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had erupted in August 1948, when Stalin authorised
Lysenko's theory of plant genetics as official Soviet orthodoxy, and he refused any deviation. Bernal and the whole British scientific left were damaged by his support for Lysenko's theory, even after many scientists had abandoned their sympathy for
1498:
Bernal had two children â Mike (1926â2016) and Egan (b.1930) â with his wife Agnes Eileen
Sprague (1898â1990), a secretary, who was usually referred to as Eileen. He married Sprague on 21 June 1922, the day after having been awarded his BA degree. Bernal was 21, Sprague 23. Sprague was described as
515:
at the age of 13. A pupil at the school from 1914 to 1919, according to
Goldsmith he found it "extremely unpleasant" and most of his fellow students "bored him", but his younger brother Kevin, who was also there, was "some consolation", while Brown claims that "he seemed to adjust easily to life"
1375:
in
November 1948. In November 1949, the British Association for the Advancement of Science removed Bernal from membership of its council. Membership in British radical science groups quickly declined. Unlike some of his socialist colleagues, Bernal persisted in defending the Soviet position on
51:
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of 1947 concentrated on proteins as the basis of life, but it was Max Perutz, still at
Cambridge, who developed the X-ray structural analysis of globular proteins in Britain. In the early 1960s, Bernal returned to the subject of the origin of life, analysing meteorites for evidence of complex
1329:
warning that the US was preparing "a war for complete world domination". Consequently, when Bernal was invited to a world peace conference in New York in
February 1949, his visa was refused. However, he was allowed into France in April for the World Congress of the Partisans of Peace, with
797:
At Bernal's memorial service, Zuckerman downplayed Bernal's part in the
Normandy landings and said that he was not cleared for the highest levels of security. Given Bernal's Marxist and pro-Soviet sympathies, it is perhaps remarkable that there has never been any suggestion that he fed any
765:. This project indirectly marked his divergence from Zuckerman, when he was recalled from a joint tour of the Middle East investigating the co-operation of army and air force, but the tour established Zuckerman's reputation as a military scientist.
2964:
761:'s proposal to build huge aircraft landing platforms in the North Atlantic made of ice. He rescued Max Perutz from internment, getting him to perform experiments on ice related to Habbakuk in a meat store freezer below
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Raised as a
Catholic, Bernal became a socialist in Cambridge as a result of a long night arguing with a friend. He also became an atheist. According to one reviewer, "This conversion, as complete as St. Paul's on the
789:
was the detailed mapping of the beaches, which had to be done without attracting any German attention. His knowledge of the area stemmed from research in
English libraries, personal experience (he had visited
579:. His strength was in analysis as much as experimental method, and his mathematical and practical treatment of determining crystal structure was widely studied, but he also developed an X-ray spectro-
472:
Jewish on his father's side (his grandfather Jacob Genese, properly Ginesi, had adopted the family name Bernal of his paternal grandmother around 1837). His father Samuel Bernal had been raised as a
785:
in 1943, as the only
British scientist present. On 3 June 1944, he was commissioned a temporary lieutenant (Special Branch) in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR). His main contribution to the
1044:(1954) four volumes in later editions, The Emergence of Science; The Scientific and Industrial Revolutions; The Natural Sciences in Our Time; The Social Sciences: Conclusions. Faber & Faber
627:
He also worked on the structure of liquid water, showing the boomerang shape of its molecule (1933). It was in Bernal's research group that after a year working with Tiny Powell at Oxford,
3537:
4129:
1915:, p. 94 Goldsmith reports Zuckerman and Crowther were surprised Bernal was not awarded a Nobel for that since it corrected the structure for which the 1928 award had been made.
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1273:(CPGB) in 1923. His membership evidently lapsed when he returned to Cambridge in 1927 and was not renewed until 1933, and he may have lost his card again shortly afterward.
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3333:
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intended for permanent residence. The second chapter explores radical changes to human bodies and intelligence and the third discusses the impact of these on society.
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864:(1939) he argued that science was not an individual pursuit of abstract knowledge and that the support of research and development should be dramatically increased.
722:
to carry out the first proper analyses of the effects of enemy bombing and of explosions on animals and people. Their subsequent analysis of the effects of bombs on
670:. After World War II, he established Birkbeck's Biomolecular Research Laboratory in two Georgian houses in Torrington Square with 15 researchers. It was there that
4044:
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using the trick of bathing the crystals in their mother liquor, giving one of the first glimpses of the world of molecular structure that underlies living things.
821:
to record the effectiveness of the plans. He also assisted boats floundering on the rocks by using his knowledge of the area but said, "I committed the frightful
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Throughout the 1950s, Bernal maintained a faith in the Soviet Union as a vehicle for the creation of a socialist scientific utopia. In 1953, he was awarded the
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The physical basis of life. (The Guthrie Lecture of the Physical Society.) Proc. phys. Soc. Lond. A 62, 357. Also published (1951) Routledge & Kegan Paul.
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showed that city bombing produced little disruption and production was affected only by direct hits on factories. A supper for scientists organised by the
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Lysenko. He publicly refused to accept the gaping fissures that the dispute revealed between the study of natural science and dialectical materialism.
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information in that direction. However, Brown provides evidence of Bernal's contributions to the preparation and the success of the invasion.
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After World War II, although Bernal had been involved in evaluating the effects of atomic attacks against the Soviet Union, he supported the
1209:
Bernal, J. D. (1952). "Phase Determination in the X-Ray Diffraction Patterns of Complex Crystals and its Application to Protein Structure".
504:
and a journalist and had converted to Catholicism. Elizabeth was raised Protestant and would send John to a Protestant school in his youth.
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3667:
872:, said "his idea of a centralized reprint center was in my thoughts when I first proposed the as yet nonexistent SCI in Science in 1955."
1341:
On 20 September 1949, after his return from giving a speech strongly critical of Western countries at a peace conference in Moscow, the
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review by Christopher Coker of both Andrew Brown's biography of Bernal and Bernard Donovan's biography of Zukerman, 8 February 2006"
586:
In 1927, he was appointed as the first lecturer in Structural Crystallography at Cambridge, becoming the assistant director of the
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in his third year. At Cambridge, he also became known as "Sage", a nickname given to him about 1920 by a young woman working in
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Although a devout Catholic in his boyhood, he became an outspoken atheist, socialist, and sometime Communist Party member...
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1524:. Margaret referred to herself as "Mrs. Bernal", though the two never married. Eileen is mentioned as his widow in 1990.
17:
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Bevis Marks Records, Vols 1â6 of the Spanish and Portuguese Jewish Congregation, London; Miriam Rodrigues Pereira, ed.
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calls this a "book of breathtaking scientific speculation" that "is probably the single most influential source of
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575:(the Bernal stacking describes the registry of two graphite planes) and also did work on the crystal structure of
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Breathnach, C. S. (1995). "Desmond Bernal and his role in the biological exploitation of X-ray crystallography".
2676:
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2958:'Bernal and the Social Function of Science' A Masterclass by Chris Freeman, Science Policy Research Unit, Sussex
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published an interview with Bernal in which he endorsed Soviet agriculture and the "proletarian science" of
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1265:, goes some way to account for, but not excuse, Bernal's blind allegiance for the rest of his life, to the
2979:
Bernal papers at London School of Economics Archives (relating to his involvement with the peace movement)
1542:
The World, the Flesh & the Devil: An Enquiry into the Future of the Three Enemies of the Rational Soul
937:
The World, the Flesh & the Devil: An Enquiry into the Future of the Three Enemies of the Rational Soul
631:
continued her early research career. Together, in 1934, they took the first X-ray photographs of hydrated
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40:
1300:. That meeting fundamentally changed his world view and he maintained sympathy for the Soviet Union and
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in 1934. There, he started applying his crystallographic techniques to organic molecules, starting with
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3065:
1506:, whose scientific research work he mentored. He had a long-term relationship with the artists' patron
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as president and Bernal as vice-president. The following year the organisation changed its name to the
1331:
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Bernal's brass microscope, in the possession of his great-grandson, was restored in an episode of the
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in 1929, forcing a radical change of thinking among sterol chemists. While at Cambridge, he analysed
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880:(1954) is a monumental four-volume attempt to analyse the interaction between science and society.
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an active socialist and their marriage as 'open' which they both lived up to 'with great gusto'.
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1470:
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where Bernal was brought up. His American mother, née Elizabeth Miller, whose mother was from
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Gary Werskey â The Marxist Critique of Capitalist Science: A History in Three Movements?
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1623:
1563:
746:, one of the guests, arguing that science should be applied in every part of the war effort.
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1996:
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8:
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2824:
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de Charadevian, Soraya (2006). Brown, Andrew (ed.). "Advocating Science for the People".
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in political life, particularly in the 1930s. He attended the famous 1931 meeting on the
683:
564:
544:
501:
282:
264:
56:
2854:
Surridge, C. (1999). "50 years of biomolecular structure at Birkbeck: Bernal's legacy".
2610:
1222:
1177:
918:
440:; 10 May 1901 â 15 September 1971) was an Irish scientist who pioneered the use of
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2100:
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2001:
1515:
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727:
508:
449:
384:
364:
292:
216:
2186:"Tracing the Influence of JD Bernal on the World of Science through Citation Analysis"
1106:
Bernal, J. D. (1968). "The relation of microscopic structure to molecular structure".
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molecules, and to the topic of the structure of liquids, which he talked about in his
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1123:
786:
781:. He demonstrated the advantages of an artificial harbour to the participants of the
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2287:
2276:"J. D. Bernal: The Sage of Science by Andrew Brown (2006), Oxford University Press"
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1704:
1528:
1427:
1320:
1285:
1262:
1246:
1226:
1201:
1181:
1164:
Bernal, J. D. (1953). "The Use of Fourier Transforms in Protein Crystal Analysis".
1115:
922:
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846:
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has been called "the most brilliant attempt at scientific prediction ever made" by
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379:
259:
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81:
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In the early 1930s, Bernal had been arguing for peace, but that changed after the
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1503:
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945:
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826:
719:
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628:
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277:
211:
1950:
The structure of liquids. Bakerian Lecture. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 280, 299-322.
1143:
Bernal, J. D. (1965). "The structure of water and its biological implications".
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3401:
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2209:
1481:
1454:
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1352:
967:
941:
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However, Bernal was refused fellowships at Emmanuel and Christ's and tenure by
512:
326:
122:
1119:
753:, the Chief of Combined Operations. Bernal was able to argue on both sides of
3953:
3632:
3445:
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2925:
2471:
2088:
1924:
1511:
1383:, a fellow communist, en route to a Soviet-sponsored World Peace Congress in
1380:
1368:
1325:
1301:
971:
850:
758:
195:
146:
2957:
2738:; this book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.
2080:
3338:
3328:
3222:
3105:
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2913:
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2846:
2533:
2516:
2431:
1709:
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1520:
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1297:
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1266:
1238:
1193:
1185:
927:
902:
711:
452:. In addition, Bernal wrote popular books on science and society. He was a
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142:
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2817:
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1415:
791:
774:
644:
595:
532:
206:
27:
Irish scientist, pioneer of X-ray crystallography in biology (1901â1971)
3386:
3072:
2899:. Vol. 3, no. 4 (published November 1995). pp. 197â200.
2838:
2829:
2776:
2096:
1442:
963:
818:
817:
on the afternoon of D-Day+1 in the uniform of an Instructor-Lieutenant
810:
743:
723:
686:
developed some of the earliest computers to help with the computation.
671:
636:
610:
599:
580:
536:
346:
287:
2833:
Vol. 28, no. 5 (published September 2003). pp. 539â46.
1445:. He was also said to be the inspiration for the character Tengal in
1230:
903:"On the Interpretation of X-Ray, Single Crystal, Rotation Photographs"
50:
3095:
2997:'Century of Endeavour: J D Bernal and the Science and Society Theme'
2435:
2418:
1502:
In the early 1930s he had a brief intimate relationship with chemist
1384:
959:
830:
469:
468:
His family was Irish, with a mix of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and
453:
3692:
3462:
3210:
2820:, first published Sept 2004, 2870 words, with portrait illustration
2646:
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry for Margaret Gardiner
1364:
822:
814:
572:
477:
473:
3015:
2582:
Brief biography of Bernal at the National Portrait Gallery, London
849:. It is famous for having been the first to propose the so-called
539:
method, which became the mathematical basis of a lengthy paper on
3702:
2869:
1348:
1293:
805:
with work on the structure of the proposed landing sites and the
655:
617:
591:
2502:"Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Medal and Lecture | Royal Society"
1514:(1937â2013) was a professor in the Department of Government at
885:
806:
640:
606:
576:
493:
111:
77:
2432:
Bernal's Picasso goes on show in London at Wellcome Collection
420:
3697:
2659:"Margaret Gardiner, obituary in The Guardian, 5 January 2005"
1593:
1437:
in 1937. A fictional portrait of Bernal appears in the novel
802:
777:, Bernal was determined that its mistakes not be repeated in
749:
From 1942, he and Zuckerman served as scientific advisers to
523:
At Cambridge, Bernal read both mathematics and science for a
429:
2645:
1084:
A History of Classical Physics from Antiquity to the Quantum
654:, who disliked him, and in 1937, Bernal became Professor of
2965:
J D Bernal: philosophy, politics and the science of science
1387:
created a mural in Bernal's flat at the top of No. 22
735:
662:, a department that had been brought to the first rank by
3799:
Zeitschrift fĂŒr Kristallographie â New Crystal Structures
2026:
2024:
1875:
4130:
Presidents of the International Union of Crystallography
3794:
Zeitschrift fĂŒr Kristallographie â Crystalline Materials
4125:
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
2496:
2494:
1166:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3687:
2914:"John Desmond Bernal, 10 May 1901 - 15 September 1971"
2517:"John Desmond Bernal, 10 May 1901 - 15 September 1971"
2021:
1585:
X-ray crystallography and the chemistry of the sterols
1080:
The Extension of Man. A History of Physics before 1900
2456:(in Russian). Moscow: Sovetskaya Enciklopediya. 1959.
527:
degree in 1922, which he followed by another year of
507:
Bernal was educated in England first for one term at
426:
2918:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
2521:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
2491:
2305:
2303:
2236:
1696:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1691:"John Desmond Bernal. 10 May 1901-15 September 1971"
1662:
1660:
1658:
432:
417:
4120:
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
1564:"William Bragg - the Mathematics Genealogy Project"
423:
2960:Freeview video provided by the Vega Science Trust.
2213:
571:in London. In 1924 he determined the structure of
563:After his graduation, Bernal began research under
2827:(2003). "J D Bernal (1901â1971) in perspective".
2787:Swann, Brenda; Aprahamian, Francis, eds. (1999).
2320:
2318:
2300:
1655:
1651:Images of Bernal at the National Portrait Gallery
1624:"Alan Mackay - the Mathematics Genealogy Project"
1518:and author of the controversial Afrocentric work
1473:was named in his honour. He is the eponym of the
3951:
1638:"Max Perutz - the Mathematics Genealogy Project"
1426:in 1953, the Grotius Gold Medal in 1959 and the
1145:Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology
809:countryside beyond, Bernal landed, according to
484:spent 14 years in Australia before returning to
4045:Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
2786:
2508:
768:
2315:
2202:
2066:
1323:in 1948. Afterwards, he wrote a letter to the
1016:Science and Industry in the Nineteenth Century
3031:
2726:John Finch; 'A Nobel Fellow on Every Floor',
2673:"Margaret Gardiner, obituary by Nchima Trust"
2414:The night that Picasso was a little plastered
2392:Eric Hobsbawm, Interesting Times, p. 181
2242:
2208:
1732:
1402:. From 1959 to 1965, he was president of the
4135:Scholars and academics from County Tipperary
2790:J. D. Bernal: A Life in Science and Politics
1834:A Dictionary of Irish Biography, 3rd Edition
1461:Medal and Lecture were named in his honour.
701:
4015:British people of Portuguese-Jewish descent
3975:Academics of Birkbeck, University of London
3868:
2337:J.D. Bernal (18 September 1948). "Letter".
2336:
2183:
1946:
1944:
1527:He also had a child (Jane, born 1953) with
463:
3038:
3024:
2892:
2816:: 'Bernal, (John) Desmond (1901â1971)â by
1876:John Dintih; Derek Gjertsen, eds. (1999).
1836:. Dublin: Gill and MacMillan. p. 25.
907:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
794:on previous holidays) and aerial surveys.
647:that would occupy him most of his career.
49:
2933:
2741:
2618:
2532:
2453:Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
2401:
2380:
2368:
2309:
2291:
2273:
2220:Science Fiction: History, Science, Vision
2151:
2030:
1856:
1819:
1795:
1708:
1666:
1317:World Congress of Intellectuals for Peace
926:
4030:Communist Party of Great Britain members
4020:British people of Spanish-Jewish descent
4010:British people of Italian-Jewish descent
2991:(Free versions of some of his writings.)
2853:
2460:
2446:
2444:
2425:
1995:
1941:
801:After assisting in the preparations for
2912:Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (1980).
2911:
2813:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2586:
2557:. Series 12. Episode 4. 12 April 2023.
2515:Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (1980).
2514:
2407:
2269:
2267:
2215:"Bibliography III: Science Backgrounds"
1925:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1685:
1592:(PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
1582:Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (1937).
1581:
14:
3952:
3141:
3003:Newspaper clippings about J. D. Bernal
2973:'The Relevance of Bernal's Questions'
2823:
2656:
2577:
2575:
2243:Haugen, Peter (2009). "4: 1931-1940".
2163:
1831:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1208:
1163:
1142:
1105:
1022:
900:
660:Birkbeck College, University of London
567:at the Davy Faraday Laboratory at the
558:
253:Birkbeck College, University of London
4070:People educated at Stonyhurst College
4005:Irish emigrants to the United Kingdom
3980:Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
3019:
2701:
2633:
2599:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
2592:
2441:
2356:
2344:
2324:
2171:
2111:
2054:
2042:
2015:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1935:
1912:
1900:
1807:
1757:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1409:
1255:
666:. The same year, he was elected as a
511:, which he hated and so was moved to
3932:
3272:Phase transformation crystallography
2989:Marxist Writers: John Desmond Bernal
2864:(1) (published January 1999): 13â4.
2341:. Vol. XXXVI. pp. 238â239.
2264:
1918:
1862:
1737:. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
1308:, probably the earliest text on the
884:(1967) gives the current ideas from
543:for which he won a joint prize with
4080:Royal Navy officers of World War II
3779:Journal of Chemical Crystallography
3045:
2572:
2247:. Infobase Publishing. p. 85.
2222:. London: Oxford University Press.
1880:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1825:
1570:
1363:Under pressure from the burgeoning
24:
1672:
1102:, British Peace Committee pamphlet
952:Aspects of Dialectical Materialism
843:The World, the Flesh and the Devil
531:. He taught himself the theory of
448:. He published extensively on the
25:
4146:
4065:People educated at Bedford School
2951:
2595:"J D Bernal: The sage of science"
2119:"Solly Zuckerman and J D Bernal,
1772:J. D. Bernal: The Sage of Science
1735:J. D. Bernal: the sage of science
1391:. In 2007, it became part of the
1011:(1952) Marxism Today Series No. 9
3970:Scientists from County Tipperary
3931:
3920:
3919:
3526:
2767:(1978) Gary Werskey, on Bernal,
2657:Morgan, Janet (5 January 2005).
2168:. St Martin's Griffin, New York.
1775:. OUP Oxford. 24 November 2005.
1493:
1271:Communist Party of Great Britain
643:in 1936 and started the work on
458:Communist Party of Great Britain
413:
339:
319:
2665:
2650:
2639:
2627:
2541:
2482:
2395:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2350:
2330:
2177:
2157:
2145:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2009:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1929:
1906:
1894:
1850:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1763:
1751:
1108:Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics
836:
594:and sterol compounds including
180:
4115:Irish people of Jewish descent
3721:Bilbao Crystallographic Server
2705:J D BernalâThe Sage of Science
2166:Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds
1726:
1717:
1644:
1630:
1616:
1556:
1459:Wilkins-Bernal-Medawar Lecture
1441:, an early work of his friend
1306:The Social Function of Science
978:The Social Function of Science
940:(1929) Jonathan Cape. Scholar
862:The Social Function of Science
738:generated a multi-author book
710:started. With the outbreak of
13:
1:
4110:20th-century Irish historians
4090:Stalin Peace Prize recipients
2005:. 30 June 1944. p. 3099.
1549:
551:'s Bookshop at the corner of
456:activist and a member of the
4040:Fellows of the Royal Society
2896:Journal of Medical Biography
2744:Sage: A Life of J. D. Bernal
1304:. In 1939, Bernal published
1082:(1972) M.I.T. Press also as
769:Operation Overlord and D-Day
7:
3769:Crystal Growth & Design
3061:Timeline of crystallography
3007:20th Century Press Archives
2742:Goldsmith, Maurice (1980).
2549:"Live Series 12: Episode 4"
1534:
1469:The Bernal Building at the
1435:Fellow of the Royal Society
1393:Wellcome Trust's collection
1367:, the president of British
1284:, where he met the Soviets
895:Other publications include
714:in 1939, Bernal joined the
668:Fellow of the Royal Society
518:Emmanuel College, Cambridge
516:there. In 1919, he went to
482:Albert Agricultural College
10:
4151:
3580:Nuclear magnetic resonance
2695:
2620:10.1088/1742-6596/57/1/006
2212:; Rabkin, Eric S. (1977).
2164:Clarke, Arthur C. (2000).
1878:A Dictionary of Scientists
1373:Soviet Academy of Sciences
1276:Bernal became a prominent
1000:The Physical Basis of Life
985:Science and the Humanities
773:After the disaster of the
639:arrived as a student from
480:and after graduating from
4035:British crystallographers
3990:British former Christians
3915:
3835:
3807:
3784:Journal of Crystal Growth
3759:
3711:
3658:
3605:
3536:
3524:
3319:
3310:
3233:
3086:
3053:
2857:Nature Structural Biology
2274:Witkowski, J. A. (2007).
2245:Biology: Decade by Decade
1475:John Desmond Bernal Prize
1464:
1120:10.1017/S0033583500000469
1091:, Labour Monthly pamphlet
825:of not knowing which was
716:Ministry of Home Security
702:Ministry of Home Security
397:
375:
360:
352:
332:
314:
309:
305:
301:
270:
258:
248:
238:
231:
221:Grotius Gold Medal (1959)
201:
190:
164:
138:
128:
118:
105:
89:
63:
55:Bernal in 1949, photo by
48:
34:
3650:Single particle analysis
3508:HermannâMauguin notation
2728:Medical Research Council
2129:. London. Archived from
1974:, pp. 215â20, 235â7
1292:who gave an influential
992:The Freedom of Necessity
981:(1939) Faber & Faber
464:Education and early life
3774:Crystallography Reviews
3618:Isomorphous replacement
3412:LomerâCottrell junction
2967:Journal of Physics 2007
2710:Oxford University Press
2081:10.1126/science.1126642
1938:, pp. 90, 146, 187
1414:Bernal was awarded the
1296:account of the work of
1095:After Twenty-five Years
742:produced in a month by
133:University of Cambridge
4050:Former Roman Catholics
3287:Spinodal decomposition
2935:10.1098/rsbm.1980.0002
2702:Brown, Andrew (2005).
2534:10.1098/rsbm.1980.0002
2438:, UK, 14 January 2008.
1832:Boylan, Henry (1998).
1733:Brown, Andrew (2005).
1710:10.1098/rsbm.1980.0002
1471:University of Limerick
1457:and its successor the
1371:had resigned from the
1186:10.1098/rspb.1953.0022
1023:Bernal, J. D. (1953).
928:10.1098/rspa.1926.0143
901:Bernal, J. D. (1926).
870:Science Citation Index
763:Smithfield Meat Market
751:Lord Louis Mountbatten
718:, where he brought in
520:, with a scholarship.
4095:X-ray crystallography
4055:Historians of science
3985:British biophysicists
3827:Gregori Aminoff Prize
3623:Molecular replacement
2593:Brown, A. P. (2007).
2478:on 25 September 2015.
2383:, pp. 189 et seq
2371:, pp. 182 et seq
2293:10.1096/fj.07-0202ufm
1962:, pp. 198â9, 176
1490:shown in April 2023.
1433:Bernal was elected a
1332:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
1025:"Stalin as Scientist"
442:X-ray crystallography
353:Years of service
243:X-ray crystallography
3133:Structure prediction
2995:Roy Johnston, 1999,
1310:sociology of science
1074:Emergence of Science
868:, originator of the
680:tobacco mosaic virus
622:tobacco mosaic virus
588:Cavendish Laboratory
500:, was a graduate of
170:Agnes Eileen Sprague
4105:World Peace Council
3397:Cottrell atmosphere
3377:Partial dislocation
3121:Restriction theorem
2765:The Visible College
2611:2007JPhCS..57...61B
2504:. 30 November 2023.
1404:World Peace Council
1336:World Peace Council
1223:1952Natur.169.1007B
1217:(4311): 1007â1008.
1178:1953RSPSB.141...71B
1062:Need There Be Need?
1056:A Prospect of Peace
919:1926RSPSA.113..117B
829:and which side was
684:Andrew Donald Booth
565:William Henry Bragg
559:Career and research
545:Ronald G.W. Norrish
502:Stanford University
404:John Desmond Bernal
265:William Henry Bragg
155:BernalâFowler rules
109:Battersea Cemetery,
57:Wolfgang Suschitzky
36:John Desmond Bernal
18:John Desmond Bernal
4100:British communists
4085:Space colonization
4075:People from Nenagh
4025:British physicists
3817:Carl Hermann Medal
3628:Molecular dynamics
3475:Defects in diamond
3470:StoneâWales defect
3116:Reciprocal lattice
3078:Biocrystallography
2839:10.1007/BF02703329
2783:, 2nd edition 1988
2154:, pp. 102â112
2045:, pp. 477â484
2033:, pp. 105â108
2018:, pp. 238â247
2002:The London Gazette
1598:uk.bl.ethos.727110
1516:Cornell University
1424:Stalin Peace Prize
1410:Awards and honours
1400:Stalin Peace Prize
1379:In November 1950,
1360:the Soviet Union.
1282:history of science
1256:Political activism
1100:Peace to the World
1089:Engels and Science
1068:The Origin of Life
1041:Science in History
882:The Origin of Life
877:Science in History
779:Operation Overlord
728:Kingston upon Hull
509:Stonyhurst College
450:history of science
385:Operation Overlord
293:Alexander F. Wells
217:Stalin Peace Prize
4060:Jewish socialists
4000:British inventors
3947:
3946:
3911:
3910:
3518:Thermal ellipsoid
3483:
3482:
3392:FrankâRead source
3352:
3351:
3218:Aperiodic crystal
3184:
3183:
3066:Crystallographers
2736:978-1-84046-940-0
2404:, p. picture
2280:The FASEB Journal
2229:978-0-19-502174-5
2184:Eugene Garfield.
2075:(5775): 849â850.
1782:978-0-19-851544-9
1687:Hodgkin, D. M. C.
1508:Margaret Gardiner
1389:Torrington Square
1269:". He joined the
1231:10.1038/1691007a0
1049:World without War
1019:(1953) Routledge.
787:Normandy landings
783:Quebec Conference
708:Spanish Civil War
676:Rosalind Franklin
652:Ernest Rutherford
569:Royal Institution
549:Charles Kay Ogden
541:crystal structure
446:molecular biology
401:
400:
390:Normandy landings
271:Doctoral students
233:Scientific career
93:15 September 1971
16:(Redirected from
4142:
3995:British atheists
3935:
3934:
3923:
3922:
3866:
3865:
3789:Kristallografija
3643:GerchbergâSaxton
3538:Characterisation
3530:
3513:Structure factor
3317:
3316:
3302:Ostwald ripening
3139:
3138:
3084:
3083:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3017:
3016:
2947:
2937:
2908:
2889:
2850:
2808:
2769:J. B. S. Haldane
2761:
2723:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2675:. Archived from
2669:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2590:
2584:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2474:. Archived from
2464:
2458:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2429:
2423:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2313:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2217:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1993:
1987:
1986:, pp. 222â4
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1873:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1683:
1670:
1664:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1600:. Archived from
1579:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1529:Margot Heinemann
1428:Bakerian Lecture
1321:Communist Poland
1286:Nikolai Bukharin
1263:road to Damascus
1250:
1205:
1160:
1139:
1036:
1029:Modern Quarterly
1008:Marx and Science
932:
930:
913:(763): 117â160.
847:Arthur C. Clarke
755:Project Habbakuk
696:Bakerian lecture
664:Patrick Blackett
633:protein crystals
535:, including the
529:natural sciences
525:Bachelor of Arts
486:County Tipperary
439:
438:
435:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
410:
380:Second World War
345:
343:
342:
334:
325:
323:
322:
260:Doctoral advisor
227:
224:Bakerian Lecture
184:
182:
96:
82:County Tipperary
73:
71:
53:
43:
32:
31:
21:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4139:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3907:
3864:
3831:
3803:
3755:
3707:
3678:CrystalExplorer
3654:
3638:Phase retrieval
3601:
3532:
3531:
3522:
3479:
3458:Schottky defect
3357:Perfect crystal
3348:
3344:Abnormal growth
3306:
3292:Supersaturation
3255:Miscibility gap
3236:
3229:
3180:
3137:
3101:Bravais lattice
3082:
3049:
3047:Crystallography
3044:
2963:Helena Sheehan
2954:
2825:Mackay, Alan L.
2805:
2773:Lancelot Hogben
2758:
2720:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2679:on 3 March 2016
2671:
2670:
2666:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2554:The Repair Shop
2547:
2546:
2542:
2513:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2430:
2426:
2422:, 2 April 2007.
2412:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2301:
2272:
2265:
2255:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2210:Scholes, Robert
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2133:on 21 June 2008
2117:
2116:
2112:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2010:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1903:, p. 55,61
1899:
1895:
1888:
1874:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1684:
1673:
1665:
1656:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1604:on 13 June 2018
1580:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1537:
1504:Dorothy Hodgkin
1496:
1487:The Repair Shop
1467:
1420:Guthrie lecture
1412:
1258:
1253:
1064:(1960) pamphlet
987:(1946) pamphlet
946:science fiction
866:Eugene Garfield
839:
771:
720:Solly Zuckerman
704:
691:Guthrie lecture
629:Dorothy Hodgkin
620:(1936) and the
614:
603:
561:
488:to buy a farm,
466:
416:
412:
406:
340:
338:
320:
318:
310:Military career
297:
278:Dorothy Hodgkin
222:
220:
215:
212:Guthrie lecture
210:
205:
186:
183: 1922)
178:
174:
171:
157:
153:
151:Bernal stacking
149:
145:
129:Alma mater
110:
101:
100:London, England
98:
94:
85:
75:
69:
67:
59:
44:
39:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4148:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3929:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3872:
3870:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3613:Direct methods
3609:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3498:Ewald's sphere
3495:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3441:Frenkel defect
3438:
3436:Bjerrum defect
3428:
3427:
3426:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3402:Peierls stress
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3372:Burgers vector
3364:
3362:Stacking fault
3359:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3321:Grain boundary
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3265:Liquid crystal
3262:
3257:
3252:
3241:
3239:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3128:Periodic table
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3000:
2992:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2952:External links
2950:
2949:
2948:
2909:
2890:
2851:
2821:
2809:
2803:
2784:
2781:Joseph Needham
2762:
2756:
2739:
2730:2008, 381 pp,
2724:
2718:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2664:
2649:
2638:
2626:
2585:
2571:
2559:BBC Television
2540:
2507:
2490:
2481:
2468:"Royal Medals"
2459:
2440:
2424:
2406:
2402:Goldsmith 1980
2394:
2385:
2381:Goldsmith 1980
2373:
2369:Goldsmith 1980
2361:
2349:
2329:
2314:
2310:Goldsmith 1980
2299:
2286:(2): 302â304.
2263:
2253:
2235:
2228:
2201:
2176:
2156:
2152:Goldsmith 1980
2144:
2110:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2031:Goldsmith 1980
2020:
2008:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1886:
1861:
1857:Goldsmith 1980
1849:
1842:
1824:
1820:Goldsmith 1980
1812:
1800:
1796:Goldsmith 1980
1788:
1781:
1762:
1760:, pp. 1â3
1750:
1743:
1725:
1716:
1671:
1667:Goldsmith 1980
1654:
1643:
1629:
1615:
1569:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1533:
1495:
1492:
1482:BBC Television
1466:
1463:
1455:Bernal Lecture
1411:
1408:
1395:for ÂŁ250,000.
1357:Lysenko affair
1353:Trofim Lysenko
1257:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1206:
1172:(902): 71â85.
1161:
1140:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1020:
1012:
1004:
996:
988:
982:
974:
968:John Macmurray
949:
942:Robert Scholes
933:
897:
841:His 1929 work
838:
835:
770:
767:
740:Science in War
732:Tots and Quots
703:
700:
612:
601:
560:
557:
513:Bedford School
465:
462:
399:
398:
395:
394:
393:
392:
387:
377:
373:
372:
362:
358:
357:
354:
350:
349:
336:
330:
329:
327:United Kingdom
316:
312:
311:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
296:
295:
290:
285:
280:
274:
272:
268:
267:
262:
256:
255:
250:
246:
245:
240:
236:
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229:
228:
203:
199:
198:
192:
188:
187:
176:
172:
169:
168:
166:
162:
161:
140:
139:Known for
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
123:Bedford School
120:
116:
115:
107:
103:
102:
99:
97:(aged 70)
91:
87:
86:
76:
65:
61:
60:
54:
46:
45:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4147:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3940:
3939:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:Patterson map
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:Friedel's law
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3446:Wigner effect
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3431:Interstitials
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:Precipitation
3275:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3245:Phase diagram
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2926:Royal Society
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2804:1-85984-854-0
2800:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2757:0-09-139550-X
2753:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2719:0-19-851544-8
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2660:
2653:
2647:
2642:
2636:, p. 139
2635:
2630:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2472:Royal Society
2469:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2403:
2398:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2359:, p. 304
2358:
2353:
2347:, p. 325
2346:
2340:
2339:New Statesman
2333:
2327:, p. 269
2326:
2321:
2319:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2254:9781438109770
2250:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2057:, p. 184
2056:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2012:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1887:0-19-280086-8
1883:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1853:
1845:
1843:0-7171-2945-4
1839:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1746:
1744:0-19-851544-8
1740:
1736:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1669:, p. 238
1668:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1639:
1633:
1625:
1619:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:lib.cam.ac.uk
1587:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1512:Martin Bernal
1509:
1505:
1500:
1494:Personal life
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1422:in 1947, the
1421:
1418:in 1945, the
1417:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:Pablo Picasso
1377:
1374:
1370:
1369:Royal Society
1366:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1347:newspaper of
1346:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1326:New Statesman
1322:
1319:organised in
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:Joseph Stalin
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1001:
997:
994:
993:
989:
986:
983:
980:
979:
975:
973:
972:R. Page Arnot
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:E. F. Carritt
953:
950:
947:
943:
939:
938:
934:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
898:
896:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
855:space habitat
852:
851:Bernal sphere
848:
844:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
795:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
766:
764:
760:
759:Geoffrey Pyke
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
699:
697:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
608:
604:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
556:
554:
553:Bridge Street
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
437:
409:
405:
396:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
381:
378:
374:
370:
366:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:
337:
331:
328:
317:
313:
308:
304:
300:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
273:
269:
266:
263:
261:
257:
254:
251:
247:
244:
241:
237:
234:
230:
225:
218:
213:
208:
204:
200:
197:
194:4, including
193:
189:
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:Bernal sphere
144:
141:
137:
134:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:Resting place
104:
92:
88:
83:
79:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
42:
33:
30:
19:
3936:
3924:
3869:Associations
3837:Organisation
3329:Disclination
3260:Polymorphism
3223:Quasicrystal
3166:Orthorhombic
3106:Miller index
3054:Key concepts
2996:
2972:
2971:R. M. Young
2921:
2917:
2894:
2870:10.1038/4879
2861:
2855:
2828:
2811:
2789:
2764:
2743:
2704:
2681:. Retrieved
2677:the original
2667:
2652:
2641:
2629:
2605:(1): 61â72.
2602:
2598:
2588:
2562:. Retrieved
2553:
2543:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2484:
2476:the original
2462:
2452:
2427:
2417:
2409:
2397:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2338:
2332:
2312:, p. 31
2283:
2279:
2258:
2244:
2238:
2219:
2204:
2192:. Retrieved
2179:
2174:, p. 70
2165:
2159:
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2131:the original
2126:
2120:
2113:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2011:
2000:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1931:
1920:
1908:
1896:
1877:
1859:, p. 27
1852:
1833:
1827:
1822:, p. 26
1815:
1803:
1798:, p. 24
1791:
1771:
1765:
1753:
1734:
1728:
1719:
1700:
1694:
1646:
1632:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1602:the original
1589:
1584:
1558:
1541:
1526:
1521:Black Athena
1519:
1510:. Their son
1501:
1497:
1485:
1479:
1468:
1451:Stevie Smith
1446:
1438:
1432:
1413:
1397:
1378:
1362:
1344:Evening Star
1342:
1340:
1324:
1314:
1305:
1298:Isaac Newton
1290:Boris Hessen
1278:intellectual
1275:
1267:Soviet Union
1259:
1214:
1210:
1169:
1165:
1148:
1144:
1114:(1): 81â87.
1111:
1107:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1015:
1007:
999:
991:
984:
977:
954:(1934) with
951:
936:
910:
906:
894:
881:
875:
874:
861:
859:
853:, a type of
842:
840:
837:Publications
800:
796:
772:
748:
739:
712:World War II
705:
688:
649:
626:
616:(1935), the
585:
562:
533:space groups
522:
506:
489:
467:
403:
402:
376:Battles/wars
249:Institutions
232:
159:Zone melting
143:Bernal chart
95:(1971-09-15)
29:
3965:1971 deaths
3960:1901 births
3822:Ewald Prize
3590:Diffraction
3568:Diffraction
3551:Diffraction
3493:Bragg plane
3488:Bragg's law
3367:Dislocation
3282:Segregation
3194:Crystallite
3111:Point group
2818:Robert Olby
2683:28 February
1997:"No. 36590"
1810:, p. 9
1608:30 November
1447:The Holiday
1416:Royal Medal
792:Arromanches
775:Dieppe raid
645:haemoglobin
596:cholesterol
490:Brookwatson
283:Alan Mackay
207:Royal Medal
74:10 May 1901
3954:Categories
3606:Algorithms
3595:Scattering
3573:Scattering
3556:Scattering
3424:Slip bands
3387:Cross slip
3237:transition
3171:Tetragonal
3161:Monoclinic
3073:Metallurgy
2830:J. Biosci.
2777:Hyman Levy
2748:Hutchinson
2746:. London:
2708:. Oxford:
2634:Brown 2005
2470:. London:
2357:Brown 2005
2345:Brown 2005
2343:quoted in
2325:Brown 2005
2172:Brown 2005
2137:7 November
2055:Brown 2005
2043:Brown 2005
2016:Brown 2005
1984:Brown 2005
1972:Brown 2005
1960:Brown 2005
1936:Brown 2005
1913:Brown 2005
1901:Brown 2005
1808:Brown 2005
1758:Brown 2005
1550:References
1443:C. P. Snow
1439:The Search
964:Hyman Levy
819:Royal Navy
811:C. P. Snow
744:Allen Lane
724:Birmingham
678:worked on
672:Aaron Klug
637:Max Perutz
581:goniometer
537:quaternion
365:Lieutenant
347:Royal Navy
315:Allegiance
288:Max Perutz
114:(unmarked)
70:1901-05-10
3713:Databases
3176:Triclinic
3156:Hexagonal
3096:Unit cell
3088:Structure
2944:0080-4606
2928:: 16â84.
2527:: 16â84.
2436:Culture24
2419:The Times
2170:cited in
2127:The Times
2105:220096079
2089:0036-8075
1703:: 16â84.
1430:in 1962.
1385:Sheffield
1151:: 17â32.
960:Ralph Fox
892:onwards.
831:starboard
698:in 1962.
611:vitamin D
600:vitamin B
470:Sephardic
454:communist
356:1944â1945
119:Education
84:, Ireland
3926:Category
3761:Journals
3693:OctaDist
3688:JANA2020
3660:Software
3546:Electron
3463:F-center
3250:Eutectic
3211:Fiveling
3206:Twinning
3199:Equiaxed
2905:11616361
2886:33553672
2847:14517357
2564:12 April
2194:10 March
1689:(1980).
1535:Writings
1365:Cold War
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