140:'s government increasingly threatened a unilateral declaration of independence, Chikerema declared the willingness of ZAPU to take up armed struggle, promising "a campaign of terror" in which "at first we will attack white farms in isolated areas, and with the arms we capture there, we will attack white homes in the towns". Following
199:
which
Muzorewa had founded, and was allowed to return to Rhodesia in September 1977. At a meeting the next month he caused uproar among the white audience by arguing that there were no terrorists in Rhodesia, merely freedom fighters. He became highly critical of the Patriotic Front formed by Mugabe's
244:
The farm he owned was designated for purchase by the
Zimbabwe government soon after he formed the party, and in 2000 it was included in the list of farms to be compulsorily purchased without compensation. Chikerema remarked "As far as I'm concerned, it's Mugabe's vendetta against me". Chikerema made
203:
Chikerema participated in the internal settlement talks of 1978 and supported the proposal of reserving 28 seats for white voters in a majority-rule
Parliament. In his memoirs, Ian Smith remarks that he was "a constant source of help in bringing things back to sanity". When agreement was reached he
228:
On 29 June 1979 after Abel
Muzorewa took over as prime minister, Chikerema led a group of seven members of the House of Assembly to split with him due to concerns about his lack of firmness. They formed the Zimbabwe Democratic Party, having to fight through the courts for their right to keep their
186:
Shortly after the talks the accord within the ANC fell apart with
Chikerema siding with Sithole and Muzorewa against Nkomo and Robert Mugabe. In February 1976 Chikerema issued a press statement that the armed struggle was likely to resume, saying that the United Kingdom abdicated responsibility by
207:
During the transitional government, he was made co-Minister for
Transport and Power, a surprisingly lowly post given his stature; the apparent snub was explained by the fact that he lacked professional training in any of the areas of government. In July 1978 the Department of Information called a
94:
in 1957 to press for meaningful reform. Although not a violent movement, the
Southern Rhodesia government banned the group in 1960, and restricted its leading members to the Gokwe area. Chikerema remained with Nkomo when he established the National Democratic Party soon after; when this was also
236:
That marked the end of
Chikerema's active political career, but he continued to comment through newspaper interviews on the political situation in Zimbabwe. He attained the status of 'elder statesman' and while he was not necessarily in line with the majority view, he was listened to with
54:
in Kutama, and in South Africa. He became
President of the Southern Rhodesia National Youth League and in 1956 led a bus boycott by Africans to protest at their lack of political power (the electoral system in Rhodesia made it very difficult for Africans to be eligible).
135:
where he was acting
President of ZAPU. He argued for a referendum of all adults of Southern Rhodesia on whether it should have independence, and opposed the government's use of the House of Chiefs as a means of consulting African opinion. When
122:
was their defence counsel at trial, but could not prevent them being convicted. Chikerema was sentenced to six months' imprisonment (three months of which were suspended). Their convictions were overturned on appeal.
233:, the Zimbabwe Democratic Party stood in the 1980 elections. Chikerema complained about intimidation by ZANU-PF supporters during the campaign, and was distraught when his party failed to win any seats.
99:(ZAPU). When the government banned this group, it remained in existence as a clandestine organisation. The movement restrictions on Nkomo and Chikerema were removed by the incoming government of
175:
Unlike the other leaders, Chikerema remained in exile fearing arrest and imprisonment or execution should he return to Rhodesia. Because of this, when the Rhodesian government agreed to
78:
to improve African farming methods and then form the African National Congress. The ANC campaigned for an extension of the franchise, but was banned within two years of its birth.
75:
394:
208:
press conference at which a man appeared claiming to have been sent by ZIPRA (ZAPU's military wing) to assassinate four of the co-Ministers, including Chikerema.
26:. He changed his views on militant struggle in the late 1970s and supported the 'internal settlement', serving in the attempted power-sharing governments.
141:
334:
384:
183:: the carriage was placed in the middle of the bridge so that the ANC delegation was in Zambia while the Rhodesians were still in Rhodesia.
237:
considerable respect based on his previous campaigns. In 1993, he joined the Forum Party of Zimbabwe, (whose founder was ex-Chief Justice
187:
failing to send troops against the Rhodesian government after UDI, and that any troops then sent to Rhodesia would be fought by the ANC.
91:
283:
118:
under the Law and Order Maintenance Act 1960, and charged with taking part in an illegal procession and hindering the police.
153:
23:
305:
389:
241:) re-entering the political arena; the Forum Party's 25 candidates in the 1995 elections failed to make an impact.
176:
216:
James Chikerema together with Raymond Chinamora were the editors of a weekly liberation struggle newspaper called
50:, who was his nephew, shared the same birthplace and the two were very close during childhood. He was educated at
399:
196:
165:
96:
356:
204:
said that guerrillas who continued fighting after the multi-racial election would be "severely dealt with".
195:
Increasingly, Chikerema grew politically close to Muzorewa. He became the first vice-president of the
230:
309:
160:
in December 1974, Chikerema on behalf of FROLIZI signed an agreement with Nkomo of ZAPU and Rev.
180:
379:
374:
8:
111:
279:
161:
238:
67:
245:
it clear that he supported orderly land redistribution if it was conducted fairly.
107:
43:
119:
63:
59:
51:
35:
248:
Chikerema died in the United States, where he had gone for medical treatment.
368:
169:
100:
71:
47:
313:
87:
200:
ZANU and Nkomo's ZAPU, and accused the United Kingdom of supporting ZAPU.
179:
in 1975, the venue chosen was a railway carriage on the bridge over the
339:
137:
16:
President of the Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe (1925–2006)
157:
132:
115:
39:
22:(2 April 1925 – 22 March 2006) served as the President of the
131:
During Nkomo's detention, Chikerema went into exile first in
168:(ZANU) to unite with the African National Council of Rev.
74:, white liberals who donated their land, he helped create
152:
In 1971 ZAPU split, with Chikerema joining instead the
114:
were arrested while eating supper at Nkomo's house in
106:
On 9 February 1963 Nkomo and Chikerema together with
144:, Chikerema took charge of ZAPU's guerrilla war.
366:
358:Chikerema Ignited Spirit of Zimbabwe Nationalism
395:Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army personnel
306:"Newspapers in the African Studies Library"
92:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress
156:(FROLIZI). After the collapse of talks in
277:
190:
95:banned, Nkomo and Chikerema launched the
126:
360:by Trevor Grundy (AR No. 61, 21-Apr-06)
367:
286:from the original on 29 September 2007
385:People from Mashonaland West Province
266:Africa in the United Nations System.
258:
154:Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe
24:Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe
13:
14:
411:
350:
81:
197:United African National Council
166:Zimbabwe African National Union
328:
298:
280:"Whatever happened to Mutasa?"
271:
97:Zimbabwe African Peoples Union
20:James Robert Dambaza Chikerema
1:
264:Nyangoni, Wellington Winter.
251:
223:
29:
7:
335:Obituaries: James Chikerema
10:
416:
147:
52:St. Francis Xavier College
231:Lancaster House Agreement
390:Alumni of Kutama College
211:
310:University of Cape Town
90:, Chikerema formed the
400:Zimbabwean politicians
282:. Zimbabwe Situation.
191:Alliance with Muzorewa
34:Chikerema was born at
229:seats. Following the
127:Exiled leader of ZAPU
218:The Rise of Zimbabwe
112:Daniel Madzimbamuto
162:Ndabaningi Sithole
239:Enoch Dumbutshena
76:Cold Comfort Farm
68:Guy Clutton-Brock
42:, in present-day
407:
344:
332:
326:
325:
323:
321:
312:. Archived from
302:
296:
295:
293:
291:
275:
269:
262:
108:Maurice Nyagumbo
44:Mashonaland West
415:
414:
410:
409:
408:
406:
405:
404:
365:
364:
353:
348:
347:
333:
329:
319:
317:
316:on 30 June 2010
304:
303:
299:
289:
287:
278:Trevor Grundy.
276:
272:
263:
259:
254:
226:
214:
193:
150:
129:
120:Herbert Chitepo
103:in early 1963.
84:
64:George Nyandoro
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
413:
403:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
363:
362:
352:
351:External links
349:
346:
345:
343:, 4 April 2006
327:
297:
270:
256:
255:
253:
250:
225:
222:
213:
210:
192:
189:
181:Victoria Falls
149:
146:
128:
125:
86:Together with
83:
80:
70:, Michael and
60:Didymus Mutasa
36:Kutama Mission
31:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
412:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
370:
361:
359:
355:
354:
342:
341:
336:
331:
315:
311:
307:
301:
285:
281:
274:
267:
261:
257:
249:
246:
242:
240:
234:
232:
221:
219:
209:
205:
201:
198:
188:
184:
182:
178:
173:
171:
170:Abel Muzorewa
167:
163:
159:
155:
145:
143:
139:
134:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
101:Winston Field
98:
93:
89:
82:Ally of Nkomo
79:
77:
73:
72:Eileen Haddon
69:
65:
61:
56:
53:
49:
48:Robert Mugabe
45:
41:
37:
27:
25:
21:
357:
338:
330:
318:. Retrieved
314:the original
300:
288:. Retrieved
273:
265:
260:
247:
243:
235:
227:
217:
215:
206:
202:
194:
185:
174:
151:
130:
105:
88:Joshua Nkomo
85:
57:
33:
19:
18:
380:2006 deaths
375:1925 births
290:10 November
369:Categories
252:References
224:Later life
46:province;
30:Early life
340:The Times
268:Page 141.
138:Ian Smith
284:Archived
320:28 July
164:of the
148:FROLIZI
158:Lusaka
133:Zambia
116:Rusape
40:Zvimba
212:Media
177:talks
58:With
322:2009
292:2006
110:and
142:UDI
38:in
371::
337:,
308:.
220:.
172:.
66:,
62:,
324:.
294:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.