Knowledge

Jazz poetry

Source 📝

60:, poet and saxophonist John Sobol argues that jazz was a transformative vehicle for African-American self-empowerment whose dominant characteristic and purpose was a search for mastery of a language of power, undertaken by a historically enslaved oral people denied access to words of power. Sobol believes that poets who have felt constrained by the hegemony of the literate tradition have grasped an essential kinship with jazz as a realm of masterful oral power and have sought to mimic or recreate jazz modalities in their poetry, thus earning the description 'jazz poetry'{fact|date=July 2022}. 369: 26:-like rhythm or the feel of improvisation" and also as poetry that takes jazz music, musicians, or the jazz milieu as its subject. Some critics consider it a distinct genre though others consider the term to be merely descriptive. Jazz poetry has long been something of an "outsider" art form that exists somewhere outside the mainstream, having been conceived in the 1920s by African Americans, maintained in the 1950s by 1860: 383: 90:
incorporated the syncopated rhythms and repetitive phrases of blues and jazz music into their writing. Many Harlem Renaissance writers were deeply concerned with racial pride and with the creation of purely African-American poetry. Since jazz music was an important part of African-American culture at
129:
We never once rehearsed. We did listen intently to one another. Jazz is all about listening and sharing. I never drowned out one word of whatever Jack was reading or making up on the spot. When I did my spontaneous scatting he would play piano or bongos and he never drowned out or stepped on a word
130:
or interrupted a thought that I or anyone else had when they joined us in these late night-early morning get-togethers. We had mutual respect for one another, and anyone who joined us received the same respect. We almost never used a microphone. Most of the time, there weren't any available!
145:
was said by some to be the greatest jazz poet ever to have lived, with the exception of Langston Hughes. Kaufman paid homage to jazz in poems such as "O Jazz O" and "Morning Joy." His work is notable for its syncopated rhythms, surreal imagery, and a quality of
74:
Early jazz poetry did not mimic the sounds and improvisational spirit of jazz. Instead, it heavily referenced the musical form with allusions made to musicians, instruments, and locations key to the burgeoning jazz scene. Poets including
91:
the time, Hughes and others like him adapted the musical genre to create their own, singularly African-American voices that could easily be distinguished from the work of white poets. Many of Hughes' poems, such as "
185:(1996). Baraka was a cultural nationalist who believed that "Black People are a race, a culture, a Nation". Elements of jazz show up often in Baraka's work, such as syncopation and repetition of phrases. 164:, who had worked as a jazz saxophonist, on poetry and jazz. Koch wrote later of the experience: "Last year Larry Rivers and I tried to kill poetry-and-jazz by parodying it; our first session at the 111:
began to embrace aspects of African-American culture during the 1950s, the art of jazz poetry shifted its focus from racial pride and individuality to spontaneity and
886: 1189: 168:, however, turned out to be so enjoyable (for us, at least) that we repeated the experience several times. I don't think we killed it." 1128: 1148: 83:
wrote poetry in this vein. It was with the advent of the Harlem Renaissance that jazz poetry developed into what it is today..
95:", sound almost exactly like popular jazz and blues songs of the period, and vice versa. His work is also highly evocative of 1113: 298: 1844: 1138: 1108: 254: 1809: 954: 1638: 934: 881: 519: 454: 311: 1516: 1075: 1050: 975: 906: 896: 1070: 1025: 949: 944: 939: 1521: 193:, also used many of the artistic devices of jazz poetry in his spoken-word albums of the 1970s and 1980s. 911: 825: 115:. In this case, both jazz poetry and jazz music were seen as powerful statements against the status quo. 805: 1090: 891: 340: 176: 1168: 1085: 835: 121:
would often have musical accompaniment for his poetry readings. His colleague, musician and composer
1184: 1123: 840: 175:
and revived the idea of jazz poetry as a source of black pride. He collaborated on recordings with
125:, would often play the piano or bongos as Kerouac read. Amram later wrote of their work together: 1158: 1060: 1010: 916: 876: 855: 845: 815: 1511: 422: 1388: 1261: 1143: 1133: 1100: 860: 820: 792: 1837: 1228: 1153: 1118: 850: 830: 810: 800: 497: 154: 134: 1496: 351: 1889: 1884: 1788: 1603: 1215: 990: 901: 8: 1633: 1233: 1080: 985: 574: 539: 112: 1501: 417: 1613: 1403: 1376: 1266: 1045: 649: 502: 447: 227: 69: 1821: 1744: 970: 317: 307: 269: 250: 147: 96: 281: 165: 1815: 1628: 1506: 1383: 1304: 1040: 1030: 728: 582: 219: 1830: 1546: 1526: 1478: 1283: 1020: 1015: 718: 698: 686: 477: 186: 108: 92: 87: 31: 405: 1562: 1359: 760: 748: 427: 76: 27: 334: 1878: 1793: 1776: 1761: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1463: 1440: 1338: 1326: 1316: 1299: 926: 770: 629: 564: 549: 529: 440: 374: 321: 181: 35: 1783: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1447: 1435: 1428: 1418: 1371: 1366: 1333: 1209: 1204: 1194: 1065: 777: 614: 514: 293: 172: 161: 157: 118: 1864: 1766: 1729: 1423: 1413: 1408: 1393: 1354: 1309: 1223: 1055: 1035: 1000: 995: 980: 765: 753: 738: 671: 554: 534: 509: 482: 398: 388: 303: 247:
The Muse is Music: Jazz Poetry from the Harlem Renaissance to Spoken Word
142: 122: 39: 1751: 1739: 1583: 1567: 1473: 1398: 1256: 723: 708: 681: 661: 559: 544: 231: 51: 1719: 1468: 1321: 1271: 1163: 782: 743: 666: 654: 644: 639: 634: 624: 619: 609: 524: 487: 210:
Wallenstein, Barry (1993). "JazzPoetry/Jazz-Poetry/'JazzPoetry'???".
190: 138: 223: 1724: 1623: 1005: 733: 676: 602: 592: 492: 80: 1771: 1756: 1618: 713: 597: 368: 79:(who actually abhorred the "primitive" sound of jazz music) and 1276: 703: 693: 1859: 1734: 1608: 587: 382: 463: 399:"Digitopia Blues – Race, Technology and the American Voice" 23: 58:
Digitopia Blues – Race, Technology and the American Voice
409: 150:
stemming from his own life as a drifter and a jailbird.
432: 406:'The Interlocutors: Poetry and Jazz in Collaboration' 364: 171:
In the 1960s, Beat poet LeRoi Jones renamed himself
296:, ed. (1960). "Biographical Notes: Kenneth Koch". 137:had a similar collaboration with saxophone player 1876: 249:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 23–25. 102: 189:, often seen as one of the founding fathers of 352:Amiri Baraka: Biography and Historical Context 22:has been defined as poetry that "demonstrates 448: 209: 455: 441: 63: 1489: 1877: 436: 292: 270:David Amram: Poetry and All That Jazz 244: 282:Article from the Beat Museum website 34:, and adapted in modern times into 13: 14: 1901: 1810:Album covers of Blue Note Records 418:Selected works by Langston Hughes 396: 360: 179:, such as "Evidence" on Murray's 1858: 381: 367: 245:Jones, Meta DuEwa Jones (2011). 38:and live poetry events known as 1190:Institutions and organizations 345: 328: 286: 275: 263: 238: 203: 160:collaborated with the painter 1: 887:Cool jazz and West Coast jazz 196: 103:Bebop and the beat generation 45: 423:Jazz Poetry @ All About Jazz 7: 10: 1906: 67: 49: 1854: 1802: 1712: 1596: 1576: 1555: 1539: 1456: 1347: 1292: 1249: 1242: 1216:See Template: Jazz theory 1177: 1099: 963: 925: 869: 791: 573: 470: 462: 30:poets like those of the 299:The New American Poetry 212:African American Review 132: 64:The Harlem Renaissance 428:Jazz History Database 411:Cordite Poetry Review 135:Lawrence Ferlinghetti 127: 1604:Bibliography of jazz 1384:Continental European 1845:Straight, No Chaser 1634:Straight-ahead jazz 1091:Winter & Winter 540:French horn in jazz 272:at allaboutjazz.com 1789:West African music 1614:British dance band 1404:European free jazz 1377:British dance band 870:Musicians by genre 650:Free improvisation 107:As members of the 70:Harlem Renaissance 1872: 1871: 1745:New Orleans blues 1592: 1591: 1535: 1534: 1109:Beaches (Toronto) 520:Swing performance 1897: 1863: 1862: 1629:Continental jazz 1522:Washington, D.C. 1487: 1486: 1389:Czech and Slovak 1247: 1246: 1031:India Navigation 729:Progressive jazz 583:Avant-garde jazz 457: 450: 443: 434: 433: 402: 391: 386: 385: 377: 372: 371: 354: 349: 343: 337: 332: 326: 325: 294:Allen, Donald M. 290: 284: 279: 273: 267: 261: 260: 242: 236: 235: 207: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1865:Jazz portal 1857: 1850: 1831:The Jazz Singer 1798: 1777:Novelty ragtime 1708: 1588: 1572: 1551: 1531: 1485: 1452: 1343: 1288: 1243:Regional scenes 1238: 1173: 1095: 1021:Groove Merchant 1011:Flying Dutchman 959: 921: 865: 787: 719:Orchestral jazz 699:Mainstream jazz 687:Afro-Cuban jazz 569: 478:Outline of jazz 466: 461: 408:by Geoff Page, 387: 380: 373: 366: 363: 358: 357: 350: 346: 335: 333: 329: 314: 306:. p. 440. 291: 287: 280: 276: 268: 264: 257: 243: 239: 224:10.2307/3041904 208: 204: 199: 187:Gil Scott-Heron 109:Beat generation 105: 93:The Weary Blues 88:Langston Hughes 72: 66: 54: 48: 32:Beat generation 17: 16:Genre of poetry 12: 11: 5: 1903: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1870: 1869: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1848: 1841: 1838:Round Midnight 1834: 1827: 1819: 1812: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1587: 1586: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1570: 1568:Latin American 1565: 1559: 1557: 1556:South American 1553: 1552: 1550: 1549: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1497:Baltimore jazz 1493: 1491: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1474:Latin American 1471: 1466: 1460: 1458: 1457:North American 1454: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1369: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1329: 1324: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1264: 1259: 1253: 1251: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1105: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 967: 965: 961: 960: 958: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 931: 929: 923: 922: 920: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 873: 871: 867: 866: 864: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 826:Percussionists 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 797: 795: 789: 788: 786: 785: 780: 775: 774: 773: 763: 758: 757: 756: 749:Spiritual jazz 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 690: 689: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 658: 657: 652: 647: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 606: 605: 600: 595: 585: 579: 577: 571: 570: 568: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 506: 505: 495: 490: 485: 480: 474: 472: 471:General topics 468: 467: 460: 459: 452: 445: 437: 431: 430: 425: 420: 415: 403: 393: 392: 378: 362: 361:External links 359: 356: 355: 344: 327: 312: 285: 274: 262: 256:978-0252079269 255: 237: 218:(4): 665–671. 201: 200: 198: 195: 104: 101: 86:Poets such as 77:Vachel Lindsay 68:Main article: 65: 62: 50:Main article: 47: 44: 28:counterculture 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1902: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1794:Western swing 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1517:New York City 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1441:Flamenco jazz 1439: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1267:South African 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 968: 966: 964:Discographies 962: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 932: 930: 928: 924: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 874: 872: 868: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 851:Vibraphonists 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 798: 796: 794: 790: 784: 781: 779: 776: 772: 771:Swing revival 769: 768: 767: 764: 762: 759: 755: 752: 751: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 688: 685: 684: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 642: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 630:Flamenco jazz 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 590: 589: 586: 584: 581: 580: 578: 576: 572: 566: 565:Women in jazz 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 550:Jazz trombone 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 530:Jazz drumming 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 504: 501: 500: 499: 498:Improvisation 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 475: 473: 469: 465: 458: 453: 451: 446: 444: 439: 438: 435: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 413: 412: 407: 404: 400: 397:Sobol, John. 395: 394: 390: 384: 379: 376: 375:Poetry portal 370: 365: 353: 348: 342: 338: 331: 323: 319: 315: 309: 305: 301: 300: 295: 289: 283: 278: 271: 266: 258: 252: 248: 241: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 206: 202: 194: 192: 188: 184: 183: 182:Fo Deuk Revue 178: 174: 169: 167: 163: 159: 156: 155:New York poet 151: 149: 144: 140: 136: 131: 126: 124: 120: 116: 114: 110: 100: 98: 94: 89: 84: 82: 78: 71: 61: 59: 53: 43: 41: 37: 36:hip-hop music 33: 29: 25: 21: 1856: 1843: 1836: 1829: 1825:(miniseries) 1822: 1814: 1784:Sophisti-pop 1214: 1205:Jazz royalty 1199: 1195:Jazz funeral 991:Contemporary 882:Chamber jazz 836:Saxophonists 806:Clarinetists 778:Third stream 615:Chamber jazz 515:Scat singing 414:(Australian) 410: 347: 330: 304:Grove Press 302:. New York: 297: 288: 277: 265: 246: 240: 215: 211: 205: 180: 177:David Murray 173:Amiri Baraka 170: 162:Larry Rivers 158:Kenneth Koch 152: 141:. Beat poet 133: 128: 119:Jack Kerouac 117: 106: 85: 73: 57: 56:In his book 55: 40:poetry slams 19: 18: 1890:Spoken word 1885:Jazz poetry 1767:Quiet storm 1730:Contradanza 1512:New Orleans 1507:Kansas City 1310:Jazz mugham 1305:Azerbaijani 1229:Second line 1224:Rare groove 1210:Jazz theory 1200:Jazz poetry 1185:Contrafacts 1169:Saint Lucia 1149:New Orleans 1081:Strata-East 1056:MPS Records 986:Cobblestone 907:Smooth jazz 897:Jazz fusion 841:Trombonists 754:Sacred jazz 739:Smooth jazz 672:Jazz fusion 555:Jazz violin 535:Jazz guitar 510:Jam session 483:Jazz (word) 389:Jazz portal 143:Bob Kaufman 123:David Amram 20:Jazz poetry 1879:Categories 1752:Brass band 1740:Jump blues 1584:Ethno jazz 1547:Australian 1527:West Coast 1284:Zimbabwean 1124:Copenhagen 1046:Mainstream 856:Violinists 846:Trumpeters 816:Guitarists 724:Organ trio 709:Modal jazz 682:Latin jazz 662:Gypsy jazz 560:Vocal jazz 545:Jazz piano 313:0394172256 197:References 148:alienation 97:spirituals 52:Aesthetics 46:Aesthetics 1720:Acid jazz 1577:Worldwide 1563:Brazilian 1360:Bulgarian 1322:Indo jazz 1272:Cape jazz 1159:North Sea 1114:Cape Town 1101:Festivals 1076:Riverside 1051:Milestone 976:Blue Note 971:Bethlehem 955:post-1950 927:Standards 912:Soul jazz 861:Vocalists 821:Organists 793:Musicians 783:Trad jazz 744:Soul jazz 667:Jazz-funk 655:Punk jazz 645:Free funk 640:Free jazz 635:Folk jazz 625:Dixieland 620:Cool jazz 610:Cape jazz 525:Jazz bass 488:Jazz band 322:263411449 191:rap music 166:Five Spot 139:Stan Getz 1725:Afrobeat 1639:Pre-1920 1624:Jazz Age 1540:Oceanian 1490:American 1464:Canadian 1348:European 1339:Japanese 1300:Armenian 1262:Malawian 1257:Ethiopia 1144:Montreux 1139:Montreal 1134:Monterey 1071:Prestige 1041:Landmark 1026:Impulse! 1006:ESP-Disk 935:Pre-1920 892:Hard bop 831:Pianists 811:Drummers 801:Bassists 734:Ska jazz 677:Jazz rap 603:Post-bop 593:Hard bop 493:Big band 336:Evidence 81:Mina Loy 1772:Ragtime 1757:Exotica 1713:Related 1619:Ragtime 1597:History 1502:Chicago 1469:Haitian 1448:Swedish 1436:Spanish 1419:Italian 1372:British 1367:Belgian 1334:Iranian 1250:African 1178:Culture 1154:Newport 1129:Jakarta 1119:Chicago 1016:Freedom 714:Nu jazz 598:Neo-bop 341:YouTube 232:3041904 113:freedom 1424:Polish 1414:German 1409:French 1394:Danish 1355:Balkan 1317:Indian 1277:Marabi 1234:Venues 761:Stride 704:Marabi 694:M-Base 575:Genres 320:  310:  253:  230:  1803:Media 1762:Plugg 1735:Blues 1689:2010s 1684:2000s 1679:1990s 1674:1980s 1669:1970s 1664:1960s 1659:1950s 1654:1940s 1649:1930s 1644:1920s 1609:Blues 1479:Cuban 1399:Dutch 1327:Sitar 1293:Asian 1086:Verve 950:1940s 945:1930s 940:1920s 917:Swing 877:Bebop 766:Swing 588:Bebop 228:JSTOR 1823:Jazz 1816:Bird 1704:2022 1699:2021 1694:2020 1429:Yass 1164:Pori 1066:Muse 902:Scat 503:Jazz 464:Jazz 318:OCLC 308:ISBN 251:ISBN 153:The 24:jazz 1061:MPS 1036:JMT 1001:ECM 996:CTI 981:BYG 339:on 220:doi 1881:: 316:. 226:. 216:27 214:. 99:. 42:. 456:e 449:t 442:v 401:. 324:. 259:. 234:. 222::

Index

jazz
counterculture
Beat generation
hip-hop music
poetry slams
Aesthetics
Harlem Renaissance
Vachel Lindsay
Mina Loy
Langston Hughes
The Weary Blues
spirituals
Beat generation
freedom
Jack Kerouac
David Amram
Lawrence Ferlinghetti
Stan Getz
Bob Kaufman
alienation
New York poet
Kenneth Koch
Larry Rivers
Five Spot
Amiri Baraka
David Murray
Fo Deuk Revue
Gil Scott-Heron
rap music
doi

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.