyde
144:, England
8203:James VI
8188:James IV
8178:James II
8158:David II
8153:Robert I
8129:Margaret
8059:Duncan I
7978:Donald I
7923:Drest IX
7893:Alpín II
7888:Ciniod I
7883:Bridei V
7878:Óengus I
7843:Drest VI
7798:Bridei I
7778:Cailtram
7768:Drest IV
7753:Drest II
7743:Talorc I
7641:George V
7631:Victoria
7606:George I
7475:James VI
7460:James IV
7450:James II
7423:David II
7418:Robert I
7407:Margaret
7341:Duncan I
7250:Donald I
7188:Edward V
7178:Henry VI
7168:Henry IV
7148:Edward I
7114:Henry II
7013:Edmund I
7002:Ælfweard
6960:monarchs
6954:Scottish
6679:Scotland
6610:James II
6601:James II
6547:James II
6545:(2002).
6421:James II
6374:James II
6297:(2002),
6276:(1996),
6256:James II
6224:(1889).
6183:(1986).
6123:(2006).
6101:(2006).
6060:(1996).
6001:(1876).
5942:31 March
5684:(1928).
5507:Archived
5364:29735642
5097:(2008).
4212:BBC News
3850:Archived
3590:(1910).
3033:c. 1681
2806:smallpox
2804:died of
2526:George I
2455:tressure
2177:Macaulay
2119:George I
2037:Chaillot
2022:penitent
1749:Baptists
1703:, London
1458:The new
1449:apoplexy
1358:Brussels
1243:Test Act
1234:such as
1148:Province
1132:Delaware
1053:Repealed
1026:Citation
934:Repealed
897:Citation
796:commoner
721:Flanders
682:invasion
623:Royalist
429:Scotland
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5425:23 June
5166:3020731
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