348:. During his stay in England he married the daughter of Captain de Ponthieu and Marguerite de la Rochefoucauld, refugees living at Portarlington. Malesherbes, the courageous defender of Louis XVI, bears the following eloquent testimony to this young hero of the Cévennes: "I confess," he says, "that this warrior, who, without ever having served, found himself by the mere gift of nature a great general, this Camisard who was bold to punish a crime in the presence of a fierce troop which maintained itself by little crimes—this coarse peasant who, when admitted at twenty years of age into the society of cultivated people, caught their manners and won their love and esteem, this man who, though accustomed to a stormy life, and having just cause to be proud of his success, had yet enough philosophy in him by nature to enjoy for thirty-five years a tranquil private life—appears to me to be one of the rarest characters to be found in history."
288:
terrible struggle, opened negotiations, and
Cavalier was induced to attend a conference at Pont d'Avne near Alais on 11 May 1704, and on 16 May he made submission at Nîmes. These negotiations, with the proudest monarch in Europe, he carried on not as a rebel but as the leader of an army which had waged an honourable war. Louis XIV gave him a commission as colonel, which Villars presented to him personally, and a pension of 1200 livres. At the same time he authorised the formation of a Camisard regiment for service in Spain under his command.
337:. Writing in the following year (26 August 1739) he says: "I am overworked and weary; I am going to take the waters in England so as to be in a fit condition for the war against the Spaniards if they reject counsels of prudence." He was promoted to the rank of major-general on 2 July 1739, and died in the following year. In the parochial register of St Luke's, Chelsea, there is an entry: Burial A.D. 1740, 18 May, Brigadier John Cavalier.
401:
27:
128:
291:
Before leaving the CĂ©vennes for the last time he went to Alais and to
Ribaute, followed by an immense concourse of people. But Cavalier had not been able to obtain liberty of conscience, and his Camisards almost to a man broke forth in wrath against him, reproaching him for what they described as his
253:
paid him the high compliment of saying that he was as courageous in attack as he was prudent in retreat, and that by his extraordinary knowledge of the country he displayed in the management of his troops a skill as great as that of the ablest officers. Within a period of two years he was to hold in
313:
the
Camisards found themselves opposed to a French regiment, and without firing the two bodies rushed one upon the other. Cavalier wrote later (10 July 1707): "The only consolation that remains to me is that the regiment I had the honour to command never looked back, but sold its life dearly on the
304:
But he was too much of a soldier to abandon the career of arms. He offered his services to the duke of Savoy, and with his
Camisards made war in the Val d'Aosta. After the peace he crossed to England, where he formed a regiment of refugees which took part in the Spanish expedition under the earl of
287:
itself. On 16 April 1704 he encountered
Marshal Montrevel himself at the bridge of Nages, with 1000 men against 5000, and, though defeated after a desperate conflict, he made a successful retreat with two-thirds of his men. It was at this moment that Marshal Villars, wishing to put an end to the
282:
By a long series of successes he raised his reputation to the highest pitch, and gained the full confidence of the people. It was in vain that more rigorous measures were adopted against the
Camisards. Cavalier boldly carried the war into the plain, made terrible reprisals, and threatened even
266:
He organised the
Camisard forces and maintained the most severe discipline. As an orator he derived his inspiration from the prophets of Israel, and raised the enthusiasm of his rude mountaineers to a pitch so high that they were ready to die with their young leader for the sake of liberty of
300:
he went on to Paris, where Louis XIV gave him audience and heard his explanation of the revolt of the Cévennes. Returning to Dijon, fearing to be imprisoned in the fortress of Neu-Brisach, he escaped with his troop near Montbéliard and took refuge at
Lausanne.
333:, it is nonetheless true that he provided the materials, and that his work is the most valuable source for the history of his life. He was made a general on 27 October 1735, and on 25 May 1738 was appointed
444:
314:
field of battle. I fought as long as a man stood beside me and until numbers overpowered me, losing also an immense quantity of blood from a dozen wounds which I received."
249:
on the night of 24 July 1702 raised the standard of revolt. Some months later he became their leader. He showed himself possessed of an extraordinary genius for war, and
237:
faith. In his boyhood he became a shepherd, and about his twentieth year he was apprenticed to a baker. Threatened with prosecution for his religious opinions he went to
275:, on 10 February 1703, he routed the royal troops, but, defeated in his turn, he was compelled to find safety in flight. But he reappeared, was again defeated at
413:
276:
315:
292:
treacherous desertion. On 21 June 1704, with a hundred
Camisards who were still faithful to him, he departed from Nîmes and came to Neu-Brisach (
267:
conscience. Each battle increased the terror of his name. On
Christmas Day 1702 he dared to hold a religious assembly at the very gates of
422:
480:
37:
95:
67:
326:
74:
524:
250:
81:
52:
334:
519:
63:
279:(30 April), and again recovered himself, recruits flocking to him to fill up the places of the slain.
514:
321:
On his return to England a small pension was given him and he settled at Dublin, where he published
509:
504:
206:
88:
8:
255:
246:
245:
on the eve of the rebellion of the Camisards, who by the murder of the Abbé du Chayla at
306:
48:
310:
156:
485:
329:(1726). Though Cavalier received, no doubt, assistance in the publication of the
214:
174:
230:
195:
489:
498:
417:
407:
461:
426:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 561–562.
258:, and to carry on one of the most terrible partisan wars in French history.
271:, and put to flight the local militia which came forth to attack him. At
254:
check Count Victor Maurice de Broglie and Marshal Montrevel, generals of
242:
234:
226:
325:, written in French and translated into English with a dedication to
233:
along with his family, but his mother brought him up secretly in the
202:
198:
152:
44:
26:
341:
406:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
344:
for the hand of Olympe, daughter of Madame Dunoyer, author of the
284:
182:
148:
340:
There is a story which represents him as the fortunate rival of
127:
293:
272:
238:
210:
178:
297:
268:
205:. He was born at Mas Roux, a small hamlet in the commune of
318:
never spoke of this tragic event without visible emotion.
358:
323:
Memoirs of the Wars of the CĂ©vennes under Col. Cavalier
229:
peasant, had been compelled by persecution to become a
383:
381:
379:
377:
375:
373:
370:
241:, where he spent the year 1701; he returned to the
496:
464:popularised the name of the Camisard chief in
466:Jean Cavalier ou les fanatiques des CĂ©vennes
53:introducing citations to additional sources
194:(28 November 1681 – 17 May 1740), was the
126:
456:Jean Cavalier: nouveaux documents inédits
43:Relevant discussion may be found on the
481:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
497:
296:), where he was to be quartered. From
411:
387:
364:
20:
13:
431:
14:
536:
478:Jean Cavalier (1681–1740) in the
472:
399:
36:relies largely or entirely on a
25:
1:
449:Protestant Exiles from France
351:
335:Lieutenant Governor of Jersey
220:
261:
7:
451:, ii. 54-66 (London, 1871);
445:David Carnegie Andrew Agnew
16:Huguenot leader (1681–1740)
10:
541:
163:
134:
125:
118:
423:Encyclopædia Britannica
525:French revolutionaries
412:Puaux, Frank (1911). "
307:Sir Cloudesley Shovell
490:10.1093/ref:odnb/4917
439:Vie de Jean Cavalier
309:in May 1705. At the
49:improve this article
520:Governors of Jersey
367:, pp. 561–562.
311:battle of Almansa
305:Peterborough and
189:
188:
157:Kingdom of France
114:
113:
99:
532:
515:People from Gard
427:
405:
403:
402:
391:
385:
368:
362:
346:Lettres galantes
170:
145:28 November 1681
144:
142:
130:
116:
115:
109:
106:
100:
98:
57:
29:
21:
540:
539:
535:
534:
533:
531:
530:
529:
495:
494:
475:
434:
432:Further reading
400:
398:
395:
394:
386:
371:
363:
359:
354:
316:Marshal Berwick
264:
251:Marshal Villars
247:Pont-de-Monvert
225:His father, an
223:
215:southern France
185:
172:
168:
159:
146:
140:
138:
121:
110:
104:
101:
64:"Jean Cavalier"
58:
56:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
538:
528:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
493:
492:
474:
473:External links
471:
470:
469:
459:
452:
442:
433:
430:
429:
428:
418:Chisholm, Hugh
414:Cavalier, Jean
393:
392:
390:, p. 562.
369:
356:
355:
353:
350:
277:Tour de Billot
263:
260:
231:Roman Catholic
222:
219:
187:
186:
173:
171:(aged 58)
165:
161:
160:
147:
136:
132:
131:
123:
122:
119:
112:
111:
47:. Please help
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
537:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
500:
491:
487:
483:
482:
477:
476:
467:
463:
460:
457:
453:
450:
446:
443:
440:
437:Frank Puaux,
436:
435:
425:
424:
419:
415:
409:
408:public domain
397:
396:
389:
384:
382:
380:
378:
376:
374:
366:
361:
357:
349:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
327:Lord Carteret
324:
319:
317:
312:
308:
302:
299:
295:
289:
286:
280:
278:
274:
270:
259:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:chief of the
200:
197:
193:
192:Jean Cavalier
184:
180:
176:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
137:
133:
129:
124:
120:Jean Cavalier
117:
108:
105:February 2012
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66: –
65:
61:
60:Find sources:
54:
50:
46:
40:
39:
38:single source
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
479:
465:
455:
448:
438:
421:
360:
345:
339:
330:
322:
320:
303:
290:
281:
265:
224:
191:
190:
169:(1740-05-17)
102:
92:
85:
78:
71:
59:
35:
18:
510:1740 deaths
505:1681 births
167:17 May 1740
499:Categories
462:Eugène Sue
388:Puaux 1911
365:Puaux 1911
352:References
235:Protestant
227:illiterate
221:Early life
141:1681-11-28
75:newspapers
454:Charvey,
262:Guerrilla
256:Louis XIV
203:Camisards
153:Languedoc
45:talk page
342:Voltaire
243:CĂ©vennes
199:Huguenot
468:(1840).
458:(1884).
441:(1868);
420:(ed.).
410::
331:Memoirs
207:Ribaute
196:Occitan
183:England
175:Chelsea
149:Ribaute
89:scholar
416:". In
404:
294:Alsace
273:Vagnas
239:Geneva
211:Anduze
179:London
91:
84:
77:
70:
62:
298:Dijon
285:Nîmes
269:Alais
209:near
96:JSTOR
82:books
164:Died
135:Born
68:news
486:doi
51:by
501::
484::
447:,
372:^
217:.
213:,
181:,
177:,
155:,
151:,
488::
143:)
139:(
107:)
103:(
93:·
86:·
79:·
72:·
55:.
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.