967:
624:
612:
1220:
742:
931:
87:
2102:
333:
308:
2126:
1043:
474:
592:
1334:
2004:
73:
102:
2114:
1149:
1263:
1188:
2150:
766:
Qingdao, he was to consider his presence temporary. He responded, thinking the politicians in Berlin had lost their nerve to political or diplomatic complications: "Proclamation already published. ... Revocation not possible." After considerable time and uncertainty, the admiralty finally cabled congratulations and the proclamation was to remain in effect; Wilhelm II promoted him to vice admiral.
2138:
974:
Germany invested upwards of $ 100 million in modernizing the territory of
Kiautschou. The impoverished fishing village of Tsingtau was laid out with wide streets, solid housing areas, government buildings, electrification throughout, a sewer system, and a safe drinking water supply, a rarity in large
576:
Again, intending to directly copy
Britain, the acquisition of a harbor in China was, from the start, intended to be a model colony: all installations, the administration, the surrounding infrastructure, and the utilization thereof were to show the Chinese, the German nation itself, and other colonial
765:
Signalmen restored the telegraph line, and the first messages were received and deciphered. Diederichs was stunned to learn that his orders had been canceled, and that he was to suspend operations at
Jiaozhou pending negotiations with the Chinese government. If he had already occupied the village of
761:
cleared boats to carry an amphibious force of 717 officers, petty officers, and sailors armed with rifles. Diederichs, on horseback, and his column marched toward the
Chinese main garrison and artillery battery. A special unit swiftly disabled the Chinese telegraph line and others occupied the outer
1458:
was appointed in 1872 the first chief of the
Imperial Admiralty. He had no naval experience but brought significant administrative talent to his post – and he understood the power that emanated from “the tip of an army bayonet”. Stosch removed the small contingents of marines from the warships and
821:
Moreover, the treaty included rights for construction of railway lines and mining of local coal deposits. Many parts of
Shandong outside of the German leased territory came under German economic influence. Although the lease treaty set limits to the German expansion, it became a starting point for
866:
On 15 August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I in Europe, Japan delivered an ultimatum to
Germany demanding that it relinquish its control of the disputed territory of Kiautschou. Upon rejection of the ultimatum, Japan declared war on 23 August and the same day, its navy bombarded the German
817:
was excluded), as well as in a 50 km wide neutral zone ("neutrales Gebiet"). According to international law, the leased territory ("territoire à bail") remained legally part of China but for the duration of the lease, all sovereign powers were to be exercised by
Germany.
975:
parts of Asia at that time and later. The area had the highest density of schools and highest per capita student enrollment in all of China, with primary, secondary, and vocational schools funded by the Berlin treasury and
Protestant and Roman Catholic missions.
1439:, p. 134; the treaty, signed September 1861, allowed Prussian warships to operate in Chinese waters for the protection of German trade and missionaries and promised swift retribution for crimes committed against German nationals by Chinese perpetrators
733:
to catch up at sea. The three ships arrived off
Qingdao after dawn on 13 November 1897, but made no aggressive moves. With his staff and the three captains of his ships aboard, Diederichs landed with his admirals tender at Qingdao's long
565:) without global military influence appeared impracticable, so, assessing that Britain's great strength came from its navy, the Germans began to build one, too. This fleet was supposed to serve German interests during peace through
792:
Negotiations with the Chinese government began and on 6 March 1898, the German Empire retreated from outright cession of the area and accepted a leasehold of the bay for 99 years, or until 1997, as the British were soon to do with
681:". Admiral von Diederichs, commander of the cruiser squadron, wired on 7 November 1897, to the admiralty: "May incidents be exploited in pursuit of further goals?" Upon receipt of the Diederichs cable, chancellor
962:
advised the governor. The departments of finance, construction, education, and medical services were directly subordinated to the governor, because these were crucial with regard to the idea of a model colony.
556:
demanding an active colonial policy from the government. In particular, the opening of China was made a high priority, because it was thought to be the most important non-European market in the world.
689:
intervened and the admiralty sent a message for Diederichs to "proceed immediately to Kiautschou with entire squadron ..." to which the admiral replied, "will proceed ... with greatest energy."
813:
As a result of the lease treaty, the Chinese government gave up the exercise of its sovereign rights within the leased territory of approximately 83,000 inhabitants (to which the city of
954:. Further important functionaries of Kiautschou were the official for the construction of the harbor, and after 1900, the chief justice and the Commissioner for Chinese Affairs. The
639:
and explored the region around Jiaozhou Bay. The following year, the Prussian-Chinese Treaty of Peking was signed. After journeys to China between 1868 and 1871, the geographer
810:
was appointed governor. These events ended Admiral von Diederichs' responsibility (but not his interest) in Kiautschou. He wrote that he had "fulfilled purpose in the navy."
1003:
was the land value tax of six percent which it levied in its territory. The German colonial empire had previously had economic problems with its African colonies caused by
2225:
801:. One month later, the Reichstag ratified the treaty on 8 April 1898. Kiautschou Bay was officially placed under German protection by imperial decree on 27 April and
540:
Germany was a relative latecomer to the imperialistic scramble for colonies across the globe. A German colony in China was envisioned as a two-fold enterprise: as a
911:
As the territory was not, strictly speaking, a colony but a lease, and because of its importance to the German navy, it was not placed under the supervision of the
1688:
Silagi, Michael; Faulkner, Susan N (1984). "Land Reform in Kiaochow, China: From 1898 to 1914 the Menace of Disastrous Land Speculation was Averted by Taxation".
2175:
1296:
950:. The governor was head of both the military administration (run by the chief of staff and deputy governor), and the civil administration (managed by the
2170:
794:
573:, to protect German trade routes and disrupt hostile ones. Imitating Britain, a network of global naval bases was a key requirement for this intention.
1014:, many wealthy Chinese and politically connected ex-officials settled in the leased territory because of the safe and orderly environment it offered.
1881:
1155:
1690:
1726:
682:
1226:
17:
2185:
1758:
Ganz, Albert Harding, John A. Moses, and Paul Kennedy. "The German Navy in the Far East and Pacific: The Seizure of Kiautschou and After."
875:, the occupied territory was returned to China on 10 December 1922, but the Japanese again occupied the area from 1937 to 1945, during the
1854:
658:
replaced Tirpitz in East Asia and focused on Jiaozhou Bay, even though the Berlin admiralty had not formally decided on a base location.
738:
to reconnoiter. He determined that his landing force would be vastly outnumbered by Chinese troops, but he had qualitative superiority.
1007:. One of the main reasons for using the land value tax in Jiaozhou Bay was to eliminate such speculation, which the policy achieved.
2235:
966:
623:
1663:
762:
forts and powder magazines. With speed and effectiveness, Diederichs’ actions had achieved their primary objective by 08.15.
779:
from the Mediterranean to Qingdao to further strengthen the naval presence in East Asia. On 26 January 1898, the marines of
2230:
2210:
1874:
1219:
611:
552:
in the mother country. Densely populated China was viewed as a potential market to be exploited, with thinkers such as
1774:
1595:
505:
326:
741:
851:
651:, examined the area personally, as well as three additional sites in China, for the establishment of a naval base.
2003:
2190:
1867:
1018:
visited the Tsingtau area and stated in 1912, “... I am impressed. The city is a true model for China’s future.”
1807:
1301:
86:
2195:
1890:
1396:
366:
1796:
The Devils' Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa.
2215:
2180:
1905:
1383:
380:
2200:
2041:
1459:
instead trained the seamen of cruisers in the use of small arms, infantry tactics and amphibious landings .
920:
2205:
1368:
2092:
930:
1849:
1734:
985:
2014:
1930:
1629:
912:
900:
876:
666:
640:
978:
With the expansion of economic activity and public works, German banks opened branch offices, the
1027:
980:
835:
769:
Admiral von Diederichs consolidated his positions at Jiaozhou Bay. The admiralty dispatched the
1473:
1402:
1373:
989:
597:
545:
494:
78:
1767:
By Order of the Kaiser, Otto von Diederichs and the Rise of the Imperial German Navy 1865–1902
1843:
2220:
1859:
1378:
1340:
1051:
773:
700:
632:
616:
525:
211:
942:(all five office holders were senior navy officers), who was directly subordinated to the
8:
1603:
1455:
1110:
715:
655:
508:
from 1898 to 1914. Covering an area of 552 km (213 sq mi), it centered on
1954:
1831:
Unter Kaisers Flagge, Deutschlands Schutzgebiete im Pazifik und in China einst und heute
1656:
Unter Kaisers Flagge: Deutschlands Schutzgebiete im Pazifik und in China einst und heute
1935:
1913:
1817:
1703:
1452:
1050:
All governors of the Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory were high-ranking officers of the
1042:
1000:
947:
943:
648:
644:
586:
521:
513:
72:
803:
1982:
1770:
1659:
1604:"Primary Documents – Count Okuma on the Japanese Capture of Tsingtao, 15 August 1914"
1269:
1160:
1031:
892:
868:
839:
807:
770:
707:
693:
662:
566:
253:
473:
2142:
1699:
1389:
1004:
872:
570:
541:
497:
403:
44:
591:
2125:
1918:
1795:
1231:
1011:
888:
549:
454:
1426:. Contemporary English romanizations included Kiaochow, Kiauchau, and Kiao-Chau.
714:
in a dockyard at Hong Kong for an engine refit. The shallow draft small cruiser
532:
resented the German move as an infringement on Russian ambitions in the region.
2154:
2118:
903:, developed as well, as a mixture of German, Low German, English and Chinese.
843:
827:
529:
509:
478:
1333:
2164:
1449:
1194:
1046:
The residence of the governor in Tsingtau, now the Qingdao Yingbinguan Museum
847:
814:
753:
steamed into the inner harbor to provide inshore fire support, if necessary.
735:
678:
56:
2106:
2073:
1987:
1786:
Schrecker, John E. "Kiautschou and the problems of German colonialism." in
1497:
1423:
798:
780:
652:
501:
410:
313:
823:
2130:
1015:
670:
561:
2068:
1946:
686:
685:
counseled caution, preferring a diplomatic resolution. However, Kaiser
603:
101:
1804:
Germany's Asia-Pacific Empire: Colonialism and Naval Policy, 1885–1914
627:
Pier with German naval personnel, apparent expansion in progress, 1898
1959:
711:
553:
424:
721:, operating independent of the cruiser division, was patrolling the
1964:
1923:
1500:
capacity between departure of Truppel and arrival of Meyer-Waldeck.
996:
939:
674:
643:
recommended the Bay of Jiaozhou as a possible naval base. In 1896,
544:
to support a global naval presence, and because it was felt that a
431:
1422:
Kiautschou and Kiaochau were contemporary German romanizations of
2034:
1940:
1148:
722:
517:
482:
114:
1262:
1187:
906:
896:
855:
831:
692:
Diederichs, at that moment, only had his division's flagship
1889:
970:
The branch office of the Deutsch-Asiatische Bank in Tsingtau
636:
1487:; the two 4-ship divisions would form the 8-ship squadron.
992:
and thus allowed travel by train from Tsingtau to Berlin.
615:
Main gate of a Chinese munitions depot, taken over by the
535:
436:
1781:
Imperialism and Chinese Nationalism; Germany in Shantung
1472:
became the flagship of a second cruiser division with
580:
2090:
415:
665:murdered two German Roman Catholic priests of the
2226:1898 establishments in the German colonial empire
1627:
2162:
1783:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1971.
984:being the most prominent. The completion of the
1727:"Meyer-Waldeck, Alfred (1864–1928), Gouverneur"
1691:The American Journal of Economics and Sociology
1653:
1687:
1392:, Germany's enduring legacy to Chinese brewing
710:was laid up for repairs and the light cruiser
706:available at anchor in Shanghai. The corvette
2176:States and territories disestablished in 1914
1875:
1788:Germany in the Pacific and Far East 1914-1870
1760:Germany in the Pacific and Far East 1914–1870
907:Organization and development of the territory
385:
371:
36:
1131:
1091:
512:(Jiaozhou Bay) on the southern coast of the
459:
1799:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
867:territory. On 7 November 1914, the bay was
838:interests in Manchuria, of the transfer of
2171:States and territories established in 1898
1882:
1868:
1769:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 2003.
934:Civilian administration flag of Kiautschou
100:
2061:
1891:Former German colonies and protectorates
1041:
965:
929:
740:
622:
610:
590:
472:
1658:(in German). Universitas. p. 183.
536:Background of German expansion in China
14:
2163:
938:At the top of the territory stood the
577:powers, an effective colonial policy.
27:German concession in China (1897–1914)
1863:
1601:
1405:, card game named after the territory
988:in 1910 provided a connection to the
725:. Diederichs weighed anchor, ordered
106:Contemporary German map of Kiautschou
2022:
749:At 06:00, Sunday, 14 November 1897,
2186:Former countries in Chinese history
1833:. Munich: Universitas Verlag. 1985.
745:Disembarkation of the landing force
581:German acquisition of the territory
516:. The administrative center was at
24:
1704:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1984.tb02240.x
1628:Toyokichi Iyenaga (Oct 26, 1914).
607:arriving at Kiautschou Bay in 1899
520:(Qingdao). It was operated by the
25:
2247:
1837:
1654:Schultz-Naumann, Joachim (1985).
1602:Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009).
858:in southern China and Indochina.
134:552 km (213 sq mi)
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2002:
1332:
1261:
1218:
1186:
1147:
1030:in Qingdao issued the so-called
995:The territory fully implemented
919:) but instead under that of the
861:
647:, at that time commander of the
331:
306:
85:
71:
1752:
1719:
1710:
1681:
1672:
1647:
1621:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1490:
1462:
789:. Jiaozhou Bay was now secure.
677:. This event was known as the "
645:Rear Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz
569:, and in times of war, through
491:Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
437:
352:Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
33:Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
2236:1914 disestablishments in Asia
1855:Monetary history of Kiautschou
1814:The Statesman's Year-Book 1913
1559:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1442:
1429:
1416:
1397:Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten
1060:
871:. Following resolution of the
641:Baron Ferdinand von Richthofen
416:
386:
372:
179:
161:3,896 Europeans (3,806 German)
37:
13:
1:
1507:
327:Republic of China (1912–1949)
18:Jiaozhou Bay Leased Territory
1823:
1285:10 years, 72 days
1037:
7:
2231:1898 establishments in Asia
1362:
1356:3 years, 80 days
1210:1 year, 342 days
1021:
999:policy. Its sole source of
887:The local language was the
882:
869:occupied by Japanese forces
795:Hong Kong's New Territories
649:East Asian Cruiser Division
10:
2252:
1829:Schultz-Naumann, Joachim.
1448:After German unification,
1384:Kiautschou Governor's Hall
822:the following cessions of
584:
559:However, a global policy (
2054:
2013:
1998:
1975:
1904:
1897:
1630:"What is Kiaochou worth?"
1130:
1090:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1059:
467:
453:
448:
430:
423:
409:
402:
397:
393:
379:
365:
360:
356:
351:
285:
281:
277:
273:
265:• Returned to China
263:
250:
242:• Leased to Germany
240:
236:
228:
224:
220:
205:
192:
188:
178:
171:
167:
150:
146:
138:
128:
120:
110:
99:
67:
62:
54:
32:
1409:
913:Imperial Colonial Office
901:Kiautschou German pidgin
877:Second Sino-Japanese War
729:to follow next day, and
661:On 1 November 1897, the
367:Traditional Chinese
2211:China–Germany relations
1765:Gottschall, Terrell D.
1716:Schultz-Naumann, p. 184
1678:Schultz-Naumann, p. 182
1369:China–Germany relations
1028:Deutsch-Asiatische Bank
981:Deutsch-Asiatische Bank
836:Chinese Eastern Railway
381:Simplified Chinese
2191:Former German colonies
1437:By Order of the Kaiser
1374:German colonial empire
1132:
1092:
1047:
990:Trans-Siberian Railway
986:Tsingtau-Jinan railway
971:
935:
746:
699:and the light cruiser
683:Chlodwig von Hohenlohe
633:Prussian expeditionary
628:
620:
608:
546:German colonial empire
506:Early Republican China
486:
460:
2196:Geography of Shandong
1802:Stephenson, Charles.
1386:, located in Qingdao.
1045:
969:
958:and, after 1902, the
933:
921:Imperial Naval Office
850:, and the cession of
785:arrived on the liner
744:
626:
614:
594:
585:Further information:
476:
2216:Georgist communities
2181:Concessions in China
1379:Eulenburg expedition
1341:Alfred Meyer-Waldeck
1052:Imperial German Navy
834:to support Russia's
797:and the French with
617:Imperial German Navy
526:Imperial German Navy
417:Jiāozhōu Wān Zūjièdì
212:Alfred Meyer-Waldeck
2201:History of Shandong
1793:Steinmetz, George.
1779:Schrecker, John E.
1762:(1977) pp: 115–136.
1456:Albrecht von Stosch
1111:Otto von Diederichs
1098:(Military Governor)
656:Otto von Diederichs
254:Japanese occupation
2206:History of Qingdao
1812:Keltie, J. Scott.
1592:Gottschall, p. 177
1583:Gottschall, p. 176
1574:Gottschall, p. 163
1565:Gottschall, p. 161
1556:Gottschall, p. 166
1547:Gottschall, p. 160
1538:Gottschall, p. 157
1529:Gottschall, p. 156
1453:Lieutenant General
1207:27 January 1901 †
1048:
1001:government revenue
972:
948:Alfred von Tirpitz
944:secretary of state
936:
747:
629:
621:
609:
587:Scramble for China
548:would support the
522:East Asia Squadron
514:Shandong Peninsula
487:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2050:
2049:
1996:
1995:
1931:South West Africa
1665:978-3-8004-1094-1
1608:firstworldwar.com
1360:
1359:
1321:22 November 1911
1270:Oskar von Truppel
1204:19 February 1899
1175:19 February 1899
1120:14 November 1897
1093:Militärgouverneur
1032:Kiautschou dollar
960:Chinese Committee
917:Reichskolonialamt
893:Jiaoliao Mandarin
782:III. Seebataillon
771:protected cruiser
663:Big Sword Society
635:fleet arrived in
567:gunboat diplomacy
471:
470:
444:
443:
404:Standard Mandarin
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
319:
318:
207:• 1911–1914
194:• 1898–1899
16:(Redirected from
2243:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2128:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2077:
2059:
2058:
2020:
2019:
2006:
1955:Kapitaï and Koba
1949:
1902:
1901:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1790:(1977): 185–208.
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1733:. Archived from
1723:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1470:Kaiserin Augusta
1466:
1460:
1446:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1390:Tsingtao Brewery
1353:7 November 1914
1347:
1336:
1314:
1305:
1276:
1265:
1247:27 January 1901
1244:
1235:
1222:
1201:
1190:
1169:
1164:
1151:
1139:
1135:
1117:
1099:
1095:
1072:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1005:land speculation
956:Gouvernementsrat
873:Shandong Problem
776:Kaiserin Augusta
759:Prinzess Wilhelm
727:Prinzess Wilhelm
703:Prinzess Wilhelm
571:commerce raiding
498:leased territory
463:
440:
439:
419:
418:
395:
394:
389:
388:
375:
374:
349:
348:
335:
334:
323:
322:
310:
309:
303:
302:
287:
286:
269:10 December 1922
216:
201:
104:
89:
75:
49:
48:
40:
39:
30:
29:
21:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2046:
2009:
1992:
1971:
1945:
1919:Kionga Triangle
1893:
1888:
1844:German colonies
1840:
1826:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1652:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1634:The Independent
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1467:
1463:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1365:
1350:19 August 1911
1345:
1344:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1297:Wilhelm Höpfner
1282:19 August 1911
1274:
1273:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1199:
1198:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1137:
1136:
1115:
1114:
1097:
1096:
1086:Time in office
1075:Term of office
1070:
1069:
1040:
1024:
1012:1911 Revolution
952:Zivilkommissar)
925:Reichsmarineamt
909:
889:Qingdao dialect
885:
864:
804:Kapitän zur See
667:Steyler Mission
589:
583:
542:coaling station
538:
332:
307:
266:
259:7 November 1914
256:
243:
214:
208:
199:
198:Carl Rosendahl
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844:Liugong Island
808:Carl Rosendahl
582:
579:
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530:Russian Empire
510:Kiautschou Bay
479:Kiautschou Bay
469:
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1818:archived copy
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1775:1-55750-309-5
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1172:7 March 1898
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1123:7 March 1898
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862:Later history
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438:gaau zau waan
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57:German Empire
53:
46:
31:
19:
2074:Nazi Germany
2072:(claimed by
2055:Unrecognised
2029:
1830:
1813:
1803:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1766:
1759:
1753:Bibliography
1739:. Retrieved
1735:the original
1730:
1721:
1712:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1674:
1655:
1649:
1637:. Retrieved
1633:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1607:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1444:
1436:
1435:Gottschall,
1431:
1418:
1395:
1339:
1318:14 May 1911
1311:
1295:
1279:8 June 1901
1268:
1250:8 June 1901
1241:
1227:Max Rollmann
1225:
1193:
1154:
1109:
1083:Left office
1080:Took office
1049:
1025:
1009:
994:
979:
977:
973:
959:
955:
951:
946:of the RMA,
937:
924:
916:
910:
886:
865:
852:Guangzhouwan
820:
812:
802:
799:Guangzhouwan
791:
786:
781:
775:
768:
764:
758:
754:
750:
748:
730:
726:
717:
702:
695:
691:
673:in southern
660:
653:Rear Admiral
630:
602:
596:
595:Postcard of
575:
560:
558:
539:
490:
488:
411:Hanyu Pinyin
361:Chinese name
314:Qing dynasty
296:Succeeded by
295:
290:
246:6 March 1898
152:• 1912
2221:City-states
2015:Concessions
1936:West Africa
1914:East Africa
1846:(in German)
1476:Deutschland
1346:(1864–1928)
1309:(1868–1951)
1300: [
1275:(1854–1931)
1239:(1857–1942)
1230: [
1200:(1851–1901)
1168:(1852–1917)
1159: [
1116:(1843–1918)
1016:Sun Yat-sen
899:, known as
895:. A German
854:to support
824:Port Arthur
671:Juye County
631:In 1860, a
598:Deutschland
562:Weltpolitik
449:German name
291:Preceded by
130:• 1912
2165:Categories
2069:New Swabia
2062:Antarctica
1983:New Guinea
1947:Neukamerun
1741:2017-01-21
1508:References
1496:Served in
1403:Kiautschou
1138:(Governor)
1133:Gouverneur
1010:After the
815:Kiautschou
708:SMS Arcona
687:Wilhelm II
461:Kiautschou
172:Government
139:Population
2143:Geography
1960:Mahinland
1824:In German
1065:Portrait
1038:Governors
927:or RMA).
840:Weihaiwei
787:Darmstadt
712:SMS Irene
554:Max Weber
63:1898–1914
2042:Tientsin
2035:Tsingtao
1965:Togoland
1924:Wituland
1898:Colonies
1731:Tsingtao
1639:July 24,
1485:Cormoran
1479:and SMS
1424:Jiaozhou
1363:See also
1022:Currency
997:Georgist
940:governor
883:Language
751:Cormoran
731:Cormoran
718:Cormoran
675:Shandong
518:Tsingtau
502:Imperial
483:Tsingtau
432:Jyutping
180:Governor
115:Tsingtau
2155:History
2119:Germany
2093:Portals
1976:Oceania
1941:Kamerun
1816:(1913)
1806:(2009)
1613:28 July
723:Yangtze
550:economy
524:of the
477:Map of
252:•
229:History
200:(first)
111:Capital
45:Chinese
1906:Africa
1773:
1662:
1498:acting
1481:Gefion
1312:Acting
1242:Acting
897:pidgin
856:France
832:Russia
828:Dalian
755:Kaiser
696:Kaiser
619:, 1898
604:Gefion
528:. The
495:German
493:was a
485:, 1905
455:German
387:胶州湾租借地
373:膠州灣租借地
232:
215:(last)
184:
142:
124:
41:
38:膠州灣租借地
2107:China
2023:China
1988:Samoa
1410:Notes
1304:]
1234:]
1163:]
923:(the
481:with
2131:Asia
1771:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1641:2012
1615:2014
1483:and
1474:SMS
1468:SMS
1068:Name
1026:The
842:and
826:and
774:SMS
757:and
716:SMS
701:SMS
694:SMS
637:Asia
601:and
504:and
489:The
121:Area
92:Seal
79:Flag
1700:doi
1061:No.
1034:.
891:of
830:to
669:in
500:in
2167::
1729:.
1696:43
1694:.
1632:.
1606:.
1329:5
1302:de
1290:–
1258:4
1232:de
1215:–
1183:3
1161:de
1144:2
1104:1
1054:.
879:.
2095::
2076:)
1883:e
1876:t
1869:v
1744:.
1706:.
1702::
1668:.
1643:.
1617:.
915:(
47:)
43:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
