3429:), closed with their complete exile from the country in a larger sense. In July 1198, Philip Augustus, "contrary to the general expectation and despite his own edict, recalled the Jews to Paris and made the churches of God suffer great persecutions" (Rigord). The king adopted this measure from no good will toward the Jews, for he had shown his true sentiments a short time before in the Bray affair. But since then he had learned that the Jews could be an excellent source of income from a fiscal point of view, especially as money-lenders. Not only did he recall them to his estates, but he gave state sanction by his ordinances to their operations in banking and pawnbroking. He placed their business under control, determined the legal rate of interest, and obliged them to have seals affixed to all their deeds. Naturally, this trade was taxed, and the affixing of the royal seal was paid for by the Jews. Henceforward there was in the treasury a special account called "Produit des Juifs", and the receipts from this source increased continually. At the same time, it was in the interest of the treasury to secure possession of the Jews, considered a fiscal resource. The Jews were therefore made serfs of the king in the royal domain, just at a time when the charters, becoming wider and wider, tended to bring about the disappearance of serfdom. In certain respects their position became even harder than that of serfs, for the latter could in certain cases appeal to custom and were often protected by the Church; but there was no custom to which the Jews might appeal, and the Church laid them under its ban. The kings and the lords said "my Jews" just as they said "my lands", and they disposed in like manner of the one and of the other. The lords imitated the king: "they endeavored to have the Jews considered an inalienable dependence of their fiefs, and to establish the usage that if a Jew domiciled in one barony passed into another, the lord of his former domicil should have the right to seize his possessions." This agreement was made in 1198 between the king and the Count of Champagne in a treaty, the terms of which provided that neither should retain in his domains the Jews of the other without the latter's consent and furthermore that the Jews should not make loans or receive pledges without the express permission of the king and the count. Other lords made similar conventions with the king. Thenceforth they too had a revenue known as the
5508:
percent, 29.9 percent cited anti-Semitism. Another 24.4 cited their desire to "preserve their
Judaism," while 12.4 percent said they were attracted by other countries. "Economic considerations" was cited by 7.5 percent of the respondents. By June 2014, it was estimated by the end of 2014 a full 1 percent of the French Jewish community would have made aliyah to Israel, the largest in a single year. Many Jewish leaders stated that emigration is being driven by a combination of factors, including the cultural gravitation towards Israel and France's economic woes, especially for the younger generation drawn by the possibility of other socioeconomic opportunities in the more vibrant Israeli economy. Others point out that in 2014, many dramatic incidents of antisemitism took place, especially during Operation Protective Edge, and that France took an unusual pro-Palestine stance by recognizing the State of Palestine in Parliament and by undertaking to adopt a resolution in the United Nations Security Council which would unilaterally impose an end of the Israel-Arab conflict on Israel. At the end of 2014, a record 7,000 French Jews are reported to have made Aliyah. Some wealthy French Jewish families are choosing to immigrate to the United States instead, with "less red tape" for business than Israel.
4069:
4796:." The Second Ordinance was published on 18 October 1940, proscribing various business activities for Jews. On 31 August 1941 German forces confiscated all radios belonging to Jews, followed by their telephones, their bicycles, and disconnecting all phones to Jews. They were forbidden to use public telephones. Jews were forbidden to change their address, and next were forbidden to leave their homes between 8 pm and 5 am. All public places, parks, theatres and certain shops were soon closed to Jews. German forces issued new restrictions, prohibitions and decrees by the week. Jews were barred from public swimming pools, restaurants, cafes, cinemas, concerts, music halls, etc. On the metro, they were allowed to ride only in the last carriage. Antisemitic articles were frequently published in newspapers since the Occupation. The Germans organized antisemitic exhibitions to spread their propaganda. The music of Jewish composers was banned, as were works of art by Jewish artists. On 2 October 1941,
4181:, and others, caused the decision to be again postponed. Only the Portuguese and the Avignonese Jews, who had hitherto enjoyed all civil rights as naturalized Frenchmen, were declared full citizens by a majority of 150 on 28 January 1790. This partial victory infused new hope into the Jews of the German districts, who made still greater efforts in the struggle for freedom. They won over the eloquent advocate Godard, whose influence in revolutionary circles was considerable. Through his exertions the National Guards and the diverse sections pronounced themselves in favor of the Jews, and the abbé Malot was sent by the General Assembly of the Commune to plead their cause before the National Assembly. The grave affairs which absorbed the Assembly, the prolonged agitations in Alsace, and the passions of the clerical party kept in check the advocates of Jewish emancipation. A few days before the dissolution of the National Assembly (27 September 1791) a member of the
3821:
4056:), who were then working toward the intellectual emancipation of the Jews. In a pamphlet, "Sur Moses Mendelssohn, sur la Réforme Politique des Juifs" (London, 1787), Mirabeau refuted the arguments of the German antisemites like Michaelis and claimed for the Jews the full rights of citizenship. This pamphlet naturally provoked many writings for and against the Jews, and the French public became interested in the question. On the proposition of Roederer the Royal Society of Science and Arts of Metz offered a prize for the best essay in answer to the question: "What are the best means to make the Jews happier and more useful in France?" Nine essays, of which only two were unfavorable to the Jews, were submitted to the judgment of the learned assembly. Of the challenge, there were three winners: Abbé Gregoire, Claude-Antoine Thiery, and
4769:
5577:, in her popular neighborhood home of Belleville in Paris, around the corner from a mosque reputed for its radicalism, and as police standing in the staircase heard the murderer yelling "Allahu akbar" repeatedly for minutes, and did not intervene in spite of the screams and the beating, has raised questions again. As it took several months for the French justice to qualify this murder as an antisemitic act, concern about an institutional covering of antisemitism increased. It was further feared as Roger Pinto was mugged with his family during a burglary at his Livry-Gargan home on 8 September 2017. Pinto soon witnessed that, as for Ilan Halimi's murder, he was told, "You are Jewish so you must have money;" this attack has neither been qualified as an anti-semitic act.
4262:
4470:
breaking away from rabbinical law and rabbinical authority decreased. For example, some Jews were marrying outside of their religion and their children were growing up in homes where they were not being introduced to traditional beliefs and losing connection with their roots. Also, fewer and fewer Jews in these new urbanized Jewish homes were following the strict rules of Kosher laws. Many Jews were so preoccupied with assimilating and prospering in their new lives that they formed a new type of
Judaism that would fit with the times. The Reform Movement came about to let Jews stay connected to their roots while also living their lives without so many restrictions.
3124:(972â1031), King of France (987â1031), called "the Pious", are described in a Hebrew pamphlet, which also states that the King of France conspired with his vassals to destroy all the Jews on their lands who would not accept baptism, and many were put to death or killed themselves. Robert is credited with advocating forced conversions of local Jewry, as well as mob violence against Jews who refused. Among the dead was the learned Rabbi Senior. Robert the Pious is well known for his lack of religious tolerance and for the hatred which he bore toward heretics; it was Robert who reinstated the Roman imperial custom of burning heretics at the stake. In Normandy under
3858:
the loans which they had made since then, or in general with regard to anything which had happened in the past. Their synagogues and their cemeteries were to be restored to them on condition that they would refund their value; or, if these could not be restored, the king would give them the necessary sites at a reasonable price. The books of the Law that had not yet been returned to them were also to be restored, with the exception of the Talmud. After the period of twelve years granted to them, the king might not expel the Jews again without giving them a year's time in which to dispose of their property and carry away their goods. They were not to lend on
5377:
5476:, an increase compared to the previous decade (1990â1999 : 10,443) that was in the continuity of a similar increase since the 1970s. A peak was reached during this period, in 2005 (2005: 2,951 Olim) but a significant proportion (between 20 and 30%) eventually came back to France. Some immigrants cited antisemitism and the growing Arab population as reasons for leaving. One couple who moved to Israel claimed that rising antisemitism by French Muslims and the anti-Israel bias of the French government was making life for Jews increasingly uncomfortable for them. At a welcoming ceremony for French Jews in the summer of 2004, then
3934:, in one of his first acts as king in 1498, issued a general expulsion order for the Jews of Provence. Though not enforced at the time, the order was renewed in 1500 and again in 1501. On this occasion, it was definitively implemented. The Jews of Provence were given the option of conversion to Christianity and a number chose that option. However, after a short whileâif only to compensate partially for the loss of revenues caused by the departure of the Jewsâthe king imposed a special tax, referred to as "the tax of the neophytes." These converts and their descendants soon became the objects of social discrimination and slander.
4243:
3843:, the popular poet of the time, says in fact that the Jews were gentle in comparison with the Christians who had taken their place, and who had flayed their debtors alive; if the Jews had remained, the country would have been happier; for there were no longer any moneylenders at all. The king probably had the interests of his treasury also in view. The profits of the former confiscations had gone into the treasury, and by recalling the Jews for only twelve years he would have an opportunity for ransoming them at the end of this period. It appears that they gave the sum of 122,500
95:
4382:
3952:
4873:"These black hours will stain our history for ever and are an injury to our past and our traditions. Yes, the criminal madness of the occupant was assisted ('secondée') by the French, by the French state. Fifty-three years ago, on 16 July 1942, 450 policemen and gendarmes, French, under the authority of their leaders, obeyed the demands of the Nazis. That day, in the capital and the Paris region, nearly 10,000 Jewish men, women and children were arrested at home, in the early hours of the morning, and assembled at police stations... France, home of the
3327:, all of whom continued his work. The school's Talmudic commentaries and interpretations are the basis and starting point for the Ashkenazic tradition of how to interpret and understand the Talmud's explanation of Biblical laws. In many cases, these interpretations differ substantially from those of the Sephardim, which results in differences between how Ashkenazim and Sephardim hold what constitutes the practical application of the law. In his Biblical commentaries, he availed himself of the works of his contemporaries. Among them must be cited
4452:
3883:, the king signed this decree at the insistence of the queen ("Chron. de Charles VI." ii. 119). The decree was not immediately enforced, a respite being granted to the Jews in order that they might sell their property and pay their debts. Those indebted to them were enjoined to redeem their obligations within a set time; otherwise, their pledges held in pawns were to be sold by the Jews. The provost was to escort the Jews to the frontier of the kingdom. Subsequently, the king released the Christians from their debts.
3376:
3536:
4518:. After spending years of research, he synthesized three major strands of antisemitism. The first strand was traditional Catholic attitudes toward the "Christ killers" augmented by vehement antipathy toward the French Revolution. The second strand was hostility to capitalism, of the sort promoted by the Socialist movement. The third strand was scientific racism, based on the argument that races have fixed characteristics, and the Jews have highly negative characteristics.
3229:, Jewish culture flourished in the South and North of France. The initial interest included poetry, which was at times purely liturgical, but which more often was a simple scholastic exercise without aspiration, destined rather to amuse and instruct than to move. Following this came Biblical exegesis, the simple interpretation of the text, with neither daring nor depth, reflecting a complete faith in traditional interpretation, and based by preference on the
4947:
3718:
declare. Furthermore, three months before the sale of the property of the Jews the king took measures to ensure that this event should be coincident with the prohibition of clipped money, in order that those who purchased the goods should have to pay in undebased coin. Finally, fearing that the Jews might have hidden some of their treasures, he declared that one-fifth of any amount found should be paid to the discoverer. It was on 22 July, the day after
3400:
Immovable property, however, such as houses, fields, vines, barns, and wine presses, he confiscated. The Jews attempted to win over the nobles to their side but in vain. In July they were compelled to leave the royal domains of France (and not the whole kingdom); their synagogues were converted into churches. These successive measures were simply expedients to fill the royal coffers. The goods confiscated by the king were at once converted into cash.
5457:, there is no evidence of any specific antisemitism in France, which, according to this poll, appears to be one of the least antisemitic countries in Europe, though France has the world's third largest Jewish population. France is the country that had the most favourable views of Jews in Europe (82%), next to the Netherlands, and the country with the third-fewest unfavourable views (16%) next to the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.
2889:
13908:
13896:
3528:, did not, since he had an agreement with the Jews that guaranteed their safety in return for extra income through taxation. Champagne's capital at Troyes was where Rashi had lived a century before, and Champagne continued to have a prosperous Jewish population. Theobald IV would become a major opposition force to Capetian dominance, and his hostility was manifest during the reign of Louis VIII. For example, during the
4501:. Toussenel's antisemitism was rooted in a revolutionary-nationalist interpretation reading of French history. He was innovative and using zoology as a vehicle for social criticism, and his natural history books, as much as his political writings, were infused with antisemitic and anti-English sentiments. For Toussenel, the English and the Jews represented external and internal threats to French national identity.
3113:
2650:, which was taken by Germany in 1871 and recovered by France in 1918 following World War I. In addition, numerous Jewish refugees and immigrants came from Russia and eastern and central Europe in the early 20th century, changing the character of French Judaism in the 1920s and 1930s. These new arrivals were much less interested in assimilation into French culture. Some supported such new causes as
4527:
4352:. Encouraged by these prominent men, the minister of education, on 13 November 1830, offered a motion to place Judaism upon an equal footing with Catholicism and Protestantism as regards support for the synagogues and for the rabbis from the public treasury. The motion was accompanied by flattering compliments to the French Jews, "who", said the minister, "since the removal of their
2934:, on a footing of equality with their fellow citizens. Their association with fellow citizens was generally amicable, even after the establishment of Christianity in Gaul. The Christian clergy participated in some Jewish feasts; intermarriage between Jews and Christians sometimes occurred; and the Jews made proselytes. Worried about Christians adopting Jewish religious customs, the
10033:
4750:, who wrote, "I feel myself very friendly to Hitler, and to all Germans, whom I feel to be my brothers.... Our real enemies are Jews and Masons", and "Yids are like bedbugs". By 1937, even mainstream French conservatives and socialists, not previously associated with antisemitism, denounced the alleged Jewish influence pushing the country into a "Jewish war" against
3289:, which was the product of colossal labor, and which eclipsed the similar works of all his predecessors, by its clarity and soundness made the study of that vast compilation easy, and soon became its indispensable complement. Every edition of the Talmud that was ever published has this commentary printed on the same page of the Talmud itself. His commentary on the
2938:(539) warned the faithful against Jewish "superstitions", and ordered them to abstain from traveling on Sunday and from adorning their persons or dwellings on that day. In the 6th century, a Jewish community thrived in Paris. They built a synagogue on the Ăle de la CitĂ©, but it was later torn down by Christians, who erected a church on the site.
3637:, Louis decided on 13 September 1268 to arrest Jews and seize their property. But an order which followed close upon this last (1269) shows that on this occasion also Louis reconsidered the matter. Nevertheless, at the request of Paul Christian (Pablo Christiani), he compelled the Jews, under penalty of a fine, to wear at all times the
4816:. Roundups continued, collecting French nationals, including lawyers and other professionals. On 12 December 1941, the most distinguished members of the Paris Jewish community, including doctors, academics, scientists and writers, were rounded up. On 29 May 1942, the Eighth Ordinance was published, which ordered Jews to wear the
4559:
justice where the press and public opinion played a central role. The issue was blatant antisemitism as practiced by the Army and defended by traditionalists (especially
Catholics) against secular and republican forces, including most Jews. In the end, the latter triumphed, albeit at a very high personal cost to Dreyfus himself.
5286:(Judaism as per the Sephardic ritual, according to Dan Michman's definition of such Jews), have since had a significant influence on the nature of French Jewish culture. These Jews from French North Africa have generally enjoyed a successful social and economic integration and helped reinvigorate the country's Jewish community.
3285:(1040â1105). He personified the genius of northern French Judaism: its devoted attachment to tradition; its untroubled faith; its piety, ardent but free from mysticism. His works are distinguished by their clarity, directness, and are written in a simple, concise, unaffected style, suited to his subject. His commentary on the
3866:
connection with goods belonging to the Jews that had been sold before the expulsion for less than half of what was regarded as a fair price. The king finally declared that he took the Jews under his special protection and that he desired to have their persons and property protected from all violence, injury, and oppression.
3362:
and hatred spread by the pope encouraging violence led to the persecution of Jews in France. Many Jews fled to
Narbonne, a city on the southwest coast of the country, which had long been a safe haven and center for Jewish life. The southern coast was more tolerant of Jewish life than the northern half of the country.
4824:, which required detailed planning and the use of the full resources of French police forces. This roundup took place on 16 and 17 July 1942; it collected nearly 13,000 Jews, 7,000 of whom, including more than 4,000 children, were interned and locked into the VĂ©lodrome d'Hiver, without adequate food or sanitation.
3654:
5469:
more than the whole of 2008, 474), in 2010, 466 and, in 2011, 389. In 2011, there were 260 threats (100 graffitis, 46 flyers or mails, 114 insults) and 129 crimes (57 assaults, 7 arsons or attempted arsons, 65 deteriorations and acts of vandalism but no murder, attempted murder or terrorist attack) recorded.
4915:, actually represented the French State. Macron on the other hand, made it clear that the government during the War was indeed that of France. "It is convenient to see the Vichy regime as born of nothingness, returned to nothingness. Yes, it's convenient, but it is false. We cannot build pride upon a lie."
5551:
Theatre in Paris. Although its long time Jewish owners (who regularly set Jewish events there, including some in support of Israel) had sold the theatre shortly before the massacre, speculation arose about an antisemitic motive behind the attack, but this was not a popular theory in the French media.
5535:
strongly urged the French Jewish community to move to Israel and made it a national priority for Israel to welcome the French Jewish community with open arms. Immigration from France is on the rise: in the first half of 2015, approximately 5,100 French Jews made aliyah to Israel marking 25% more than
5468:
in late
December 2008 and its end in January 2009, an estimated hundred antisemitic acts were recorded in France. This compares with a total of 250 antisemitic acts in the whole of 2007. In 2009, 832 acts of antisemitism were recorded in France (with, in the first half of 2009, an estimated 631 acts,
4343:
Of the faiths recognized by the state, only
Judaism had to support its ministers, while those of the Catholic and Protestant churches were supported by the government. This legal inferiority was removed in 1831, thanks to the intervention of the Duke of Orléans, lieutenant-general of the kingdom, and
4286:
and establishing relative equality for them. The net effect of his policies significantly changed the position of the Jews in Europe. Starting in 1806, Napoleon passed a number of measures supporting the position of the Jews in the French Empire, including assembling a representative group elected by
4227:
Meanwhile, the French Jews gave proofs of their patriotism and of their gratitude to the land that had emancipated them. Many of them died in battle as part of the Army of the
Republic while fighting the forces of Europe in coalition. To contribute to the war fund, candelabra of synagogues were sold,
3685:
formulated the following rules: relapsed Jews, as well as
Christians who abjured their faith in favor of "the Jewish superstition", were to be treated by the Inquisitors as heretics. The instigators of such apostasies, as those who received or defended the guilty ones, were to be punished in the same
3575:
In 1234, Louis freed his subjects from a third of their registered debts to Jews (including those who had already paid their debts), but debtors had to pay the remaining two-thirds within a specified time. It was also forbidden to imprison
Christians or to sell their real estate to recover debts owed
3361:
Jews did not have an active role in the
Crusades, like Muslims and Christians did. Instead, Jews feared for their lives, as expulsions and anti-Jewish sentiment was on the rise in Western Europe. In 1256, around 3000 Jews were murdered in the French cities of Bretagne, Anjou, and Poitou. The violence
5507:
of Israel continued to encourage French aliyah through aliyah fairs, Hebrew-language courses, sessions that assist potential olim to find jobs in Israel, and immigrant absorption in Israel. A May 2014 survey revealed that 74 percent of French Jews considered leaving France for Israel where of the 74
5406:
issued a ruling recognising the state's responsibility in the deportation of tens of thousands of Jews during World War II. The report cited "mistakes" in the Vichy regime that had not been forced by the occupiers, stating that the state "allowed or facilitated the deportation from France of victims
4558:
was a major political scandal that convulsed France from 1894 until its resolution in 1906, and which reverberated for decades longer. The affair is often seen as a modern and universal symbol of injustice for reasons of state and remains one of the most striking examples of a complex miscarriage of
4447:
People of Jewish faith in France were becoming assimilated into their lives. After their Emancipation in 1791, Jews in France had new freedoms. For example, Jews were allowed to attend schools that were once delegated for just non-Jews. They were also allowed to pray in their own synagogues. Lastly,
4030:, summoned a commission of Jewish notables to make suggestions for the amelioration of the condition of their coreligionists. The direct result of the efforts of these men was the abolition, in 1785, of the degrading poll-tax and the permission to settle in all parts of France. Shortly afterward the
3625:
In 1257 or 1258 ("Ordonnances", i. 85), wishing, as he says, to provide for his safety of soul and peace of conscience, Louis issued a mandate for the restitution in his name of the amount of usurious interest which had been collected on the confiscated property, the restitution to be made either to
3613:
However, he did not cancel the debts owed by Christians. Later, Louis became conscience-stricken, and, overcome by scruples, he feared lest the treasury, by retaining some part of the interest paid by the borrowers, might be enriched with the product of usury. As a result, one-third of the debts was
3403:
During the century which terminated so disastrously for the Jews, their condition was not altogether bad, especially if compared with that of their brethren in Germany. Thus may be explained the remarkable intellectual activity which existed among them, the attraction that it exercised over the Jews
3399:
on 14 March 1181, the King ordered the Jews arrested on a Saturday, in all their synagogues, and despoiled of their money and their investments. In the following April 1182, he published an edict of expulsion, but according to the Jews a delay of three months for the sale of their personal property.
4469:
Although life was looking brighter for these Western Jews, some Jews who lived in Eastern Europe believed that the Emancipation in Western countries were causing Jews to lose their traditional beliefs and culture. As more and more Jews were becoming assimilated into their new lives, these Jews were
3908:
Provence was not incorporated into France until 1481, and the expulsion edict of 1394 did not apply there. The privileges of the Jews of Provence were confirmed in 1482. However, from 1484, anti-Jewish disturbances broke out, with looting and violence perpetrated by laborers from outside the region
3878:
suddenly published an ordinance in which he declared, in substance, that for a long time he had been taking note of the many complaints provoked by the excesses and misdemeanors which the Jews committed against Christians; and that the prosecutors, having made several investigations, had discovered
3853:
states, that a large number of the debts owing to the Jews had not been recovered, and that the holders of the notes had preserved them; the decree of return specified that two-thirds of the old debts recovered by the Jews should go into the treasury. The conditions under which they were allowed to
3196:
had sent to the East through a beggar a letter that provoked the order for the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Glaber adds that, on the discovery of the crime, the expulsion of the Jews was everywhere decreed. Some were driven out of the cities, others were put to death, while some
5483:
caused controversy when he advised all French Jews to "move immediately" to Israel and escape what he coined "the wildest anti-semitism" in France. In August 2007, some 2,800 olim were due to arrive in Israel from France, as opposed to the 3,000 initially forecast. 1,129 French Jews made aliyah to
4780:
in June 1940, about 330,000 Jews lived in France (and another 370,000 in never occupied French North Africa). Of the 330,000, fewer than half held French citizenship and the others were foreigners, mostly exiles from Germany and Central Europe who had immigrated to France during the 1930s. Another
3857:
They were to live by the work of their hands or to sell merchandise of good quality; they were to wear the circular badge, and not discuss religion with laymen. They were not to be molested, either with regard to the chattels they had carried away at the time of their banishment, or with regard to
3516:
should be repaid to the Jews in three years and that the debts due the Jews should be inscribed and placed under the control of their lords. The lords then collected the debts for the Jews, doubtless receiving a commission. Louis furthermore ordered that the special seal for Jewish deeds should be
4784:
About 200,000 Jews, and the large majority of foreign Jews, resided in the Paris area. Among the 150,000 French Jews, about 30,000, generally native to Central Europe, had recently obtained French citizenship after immigrating to France during the 1930s. Following the 1940 armistice after Germany
4334:
would hasten to undo the work of the Revolution with regard to Jewish emancipation, but were soon disappointed. The emancipation the French Jews had made enough progress that the clerical monarch could not find pretexts for curtailing their rights as citizens. They were no longer treated as poor,
3937:
During the second half of the 17th century, a number of Jews attempted to reestablish themselves in Provence. Before the French Revolution abolished the administrative entity of Provence, the first community outside the southwest, Alsace-Lorraine and Comtat Venaissin, was re-formed in Marseilles.
3137:
to stop the persecution in Lorraine (1007). Jacob undertook the journey to Rome, but was imprisoned with his wife and four sons by Duke Richard, and escaped death only by allegedly miraculous means. He left his eldest son, Judah, as a hostage with Richard while he and his wife and three remaining
5519:
created a shock wave of fear across the French Jewish community. As a result of these events, the Jewish Agency planned an aliyah plan for 120,000 French Jews who wish to make aliyah. In addition, with Europe's stagnant economy as of early 2015, many affluent French Jewish skilled professionals,
4585:
as the real spy. High-ranking military officials suppressed the new evidence and a military court unanimously acquitted Esterhazy after the second day of his trial. The Army accused Dreyfus of additional charges based on false documents. Word of the military court's framing of Dreyfus and of the
4194:
This proposition was accepted amid loud applause. Rewbell endeavored, indeed, to oppose the motion, but he was interrupted by Regnault de Saint-Jean, president of the Assembly, who suggested "that every one who spoke against this motion should be called to order, because he would be opposing the
4625:
The Affair from 1894 to 1906 divided France deeply and lastingly into two opposing camps: the pro-Army, mostly Catholic "anti-Dreyfusards" who generally lost the initiative to the anticlerical, pro-republican Dreyfusards. It embittered French politics and helped the radical party come to power.
4189:
I believe that freedom of worship does not permit any distinction in the political rights of citizens on account of their creed. The question of the political existence of the Jews has been postponed. Still the Muslems and the men of all sects are admitted to enjoy political rights in France. I
3717:
intended merely to fill the gap in his treasury, and was not at all concerned about the well-being of his subjects, is shown by the fact that he put himself in the place of the Jewish moneylenders and exacted from their Christian debtors the payment of their debts, which they themselves had to
3560:, unreservedly condemned loans at interest. He was less amenable than Philip Augustus to fiscal considerations. Despite former conventions, in an assembly held at Melun in December 1230, he compelled several lords to sign an agreement not to authorize Jews to make any loan. No one in the whole
3468:
refused to sign any such treaties, and in that year, he even refused to affirm the crown's asserted right to force non-retention policies on its barons. Such treaties became obsolete after Louis IX's ordinance of Melun (1230), when it became illegal for a Jew to migrate between lordships. This
2961:
kings of Spain. From this epoch (689) dates the earliest known inscription relating to the Jews of France, the "Funerary Stele of Justus, Matrona and Dulciorella" of Narbonne, written in Latin and Hebrew. The Jews of Narbonne, chiefly merchants, were popular among the people who often rebelled
4827:
In the meantime, the Germans began deportations of Jews from France to the death camps in eastern Europe. The first trains left on 27 March 1942. Deportations continued until 17 August 1944, by which time nearly 76,000 Jews (including those from Vichy France) were deported, of whom only 2,500
4417:
removed this last remnant of medieval legislation. With this act of justice the history of the Jews of France merges into the general history of the French people. The rapidity with which many of them won affluence and distinction in the nineteenth century is without parallel. In spite of the
4356:
by the Revolution, have shown themselves worthy of the privileges granted to them". After a short discussion the motion was adopted by a large majority. In January 1831, it passed in the Chamber of Peers by 89 votes to 57, and on 8 February it was ratified by King Louis Philippe, who from the
4840:), prohibiting them from moving, and limiting their access to public places and most professional activities, especially the practice of medicine. The Vichy government also implemented those anti-Jewish laws in the colonies of Vichy North Africa. In 1941, the Vichy government established the
4835:
Antisemitism was particularly virulent in Vichy France, which controlled a third of France from 1940 to 1942, at which point the Germans took over that southern area. Vichy's Jewish policy was a mixture of 1930s antiforeigner legislation with the virulent antisemitism of the Action Française
3865:
If they engaged in pawnbroking, they were not to take more than two deniers in the pound a week; they were to lend only on pledges. Two men with the title "auditors of the Jews" were entrusted with the execution of this ordinance and were to take cognizance of all claims that might arise in
4219:, had to pay important fines or to run away to save their lives while some Jewish bankers (49 according to the Jewish Encyclopedia) were imprisoned at Paris as suspects and nine of them were executed. The decree of the convention by which the Catholic faith was annulled and replaced by the
5434:
was mutilated and tortured to death by the so-called "Barbarians gang", led by Youssouf Fofana. This murder was motivated by money and fueled by antisemitic prejudices (the perpetrators said they believed Jews to be rich). In March 2012, a gunman, who had previously killed three soldiers,
3839:(1314â16) recalled the Jews. In an edict dated 28 July 1315, he permitted them to return for a period of twelve years, authorizing them to establish themselves in the cities in which they had lived before their banishment. He issued this edict in answer to the demands of the people.
3029:(ruled 814â840), faithful to the principles of his father Charlemagne, granted strict protection to Jews, whom he respected as merchants. Like his father, Louis believed that 'the Jewish question' could be solved with the gradual conversion of Jews; according to medievalist scholar
3572:), wherever he might find him and however long a period had elapsed since the Jew had settled elsewhere. At the same time, the ordinance of 1223 was enacted afresh, which only proves that it had not been carried into effect. Both king and lords were forbidden to borrow from Jews.
4223:
was applied by the provincial clubs, especially by those of the German districts, to the Jewish religion as well. Some synagogues were pillaged and the mayors of a few eastern towns (Strasbourg, Troyes, etc.) forbade the celebration of Sabbath (to apply the week of ten days).
4785:
invaded France, the Nazis incorporated the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine into Germany. The remainder of northern and western France was placed under German military control. Unoccupied southern metropolitan France and the French empire were placed under the control of the
3713:, condemned the Jews to banishment, and took forcible possession of their property, real and personal. Their houses, lands, and movable goods were sold at auction; and for the king were reserved any treasures found buried in the dwellings that had belonged to the Jews. That
4622:. The new trial resulted in another conviction and a 10-year sentence but Dreyfus was pardoned and set free. All accusations against Alfred Dreyfus eventually were demonstrated to be baseless, and in 1906 Dreyfus was exonerated and reinstated as a major in the French Army.
4697:
of Eastern Europe. The flow temporarily halted during World War I but resumed afterwards. The long-established, heavily assimilated Jewish population by 1920 was now only a third of the French Jewish population. It was overwhelmed by new immigrants and the restoration of
3617:
In 1251, while Louis was in captivity on the Crusade, a popular movement rose up with the intention of traveling to the east to rescue him; although they never made it out of northern France, Jews were subject to their attacks as they wandered throughout the country (see
3969:
was home to a significant number of Jews. In annexing the region in 1648, the French government was at first inclined toward the banishment of Jews living in those provinces but thought better of it in view of the benefit he could derive from them. On 25 September 1675,
5238:
In the wake of the Holocaust, around 180,000 Jews remained in France, many of whom were refugees from Eastern Europe who either could not or would not return to their former home countries. To prevent the types of abuses that took place under the German Occupation and
3437:, or annual quit-rent, the legal fees for the writs necessitated by the Jews' law trials, and the seal duty. A thoroughly characteristic feature of this fiscal policy is that the bishops (according to the agreement of 1204 regulating the spheres of ecclesiastical and
3037:(779â841) had many run-ins with the Jews of France. He wrote about how rich and powerful they were becoming. Scholars such as Jeremy Cohen suggest that Saint Agobard's belief in Jewish power contributed to his involvement in violent revolutions attempting to dethrone
4836:
movement. The Vichy government openly collaborated with the Nazi occupiers to identify Jews for deportation and transportation to the death camps. As early as October 1940, without any request from the Germans, the Vichy government passed anti-Jewish measures (the
9949:
3353:
document, the Jews throughout France were at that time in great fear and wrote to their brothers in the Rhine countries making known to them their terror and asking them to fast and pray. In the Rhineland, thousands of Jews were killed by the crusaders (see
3331:, chief of the school of Narbonne, who was perhaps the founder of exegetical studies in France, and Menachem b. កelbo. Thus the 11th century was a period of fruitful activity in literature. Thenceforth French Judaism became one of the poles within Judaism.
3909:
hired for the harvest season. In some places, Jews were protected by the town officials, and they were declared to be under royal protection. However, a voluntary exodus began and was accelerated when similar disorders were repeated in 1485. According to
3197:
killed themselves; only a few remained in the "Roman world". Count Paul Riant (1836â1888) says that this whole story of the relations between the Jews and the Mohammedans is only one of those popular legends with which the chronicles of the time abound.
3255:, and were commented upon and studied both as a pious exercise in dialectics and from the practical point of view. While most of the focus of Jewish authors was religious, they did discuss other subjects, like the papal presence in their communities.
3681:, finally occupied itself with the Jews of Southern France who converted to Christianity. The popes complained that not only were baptized Jews returning to their former faith but that Christians also were being converted to Judaism. In March 1273,
4009:
By the 1780s there were about 40,000 to 50,000 Jews in France, chiefly centered in Bordeaux, Metz, and a few other cities. They had very limited rights and opportunities, apart from the money-lending business, but their status was not illegal. An
8153:
4306:. Despite the positive effects, it is unclear however, whether Napoleon himself was disposed favorably towards the Jews, or merely saw them as a political or financial tool. On 17 March 1808, Napoleon rolled back some reforms by the so-called
8283:
3452:) signed treaties with their neighbours, whereby the latter refused to permit the former's Jews entry into his domains, thus "retaining" them for the lord to tax. This practice arose in response to the common flight of Jews in the face of a
5429:
and antisemitic acts were publicized around the world, including the desecration of Jewish graves and tensions between the children of North African Muslim immigrants and North African Jewish children. One of the worst crimes happened when
6064:
5439:
in Toulouse in an antisemitic attack, killing four people, including three children. President Nicolas Sarkozy said, "I want to say to all the leaders of the Jewish community, how close we feel to them. All of France is by their side."
3724:, a Jewish fast day, that the Jews were arrested. In prison they received notice that they had been sentenced to exile; that, abandoning their goods and debts, and taking only the clothes which they had on their backs and the sum of 12
3145:, who wrote in 1030, is to be believed (he had a reputation as a fabricator), the anti-Jewish feelings arose in 1010 after Western Jews addressed a letter to their Eastern coreligionists warning them of a military movement against the
3132:
Jewry suffered from persecutions that were so terrible that many women, in order to escape the fury of the mob, jumped into the river and drowned. A notable of the town, Jacob b. Jekuthiel, a Talmudic scholar, sought to intercede with
3962:
At the beginning of the 17th century, Jews began again to re-enter France. This resulted in a new edict of 23 April 1615 which forbade Christians, under the penalty of death and confiscation, to shelter Jews or to converse with them.
9557:
5499:
alluding to former Israel Prime Minister's Ariel Sharon's similar 2004 advisement towards the French Jewish community to move to Israel. In 2013, 3,120 French Jews immigrated to Israel, marking a 63% increase over the previous year.
8653:
5520:
business moguls and investors have sought Israel as a start-up haven for international investments, as well as job and new business opportunities. Dov Maimon, a French Jewish émigré who studies migration as a senior fellow at the
4373:, or 'careers for the gifted', permitted French Jews to enter previously forbidden fields such as the arts, finance, trade, and government. For this they were never forgiven by primarily Royalist and Catholic antisemites.
3997:
In the course of the 18th century, the attitude of the authorities toward Jews became more tolerant and corrected previous legislation. The authorities often overlooked infractions of the edict of banishment; a colony of
3879:
many violations by the Jews of the agreement they had made with him. Therefore, he decreed as an irrevocable law and statute that thenceforth no Jew should dwell in his domains ("Ordonnances", vii. 675). According to the
3208:
and to Guifred, bishop of the city, praising them for having prevented the massacre of the Jews in their district, and reminding them that God does not approve of the shedding of blood. In 1065 also, Alexander admonished
5587:
Since the 7 October 2023 attacks in Israel 30,000 Jews have gone up to Israel of which from France 1,600 ; of those Interested in Going up to Israel {France, Canada and the United States] France has the 335% increase
5251:
The surviving French Jews were joined in the late 1940s, 1950s and 1960s by large numbers of Jews from France's predominantly Muslim North African colonies (along with millions of other French nationals) as part of the
3187:
and exile. For a month theologians held disputations with the Jews, but without much success, for only three or four of Jews abjured their faith; others killed themselves; and the rest either fled or were expelled from
4422:
was formed "to work everywhere for the emancipation and moral progress of the Jews; to offer effective assistance to Jews suffering from antisemitism; and to encourage all publications calculated to promote this aim."
8123:
11523:
11483:
3349:(1096), when the crusaders are stated, for example, to have shut up the Jews of Rouen in a church and to have murdered them without distinction of age or sex, sparing only those who accepted baptism. According to a
8685:
4145:, who demanded their complete emancipation. The National Assembly shared the indignation of the prelate, but left the question of emancipation undecided; it was intimidated by the deputies of Alsace, especially by
11550:
11409:
2885:), archisynagogues, patersynagogues, and other synagogue officials. The Jews worked principally as merchants, as they were prohibited from owning land; they also served as tax collectors, sailors, and physicians.
3978:, taking them under his special protection. This, however, did not prevent them from being subjected to every kind of extortion, and their position remained the same as it had been under the Austrian government.
12155:
5146:
4418:
deep-rooted prejudices which prevailed in certain classes of French society, many of them occupied high positions in literature, art, science, jurisprudence, the armyâindeed, in every walk of life. In 1860, the
3408:
to study did not cease with his death; his successorsâthe members of his family first among themâcontinued his work. Research moved within the same limits as in the preceding century, and dealt mainly with the
4599:
In 1899, Dreyfus was returned to France for another trial. The intense political and judicial scandal that ensued divided French society between those who supported Dreyfus (now called "Dreyfusards"), such as
9941:
4168:
exerted all the power of their eloquence to bring about the desired emancipation; but the repeated disturbances in Alsace and the strong opposition of the deputies of that province and of the clericals, like
5867:
11704:
5811:
5290:
restaurants and Jewish schools have multiplied, in particular since the 1980s. In part in response to internal and international events, many of the younger generations have committed to religious renewal.
4706:-speakers from Russia and Poland as well as German-speaking Jews who fled the Nazi regime after 1933. The historic base of traditional Judaism was in Alsace-Lorraine, which was recovered by France in 1918.
11960:
4789:, a new collaborationist French government. Some Jews managed to escape the invading German forces. Some found refuge in the countryside. Spain allowed 25,600 Jews to use its territory as an escape route.
4335:
downtrodden peddlers or money-lenders with whom every petty official could do as he liked. Many of them already occupied high positions in the army and the magistracy, as well as in the arts and sciences.
4807:
The first roundup of Jews took place on 14 May 1941, and 4,000 foreign Jews were taken captive. Another roundup took place on 20 August 1941, collecting both French and foreign Jews, who were sent to the
4310:, declaring all debts with Jews reduced, postponed, or annulled; this caused the Jewish community to nearly collapse. The decree also restricted where Jews could live, especially for those in the eastern
3023:, or grain. Legally, Jews belonged to the emperor and could be tried only by him. But the numerous provincial councils which met during Charlemagne's reign were not concerned with the Jewish communities.
11518:
8145:
9294:
5278:
By 1968, Sephardi Jews from the former French possessions in North Africa constituted the majority of the Jews of France. Before World War II and the Holocaust, French Jews were predominately from the
9919:
5552:
However, to some, this possible antisemitic motive was concealed by the general media, raising questions about the media's motives to do this, an issue reflected in the French Jewish community press.
4369:
Full equality did not occur until 1831. By the fourth decade of the nineteenth century, France provided an environment in which Jews took active and many times leading roles. The Napoleonic policy of
13818:
10836:
8275:
4896:
and the historical revisionism that denied France's responsibility for 1942 roundup and subsequent deportation of 13,000 Jews (or the eventual deportation of 76,000 Jews). He refuted claims that the
11533:
4900:, in power during WW II, did not represent the State. "It was indeed France that organised this", French police collaborating with the Nazis. "Not a single German" was directly involved, he added.
4152:
On 22 December 1789, the Jewish question came again before the Assembly in debating the issue of admitting to public service all citizens without distinction of creed. Mirabeau, the abbé Grégoire,
8916:
In January 2009 an estimated 352 acts of antisemitism took place in comparison with 460 separate incidents in the whole of 2008. This phenomenon has been linked to the war between Israel and Gaza.
6054:
5487:
However, in the long term, France is not one of the top countries of Jewish emigration toward Israel. Many French Jews feel a strong attachment to France. In November 2012, Israeli Prime Minister
12986:
11983:
9469:
5928:
5531:
on a gas factory near Lyon on 26 June 2015, in which the severed head of a local (non-Jewish) businessman was pinned to the gates and an ISIS flag was raised, Immigration and Absorption Minister
4634:
The relatively small Jewish community was based in Paris, and very well established in the city's business, financial, and intellectual elite. A third of Parisian bankers were Jewish, led by the
11680:
4918:
Macron made a subtle reference to Chirac's 1995 apology when he added, "I say it again here. It was indeed France that organized the roundup, the deportation, and thus, for almost all, death."
4413:
before the Court of NĂźmes in defense of a rabbi who had refused to take this oath, and to a valuable essay on the subject by Martin, a prominent Christian trial lawyer from Strasburg, that the
11630:
9528:
9552:
9408:
9799:
8595:
4448:
many Jews found themselves moving from the rural areas of France and into the big cities. In these big cities, Jews had new job opportunities and many were advancing up the economic ladder.
13868:
12751:
9975:
4777:
2674:
2632:
11664:
8222:
6600:
8649:
8402:
5555:
According to the Jewish Agency, nearly 6500 French Jews had made aliyah as of mid-November 2015 and it was estimated that 8000 French Jews would settle down in Israel by the end of 2015.
6228:
9743:
4570:. He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for allegedly having communicated French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris. Dreyfus was sent to the penal colony at
4361:
in 1829, was recognized as a state institution, and was granted a subsidy. The government likewise liquidated the debts contracted by various Jewish communities before the Revolution.
3645:
in 1215. This consisted of a piece of red felt or cloth cut in the form of a wheel, four fingers in circumference, which had to be attached to the outer garment at the chest and back.
3486:
8178:
Holocaust Monuments and National Memory Cultures in France and Germany Since 1989: The Origins and Political Function of the VĂ©l' D'Hiv' in Paris and the Holocaust Monument in Berlin
5985:
3080:. One authority said the Jewish traders boasted about buying whatever they pleased from bishops and abbots. Isaac the Jew, who was sent by Charlemagne in 797 with two ambassadors to
10861:
10831:
9216:
3270:
11616:
8893:
8115:
5331:
agreement, the French government secretly transported parts of its own atomic technology to Israel in the late 1950s which the Israeli government used to create nuclear weapons.
9439:
12357:
5547:, more than 80 percent of French Jews considered making aliyah. The largest attack on the evening of 13 November killed 90 people, leaving 200 wounded at a rock concert in the
4673:. The Jews considered themselves fully assimilated into French culture, for them Judaism was entirely a matter of religious belief, with minimal ethnic or cultural dimensions.
11158:
9609:
7154:"Aussi Philippe le Bel ne put les frapper sans tarir du mĂȘme coup l'une des sources les plus fĂ©condes de la prospĂ©ritĂ© commerciale, industrielle et financiĂšre de son royaume."
5275:
By 1951, France's Jewish population totalled around 250,000. Between 1956 and 1967, about 235,000 Sephardi Jews from Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco and Egypt immigrated to France.
7527:
8425:
5225:
3138:
sons went to Rome. He bribed the pope with seven gold marks and two hundred pounds, who thereupon sent a special envoy to King Robert ordering him to stop the persecutions.
11644:
8676:
4068:
3693:, who had buried a Christian convert in their cemetery, were brought before the Inquisition in 1278 for trial, with their rabbi, Isaac Males, being condemned to the stake.
3460:, where they purchased the right to settle unmolested by gifts (bribes) to their new lord. In May 1210 the crown negotiated a series of treaties with the neighbours of the
12605:
5784:
3732:
In striking at the Jews, Philip the Fair at the same time dried up one of the most fruitful sources of the financial, commercial, and industrial prosperity of his kingdom.
9829:
7881:
4709:
The new arrivals got along poorly with the established elite Jewish community. They did not want to assimilate, and they vigorously supported such new causes, especially
9583:
3176:
1250:
9717:
9320:
7296:
7285:, encompasses the king's full reign in six volumes. Originally written in Latin, the work was translated to French in six volumes by L. Bellaguet between 1839 and 1852.
4862:
museum, 2006). This award is given to "non-Jews who acted according to the most noble principles of humanity by risking their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust."
4357:
beginning had shown himself favorable to placing Judaism on an equal footing with the other faiths. Shortly afterward the rabbinical college, which had been founded at
12971:
12206:
11993:
8253:
5342:
in 1967, in which the relations became strained. Following the war, the United States became Israel's main supplier of weapons and military technology. After the 1972
12184:
11609:
8972:
8702:
11623:
9769:
7975:
6967:
6928:
6896:
9495:
8192:
5863:
5320:, voting for its formation at the United Nations. It was Israel's main ally and primary supplier of military hardware for nearly two decades between 1948 and 1967.
3854:
settle in the land are set forth in a number of articles; some of the guaranties which were accorded the Jews had probably been demanded by them and been paid for.
12051:
9663:
5807:
11637:
9179:
5720:
4885:
Chirac also identified those who were responsible: "450 policemen and gendarmes, French, under the authority of their leaders obeyed the demands of the Nazis."
4792:
German occupation forces published their first anti-Jewish measure on 27 September 1940 as the "First Ordinance." The measure was a census of Jews, and defined "
4291:. In conquered countries, he abolished laws restricting Jews to ghettos. In 1807, he added Judaism as an official religion of France, with previously sanctioned
3033:, some people believed this tolerance threatened the Christian unity of the Empire, which led to the strengthening of the Bishops at the expense of the Emperor.
9290:
5962:
5302:
attack since actions of the German occupation in the Second World War. The attack followed an increase in antisemitic incidents in the late 1970s by Neo Nazis.
13112:
13001:
12160:
12018:
11658:
9267:
6924:
The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
4829:
4638:, which also played a dominant role in the well organized Jewish community. Many of the most influential French intellectuals were nominally Jewish, including
1828:
13180:
11673:
11133:
9911:
8931:
7497:
1483:
1178:
13339:
7904:
3192:. Similar expulsions took place in other French towns. By 1030, Rodulfus Glaber knew more concerning this story. According to his 1030 explanation, Jews of
12308:
10488:
4165:
2646:, with many being very proud to be fully assimilated into French culture, and they comprised an upscale subgroup. A more traditional Judaism was based in
1370:
10001:
5151:
4878:
3736:
To a large extent, the history of the Jews of France ceased. The span of control of the King of France had increased considerably in extent. Outside the
9461:
8468:
4318:
and beyond (as of 1810), in hopes of assimilating them into society. Many of these restrictions were eased again in 1811 and finally abolished in 1818.
13798:
11934:
11595:
10318:
Cole, Joshua. "Constantine before the riots of August 1934: civil status, anti-Semitism, and the politics of assimilation in interwar French Algeria."
3606:
and the confiscation of their property, for use in his crusade, but the order for the expulsion was only partly enforced if at all. Louis left for the
2578:
9520:
8034:
3820:
3091:, was probably one of these merchants. He was said to have asked the Baghdad caliph for a rabbi to instruct the Jews whom he had allowed to settle at
13943:
12873:
11602:
11588:
11466:
11451:
10977:
10461:
9400:
9350:
5218:
4650:. The Dreyfus affair to some degree rekindled their sense of being Jewish. Jews were prominent in art and culture, holding special prominence in the
2787:(1906), "The first settlements of Jews in Europe are obscure. From 163 BCE there is evidence of Jews in Rome . In the year 6 C.E. there were Jews at
2670:
342:
4027:
13792:
13638:
11143:
10134:
Graizbord, David. "Becoming Jewish in Early Modern France: Documents on Jewish Community-Building in Seventeenth-Century Bayonne and Peyrehorade."
9791:
8871:
8116:"Address by Mr Jacques Chirac President of the Republic Delivered During Ceremonies Commemorating the Great Roundup of 16 and 17 July 1942 (Paris)"
5608:
4881:, land of welcome and asylum, France committed that day the irreparable. Breaking its word, it delivered those it protected to their executioners."
4493:
and denounced the ills of civilization: individualism, egoism, and class conflict. He was hostile to the Jews and also to the British. Toussenel's
4393:
4268:
4076:
3829:
1365:
13668:
9971:
9636:
9377:
6503:
5316:
Since World War II, France's government has varied in supporting and opposing the Israeli government. It was initially a very strong supporter of
13633:
13628:
13623:
8756:
8214:
7467:
6592:
6290:
3812:âall regions located in Empire. It is not possible to estimate the number of fugitives; that given by GrĂ€tz, 100,000, has no foundation in fact.
3508:
than his father, Philip Augustus, knew also how to look after the interests of his treasury. Although he declared that from 8 November 1223, the
1613:
13648:
13608:
11965:
11148:
8394:
13618:
13140:
12327:
11319:
10616:
10436:
7791:
5161:
5110:
4345:
12414:
6240:
5497:"In my role as Prime Minister of Israel, I always say to Jews, wherever they may be, I say to them: Come to Israel and make Israel your home."
3049:
gained them papal support for the overthrow of Emperor Louis. Upon Louis the Pious' return to power in 834, he deposed Saint Agobard from his
13733:
13155:
12561:
11567:
10952:
10546:
9739:
9034:
8799:
5690:
4869:
formally apologized to the Jewish community for the complicit role that French policemen and civil servants played in the roundups. He said:
1867:
6424:
5338:
in 1962, in which Algeria gained independence, France began to shift toward a more pro-Arab view. This change accelerated rapidly after the
10927:
6626:
5978:
5253:
5211:
4930:
10214:
9127:
6010:
5936:
4832:.) The majority of Jews deported were non-French Jews. One quarter of the pre-war Jewish population of France was killed in that process.
4035:
3299:, served for edification, but also advanced the taste for seeking the plain and true meaning of the bible. The school which he founded at
2865:. These cities had generally been centers of ancient Roman administration and were located on the great commercial routes. The Jews built
13811:
13555:
13102:
11528:
11304:
9213:
6032:
5447:
suggested that the extent of antisemitism in France has been exaggerated and that "France was not an antisemitic country". The Newspaper
852:
815:
13830:
8832:
5636:
4190:
demand that the motion for postponement be withdrawn, and a decree passed that the Jews in France enjoy the privileges of full citizens.
12824:
10922:
9431:
8903:
8627:
5906:
5040:
3901:
since at least the 1st century. The earliest documentary evidence for the presence of Jews dates from the middle of the 5th century in
2754:
after those countries gained independence in the 1950s and 1960s. They span a range of religious affiliations, from the ultra-Orthodox
4207:
deputy Schwendt wrote to his constituents, "nothing more than the name of a distinct religion". However, in Alsace, especially in the
12585:
10982:
10753:
10566:
4118:
and obtained the right for Jews from eastern France to elect their own delegates. Among them were the son of Cerfbeer, Theodore, and
1791:
9605:
11299:
10591:
10481:
10426:
8764:
4497:(1845) argued that French finance and commerce was controlled by an alien Jewish presence, typified in the malign influence of the
4094:, who were willing to trade in their communal rights in exchange for full citizenship, participated in 1789 in the election of the
3709:
Toward the middle of 1306 the treasury was nearly empty, and the king, as he was about to do the following year in the case of the
1814:
8562:
8435:
7260:
3564:
was allowed to detain a Jew belonging to another, and each lord might recover a Jew who belonged to him, just as he might his own
3277:
The great Jewish figure who dominated the second half of the 11th century, as well as the whole rabbinical history of France, was
13043:
12943:
12733:
12438:
12093:
11955:
11057:
10962:
10763:
10224:
9690:
8372:
5902:
5746:
5115:
4842:
2945:
proposed the expulsion of all Jews who would not accept Christianity. No mention of the Jews was found from his reign to that of
1164:
9094:
8699:
5776:
13317:
13039:
12165:
12089:
11500:
10894:
10851:
10803:
10678:
10673:
9821:
9579:
7873:
7769:
7519:
5399:). The Jewish community in France is estimated from a core population of 480,000â500,000 to an enlarged population of 600,000.
5045:
4768:
4006:
was tolerated in Paris. The voices of enlightened Christians who demanded justice for the proscribed people began to be heard.
2918:, 'peace be upon Israel'. In various sources it is described as a Jewish inscription dated with the local calendarâthe
2571:
1741:
1676:
1558:
13069:
13011:
12124:
12061:
10098:
3441:
jurisdiction) continued to prohibit the clergy from excommunicating those who sold goods to the Jews or who bought from them.
12933:
12372:
12221:
12216:
11366:
10084:
9713:
9316:
8585:
8186:
6961:
6890:
6735:
6559:
6455:
6392:
4961:
4126:
written by the Jewish community from eastern France asked for the end of the discriminatory status and taxes targeting Jews.
862:
13783:
10425:
Jean-Marc Dreyfus, Institut d'Ătudes Politiques, Paris; Jonathan Laurence, Center for European Studies, Harvard University,
8245:
7192:
2974:
is documented, with their position being regulated by law. Exchanges with the Orient strongly declined with the presence of
13392:
13329:
12641:
12399:
12211:
11478:
10808:
10638:
9859:
9765:
9064:
8960:
8526:
8494:
8313:
7360:
6233:
5156:
5076:
2826:). This was to prevent Christians from being subject to them and possibly incited to change their faith. At the funeral of
1300:
13402:
8734:
6312:
Hosang, F.J. Elizabeth Boddens (2018). "Jews in 6th and 7th-century legal texts from Spain and Gaul: A few observations".
13928:
10813:
10474:
10325:
Fitch, Nancy. "Mass Culture, Mass Parliamentary Politics, and Modern Anti-Semitism: The Dreyfus Affair in Rural France."
9889:
9659:
9491:
8968:
5528:
5416:
4938:
4635:
4498:
4137:
everywhere in France. In certain districts of Alsace the peasants attacked the dwellings of the Jews, who took refuge in
2770:
1568:
1385:
1375:
615:
11555:
8994:
3490:
12903:
11342:
10738:
10347:
9237:
9191:
7755:
7647:
6534:
5716:
1964:
1914:
1879:
1573:
1438:
1305:
11309:
10335:
Goldberg, Chad Alan. "The Jews, the Revolution, and the Old Regime in French Anti-Semitism and Durkheim's Sociology."
5621:
13019:
12069:
11709:
11461:
11456:
11414:
11404:
11314:
11090:
10708:
10668:
10648:
10628:
10531:
7969:
7431:
7178:
6367:
6169:
5960:
5516:
3180:
3161:
by the Muslims in 1009. After the destruction, European reaction to the rumor of the letter was of shock and dismay,
2564:
1656:
1618:
1593:
1513:
1498:
1345:
1285:
1240:
17:
12574:
12263:
9263:
6151:
5243:, the legislature passed laws to suppress antisemitic harassment and actions, and established educational programs.
4389:
2877:, the Jews were organized for religious purposes as they were in the Roman empire. They appear to have had priests (
2758:
communities to the large segment of Jews who are entirely secular and who often marry outside the Jewish community.
12918:
11939:
11891:
11759:
10967:
10841:
10643:
7489:
7388:
6837:
6055:"Jews are leaving France in record numbers amid rising antisemitism and fears of more Isis-inspired terror attacks"
5602:
5461:
5030:
4837:
1949:
1931:
1837:
1731:
1583:
1578:
1503:
1468:
1335:
9149:
8935:
8093:
7838:
Birnbaum, Pierre (1995). "French Jewish Sociologists Between Reason and Faith: The Impact of the Dreyfus Affair".
7026:
5562:
was attacked with a machete by a Kurdish teenager. Some Jewish groups debated recommending that Jews not wear the
3120:
There were widespread persecutions of Jews in France beginning in 1007 or 1009. These persecutions, instigated by
13938:
13663:
13362:
12580:
11866:
10972:
10846:
10793:
10768:
10723:
10718:
10693:
10551:
7136:[Catalog of Documents of the Charters Treasury relating to the Jews under the reign of Philip the Fair].
5184:
4676:
By the time Dreyfus was fully exonerated in 1906, antisemitism declined sharply and it declined again during the
3444:
The practice of "retention treaties" spread throughout France after 1198. Lords intending to impose a heavy tax (
2467:
2366:
1921:
1904:
1857:
1756:
1666:
1603:
1553:
1533:
1528:
1448:
1422:
1397:
1275:
1265:
1255:
1235:
1230:
13251:
13215:
11353:
10453:
4481:(1803â1885) was a political writer and zoologist who introduced antisemitism into French mainstream thinking. A
3728:
each, they would have to quit the kingdom within one month. Speaking of this exile, a French historian has said,
13933:
12817:
11737:
11732:
11432:
10947:
10758:
10748:
10698:
10658:
10611:
10606:
10596:
10581:
10576:
10571:
10556:
10541:
10536:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10156:
7814:
7600:
7057:
6776:
6696:
5521:
5391:
France has the largest Jewish population in Europe and the third largest Jewish population in the world (after
5100:
5055:
5035:
5014:
4419:
4330:
did not materially change the political condition of the Jews. Enemies of the Jews cherished the hope that the
3658:
1940:
1926:
1894:
1874:
1842:
1786:
1761:
1736:
1716:
1706:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1661:
1651:
1646:
1623:
1538:
1523:
1443:
1402:
1355:
1350:
1270:
1215:
10094:
9997:
4141:. A gloomy picture of the outrages upon them was sketched before the National Assembly (3 August) by the abbé
2830:, in 449, Jews and Christians mingled in crowds and wept; the former were said to have sung psalms in Hebrew.
13873:
13515:
13277:
13107:
11921:
11399:
11376:
10856:
10798:
10743:
10733:
10713:
10703:
10688:
10683:
10663:
10633:
10601:
10561:
10497:
8557:
8458:
8342:
6648:
5613:
4813:
4405:
oath continued to be administered to them, in spite of the repeated protestations of both the rabbis and the
3642:
2361:
1899:
1884:
1847:
1809:
1781:
1771:
1766:
1751:
1746:
1726:
1711:
1671:
1637:
1608:
1508:
1493:
1417:
1407:
1325:
1295:
1220:
1206:
5403:
4261:
3213:"that the conversion of Jews is not to be obtained by force." Also in the same year, Alexander called for a
12991:
12008:
11886:
10932:
10917:
10773:
10728:
10653:
10623:
8026:
5617:
5371:
5295:
5199:
5194:
4797:
4540:(I Accuse), addressing the President of the Republic, and accusing the government with antisemitism in the
4509:
3892:
3619:
3380:
3154:
3125:
3058:
2693:
1969:
1889:
1852:
1776:
1721:
1588:
1563:
1488:
1463:
1453:
1392:
1315:
1310:
1290:
1280:
1260:
1245:
1138:
842:
606:
601:
12595:
10308:
Caron, Vicki. "The Antisemitic revival in France in the 1930s: the socioeconomic dimension reconsidered."
9346:
3011:
Charlemagne fixed a formula for the Jewish oath to the state. He allowed Jews to enter into lawsuits with
13768:
13678:
13357:
13297:
12913:
11881:
11871:
11545:
11178:
7671:
5540:
5311:
5105:
4855:
4414:
4349:
4170:
4111:
4015:
3465:
3096:
2930:
They probably remained under Roman law until the triumph of Christianity, with the status established by
1959:
1954:
1909:
1862:
1548:
1518:
1478:
1473:
1330:
636:
12600:
12270:
11975:
8855:
6122:
5837:
3395:) against the Jews, many of whom were burned or attacked in France. Immediately after the coronation of
2935:
13886:
13049:
12908:
12556:
12394:
12104:
11294:
10887:
10354:
Jean-Paul Sartre and the Jewish question: anti-antisemitism and the politics of the French intellectual
10129:
The Jews in Nineteenth-Century France: From the French Revolution to the Alliance Israelite Universelle
10059:
9632:
9373:
7624:
6280:
5641:
5376:
4582:
4019:
3312:
2433:
2278:
1986:
1380:
576:
566:
302:
12352:
10392:
7459:
6499:
5327:, relations between Israel and France remained strong. It is widely believed that, as a result of the
4211:
the reactionaries did not cease their agitations and Jews were victims of discriminations. During the
3915:
13758:
13563:
12868:
12810:
11929:
11789:
11095:
11085:
10141:
Haus, Jeffrey. "Liberte, Egalite, Utilite: Jewish Education and State in Nineteenth-Century France."
8430:
5894:
5269:
4988:
4567:
2547:
2240:
2091:
2032:
923:
13425:
13352:
13054:
12109:
11193:
10046:
7549:
Crossley, Ceri (2004). "Anglophobia and anti-Semitism: The case of Alphonse Toussenel (1803â1885)".
7133:
4747:
3426:
3015:. They were not allowed to require Christians to work on Sundays. Jews were not allowed to trade in
12996:
12976:
12948:
12888:
12878:
12863:
12858:
12853:
12848:
12013:
11998:
11813:
11005:
10433:
9024:
7134:"Catalogue des Documents du Trésor des Chartes relatifs aux Juifs sous le rÚgne de Philippe le Bel"
5680:
5581:
5477:
4821:
4283:
3584:
3233:, despite their fantastic character. Finally, and above all, their attention was occupied with the
2678:
2250:
2230:
1340:
820:
361:
12419:
8789:
7081:
Jordan, William Chester (1998). "Jews, Regalian Rights, and the Constitution in Medieval France".
4146:
4034:
was raised by two men of genius, who subsequently became prominent in the French RevolutionâCount
3701:
not to imprison any Jews at the instance of the Inquisitors, but in 1299 he rescinded this order.
13470:
13377:
12958:
12938:
12928:
12923:
12898:
12883:
12833:
12687:
12501:
12170:
11188:
11168:
10937:
10051:
6416:
5646:
4893:
4763:
4095:
3529:
3324:
3210:
2874:
2827:
2391:
2381:
2346:
2225:
2215:
1998:
1169:
1111:
945:
624:
581:
296:
236:
13804:
13703:
13323:
11489:
7701:
Wilson, Stephen (1976). "Antisemitism and Jewish Response in France during the Dreyfus Affair".
6622:
6252:
5651:
4451:
4123:
3532:, he performed only the minimum service of 40 days and left for home amid charges of treachery.
13848:
13738:
13573:
13024:
12893:
12719:
12590:
12236:
12074:
11910:
11371:
11027:
10368:
Reconciling France Against Democracy: The Croix de Feu and the Parti Social Fran ais, 1927â1945
10174:
9117:
6285:
6104:
6014:
5685:
5574:
5512:
5465:
5426:
5363:
5167:
5120:
4809:
4718:
4437:
4399:
While the Jews had become in other respects the equals of their Christian fellow citizens, the
4153:
3927:
3630:
3320:
2978:
2686:
2655:
2624:
2510:
2245:
2159:
1225:
777:
396:
366:
188:
7959:
6951:
6922:
6880:
6768:
6762:
6688:
6682:
6196:
Mais la date du décÚs est calculée en fonction du calendrier local, ici celui du rÚgne du roi
6028:
4754:. The new intensity of antisemitism facilitated the extremism of the Vichy regime after 1940.
4592:, a vehement open letter published in a Paris newspaper in January 1898 by the notable writer
3142:
13698:
13500:
13239:
12791:
12567:
12321:
11228:
11042:
10880:
10146:
8176:
5626:
5449:
5420:
5350:, one of the planners of the attack. Both France and Israel participated in the 15-year-long
4353:
4327:
4246:
4237:
4119:
3521:
3505:
3205:
3030:
2822:(9 July 425), that prohibited Jews and pagans from practising law or holding public offices (
2762:
2401:
2396:
2341:
2129:
1044:
772:
759:
654:
371:
13763:
10105:
The Jews of the Republic: A Political History of State Jews in France from Gambetta to Vichy
8822:
8617:
5584:, was found dead in her apartment in the east of the French capital, where she lived alone.
5328:
4282:
also spread the concept in the lands he conquered across Europe, liberating Jews from their
13718:
13545:
13440:
13245:
13029:
12966:
12726:
12551:
12409:
12246:
12079:
11988:
11539:
11347:
11052:
5347:
4888:
In July 2017, while at a ceremony at the site of the VĂ©lodrome d'Hiver, France's President
4874:
4680:, as a nation was aware that many Jews died fighting for France. The antisemitic newspaper
4406:
4381:
4242:
3926:
From 1484, one town after another had called for expulsion, but the calls were rejected by
3875:
3862:, and no one was to be forced by the king or his officers to repay to them usurious loans.
3674:
3497:
3388:
3355:
2472:
2424:
2164:
2022:
835:
700:
689:
647:
12445:
5544:
5492:
4904:
4643:
3008:
traders were nearly the only group to maintain trade between the Occident and the Orient.
8:
13490:
13122:
13064:
12506:
12496:
12119:
11779:
11719:
11381:
11360:
9912:"French Jewish Politician Alain Ghozland Found Murdered In Home, Anti-Semitism To Blame?"
9187:
7297:"States, regimes, and decisions: why Jews were expelled from Medieval England and France"
6109:
5631:
5454:
5257:
5060:
5050:
4311:
4275:
4185:, formerly a parliamentary councilor, Duport, unexpectedly ascended the tribune and said,
4110:
reluctant to yield to the state their intra-communal privileges, were denied this right.
3951:
3931:
3714:
3694:
3666:
3121:
2783:
2751:
2620:
2612:
2525:
2220:
898:
765:
668:
661:
591:
479:
354:
13753:
13520:
12610:
10999:
4739:
4410:
4385:
3404:
of other countries, and the numerous works produced in those days. The impulse given by
13825:
13220:
13190:
13074:
12491:
12382:
12231:
12129:
11876:
11794:
11751:
11278:
11064:
10191:
10166:
8749:
8711:
8590:
8085:
8077:
7855:
7785:
7726:
7618:
7574:
7327:
7252:
7114:
7106:
7018:
6829:
6337:
6114:
5548:
5488:
5444:
5367:
5351:
5261:
5128:
4993:
4854:
On the other hand, France is recognised as the nation with the third highest number of
4817:
4804:. The Vichy government even protected them after attacks as a way to deny persecution.
4609:
4581:
Two years later, in 1896, evidence came to light identifying a French Army major named
4478:
4433:
3825:
3634:
3556:(1226â70) (also known as Saint Louis), with his ardent piety and his submission to the
3553:
3525:
3464:
and successfully "captured" its Jews with a large tax levy. From 1223 on, however, the
3237:
and its commentaries. The text of this work, together with that of the writings of the
3069:
2807:
2705:
2376:
2326:
2273:
2268:
2182:
2052:
1320:
1149:
908:
828:
682:
248:
13743:
13307:
13287:
12471:
12461:
11243:
11173:
11100:
9686:
9553:"Grenoble attack: Man found beheaded and Islamist flag raised above factory in France"
8961:"Immigrants, by Period of Immigration, Country of Birth and Last Country of Residence"
8552:
8364:
7283:
Chronique de Religieux de Saint-Denys, contenant le regne de Charles VI de 1380 a 1422
5750:
4851:
to round-up Jews. They participated in the Vel' d'Hiv roundup on 16 and 17 July 1942.
4613:
4428:
4228:
and wealthier Jews deprived themselves of their jewels to make similar contributions.
3316:
3053:, to the consternation of Rome. There were unsubstantiated rumors in this period that
2619:
in the late 18th century, on the other hand, France was the first European country to
94:
13578:
13535:
13510:
13465:
13347:
13175:
13079:
12981:
12756:
12680:
12666:
12511:
12241:
12134:
12003:
11208:
11203:
10301:
Caron, Vicki. "The'Jewish Question'from Dreyfus to Vichy." in Martin Alexander, ed.,
10195:
9086:
8863:
8182:
8089:
7965:
7847:
7820:
7810:
7761:
7751:
7730:
7718:
7653:
7643:
7606:
7596:
7578:
7566:
7437:
7427:
7331:
7319:
7244:
7184:
7174:
7118:
7098:
7063:
7053:
7010:
6957:
6886:
6821:
6782:
6772:
6702:
6692:
6565:
6555:
6530:
6461:
6451:
6398:
6388:
6363:
6341:
6329:
6244:
6215:
6175:
6165:
6126:
5597:
5504:
4800:. Still, the vast majority of synagogues remained opened during the whole war in the
4734:
4655:
4571:
4482:
4292:
4047:
3905:. The Jewish presence reached a peak in 1348 when it probably numbered about 15,000.
3840:
3836:
3741:
3561:
3513:
3201:
2616:
2604:
2520:
2462:
2442:
2259:
1819:
1458:
918:
789:
719:
596:
509:
376:
13160:
12526:
11069:
9347:"Immigration figures reach 10-year high in 2014 â with large boost from French Jews"
7745:
6150:(2018). "Les noms des juifs Ă Paris (XIIâXIV siĂšcle)". In Nadiras, SĂ©bastien (ed.).
4725:
contributed to a revival of antisemitism in the 1930s. Conservative writers such as
4687:
4605:
4142:
4039:
2681:. By the war's end, 25% of the Jewish population of France had been murdered in the
13858:
13568:
13505:
13450:
13420:
12712:
12673:
12292:
11861:
11495:
11233:
11198:
11022:
10183:
10172:
Safran, William (May 2004). "Ethnoreligious Politics in France: Jews and Muslims".
8069:
7710:
7558:
7311:
7236:
7090:
7002:
6813:
6321:
6157:
6147:
6118:
5086:
4331:
4057:
3438:
3328:
2926:, an "inscription relating to the Jews of France", or as a "Christian inscription".
2850:
2490:
2371:
2331:
2295:
1993:
1543:
1054:
810:
714:
629:
519:
311:
196:
192:
172:
159:
151:
80:
13658:
13282:
12036:
11138:
11105:
9462:"Jewish Agency-Affiliated Think Tank Composes Aliyah Plan for 120,000 French Jews"
7460:"Chapitre XIV â La RĂ©volution française et l'Ă©mancipation des Juifs â (1789â1806)"
3737:
13643:
13540:
13455:
13445:
13135:
13034:
12424:
12377:
12367:
12362:
12084:
11836:
11799:
11784:
11651:
11472:
11421:
11128:
11011:
10957:
10457:
10440:
9851:
9220:
8305:
7392:
7168:
6059:
5966:
5343:
5256:. They fled to France because of the decline of the French Empire and a surge in
5081:
4889:
4743:
4699:
4682:
4663:
4651:
4618:
4588:
4536:
4514:
4505:
4486:
4461:
4456:
4288:
4250:
4212:
4174:
4161:
4031:
3999:
3920:
3710:
3607:
3580:
3557:
3396:
3168:
3150:
3134:
3081:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3026:
2950:
2946:
2923:
2870:
2815:
2647:
2452:
2411:
2406:
2386:
2308:
2302:
2235:
2187:
2027:
2008:
1159:
888:
800:
783:
327:
184:
180:
168:
147:
65:
50:
13728:
13312:
13165:
11263:
10466:
10209:
Schoolcraft, Ralph. "In Lieu of Memory: Contemporary Jewish Writing in France,"
10187:
9056:
8586:"Jews in France Feel Sting as Anti-Semitism Surges Among Children of Immigrants"
8516:
8490:
7562:
7352:
6094:
5808:"La communauté juive de France compte 550.000 personnes, dont 25.000 à Toulouse"
4409:. It was only in 1846, owing to a brilliant defense speech by the Jewish lawyer
3512:
on Jews' debts should no longer hold good, he at the same time ordered that the
3375:
13912:
13485:
13292:
13195:
12784:
12779:
12774:
12769:
12764:
12648:
12615:
12516:
12226:
11764:
11727:
11581:
11273:
11032:
11017:
10313:
10243:
Anderson, Thomas P. "Edouard Drumont and the Origins of Modern Anti-Semitism."
10115:
10042:
9972:"Paris: Two charged with anti-Semitic murder of 85-year-old Holocaust survivor"
8726:
7714:
6100:
5436:
4966:
4866:
4730:
4647:
4601:
4563:
4549:
4541:
4220:
4115:
3975:
3880:
3850:
3845:
3757:
3682:
3535:
3304:
2792:
2788:
2716:, which has the largest Jewish population among all European cities (277,000),
2709:
2628:
2552:
2351:
2206:
2086:
2065:
2042:
2037:
2015:
2003:
1598:
1079:
1013:
978:
956:
893:
731:
709:
571:
550:
526:
292:
274:
232:
155:
13853:
13588:
13583:
12531:
12099:
11183:
10375:
The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs (Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank) 1894â1915
9942:"In France, murder of a Jewish woman ignites debate over the word 'terrorism'"
9881:
8677:"Toulouse shooting: Same gun and motorbike used in Jewish and soldier attacks"
8073:
7315:
7094:
6991:"New Light on the Persecution of French Jews at the Time of the First Crusade"
6179:
5380:
3614:
forgiven, but the other two-thirds were to be remitted to the royal treasury.
3245:
2949:. The Jews on the other hand continued to dwell and to prosper in what is now
2627:
still occurred in cycles and reached a high in the 1890s, as shown during the
13922:
13900:
13748:
13723:
13708:
13688:
13525:
13495:
13480:
13460:
13435:
13410:
13387:
13372:
13185:
13170:
13059:
12844:
12694:
12521:
12114:
11774:
11337:
11268:
11253:
11248:
11238:
11223:
11153:
10037:
8998:
8867:
8706:
8146:"Marine Le Pen: France 'not responsible' for deporting Jews during Holocaust"
7851:
7765:
7722:
7657:
7570:
7323:
7248:
7102:
7014:
6825:
6569:
6355:
6333:
6248:
6096:
5580:
On 23 March 2018, an 85-year-old French Jewish woman and Holocaust survivor,
5396:
5283:
4976:
4639:
4575:
4562:
The affair began in November 1894 with the conviction for treason of Captain
4490:
4303:
4157:
4011:
3720:
3662:
3461:
3422:
3346:
3226:
3050:
3034:
3005:
2907:
2811:
2747:
2701:
2500:
2495:
1701:
1628:
1154:
1003:
998:
993:
983:
961:
913:
675:
514:
419:
381:
332:
224:
10258:
10072:
Adler, Jacques. "The Jews and Vichy: reflections on French historiography."
9241:
8898:
8215:"'France organised this': Macron denounces state role in Holocaust atrocity"
7824:
7610:
7188:
7173:. Translated by DeBevoise, M.B. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
7067:
6817:
6786:
6706:
6465:
6402:
6130:
5524:, predicted as many as 250,000 French Jews to make aliyah by the year 2030.
5460:
Rises in antisemitism in modern France have been linked to the intensifying
4921:
4593:
4531:
4178:
3548:
In spite of all these restrictions designed to restrain, if not to suppress
2677:
to deport a large number of both French Jews and foreign Jewish refugees to
13693:
13653:
13598:
13415:
13382:
13302:
13269:
13205:
13200:
13145:
13094:
12466:
12046:
12041:
11896:
11856:
11831:
11826:
11769:
11258:
11213:
11163:
10942:
10903:
9687:"For French Jews, a New Reality: Under Attack for Being French, Not Jewish"
9122:
8463:
7441:
6219:
5573:
On 4 April 2017, the horrific murder of a 65-year-old French Jewish woman,
5480:
5335:
5240:
4971:
4912:
4908:
4897:
4793:
4786:
4751:
4659:
4401:
4182:
3910:
3251:
3012:
2998:
2990:
2882:
2750:, many of whom (or their parents) emigrated from former French colonies of
2744:
2666:
2636:
2615:
increased over time, including multiple expulsions and returns. During the
2530:
2356:
2197:
2192:
2150:
2103:
1197:
1064:
1049:
1008:
973:
586:
428:
228:
13530:
12802:
10272:
The pope of antisemitism: the career and legacy of Edouard-Adolphe Drumont
10265:
Anti-Semitism in France: A Political History from LĂ©on Blum to the Present
7593:
Antisemitism : a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution
6161:
4722:
2888:
2712:. French Jewish communities are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of
13593:
13430:
13150:
13084:
12284:
12139:
11821:
11218:
10122:
Jewish Youth and Identity in Postwar France: Rebuilding Family and Nation
6183:
5431:
5384:
5339:
5324:
5265:
5091:
5003:
4998:
4726:
4677:
4003:
3549:
3470:
3392:
3162:
2971:
2919:
2659:
2608:
2515:
2457:
2122:
1028:
1023:
1018:
988:
10255:
Globalizing Race: Antisemitism and Empire in French and European Culture
10248:
10081:
Rhinestones, Religion, and the Republic: Fashioning Jewishness in France
10036: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
9432:"Wealthy French Jews Are Fleeing Anti-Semitism and Bringing Their Money"
8459:"France responsible for sending Jews to concentration camps, says court"
7382:
6833:
6801:
5864:"Four shot dead at Jewish school in France; gun used in earlier attacks"
5777:"Fears of Anti-Semitism: More and More French Jews Emigrating to Israel"
3801:
3653:
3076:
disembarked on the coast of Narbonnese Gaul, they were taken for Jewish
2685:, though this was a lower proportion than in most other countries under
13773:
13713:
13210:
13130:
12431:
11698:
11574:
11426:
11111:
11037:
10444:
10361:
The extreme right in interwar France: the Faisceau and the Croix de Feu
10330:
10289:
9882:"French Jewish Politician Found Dead With Stab Wounds in His Apartment"
9157:
8081:
8057:
7859:
7256:
7110:
7022:
6990:
6739:
6325:
5957:
5532:
5246:
4946:
4859:
4801:
4254:
4216:
4134:
3982:
3805:
3745:
3588:
3576:
to Jews. The king wished in this way to strike a deadly blow at usury.
2954:
2942:
2866:
2834:
2729:
2173:
1187:
1116:
1074:
903:
883:
442:
349:
269:
212:
9238:"Netanyahu to French Jews: 'Come to Israel and make Israel your home'"
6448:
The Jews in medieval Normandy : a social and intellectual history
5567:
5543:, committed by suspected ISIS affiliates reputedly in retaliation for
5453:
had earlier said the same thing. According to a 2005 poll made by the
5323:
After the military alliance between France and Israel during the 1956
3986:
3249:, was first revised and copied; then these writings were treated as a
3193:
3183:(bishop 990â1012), offered the Jews of his diocese the choice between
3116:
Costumes of medieval French Jews, as reimagined in a 1906 encyclopedia
2854:
2696:
in Europe and the third-largest Jewish population in the world (after
13475:
13367:
12314:
10450:
9291:"French anti-Semitism and French aliyah skyrocket on parallel tracks"
9029:
8934:. The Coordination Forum for Countering Anti-Semitism. Archived from
8246:"Macron Denounces Anti-Zionism as 'Reinvented Form of Anti-Semitism'"
7874:"The Jewish painters of l'Ăcole de Paris-from the Holocaust to today"
7224:
5559:
5299:
5279:
4714:
4315:
4300:
4107:
4023:
3971:
3777:
3698:
3678:
3158:
3042:
3002:
2958:
2931:
2717:
2682:
2336:
2321:
1411:
1359:
1121:
1069:
1059:
740:
736:
726:
641:
401:
8339:"When Did the U.S. and Israel Become Allies? (Hint: Trick Question)"
7943:
From Dreyfus to Vichy : the remaking of French Jewry, 1906â1939
7930:
From Dreyfus to Vichy : the remaking of French Jewry, 1906â1939
7240:
7006:
6732:
Inventaire Critique des Lettres Historiques des Croisades â 786â1100
6385:
Living Letters of the Law: Ideas of the Jew in Medieval Christianity
4693:
After 1900, a wave of Jewish immigrants arrived, mostly fleeing the
4022:
as purveyor to the army, was the representantive of the Jews before
3897:
Archaeological evidence has been discovered of a Jewish presence in
3629:
Later, after having discussed the subject with his son-in-law, King
3485:
1089:
9214:"Stay or go? French Jews face a growing â and emotional â dilemma."
8622:
8027:"Que sont devenues les synagogues françaises pendant l'Occupation?"
6802:"Through Jewish Eyes: Polemical Literature and the Medieval Papacy"
5747:"More Than One Quarter of Jews in France Want To Leave, Poll Finds"
5472:
Between 2000 and 2009, 13,315 French Jews moved to Israel, or made
4296:
4279:
4208:
4130:
4103:
4087:
4083:
4052:
3981:
In 1683, Louis XIV expelled Jews from the newly acquired colony of
3898:
3809:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3773:
3769:
3761:
3749:
3690:
3599:
3509:
3340:
3146:
3092:
3077:
3016:
2897:
2862:
2846:
2796:
2740:
2733:
2505:
2115:
2047:
878:
386:
337:
10404:
Shields, James G. "Antisemitism in France: The spectre of Vichy."
8757:"Islamic Extremism: Common Concern for Muslim and Western Publics"
8338:
5831:
5829:
3781:
3303:, his birthplace, after having followed the teachings of those of
9580:"Come home!' Israeli minister urges French Jews amid terror wave"
8794:
6767:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp.
4983:
4848:
4781:
110,000 French Jews were living in the colony of French Algeria.
4710:
4703:
4694:
4670:
4666:
4091:
4043:
3565:
3474:
3295:
3214:
3189:
3184:
3085:
3073:
2994:
2810:(died 366) for having fled from the Jewish society. The emperors
2708:
is estimated to number 480,000â550,000, depending in part on the
2651:
2481:
2447:
2316:
2110:
1099:
1094:
966:
857:
752:
748:
744:
493:
488:
465:
447:
322:
317:
307:
285:
260:
208:
9852:"Marseille teacher attack: Jewish leaders agonise over skullcap"
9740:"French Jews head to Israel in the wake of Paris terror attacks"
9150:"'Sarkozy effect' on French Jewish immigration to Israel ?"
8995:"Le chiffre de l'alya des Juifs de France ne décolle pas !"
8276:"Macron hosts Netanyahu, condemns anti-Zionism as anti-Semitism"
5835:
4746:
denounced Jews. Perhaps the most violent antisemitic writer was
3469:
ordinanceâthe first piece of public legislation in France since
3269:
2842:
13258:
12277:
10872:
10204:
Obstinate Hebrews: Representations of Jews in France, 1715â1815
9766:"Dozens of French Jews immigrate to Israel after Paris attacks"
8650:"'Gang of Barbarians': 14 Defendants Will Be Retried on Appeal"
7466:. Histoire antique des pays et des hommes de la Mediterrannée.
6552:
A history of Christianity : the first three thousand years
6200:, et non en fonction du calendrier juif comme au bas Moyen Ăge.
5826:
5563:
5473:
5392:
5317:
5287:
5189:
5024:
4772:
Antisemitic Exposition during Nazi occupation of France (1942).
4596:. Activists put pressure on the government to reopen the case.
4495:
Les juifs rois de l'époque, histoire de la féodalité financiÚre
4215:, at Bordeaux, Jewish bankers, compromised in the cause of the
4204:
4099:
3966:
3956:
3765:
3753:
3592:
3434:
3410:
3350:
3300:
3286:
3282:
3239:
3234:
3088:
2878:
2766:
2755:
2697:
2600:
2141:
2136:
2096:
2081:
1192:
1084:
504:
470:
456:
391:
10163:
From Dreyfus to Vichy: The Remaking of French Jewry, 1906â1939
9606:"Israel's Absorption Ministry Plans for Influx of French Jews"
9549:
7998:
From Dreyfus to Vichy: The Remaking of French Jewry, 1906â1939
7902:
6668:
ib. 262, according to whom the event occurred in 1007 or 1008.
6387:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 139â141.
4612:, and those who condemned him (the anti-Dreyfusards), such as
3835:
Nine years had hardly passed since the expulsion of 1306 when
3112:
9792:"Teenager Attacks Jewish Teacher in Marseille With a Machete"
8894:""L'antisémitisme est de retour", selon le président du Crif"
7424:Ătre juif dans la sociĂ©tĂ© française, du Moyen-Ăge Ă nos jours
6197:
5929:"Le Bilan de la Shoah en France [Le régime de Vichy]"
4526:
4138:
3902:
3859:
3797:
3603:
3405:
3308:
3293:(particularly on the Pentateuch), a sort of repertory of the
3290:
3278:
3264:
3129:
3068:
Jews were engaged in export trade, particularly traveling to
2975:
2901:
2893:
2858:
2838:
2713:
2643:
1104:
533:
437:
406:
6687:(Rev. and expanded ed.). New York: Doubleday. pp.
5346:
at the Olympics, the French government refused to extradite
3919:(xiv. 162â183), about 3,000 Jews came to Provence after the
3539:
A group of medieval Jewish moneylenders conducting business.
3311:, immediately became famous. Around his chair were gathered
3200:
Another violent commotion arose at about 1065. At this date
10091:
The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present
9660:"French now realizing they, and not just Jews, are targets"
8827:
7520:"L'affaire de la "consonnance israélite" du nom de famille"
7482:
7170:
The Jews of France: A History from Antiquity to the Present
6275:
6273:
6271:
4358:
3172:
3165:
3020:
2986:
2982:
2819:
2800:
2725:
2721:
2596:
256:
9374:"Jewish Agency: 'Dramatic' Rise in French, Ukraine Aliyah"
8058:"The Jews and Vichy: Reflections on French Historiography"
7595:. Levy, Richard S. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. 2005.
6486:
MS. No. 563, 23; see also Jew. Encyc. v. 447, s.v. France.
4616:, the director and publisher of the antisemitic newspaper
3520:
Twenty-six barons accepted Louis VIII's new measures, but
3489:
A gathering of thirteenth-century French Rabbis (from the
9521:"Israel Gains With Influx of French Jewish Entrepreneurs"
9180:"Top countries of origin for Jewish immigrants to Israel"
8521:
6153:
Noms de lieux, noms de personnes: la question des sources
5656:
4922:
Post-World War II: Anti-discriminatory laws and migration
4702:. About 200,000 immigrants arrived, 1900 to 1939, mostly
4512:
in 1889, and was the founder and editor of the newspaper
4504:
Antisemitism based on racism emerged in the 1880s led by
3448:, literally "capture") on Jews living in their lordship (
8122:(in French). Présidence de la République. 16 July 1995.
7422:
Philippe, BĂ©atrice (1979). "La RĂ©volution et l'Empire".
6268:
5566:
in public. A 73 year old Jewish municipal councillor in
3849:
for the privilege of returning. It is also probable, as
10221:
The Jews of Medieval France: The Community of Champagne
9714:"Steady increase in number of French Jews making aliya"
8456:
7050:
The Jews of Medieval France: The Community of Champagne
6995:
Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research
5717:"French Jews fear anti-Semitism will destroy community"
5298:, France's Jewish population suffered its first deadly
3504:
of 1223, while more inspired with the doctrines of the
6095:
Broydé, Isaac Luria; et al. (1906). "France". In
4830:
Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps
4042:âthe former of whom, while on a diplomatic mission in
3788:. The exiles could not take refuge anywhere except in
2658:
and communism, the latter two being popular among the
13884:
8553:"Anti-Semitism rising, Jews in France ponder leaving"
6409:
6223:
5838:"Gunman attacks Jewish school in France, four killed"
5410:
4586:
attendant cover-up began to spread, chiefly owing to
3815:
3602:, Louis ordered the expulsion of all Jews engaged in
2981:. Trading and importing of oriental products such as
10284:
Byrnes, R.F. "Edouard Drumont and La France Juive."
8997:(in French). Magazine Terre d'Israel. Archived from
8395:"Mastermind behind the Munich Olympics attacks dies"
7807:
France and the Dreyfus Affair: A Documentary History
5247:
Jewish exodus from France's colonies in North Africa
3416:
2739:
The majority of French Jews in the 21st century are
2120:
2101:
524:
9822:"France debates Jewish skullcap after knife attack"
9657:
9264:"Immigration to Israel Rises by 7% â Led by French"
8955:
8953:
6734:by Paul Edouard Didier Riant (Paris, 1880), p. 38.
6362:(in French). Dover Publications. pp. 123â128.
4879:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
4690:included Jews among France's "spiritual families".
4075:, the 1791 decree giving the Jews full citizenship
3413:, rabbinical jurisprudence, and Biblical exegesis.
13799:Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France
11935:Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race
11718:
9551:
9401:"Number of French Jews Emigrating to Israel Rises"
8932:"The 2011 annual report on antisemitism in France"
8675:
8426:"France faces its guilt for deporting Jews in war"
7642:. New York; Bern; Frankfurt am Main; Paris: Lang.
6764:El Camino : Walking to Santiago de Compostela
6582:Berliner's "Magazin," iii.; "Oáșar áčŹob," pp. 46â48.
6543:
6029:"France : Un portrait de la population juive"
4344:to the campaign led in Parliament by the deputies
3421:This century, which opened with the return of the
2873:, and according to an edict of 331 by the emperor
11467:French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems
11452:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
10496:
10462:The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
10382:Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict
10296:The Dreyfus affair in French society and politics
10114:3.3 (1891): 367â435. long scholarly description.
9025:"As attacks rise in France, Jews flock to Israel"
8823:"Report: Gaza war reverses drop in anti-Semitism"
7905:"Jewish Artists of the School of Paris 1905â1939"
7747:The Dreyfus Affair in French Society and Politics
6593:"Jekuthiel ben Judah Ha-Kohen | Encyclopedia.com"
6214:
5637:List of Holocaust memorials and museums in France
5282:tradition and culture. The Sephardim, who follow
4757:
3677:, which had been instituted in order to suppress
3061:was a converted Jew, as she would not accept the
13920:
10305:(1999): 172â202, a guide to the historiography.
9235:
8950:
7294:
7162:
7160:
6376:
6360:Mahomet et Charlemagne (reprint of 1937 classic)
5740:
5738:
3319:(Rashbam), and Shemaya, his grandsons; likewise
2776:
2607:. France was a centre of Jewish learning in the
11410:List of constitutional laws of the Vichy regime
9684:
9550:Raziye Akkoc, and Henry Samuel (26 June 2015).
6265:(Click on search link and enter above EDCS-ID.)
5836:John Irish and Guillaume Serries (March 2012).
4717:. The Yiddish influx and the Jewishness of the
4686:closed in 1924, and the former anti-Dreyfusard
4489:, he criticized the economic liberalism of the
4274:Though the Revolution had begun the process of
12328:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism
9492:"Aliyah plan prepares for 120,000 French Jews"
9340:
9338:
8790:"French Jews ask Sarkozy to help curb attacks"
8761:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project
7957:
7953:
7951:
7225:"The Expulsion of the Jews from France (1306)"
6676:
6674:
6524:
5570:was murdered in his apartment the same month.
5495:advised the French Jewish community by saying
4253:, an imperial Jewish high court sanctioned by
4063:
3370:
3225:During this period, which continued until the
2833:In the sixth century, Jews were documented in
12818:
10888:
10482:
9998:"30,000 new immigrants since Oct. 7 massacre"
9711:
9630:
9515:
9513:
9317:"74% of French Jews Consider Leaving Country"
9018:
9016:
8174:
7157:
6354:
5744:
5735:
5536:in the same period during the previous year.
5219:
4198:
3992:
3425:to France proper (then almost reduced to the
2900:at the 7th-century beginning of the reign of
2572:
72:
10344:Antisemitism during the French Second Empire
9398:
8618:"Suspects in death of French Jew face trial"
8457:Lizzy Davies (in Paris) (17 February 2009).
7640:Antisemitism during the French Second Empire
7405:Religion and Revolution in France, 1780â1804
7222:
6927:. Funk & Wagnalls Company. p. 448.
5921:
5857:
5855:
5770:
5768:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5254:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
4778:France came under occupation by Nazi Germany
3689:In accordance with these rules, the Jews of
3517:abolished and replaced by the ordinary one.
2913:
2692:In the 21st century, France has the largest
57:
42:
13793:Fondation pour la MĂ©moire de la DĂ©portation
13103:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
12832:
11529:Underground media in German-occupied France
10041:
9371:
9335:
9288:
8168:
8009:
7948:
7453:
7451:
7281:History of the reign of Charles VI, titled
6920:
6680:
6671:
6241:Catholic University of EichstÀtt-Ingolstadt
5805:
5714:
4114:, a French-Jewish financier, then asked to
3913:, in a special study of the subject in the
3648:
3220:
3149:. According to Adémar, Christians urged by
2905:
816:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
12825:
12811:
10895:
10881:
10489:
10475:
9510:
9344:
9013:
8926:
8924:
7790:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6549:
5861:
5710:
5708:
5558:In January 2016, a 35-year-old teacher in
5305:
5226:
5212:
4654:art movement, typified by such artists as
3704:
3107:
2765:. Since 2010 or so, more have been making
2579:
2565:
93:
10387:Marrus, Michael R. and Robert 0. Paxton.
9118:"French Jews caught up in a war of words"
9115:
8853:
8820:
8784:
8782:
8306:"Israel PM mourns France's deported Jews"
6439:
6281:"The Virtual Jewish History Tour, France"
6090:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6082:
5852:
5774:
5765:
5668:
3828:dating from before the expulsion of 1394
3626:those who had paid it or to their heirs.
3579:In 1243, Louis ordered, at the urging of
3365:
13944:History of the Jews in Europe by country
11551:Newspapers confiscated for collaboration
10231:The myth of the Jew in France, 1967â1982
10062:at the website of Jewish Virtual Library
9658:Amanda Borschel-Dan (15 November 2015).
8854:Eberstadt, Fernanda (29 February 2004).
8333:
8331:
7837:
7548:
7448:
7421:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7166:
6863:
6760:
6684:A concise history of the Catholic Church
6450:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
5375:
4767:
4525:
4450:
4380:
4321:
4260:
4241:
4067:
4018:, who had rendered great service to the
3950:
3819:
3652:
3534:
3484:
3391:led to nearly a century of accusations (
3374:
3268:
3111:
2904:. The text begins with the Latin phrase
2887:
13831:List of Holocaust memorials and museums
13113:Timeline of deportations to death camps
11956:Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs
11534:Freedom of the Press Ordinances of 1944
10413:The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews
9742:. IB Business Times. 17 November 2015.
9633:"80% of French Jews considering aliyah"
9429:
9240:. European Jewish Press. Archived from
8921:
8546:
8544:
8243:
7426:(in French). Paris: Ăditions Montalba.
7295:Barkey, Karen; Katznelson, Ira (2011).
6949:
6210:
6208:
6146:
6142:
6140:
6013:. World Jewish Congress. Archived from
5903:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
5889:
5887:
5885:
5705:
4843:Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs
4231:
3345:The Jews of France suffered during the
3153:were shocked by the destruction of the
2642:Before 1919, most French Jews lived in
114:(includes non-Jewish relatives of Jews)
14:
13921:
13812:MĂ©morial des Martyrs de la DĂ©portation
13318:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline
11501:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline
10171:
10004:from the original on 30 September 2024
9922:from the original on 10 September 2017
9892:from the original on 10 September 2017
8779:
8423:
8195:from the original on 30 September 2024
8096:from the original on 24 September 2021
7978:from the original on 30 September 2024
7700:
7347:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7263:from the original on 30 September 2024
7195:from the original on 30 September 2024
7080:
6970:from the original on 30 September 2024
6956:. Yale University Press. p. 345.
6931:from the original on 30 September 2024
6921:Singer, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus (1903).
6899:from the original on 30 September 2024
6417:"Internet History Sourcebooks Project"
6311:
6079:
6035:from the original on 24 September 2015
4566:, a young French artillery officer of
4203:Judaism in France thus became, as the
3941:
162:(most endangered and some now extinct)
12806:
10876:
10470:
9832:from the original on 18 November 2018
9772:from the original on 17 November 2015
9768:. Times of Israel. 17 November 2015.
9746:from the original on 18 November 2015
9720:from the original on 18 November 2015
9693:from the original on 16 November 2015
9666:from the original on 16 November 2015
9639:from the original on 17 November 2015
9531:from the original on 16 February 2015
9498:from the original on 14 February 2015
9442:from the original on 5 September 2014
9022:
8724:
8700:"Rothschild: France not anti-Semitic"
8688:from the original on 12 January 2022.
8583:
8497:from the original on 1 September 2018
8375:from the original on 18 February 2020
8328:
8055:
8024:
8003:
7909:Fondation pour la MĂ©moire de la Shoah
7884:from the original on 11 November 2023
7804:
7637:
7410:
7047:
6916:
6914:
6868:. London: Liverpool University Press.
6859:
6857:
6855:
6494:
6492:
6482:iii. 46â48, Hebrew part, reproducing
6427:from the original on 6 September 2015
6382:
5909:from the original on 2 September 2012
5787:from the original on 16 December 2012
5503:During the first few months of 2014,
5443:However, Jewish philanthropist Baron
5425:In the early 2000s, rising levels of
5402:In 2009, France's highest court, the
4962:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
4820:. The most notorious roundup was the
4444:, but not to their Muslim neighbors.
4394:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme
2970:The presence of Jews in France under
2965:
2869:in these cities. In harmony with the
2818:sent a decree to Amatius, prefect of
13393:Police collaboration in Vichy France
12642:The Destruction of the European Jews
11484:Political situation in French Africa
11479:Police collaboration in Vichy France
10274:(University Press of America, 1986)
10110:Debré, Simon. "The Jews of France."
9862:from the original on 9 February 2018
9685:Shitbon, Shirli (14 November 2015).
9560:from the original on 12 January 2022
9236:Yossi Lempkowicz (5 November 2012).
9097:from the original on 27 October 2018
9067:from the original on 27 October 2018
8835:from the original on 27 October 2018
8767:from the original on 18 January 2010
8727:"Are the French really antisemitic?"
8550:
8541:
8471:from the original on 10 October 2017
8405:from the original on 28 October 2017
8345:from the original on 28 October 2007
8316:from the original on 5 December 2017
8286:from the original on 1 February 2018
8256:from the original on 28 January 2018
8225:from the original on 24 October 2017
8156:from the original on 13 January 2018
8037:from the original on 16 January 2022
7903:Nadine Nieszawer and DĂ©borah Princ.
7772:from the original on 25 January 2020
7743:
7670:Guy Canivet, first President of the
7530:from the original on 13 October 2007
7500:from the original on 13 January 2017
7457:
7131:
7029:from the original on 9 December 2022
6988:
6953:Medieval Christianity: A New History
6878:
6840:from the original on 9 December 2022
6799:
6629:from the original on 26 January 2016
6603:from the original on 9 December 2022
6445:
6293:from the original on 5 December 2016
6205:
6137:
6113:. Vol. V. New York and London:
5991:from the original on 28 October 2018
5951:
5882:
5870:from the original on 2 February 2014
5814:from the original on 13 January 2015
5749:. Jewish Federations. Archived from
5723:from the original on 18 January 2013
5693:from the original on 24 January 2017
5511:In January 2015, events such as the
4578:, where he spent almost five years.
4436:to the approximately 40,000 Jews of
4338:
3869:
123:Regions with significant populations
13819:Mémorial national de la déportation
10384:(Princeton University Press, 2014)
10370:(McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2014).
10025:
9430:Mosendz, Polly (5 September 2014).
9353:from the original on 2 January 2015
9226:. 21 January 2015. 21 January 2015.
9087:"French Jews 'must move to Israel'"
9057:"French Jews leave with no regrets"
8969:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
8821:Branovsky, Yael (25 January 2009).
8517:"Anti-Semitism 'On Rise in Europe'"
8491:"Chirac Vows to Fight Race Attacks"
8357:
7338:
6885:. Simon and Schuster. p. 156.
6882:Heritage: Civilization and the Jews
6527:The Complete Jewish Guide to France
6506:from the original on 1 October 2021
6255:from the original on 22 August 2020
5529:2015 Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack
5417:Antisemitism in 21st-century France
4939:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
4499:Rothschild banking family of France
3480:
2914:
73:
58:
24:
11343:French National-Collectivist Party
10263:Birnbaum, Pierre; Kochan, Miriam.
10083:(Stanford University Press, 2014)
10066:
9978:from the original on 15 April 2018
9712:Bassist, Rina (17 November 2015).
9631:Cohen, Shimon (16 November 2015).
9472:from the original on 9 August 2019
9270:from the original on 11 March 2014
9130:from the original on 12 April 2019
9116:Gentleman, Amelia (20 July 2004).
9037:from the original on 17 March 2012
9023:Stone, Andrea (22 November 2004).
8737:from the original on 12 April 2012
8725:Vidal, Dominique (December 2002).
8656:from the original on 9 August 2019
8565:from the original on 12 April 2019
8529:from the original on 13 April 2023
8424:Davies, Lizzy (18 February 2009).
8221:. Associated Press. 17 July 2017.
7470:from the original on 3 August 2008
6911:
6852:
6720:Chronicles of Adhémar of Chabannes
6662:Chronicles of Adhémar of Chabannes
6489:
5484:Israel in 2009 and 1,286 in 2010.
5411:Antisemitism and Jewish emigration
4314:, with all its annexations in the
3923:expelled Jews from Spain in 1492.
3816:Return of the Jews to France, 1315
3175:for the destruction. In that year
25:
13955:
11457:Collaboration with Imperial Japan
11415:French Constitutional Law of 1940
11091:French Constitutional Law of 1940
10419:
10237:
10206:(Univ of California Press, 2003)
10103:Birnbaum, Pierre, and Jane Todd.
10045:; et al., eds. (1901â1906).
9952:from the original on 17 June 2019
9802:from the original on 5 April 2019
9586:from the original on 28 June 2015
9582:. Times of Israel. 26 June 2015.
9297:from the original on 8 April 2014
8975:from the original on 2 April 2012
8715:, 15 June 2006/ 24 November 2010.
8630:from the original on 27 June 2012
8584:Smith, Craig S. (26 March 2006).
8244:Goldman, Russell (17 July 2017).
8126:from the original on 31 July 2016
7961:France: The Dark Years, 1940â1944
7363:from the original on 2 March 2019
7052:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
6229:Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss/Slaby
5517:Porte de Vincennes hostage crisis
5491:in a joint press conference with
5427:antisemitism among French Muslims
4907:had specifically stated that the
4521:
3543:
3417:Recalled by Philip Augustus, 1198
607:Historical population comparisons
13906:
13894:
11940:Second law on the status of Jews
11367:Légion Française des Combattants
10902:
10320:Journal of North African Studies
10127:Graetz, Michael, and Jane Todd.
10055:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
10031:
10016:
9990:
9964:
9934:
9904:
9874:
9844:
9814:
9784:
9758:
9732:
9705:
9678:
9651:
9624:
9612:from the original on 1 July 2015
9598:
9572:
9543:
9484:
9454:
9423:
9411:from the original on 2 July 2014
9392:
9380:from the original on 2 July 2014
9365:
9323:from the original on 22 May 2014
9309:
9282:
9256:
9229:
9206:
9172:
9156:. 16 August 2007. Archived from
9142:
9109:
9079:
9049:
8987:
8886:
8874:from the original on 20 May 2023
8847:
8814:
8598:from the original on 20 May 2023
8233:– via www.theguardian.com.
8025:Aubry, Antoine (7 August 2016).
8014:. Toulouse: Privat. p. 376.
7964:. OUP Oxford. pp. 105â107.
7551:Modern & Contemporary France
7490:"Alliance Israelite Universelle"
6554:. London: Penguin. p. 396.
5939:from the original on 14 May 2021
5681:"Jewish Population of the World"
5609:Museum of Jewish Art and History
4945:
4892:denounced the country's role in
4838:Vichy laws on the status of Jews
4364:
4269:Museum of Jewish Art and History
4077:Museum of Jewish Art and History
3830:Museum of Jewish Art and History
3097:History of the Jews in Babylonia
1251:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1165:Historical population by country
13664:Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier
11631:France, revue de l'Ătat nouveau
11524:Censorship under the occupation
9345:Judy Maltz (31 December 2014).
8802:from the original on 5 May 2021
8718:
8692:
8668:
8642:
8610:
8577:
8509:
8483:
8450:
8417:
8387:
8298:
8268:
8237:
8207:
8138:
8108:
8049:
8018:
7990:
7935:
7922:
7896:
7878:Jews, Europe, the XXIst century
7866:
7831:
7809:. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins.
7798:
7737:
7694:
7681:
7676:Justice from the Dreyfus Affair
7664:
7631:
7585:
7542:
7512:
7397:
7375:
7288:
7275:
7223:Schwarzfuchs, Simon R. (1967).
7216:
7207:
7125:
7074:
7041:
6982:
6943:
6872:
6793:
6754:
6745:
6725:
6713:
6681:Bokenkotter, Thomas S. (2004).
6655:
6641:
6615:
6585:
6576:
6518:
6472:
6348:
6305:
6067:from the original on 7 May 2022
6047:
6021:
6003:
5971:
5745:Joe Berkofsky (25 March 2012).
5715:Serge Attal (14 January 2013).
5357:
5185:Expulsions and exoduses of Jews
4629:
4473:
4376:
4046:, had made the acquaintance of
3946:
3334:
2912:and includes the Hebrew phrase
2720:, with a population of 70,000,
11433:Service du travail obligatoire
11405:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre
10915:World War II collaboration in:
10498:History of the Jews in Europe
9527:. Bloomberg. 22 January 2015.
8965:Statistical Abstract of Israel
8902:. 3 March 2009. Archived from
8798:(in French). 30 January 2009.
8181:. Berghahn Books. p. 53.
8010:Blumenkranz, Bernhard (1972).
7458:Fournier, François-Dominique.
6666:Chronicles of William Godellus
5979:"Jewish world population 2016"
5799:
5522:Jewish People Policy Institute
5437:opened fire at a Jewish school
5264:and Israel's victories in the
5015:Antisemitism in the Arab world
4847:which in 1942 worked with the
4758:World War II and the Holocaust
4420:Alliance Israelite Universelle
4390:Alliance Israélite Universelle
4266:Sermon in an israelite oratory
3659:North French Hebrew Miscellany
3598:In order to finance his first
2962:against the Visigothic kings.
13:
1:
13874:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation
13864:History of the Jews in France
13108:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation
11556:Office français d'information
11377:Revolutionary Social Movement
11048:History of the Jews in France
10303:French History since Napoleon
10279:Antisemitism in modern France
10060:History of the Jews in France
9399:Dan Bilefsky (20 June 2014).
9266:. Forward. 29 December 2013.
8558:The Christian Science Monitor
7526:(in French). 18 August 2007.
6649:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
6550:MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2009).
5806:France info (19 March 2012).
5662:
5614:History of the Jews in Alsace
5603:D'Estienne du Bourguet Family
4814:concentration camps in France
4106:, and in Paris, many of them
3643:Fourth Council of the Lateran
2997:almost disappeared under the
2777:Roman and Merovingian periods
2771:rising antisemitism in France
2593:history of the Jews in France
822:Christianity and Judaism
13252:Jeunesse Populaire Française
13216:Carl-Heinrich von StĂŒlpnagel
11354:Jeunesse Populaire Française
10356:(U of Nebraska Press, 2006)
9608:. Algemeiner. 21 June 2015.
9494:. JWeekly. 29 January 2015.
9372:Moshe Cohen (22 June 2014).
9289:Josh Hasten (7 April 2014).
8551:Ford, Peter (22 June 2004).
8012:Histoire des Juifs en France
7357:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
5862:Jim Maceda (19 March 2012).
5462:IsraeliâPalestinian conflict
5372:Jewish population by country
5296:1980 Paris synagogue bombing
5195:Historical Jewish population
4798:seven synagogues were bombed
4510:Antisemitic League of France
3893:History of the Jews in Arles
3381:Grandes Chroniques de France
3281:(Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki) of
3217:against the Moors in Spain.
3155:Church of the Holy Sepulcher
3126:Richard II, Duke of Normandy
3102:
3072:under Charlemagne. When the
3045:and Agobard's entreaties to
177:Predominant spoken languages
144:Traditional Jewish languages
7:
13358:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
13298:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
12581:Municipal elections of 1945
12264:Service d'ordre légionnaire
11872:French protectorate of Laos
11546:Maréchal, nous voilà !
11179:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
10188:10.1080/0140238042000228086
9916:Headlines & Global News
8652:(in French). 13 July 2009.
7563:10.1080/0963948042000284722
7229:The Jewish Quarterly Review
6879:Eban, Abba Solomon (1984).
5775:Gil Yaron (22 March 2012).
5591:
5541:November 2015 Paris attacks
5464:. Between the start of the
4856:Righteous Among the Nations
4064:The Revolution and Napoleon
3886:
3502:Etablissement sur les Juifs
3466:Count Palatine of Champagne
3371:Expulsion from France, 1182
2121:
2102:
1829:Latin America and Caribbean
525:
10:
13960:
13929:Jews and Judaism in France
12606:Holocaust denial in France
12557:Ordinance of 9 August 1944
11295:Government of Vichy France
10327:American Historical Review
10245:Catholic Historical Review
7715:10.1177/026569147600600203
7167:Benbassa, Esther (1999) .
6864:Grossman, Avraham (2012).
6502:. JewishEncyclopedia.com.
5642:List of West European Jews
5414:
5361:
5334:But, after the end of the
5309:
4761:
4583:Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy
4547:
4530:Newspaper front page with
4287:the Jewish community, the
4235:
4199:During the Reign of Terror
4166:comte de Clermont-Tonnerre
3993:Beginnings of emancipation
3890:
3338:
3262:
2763:French Jews live in Israel
2706:Jewish community in France
2631:, and in the 1940s, under
2599:and Jewish communities in
2434:Jewish political movements
2131:Conversion to Judaism
111:Enlarged Jewish population
13839:
13782:
13677:
13607:
13554:
13401:
13338:
13268:
13229:
13121:
13093:
13010:
12957:
12840:
12747:
12704:
12658:
12633:
12624:
12586:1946 legislative election
12542:
12484:
12454:
12400:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
12340:
12301:
12255:
12199:
12192:
12183:
12148:
12060:
12027:
11974:
11948:
11930:Law on the status of Jews
11920:
11909:
11849:
11812:
11750:
11710:Syria and Lebanon mandate
11690:
11509:
11442:
11390:
11328:
11287:
11121:
11086:Armistice of 22 June 1940
11078:
10991:
10910:
10822:
10784:
10504:
10434:"The Holocaust in France"
10389:Vichy France and the Jews
10310:Journal of Modern History
10257:(Northwestern UP, 2018).
10153:The Jews of Modern France
10136:Journal of Social History
9466:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
8967:(in English and Hebrew).
8431:The Sydney Morning Herald
8120:www.jacqueschirac-asso.fr
8074:10.1017/S0018246X01002175
7316:10.1007/s11186-011-9150-8
7095:10.1017/S0364009400010011
6115:Funk and Wagnalls Company
5466:Israeli offensive in Gaza
4865:In 1995 French President
4459:'s antisemitic newspaper
4249:was the president of the
3477:to refuse non-retention.
2922:of Egicaârather than the
2806:An early account praised
837:Hinduism and Judaism
223:
218:
207:
202:
142:
137:
127:
122:
106:
101:
92:
37:
13246:Parti Populaire Français
12596:Trial of Philippe PĂ©tain
12271:Groupe mobile de réserve
11814:French Equatorial Africa
11617:L'Ămancipation nationale
11519:Antisemitic publications
10439:22 February 2019 at the
10428:Anti-semitism in France.
9319:. Forward. 19 May 2014.
8365:"Israel Nuclear Profile"
8341:. History News Network.
7750:. Oxfordshire, England.
6529:. St. Martin's Griffin.
6478:Published in Berliner's
5200:IslamicâJewish relations
4440:, at that time a French
3686:way as the delinquents.
3649:The Medieval Inquisition
3641:or badge decreed by the
3595:and other Jewish works.
3524:(1201â53), the powerful
3258:
3221:Franco-Jewish literature
2979:in the Mediterranean sea
2957:and a dependency of the
2936:third Council of Orléans
663:Temple in Jerusalem
356:Bar and bat mitzvah
13378:Charles du Paty de Clam
13278:Anti-Jewish legislation
12987:French Riviera roundups
12834:The Holocaust in France
12688:The Sorrow and the Pity
12502:Siegfried Line campaign
12309:SS Charlemagne division
12171:The Holocaust in France
11320:Second Laval government
11189:Charles du Paty de Clam
11169:Pierre-Antoine Cousteau
10157:excerpt and text search
10112:Jewish Quarterly Review
10095:excerpt and text search
10076:44.4 (2001): 1065â1082.
10052:The Jewish Encyclopedia
8856:"A Frenchman Or a Jew?"
8698:Krieger, Leila Hilary.
8056:Adler, Jacques (2001).
7958:Julian Jackson (2003).
7805:Burns, Michael (1999).
7703:European Studies Review
7638:Isser, Natalie (1991).
7138:Revue des Ă©tudes juives
6950:Madigan, Kevin (2015).
6818:10.1111/1468-229X.12019
6525:Toni L. Kamins (2001).
6123:2027/mdp.39015064245445
6110:The Jewish Encyclopedia
6105:Vizetelly, Frank Horace
5965:11 October 2017 at the
5647:France-Israel relations
5312:FranceâIsrael relations
5306:FranceâIsrael relations
4764:The Holocaust in France
4568:Alsatian Jewish descent
4026:. The humane minister,
3916:Revue des Ătudes Juives
3705:The Great Exile of 1306
3669:(fol. 521a, c. 1278â98)
3570:tanquam proprium servum
3473:timesâalso declared it
3383:depicting the expulsion
3323:, Judah b. Nathan, and
3273:Woodcut of Rashi (1539)
3211:Landulf VI of Benevento
3108:Persecutions (987â1137)
3065:for their first child.
2828:Hilary, Bishop of Arles
2669:, the Vichy government
2623:its Jewish population.
625:Twelve Tribes of Israel
107:Core Jewish population:
13939:Antisemitism in France
13849:Antisemitism in France
13769:André and Magda Trocmé
13574:Antoinette Feuerwerker
13353:Louis-Ferdinand CĂ©line
12562:Provisional Government
12222:15th Military Division
12217:14th Military Division
12052:Yellow badge in France
11372:National Popular Rally
11305:First Laval government
11194:Pierre-Ătienne Flandin
11028:French colonial empire
10547:Bosnia and Herzegovina
10175:West European Politics
8175:Peter Carrier (2006).
8062:The Historical Journal
7623:: CS1 maint: others (
7494:Jewish Virtual Library
6800:Rist, Rebecca (2013).
6761:Hoinacki, Lee (1996).
6652:, Scriptores, iv. 137.
6383:Cohen, Jeremy (1999).
6286:Jewish Virtual Library
6218:; Slaby, Wolfgang A.;
5899:Holocaust Encyclopedia
5686:Jewish Virtual Library
5513:Charlie Hebdo shooting
5478:Israeli Prime Minister
5388:
5364:Demographics of France
5168:The Forgotten Refugees
4810:Drancy internment camp
4773:
4748:Louis-Ferdinand CĂ©line
4545:
4466:
4396:
4271:
4258:
4195:constitution itself".
4192:
4079:
4073:Loi relative aux Juifs
3959:
3955:Old Jewish Quarter of
3881:Religieux de St. Denis
3874:On 17 September 1394,
3832:
3734:
3670:
3631:Theobald II of Navarre
3540:
3494:
3491:BibliothĂšque Nationale
3384:
3366:Expulsions and Returns
3274:
3117:
2927:
2906:
2761:Approximately 200,000
43:
13934:Jewish French history
13699:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
13240:Devisenschutzkommando
12792:Category:Vichy France
12415:Operation Bright Moon
12212:7th Military Division
11610:Documents maçonniques
10406:Patterns of Prejudice
10373:Lindemann, Albert S.
10339:29.4 (2011): 248â271.
10322:17.5 (2012): 839â861.
10286:Jewish Social Studies
10167:online free to borrow
10165:(Columbia UP, 1979).
9219:3 August 2015 at the
9154:European Jewish Press
8971:. 26 September 2011.
8731:Le Monde Diplomatique
7840:Jewish Social Studies
7391:7 August 2004 at the
7132:Luce, Siméon (1881).
7048:Taitz, Emily (1994).
6989:Golb, Norman (1966).
6664:ed. Bouquet, x. 152;
6500:"Jacob Ben Jekuthiel"
6446:Golb, Norman (1998).
6162:10.4000/books.pan.951
5627:French Jews in Israel
5450:Le Monde Diplomatique
5421:French Jews in Israel
5385:Chief Rabbi of France
5379:
4989:ArabâIsraeli conflict
4771:
4529:
4454:
4384:
4371:carriĂšres aux talents
4322:After the Restoration
4264:
4247:Joseph David Sinzheim
4245:
4238:Napoleon and the Jews
4187:
4147:Jean-François Rewbell
4120:Joseph David Sinzheim
4071:
3954:
3823:
3730:
3697:at first ordered his
3656:
3538:
3488:
3378:
3339:Further information:
3272:
3243:, particularly their
3115:
3035:Saint Agobard of Lyon
3031:J. M. Wallace-Hadrill
2891:
2710:definition being used
2660:French political left
1371:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1366:Republic of the Congo
760:Second Temple Judaism
631:Kingdom of Judah
602:Modern historiography
219:Related ethnic groups
13805:MĂ©morial de la Shoah
13759:Jules-GĂ©raud SaliĂšge
13719:Pierre-Marie Gerlier
13704:ChĂąteau de Chabannes
13441:Messaoud El Mediouni
13324:RĂ©volution nationale
12727:Le Silence de la mer
12552:Liberation of France
12161:Deportation timeline
11666:RĂ©volution nationale
11540:Le Juif et la France
11490:RĂ©volution nationale
11348:French Popular Party
11053:Treaty of Versailles
10456:13 June 2018 at the
10451:"The Jews of France"
10408:24#2â4 (1990): 5â17.
10329:97#1 (1992): 55â95.
10312:70.1 (1998): 24â73.
10124:(Indiana UP, 2015).
8906:on 30 September 2012
7880:. 25 November 2021.
6812:(5 (333)): 639â662.
6751:Simonsohn, pp 35â37.
6625:. encyclopedia.com.
6597:www.encyclopedia.com
6097:Funk, Isaac Kaufmann
5652:MĂ©morial de la Shoah
4737:, and the leader of
4232:Attitude of Napoleon
4050:and his school (see
3989:was no less severe.
3780:, reaching from the
3498:Louis VIII of France
3356:German Crusade, 1096
3206:Viscount of Narbonne
3143:Adhémar of Chabannes
2795:; in the year 39 at
2473:World Agudath Israel
1614:United Arab Emirates
701:Second Temple period
691:Babylonian captivity
165:Liturgical languages
13826:Rivesaltes Memorial
13181:Hans-Dietrich Ernst
13070:Royallieu-CompiĂšgne
13040:Natzweiler-Struthof
12507:Sigmaringen enclave
12497:Liberation of Paris
12156:Deportation convoys
12125:Royallieu-CompiĂšgne
12090:Natzweiler-Struthof
11961:Order of Physicians
11720:French North Africa
11382:Peasant Corporation
11361:Mouvement Franciste
11159:Jacques Charpentier
11134:Jean-Marie Bergeret
10785:States with limited
10363:(Routledge, 2016).
10352:Judaken, Jonathan.
10337:Sociological Theory
10298:(Routledge, 2014).
10233:(Mosaic Press 1987)
10229:Weinberg, Henry H.
10202:Schechter, Ronald.
10145:22.1 (2002): 1â27.
10079:Arkin, Kimberly A.
9918:. 13 January 2016.
9858:. 12 January 2016.
9828:. 13 January 2016.
9798:. 12 January 2016.
9662:. Times of Israel.
9468:. 25 January 2015.
9188:Pew Research Center
9063:. 23 January 2003.
7945:pp. 54â57, 199â202.
7744:Cahm, Eric (2014).
7524:Journal d'un avocat
6423:. 26 January 1996.
6222:; Woitas, Barbara.
6063:. 25 January 2016.
6017:on 23 October 2014.
5719:. Times of Israel.
5632:List of French Jews
5455:Pew Research Center
5407:of anti-Semitism".
5258:Muslim Antisemitism
4903:Neither Chirac nor
4326:The restoration of
4276:Jewish emancipation
4133:was the signal for
3974:granted these Jews
3942:Early modern period
3740:, it now comprised
3667:Mountains of Ararat
3657:Miniature from the
3325:Isaac Levi b. Asher
3204:wrote to BĂ©ranger,
3041:in the early 830s.
2908:requiescunt in pace
2784:Jewish Encyclopedia
2679:concentration camps
2603:since at least the
766:Hellenistic Judaism
344:Land of Israel
303:Principles of faith
34:
13764:Pierre-Marie Théas
13221:Carltheo Zeitschel
13191:Ernst Heinrichsohn
12601:Klaus Barbie trial
12492:Operation Overlord
12232:Army of the Levant
12166:Holocaust timeline
11850:Asia & Oceania
11752:French West Africa
11310:Flandin government
11279:Carltheo Zeitschel
11065:War guilt question
10399:The Dreyfus Affair
10397:Read, Piers Paul.
10277:Byrnes, Robert F.
10089:Benbassa, Esther.
10074:Historical Journal
10000:. 28 August 2024.
9796:The New York Times
9716:. Jerusalem Post.
9405:The New York Times
8938:on 2 February 2014
8860:The New York Times
8712:The Jerusalem Post
8591:The New York Times
8250:The New York Times
7689:The Dreyfus Affair
7464:Histoire des Juifs
7304:Theory and Society
7213:Bouquet, xxii. 118
6722:ed. Bouquet, x. 34
6326:10.1111/rec3.12290
5489:Benjamin Netanyahu
5445:Eric de Rothschild
5389:
5368:Religion in France
5352:Lebanese Civil War
5329:Protocol of SĂšvres
5262:founding of Israel
5129:Hurum air disaster
4911:, in power during
4858:(according to the
4822:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
4774:
4610:Georges Clemenceau
4546:
4508:, who founded the
4485:and a disciple of
4479:Alphonse Toussenel
4467:
4434:French citizenship
4432:granted automatic
4415:Court of Cassation
4397:
4346:comte de Rambuteau
4272:
4259:
4080:
3960:
3833:
3671:
3635:Count of Champagne
3620:Shepherds' Crusade
3554:Louis IX of France
3541:
3526:Count of Champagne
3500:(1223â26), in his
3495:
3385:
3275:
3118:
2966:Carolingian period
2928:
2808:Hilary of Poitiers
2748:North African Jews
2327:Jewish Koine Greek
1869:Dominican Republic
1150:Judaism by country
829:Jews and Christmas
684:Assyrian captivity
74:Ś€ÖżŚšŚÖ·Ś ŚŠŚŚŚŚŚ©Śą ŚŚŚŚ
32:
13882:
13881:
13739:PĂšre Marie-BenoĂźt
13579:David Feuerwerker
13536:Charlotte Salomon
13511:Sonia Olschanezky
13466:Maurice Halbwachs
13348:Robert Brasillach
13232:and organizations
13176:Theodor Dannecker
13020:Beaune-la-Rolande
12800:
12799:
12757:French Resistance
12743:
12742:
12681:Milice, film noir
12667:Bombing the Nazis
12575:Ăpuration sauvage
12512:Fernand de Brinon
12480:
12479:
12420:Wallis and Futuna
12336:
12335:
12179:
12178:
12070:Beaune-la-Rolande
11905:
11904:
11892:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
11845:
11844:
11808:
11807:
11746:
11745:
11681:L'Union française
11462:Foreign relations
11315:Darlan government
11300:PĂ©tain government
11209:Charles Huntziger
11204:Gaston Henry-Haye
10870:
10869:
10411:Zuccotti, Susan.
10288:(1948): 165â184.
10270:Busi, Frederick.
10120:Doron, Daniella.
9974:. 27 March 2018.
9556:. The Telegraph.
9436:New York Observer
9244:on 28 August 2017
9184:Faith on the move
8684:. 19 March 2012.
8626:. 29 April 2009.
8525:. 31 March 2004.
8188:978-1-84545-295-7
8000:(1979) pp. 63â88.
7687:Piers Paul Read,
7381:See Article 1 of
6963:978-0-300-15872-4
6892:978-0-671-44103-6
6561:978-0-14-195795-1
6457:978-0-521-58032-8
6394:978-0-520-92291-4
6251:. EDCS-28300234.
5598:Abraham of Aragon
5545:Opération Chammal
5505:The Jewish Agency
5493:François Hollande
5270:Arab-Israeli wars
5236:
5235:
5069:Exodus by country
4905:François Hollande
4735:Marcel Jouhandeau
4644:Lucien LĂ©vy-Bruhl
4636:Rothschild family
4483:utopian socialist
4388:, founder of the
4339:State recognition
4293:Roman Catholicism
4221:worship of Reason
4048:Moses Mendelssohn
4020:French government
3870:Expulsion of 1394
3841:Geoffrey of Paris
3837:Louis X of France
3562:Kingdom of France
3433:, comprising the
3431:Produit des Juifs
3379:A miniature from
3202:Pope Alexander II
3181:Bishop of Limoges
2781:According to the
2694:Jewish population
2617:French Revolution
2605:Early Middle Ages
2589:
2588:
2538:
2537:
2286:
2285:
2033:Reconstructionist
1977:
1976:
1129:
1128:
936:
935:
773:JewishâRoman wars
721:Hasmonean dynasty
637:Kingdom of Israel
541:
540:
242:
241:
115:
18:Judaism in France
16:(Redirected from
13951:
13911:
13910:
13909:
13899:
13898:
13897:
13890:
13859:Battle of France
13845:
13785:
13754:Germaine RibiĂšre
13612:
13569:Jean Elleinstein
13557:
13521:BĂ©atrice Reinach
13506:Casimir Oberfeld
13501:IrĂšne NĂ©mirovsky
13451:Benjamin Fondane
13404:
13124:
13096:
12972:Clermont-Ferrand
12827:
12820:
12813:
12804:
12803:
12720:Section spéciale
12713:Castle to Castle
12674:The Eye of Vichy
12631:
12630:
12611:Mission Mattéoli
12568:Ăpuration lĂ©gale
12322:Légion impériale
12293:Special Brigades
12197:
12196:
12190:
12189:
11994:Clermont-Ferrand
11918:
11917:
11862:French Indochina
11847:
11846:
11810:
11809:
11748:
11747:
11716:
11715:
11596:Le Cri du peuple
11564:
11496:Special Sections
11400:Anti-Jewish laws
11234:George Montandon
11229:Bernard Ménétrel
11199:Philippe Henriot
11000:Action Française
10897:
10890:
10883:
10874:
10873:
10823:Dependencies and
10764:Northern Ireland
10505:Sovereign states
10491:
10484:
10477:
10468:
10467:
10380:Mandel, Maud S.
10359:Kalman, Samuel.
10342:Isser, Natalie.
10199:
10151:Hyman, Paula E.
10138:(2006): 147â180.
10056:
10035:
10034:
10026:Other references
10020:
10014:
10013:
10011:
10009:
9994:
9988:
9987:
9985:
9983:
9968:
9962:
9961:
9959:
9957:
9948:. 23 July 2017.
9938:
9932:
9931:
9929:
9927:
9908:
9902:
9901:
9899:
9897:
9878:
9872:
9871:
9869:
9867:
9848:
9842:
9841:
9839:
9837:
9818:
9812:
9811:
9809:
9807:
9788:
9782:
9781:
9779:
9777:
9762:
9756:
9755:
9753:
9751:
9736:
9730:
9729:
9727:
9725:
9709:
9703:
9702:
9700:
9698:
9682:
9676:
9675:
9673:
9671:
9655:
9649:
9648:
9646:
9644:
9628:
9622:
9621:
9619:
9617:
9602:
9596:
9595:
9593:
9591:
9576:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9565:
9555:
9547:
9541:
9540:
9538:
9536:
9517:
9508:
9507:
9505:
9503:
9488:
9482:
9481:
9479:
9477:
9458:
9452:
9451:
9449:
9447:
9427:
9421:
9420:
9418:
9416:
9396:
9390:
9389:
9387:
9385:
9369:
9363:
9362:
9360:
9358:
9342:
9333:
9332:
9330:
9328:
9313:
9307:
9306:
9304:
9302:
9286:
9280:
9279:
9277:
9275:
9260:
9254:
9253:
9251:
9249:
9233:
9227:
9212:Sitbon, Shirli.
9210:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9199:
9194:on 5 August 2013
9190:. Archived from
9176:
9170:
9169:
9167:
9165:
9146:
9140:
9139:
9137:
9135:
9113:
9107:
9106:
9104:
9102:
9093:. 18 July 2004.
9083:
9077:
9076:
9074:
9072:
9053:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9042:
9020:
9011:
9010:
9008:
9006:
8991:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8980:
8957:
8948:
8947:
8945:
8943:
8928:
8919:
8918:
8913:
8911:
8890:
8884:
8883:
8881:
8879:
8851:
8845:
8844:
8842:
8840:
8818:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8807:
8786:
8777:
8776:
8774:
8772:
8763:. 14 July 2005.
8753:
8747:
8746:
8744:
8742:
8722:
8716:
8696:
8690:
8689:
8679:
8672:
8666:
8665:
8663:
8661:
8646:
8640:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8614:
8608:
8607:
8605:
8603:
8581:
8575:
8574:
8572:
8570:
8548:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8513:
8507:
8506:
8504:
8502:
8487:
8481:
8480:
8478:
8476:
8454:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8443:
8434:. Archived from
8421:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8410:
8391:
8385:
8384:
8382:
8380:
8361:
8355:
8354:
8352:
8350:
8335:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8321:
8312:. 16 July 2017.
8302:
8296:
8295:
8293:
8291:
8272:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8261:
8241:
8235:
8234:
8232:
8230:
8211:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8200:
8172:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8142:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8131:
8112:
8106:
8105:
8103:
8101:
8068:(4): 1065â1082.
8053:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8042:
8022:
8016:
8015:
8007:
8001:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7983:
7955:
7946:
7939:
7933:
7926:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7915:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7891:
7889:
7870:
7864:
7863:
7835:
7829:
7828:
7802:
7796:
7795:
7789:
7781:
7779:
7777:
7741:
7735:
7734:
7698:
7692:
7685:
7679:
7668:
7662:
7661:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7622:
7614:
7589:
7583:
7582:
7546:
7540:
7539:
7537:
7535:
7516:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7505:
7496:. 8 April 2019.
7486:
7480:
7479:
7477:
7475:
7455:
7446:
7445:
7419:
7408:
7401:
7395:
7379:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7368:
7349:
7336:
7335:
7301:
7292:
7286:
7279:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7268:
7220:
7214:
7211:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7164:
7155:
7153:
7151:
7149:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7078:
7072:
7071:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7034:
6986:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6947:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6918:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6876:
6870:
6869:
6861:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6845:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6758:
6752:
6749:
6743:
6729:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6710:
6678:
6669:
6659:
6653:
6645:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6634:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6589:
6583:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6547:
6541:
6540:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6496:
6487:
6476:
6470:
6469:
6443:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6421:Fordham Homepage
6413:
6407:
6406:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6314:Religion Compass
6309:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6277:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6237:
6212:
6203:
6202:
6193:
6191:
6182:. Archived from
6144:
6135:
6134:
6092:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6031:. Religioscope.
6025:
6019:
6018:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5990:
5983:
5975:
5969:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5891:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5859:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5833:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5772:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5742:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5712:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5677:
5527:Hours after the
5404:council of state
5228:
5221:
5214:
5087:Operation Yachin
5041:Oujda and Jerada
4949:
4926:
4925:
4909:Vichy government
4898:Vichy government
4740:Action française
4455:1893 edition of
4429:Crémieux decrees
4411:Adolphe Crémieux
4386:Adolphe Crémieux
4129:The fall of the
4058:Zalkind Hourwitz
3808:, and a part of
3792:, the county of
3585:burning in Paris
3530:siege of Avignon
3481:Under Louis VIII
3329:Moses ha-Darshan
3313:Simáž„ah b. Samuel
2953:, then known as
2917:
2916:
2911:
2851:Clermont-Ferrand
2581:
2574:
2567:
2430:
2429:
2311:
2132:
2126:
2107:
2071:
2070:
2018:
1965:New Zealand
1917:
1880:El Salvador
1870:
1802:Northern America
1794:
1388:
1144:
1143:
1055:Crimean Karaites
951:
950:
929:
927:
848:
846:
838:
832:
823:
811:Rabbinic Judaism
792:
786:
780:
768:
756:
722:
715:Maccabean Revolt
692:
685:
679:
671:
664:
658:
650:
632:
556:
555:
530:
425:
424:
357:
345:
244:
243:
237:ethnic divisions
160:Jewish languages
113:
109:480,000â550,000
102:Total population
97:
84:
76:
75:
69:
61:
60:
54:
46:
35:
31:
21:
13959:
13958:
13954:
13953:
13952:
13950:
13949:
13948:
13919:
13918:
13917:
13907:
13905:
13895:
13893:
13885:
13883:
13878:
13869:Occupied France
13843:
13835:
13778:
13744:René de Naurois
13680:
13679:Righteous Among
13673:
13644:Denise Holstein
13610:
13603:
13550:
13541:Sascha Schapiro
13456:Otto Freundlich
13446:Jacques Feldbau
13397:
13334:
13308:Philippe PĂ©tain
13288:François Darlan
13264:
13231:
13230:Nazi occupation
13225:
13136:Ernst Achenbach
13117:
13089:
13006:
12953:
12836:
12831:
12801:
12796:
12761:Year in France
12752:Occupied France
12739:
12734:Suite française
12700:
12654:
12626:
12620:
12591:Fourth Republic
12544:
12538:
12476:
12472:Philippe PĂ©tain
12462:François Darlan
12450:
12378:Franco-Thai War
12332:
12297:
12251:
12175:
12144:
12056:
12029:
12023:
11970:
11944:
11912:
11901:
11841:
11804:
11742:
11714:
11686:
11652:Je suis partout
11589:Le Cahier jaune
11562:
11558:
11511:
11505:
11473:La jeune France
11444:
11438:
11422:Paris Protocols
11392:
11386:
11330:
11324:
11283:
11244:Philippe PĂ©tain
11174:François Darlan
11129:Joseph Antignac
11117:
11101:Philippe PĂ©tain
11074:
11012:Camelots du Roi
10987:
10906:
10901:
10871:
10866:
10824:
10818:
10804:Northern Cyprus
10786:
10780:
10679:North Macedonia
10500:
10495:
10458:Wayback Machine
10441:Wayback Machine
10422:
10366:Kennedy, Sean.
10247:(1967): 28â42.
10240:
10069:
10067:Further reading
10043:Singer, Isidore
10032:
10028:
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9955:
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9946:Washington Post
9940:
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9706:
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9683:
9679:
9669:
9667:
9656:
9652:
9642:
9640:
9635:. Arutz Sheva.
9629:
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9460:
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9445:
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9428:
9424:
9414:
9412:
9397:
9393:
9383:
9381:
9376:. Arutz Sheva.
9370:
9366:
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9343:
9336:
9326:
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9315:
9314:
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9300:
9298:
9287:
9283:
9273:
9271:
9262:
9261:
9257:
9247:
9245:
9234:
9230:
9221:Wayback Machine
9211:
9207:
9197:
9195:
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9177:
9173:
9163:
9161:
9160:on 5 April 2012
9148:
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9114:
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8993:
8992:
8988:
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8976:
8959:
8958:
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8941:
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8930:
8929:
8922:
8909:
8907:
8892:
8891:
8887:
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8875:
8852:
8848:
8838:
8836:
8819:
8815:
8805:
8803:
8788:
8787:
8780:
8770:
8768:
8755:
8754:
8750:
8740:
8738:
8723:
8719:
8705:5 June 2008 at
8697:
8693:
8674:
8673:
8669:
8659:
8657:
8648:
8647:
8643:
8633:
8631:
8616:
8615:
8611:
8601:
8599:
8582:
8578:
8568:
8566:
8549:
8542:
8532:
8530:
8515:
8514:
8510:
8500:
8498:
8493:. 9 July 2004.
8489:
8488:
8484:
8474:
8472:
8455:
8451:
8441:
8439:
8422:
8418:
8408:
8406:
8401:. 3 July 2010.
8393:
8392:
8388:
8378:
8376:
8363:
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8358:
8348:
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8337:
8336:
8329:
8319:
8317:
8304:
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8299:
8289:
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8280:Washington Post
8274:
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8150:Washington Post
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7867:
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7803:
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7782:
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7758:
7742:
7738:
7699:
7695:
7686:
7682:
7669:
7665:
7650:
7636:
7632:
7616:
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7603:
7591:
7590:
7586:
7547:
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7533:
7531:
7518:
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7513:
7503:
7501:
7488:
7487:
7483:
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7471:
7456:
7449:
7434:
7420:
7411:
7407:(2000) pp 72â89
7402:
7398:
7393:Wayback Machine
7386:, of 6 May 1687
7380:
7376:
7366:
7364:
7351:
7350:
7339:
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7276:
7266:
7264:
7241:10.2307/1453511
7221:
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7007:10.2307/3622388
6987:
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6395:
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6310:
6306:
6296:
6294:
6279:
6278:
6269:
6258:
6256:
6231:
6224:"EDCS-28300234"
6216:Clauss, Manfred
6213:
6206:
6189:
6187:
6172:
6145:
6138:
6101:Singer, Isidore
6093:
6080:
6070:
6068:
6060:The Independent
6053:
6052:
6048:
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6027:
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5678:
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5594:
5423:
5413:
5374:
5362:Main articles:
5360:
5344:Munich massacre
5314:
5308:
5284:nusach sepharad
5249:
5232:
5082:Operation Mural
4924:
4890:Emmanuel Macron
4828:survived. (see
4766:
4760:
4744:Charles Maurras
4700:Alsace-Lorraine
4683:La Libre Parole
4678:First World War
4632:
4619:La Libre Parole
4614:Ădouard Drumont
4552:
4524:
4515:La Libre Parole
4506:Edouard Drumont
4487:Charles Fourier
4476:
4462:La Libre Parole
4457:Edouard Drumont
4379:
4367:
4341:
4324:
4289:Grand Sanhedrin
4251:Grand Sanhedrin
4240:
4234:
4213:Reign of Terror
4201:
4175:Bishop of Nancy
4096:Estates-General
4066:
4032:Jewish question
3995:
3949:
3944:
3921:Alhambra Decree
3895:
3889:
3872:
3818:
3715:Philip the Fair
3707:
3665:landing on the
3651:
3608:Seventh Crusade
3587:of some 12,000
3581:Pope Gregory IX
3558:Catholic Church
3546:
3483:
3456:to a different
3419:
3397:Philip Augustus
3373:
3368:
3343:
3337:
3317:Shamuel b. MeĂŻr
3267:
3261:
3223:
3169:Rodulfus Glaber
3151:Pope Sergius IV
3135:Pope John XVIII
3110:
3105:
3082:Harun al-Rashid
3047:Pope Gregory IV
3039:Louis the Pious
3027:Louis the Pious
2968:
2951:Southern France
2947:Pepin the Short
2924:Hebrew calendar
2871:Theodosian code
2816:Valentinian III
2779:
2769:in response to
2687:Nazi occupation
2648:Alsace-Lorraine
2633:Nazi occupation
2585:
2540:
2539:
2427:
2417:
2416:
2407:Judeo-Malayalam
2387:Judaeo-Georgian
2307:
2298:
2288:
2287:
2188:Yiddish theatre
2130:
2068:
2058:
2057:
2016:
1989:
1979:
1978:
1915:
1868:
1792:
1386:
1170:Genetic studies
1141:
1131:
1130:
948:
938:
937:
925:
924:
844:
843:
836:
826:
821:
803:and Middle Ages
801:Rabbinic period
788:
782:
775:
763:
734:
720:
690:
683:
674:
666:
662:
653:
648:in Judaism
645:
630:
553:
543:
542:
422:
412:
411:
355:
343:
288:
179:
175:
167:
163:
146:
133:
117:
112:
110:
108:
88:
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63:
48:
30:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
13957:
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13639:Nadine Heftler
13636:
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13491:HĂ©lĂšne Metzger
13488:
13486:Georges Mandel
13483:
13478:
13473:
13468:
13463:
13458:
13453:
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13428:
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13405:
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13360:
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13342:
13336:
13335:
13333:
13332:
13327:
13320:
13315:
13310:
13305:
13300:
13295:
13293:Joseph Darnand
13290:
13285:
13280:
13274:
13272:
13266:
13265:
13263:
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13255:
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13243:
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13208:
13203:
13198:
13196:Helmut Knochen
13193:
13188:
13183:
13178:
13173:
13168:
13163:
13161:Karl Bömelburg
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12708:
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12698:
12691:
12684:
12677:
12670:
12662:
12660:
12656:
12655:
12653:
12652:
12649:Strange Defeat
12645:
12637:
12635:
12628:
12622:
12621:
12619:
12618:
12616:Vichy syndrome
12613:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12593:
12588:
12583:
12578:
12571:
12564:
12559:
12554:
12548:
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12540:
12539:
12537:
12536:
12535:
12534:
12529:
12527:EugĂšne Bridoux
12524:
12519:
12517:Joseph Darnand
12514:
12504:
12499:
12494:
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12486:
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12274:
12267:
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12227:Armistice Army
12224:
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12214:
12209:
12203:
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12066:
12064:
12058:
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12049:
12044:
12039:
12033:
12031:
12028:Discrimination
12025:
12024:
12022:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12006:
12001:
11996:
11991:
11986:
11984:French Riviera
11980:
11978:
11972:
11971:
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11968:
11963:
11958:
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11949:Administration
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11756:
11754:
11744:
11743:
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11740:
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11728:French Algeria
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11694:
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11317:
11312:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11291:
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11285:
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11281:
11276:
11274:Maxime Weygand
11271:
11266:
11261:
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11251:
11246:
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11226:
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11216:
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11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11144:Louis Bourgain
11141:
11136:
11131:
11125:
11123:
11119:
11118:
11116:
11115:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11082:
11080:
11076:
11075:
11073:
11072:
11070:Henry DorgĂšres
11067:
11062:
11061:
11060:
11050:
11045:
11043:Third Republic
11040:
11035:
11033:Nuremberg Laws
11030:
11025:
11023:Fall of France
11020:
11018:Dreyfus affair
11015:
11008:
11003:
10995:
10993:
10989:
10988:
10986:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10955:
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10900:
10899:
10892:
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10868:
10867:
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10864:
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10854:
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10844:
10839:
10834:
10828:
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10825:other entities
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10796:
10790:
10788:
10782:
10781:
10779:
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10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10754:United Kingdom
10751:
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10574:
10569:
10567:Czech Republic
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10486:
10479:
10471:
10465:
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10448:
10431:
10421:
10420:External links
10418:
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10253:Bell, Dorian.
10251:
10239:
10236:
10235:
10234:
10227:
10219:Taitz, Emily.
10217:
10207:
10200:
10182:(3): 423â451.
10169:
10161:Hyman, Paula.
10159:
10149:
10143:Modern Judaism
10139:
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9281:
9255:
9228:
9224:Jewish Journal
9205:
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9048:
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8778:
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8438:on 3 July 2014
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7797:
7757:978-1315842639
7756:
7736:
7709:(2): 225â248.
7693:
7680:
7663:
7649:978-0820414546
7648:
7630:
7601:
7584:
7557:(4): 459â472.
7541:
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7310:(5): 475â503.
7287:
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6744:
6724:
6712:
6697:
6670:
6654:
6640:
6614:
6584:
6575:
6560:
6542:
6536:978-0312244491
6535:
6517:
6488:
6484:Parma De Rossi
6471:
6456:
6438:
6408:
6393:
6375:
6368:
6347:
6320:(12): e12290.
6304:
6267:
6204:
6186:on 29 May 2020
6170:
6148:Fellous, Sonia
6136:
6078:
6046:
6020:
6002:
5970:
5950:
5920:
5881:
5851:
5825:
5798:
5764:
5753:on 2 June 2013
5734:
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5593:
5590:
5582:Mireille Knoll
5539:Following the
5412:
5409:
5383:, the current
5359:
5356:
5310:Main article:
5307:
5304:
5260:following the
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5223:
5216:
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5177:Related topics
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4867:Jacques Chirac
4762:Main article:
4759:
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4731:Pierre Gaxotte
4688:Maurice BarrĂšs
4652:Ăcole de Paris
4648:Emile Durkheim
4631:
4628:
4606:Henri Poincaré
4602:Anatole France
4572:Devil's Island
4564:Alfred Dreyfus
4556:Dreyfus affair
4550:Dreyfus affair
4548:Main article:
4542:Dreyfus affair
4523:
4522:Dreyfus affair
4520:
4475:
4472:
4378:
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4363:
4340:
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4236:Main article:
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4143:Henri Grégoire
4116:Jacques Necker
4065:
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3976:letters patent
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3943:
3940:
3891:Main article:
3888:
3885:
3871:
3868:
3851:Adolphe Vuitry
3817:
3814:
3768:, the Marche,
3706:
3703:
3683:Pope Gregory X
3650:
3647:
3591:copies of the
3545:
3544:Under Louis IX
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3057:' second wife
2967:
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2793:Gallia Celtica
2778:
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2675:Nazi occupiers
2629:Dreyfus affair
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1793:United Kingdom
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1037:Related groups
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916:
911:
906:
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896:
894:Jewish atheism
891:
886:
881:
873:
872:
868:
867:
866:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:IslamicâJewish
840:
833:
818:
813:
805:
804:
797:
796:
795:
794:
770:
757:
729:
724:
717:
712:
710:Yehud Medinata
704:
703:
697:
696:
695:
694:
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680:
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659:
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639:
634:
627:
619:
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616:Ancient Israel
612:
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609:
604:
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594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
572:Land of Israel
569:
561:
560:
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531:
527:Shulchan Aruch
522:
517:
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496:
491:
483:
482:
476:
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384:
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374:
369:
364:
359:
352:
347:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
305:
300:
293:God in Judaism
289:
284:
283:
280:
279:
278:
277:
272:
264:
263:
253:
252:
240:
239:
233:Ashkenazi Jews
221:
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216:
215:
205:
204:
200:
199:
140:
139:
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128:
125:
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120:
119:
104:
103:
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98:
90:
89:
86:
85:
70:
55:
44:Juifs français
39:
38:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13956:
13945:
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13797:
13795:
13794:
13790:
13789:
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13781:
13775:
13772:
13770:
13767:
13765:
13762:
13760:
13757:
13755:
13752:
13750:
13749:Paul Ramadier
13747:
13745:
13742:
13740:
13737:
13735:
13732:
13730:
13727:
13725:
13724:Justin Godart
13722:
13720:
13717:
13715:
13712:
13710:
13709:Jacques Ellul
13707:
13705:
13702:
13700:
13697:
13695:
13692:
13690:
13689:Albert Bedane
13687:
13686:
13684:
13682:
13676:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13659:André Rogerie
13657:
13655:
13652:
13650:
13647:
13645:
13642:
13640:
13637:
13635:
13634:Henry Bulawko
13632:
13630:
13629:Henri Borlant
13627:
13625:
13624:Joseph Bialot
13622:
13620:
13617:
13616:
13614:
13606:
13600:
13597:
13595:
13592:
13590:
13587:
13585:
13582:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13572:
13570:
13567:
13565:
13564:Guy Deutscher
13562:
13561:
13559:
13553:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13526:Claude Rodier
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13496:Bernard Natan
13494:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13481:Bereck Kofman
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13461:Salomon Gluck
13459:
13457:
13454:
13452:
13449:
13447:
13444:
13442:
13439:
13437:
13436:Marianne Cohn
13434:
13432:
13429:
13427:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13411:Henri Abraham
13409:
13408:
13406:
13400:
13394:
13391:
13389:
13388:Xavier Vallat
13386:
13384:
13381:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13373:Maurice Papon
13371:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13354:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13345:
13343:
13341:
13340:Collaborators
13337:
13331:
13328:
13326:
13325:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13314:
13311:
13309:
13306:
13304:
13301:
13299:
13296:
13294:
13291:
13289:
13286:
13284:
13283:René Bousquet
13281:
13279:
13276:
13275:
13273:
13271:
13267:
13261:
13260:
13256:
13254:
13253:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13242:
13241:
13237:
13236:
13234:
13228:
13222:
13219:
13217:
13214:
13212:
13209:
13207:
13204:
13202:
13199:
13197:
13194:
13192:
13189:
13187:
13186:Herbert Hagen
13184:
13182:
13179:
13177:
13174:
13172:
13171:Alois Brunner
13169:
13167:
13164:
13162:
13159:
13157:
13154:
13152:
13149:
13147:
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13142:
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13129:
13128:
13126:
13120:
13114:
13111:
13109:
13106:
13104:
13101:
13100:
13098:
13095:Documentation
13092:
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13076:
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13071:
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13018:
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12956:
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12912:
12910:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12900:
12897:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12875:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12865:
12862:
12860:
12857:
12855:
12852:
12850:
12846:
12845:The Holocaust
12843:
12842:
12839:
12835:
12828:
12823:
12821:
12816:
12814:
12809:
12808:
12805:
12793:
12790:
12786:
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12781:
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12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
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12753:
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12710:
12709:
12707:
12703:
12697:
12696:
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12689:
12685:
12683:
12682:
12678:
12676:
12675:
12671:
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12661:
12657:
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12650:
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12644:
12643:
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12623:
12617:
12614:
12612:
12609:
12607:
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12599:
12597:
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12589:
12587:
12584:
12582:
12579:
12577:
12576:
12572:
12570:
12569:
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12563:
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12558:
12555:
12553:
12550:
12549:
12547:
12541:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12522:Jean Luchaire
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12509:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12489:
12487:
12483:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12460:
12459:
12457:
12453:
12447:
12444:
12440:
12437:
12436:
12435:
12434:
12430:
12428:
12427:
12423:
12421:
12418:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12408:
12406:
12403:
12401:
12398:
12396:
12395:SyriaâLebanon
12393:
12391:
12388:
12384:
12381:
12380:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12353:Mers-el-KĂ©bir
12351:
12349:
12346:
12345:
12343:
12339:
12329:
12326:
12324:
12323:
12319:
12317:
12316:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12306:
12304:
12300:
12294:
12291:
12287:
12286:
12282:
12281:
12280:
12279:
12275:
12273:
12272:
12268:
12266:
12265:
12261:
12260:
12258:
12254:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12204:
12202:
12198:
12195:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12182:
12172:
12169:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12159:
12157:
12154:
12153:
12151:
12147:
12141:
12138:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12095:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12067:
12065:
12063:
12059:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12034:
12032:
12026:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11981:
11979:
11977:
11973:
11967:
11964:
11962:
11959:
11957:
11954:
11953:
11951:
11947:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11927:
11925:
11923:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11908:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11854:
11852:
11848:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11819:
11817:
11815:
11811:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11757:
11755:
11753:
11749:
11739:
11736:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11725:
11723:
11721:
11717:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11705:Occupied zone
11703:
11701:
11700:
11696:
11695:
11693:
11689:
11683:
11682:
11678:
11676:
11675:
11671:
11669:
11667:
11663:
11661:
11660:
11656:
11654:
11653:
11649:
11647:
11646:
11642:
11640:
11639:
11638:Ici la France
11635:
11633:
11632:
11628:
11626:
11625:
11621:
11619:
11618:
11614:
11612:
11611:
11607:
11605:
11604:
11600:
11598:
11597:
11593:
11591:
11590:
11586:
11584:
11583:
11579:
11577:
11576:
11572:
11570:
11569:
11565:
11560:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11541:
11537:
11535:
11532:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11520:
11517:
11516:
11514:
11508:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11491:
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11474:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11463:
11460:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11449:
11447:
11441:
11435:
11434:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11416:
11413:
11412:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11397:
11395:
11389:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11362:
11358:
11356:
11355:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11338:French League
11336:
11335:
11333:
11331:organizations
11327:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11292:
11290:
11286:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11270:
11269:Xavier Vallat
11267:
11265:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11255:
11254:Simon Sabiani
11252:
11250:
11249:Pierre Pucheu
11247:
11245:
11242:
11240:
11239:Maurice Papon
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11224:Jean Luchaire
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11154:Alexis Carrel
11152:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11139:René Bousquet
11137:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11126:
11124:
11120:
11114:
11113:
11109:
11107:
11106:HĂŽtel du Parc
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11083:
11081:
11077:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11059:
11056:
11055:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11013:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
11001:
10997:
10996:
10994:
10990:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10923:Baltic states
10921:
10919:
10916:
10913:
10912:
10909:
10905:
10898:
10893:
10891:
10886:
10884:
10879:
10878:
10875:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10837:Faroe Islands
10835:
10833:
10830:
10829:
10827:
10821:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10809:South Ossetia
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10791:
10789:
10783:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10756:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10639:Liechtenstein
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10513:
10510:
10509:
10507:
10503:
10499:
10492:
10487:
10485:
10480:
10478:
10473:
10472:
10469:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10452:
10449:
10446:
10442:
10438:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10429:
10424:
10423:
10414:
10410:
10407:
10403:
10400:
10396:
10394:
10390:
10386:
10383:
10379:
10376:
10372:
10369:
10365:
10362:
10358:
10355:
10351:
10349:
10345:
10341:
10338:
10334:
10332:
10328:
10324:
10321:
10317:
10315:
10311:
10307:
10304:
10300:
10297:
10293:
10291:
10287:
10283:
10280:
10276:
10273:
10269:
10267:(1992) 317p.
10266:
10262:
10260:
10256:
10252:
10250:
10246:
10242:
10241:
10232:
10228:
10226:
10222:
10218:
10216:
10212:
10208:
10205:
10201:
10197:
10193:
10189:
10185:
10181:
10177:
10176:
10170:
10168:
10164:
10160:
10158:
10154:
10150:
10148:
10144:
10140:
10137:
10133:
10130:
10126:
10123:
10119:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10106:
10102:
10100:
10096:
10092:
10088:
10086:
10082:
10078:
10075:
10071:
10070:
10061:
10058:
10054:
10053:
10048:
10044:
10039:
10038:public domain
10030:
10029:
10019:
10003:
9999:
9993:
9977:
9973:
9967:
9951:
9947:
9943:
9937:
9921:
9917:
9913:
9907:
9891:
9887:
9883:
9877:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9847:
9831:
9827:
9823:
9817:
9801:
9797:
9793:
9787:
9771:
9767:
9761:
9745:
9741:
9735:
9719:
9715:
9708:
9692:
9688:
9681:
9665:
9661:
9654:
9638:
9634:
9627:
9611:
9607:
9601:
9585:
9581:
9575:
9559:
9554:
9546:
9530:
9526:
9525:Bloomberg.com
9522:
9516:
9514:
9497:
9493:
9487:
9471:
9467:
9463:
9457:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9426:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9395:
9379:
9375:
9368:
9352:
9348:
9341:
9339:
9322:
9318:
9312:
9296:
9292:
9285:
9269:
9265:
9259:
9243:
9239:
9232:
9225:
9222:
9218:
9215:
9209:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9181:
9175:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9145:
9129:
9125:
9124:
9119:
9112:
9096:
9092:
9088:
9082:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9052:
9036:
9032:
9031:
9026:
9019:
9017:
9001:on 5 May 2012
9000:
8996:
8990:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8962:
8956:
8954:
8937:
8933:
8927:
8925:
8917:
8905:
8901:
8900:
8895:
8889:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8850:
8834:
8830:
8829:
8824:
8817:
8801:
8797:
8796:
8791:
8785:
8783:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8752:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8721:
8714:
8713:
8708:
8707:archive.today
8704:
8701:
8695:
8687:
8683:
8682:The Telegraph
8678:
8671:
8655:
8651:
8645:
8629:
8625:
8624:
8619:
8613:
8597:
8593:
8592:
8587:
8580:
8564:
8560:
8559:
8554:
8547:
8545:
8528:
8524:
8523:
8518:
8512:
8496:
8492:
8486:
8470:
8466:
8465:
8460:
8453:
8437:
8433:
8432:
8427:
8420:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8390:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8360:
8344:
8340:
8334:
8332:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8301:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8271:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8240:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8210:
8194:
8190:
8184:
8180:
8179:
8171:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8141:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8111:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8052:
8036:
8033:(in French).
8032:
8028:
8021:
8013:
8006:
7999:
7993:
7977:
7973:
7971:9780191622885
7967:
7963:
7962:
7954:
7952:
7944:
7938:
7931:
7925:
7910:
7906:
7899:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7869:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7834:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7812:
7808:
7801:
7793:
7787:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7753:
7749:
7748:
7740:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7697:
7690:
7684:
7677:
7673:
7672:Supreme Court
7667:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7645:
7641:
7634:
7626:
7620:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7598:
7594:
7588:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7545:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7515:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7485:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7454:
7452:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7433:2-85870-017-6
7429:
7425:
7418:
7416:
7414:
7406:
7403:Nigel Aston,
7400:
7394:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7384:The Code Noir
7378:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7298:
7291:
7284:
7278:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7219:
7210:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7180:1-4008-2314-5
7176:
7172:
7171:
7163:
7161:
7143:
7140:(in French).
7139:
7135:
7128:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7077:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7055:
7051:
7044:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6985:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6955:
6954:
6946:
6930:
6926:
6925:
6917:
6915:
6898:
6894:
6888:
6884:
6883:
6875:
6867:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6796:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6757:
6748:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6728:
6721:
6716:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6685:
6677:
6675:
6667:
6663:
6658:
6651:
6650:
6644:
6628:
6624:
6618:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6588:
6579:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6557:
6553:
6546:
6538:
6532:
6528:
6521:
6505:
6501:
6495:
6493:
6485:
6481:
6475:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6453:
6449:
6442:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6390:
6386:
6379:
6371:
6369:0-486-42011-6
6365:
6361:
6357:
6356:Henri Pirenne
6351:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6308:
6292:
6288:
6287:
6282:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6239:(in German).
6238:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6211:
6209:
6201:
6199:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6171:9791036512308
6167:
6163:
6159:
6156:(in French).
6155:
6154:
6149:
6143:
6141:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6066:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6050:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6016:
6012:
6006:
5987:
5980:
5974:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5954:
5938:
5934:
5933:bseditions.fr
5930:
5924:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5869:
5865:
5858:
5856:
5839:
5832:
5830:
5813:
5810:(in French).
5809:
5802:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5769:
5752:
5748:
5741:
5739:
5722:
5718:
5711:
5709:
5692:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5667:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5589:
5585:
5583:
5578:
5576:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5525:
5523:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5506:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5418:
5408:
5405:
5400:
5398:
5397:United States
5394:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5321:
5319:
5313:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5244:
5242:
5229:
5224:
5222:
5217:
5215:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5147:Awareness day
5145:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4894:the Holocaust
4891:
4886:
4880:
4876:
4875:Enlightenment
4872:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4790:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4770:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4719:Popular Front
4716:
4712:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4640:Henri Bergson
4637:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4584:
4579:
4577:
4576:French Guiana
4573:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4557:
4551:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4491:July Monarchy
4488:
4484:
4480:
4471:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4374:
4372:
4365:Full equality
4362:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4312:French Empire
4309:
4308:décret infùme
4305:
4304:Protestantism
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4112:Herz Cerfbeer
4109:
4105:
4101:
4098:but those in
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4038:and the Abbé
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3953:
3939:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3877:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3827:
3826:Hanukkah lamp
3822:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3738:Ăle de France
3733:
3729:
3727:
3726:sous tournois
3723:
3722:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3462:royal demesne
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3427:Ăle de France
3424:
3414:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3389:First Crusade
3382:
3377:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3347:First Crusade
3342:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3227:First Crusade
3218:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3114:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:King Dagobert
2939:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:Theodosius II
2809:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:United States
2699:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:Popular Front
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:Judeo-Aramaic
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2382:Judeo-Italian
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:Denominations
1983:
1982:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:United States
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1301:Guinea-Bissau
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:Lists of Jews
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
958:
955:
954:
953:
952:
947:
942:
941:
930:
922:
920:
917:
915:
914:The Holocaust
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
874:
870:
869:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
841:
839:
834:
830:
824:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
807:
806:
802:
799:
798:
791:
785:
779:
774:
771:
767:
761:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
706:
705:
702:
699:
698:
693:
688:
686:
681:
677:
673:
670:
665:
660:
656:
652:
649:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
628:
626:
623:
622:
621:
620:
617:
614:
613:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
563:
562:
558:
557:
552:
547:
546:
535:
532:
529:
528:
523:
521:
518:
516:
515:Mishneh Torah
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
501:
500:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
484:
481:
478:
477:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
462:
461:
458:
455:
454:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
434:
433:
430:
427:
426:
421:
416:
415:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
353:
351:
348:
346:
341:
339:
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321:
319:
316:
313:
309:
306:
304:
301:
298:
294:
291:
290:
287:
282:
281:
276:
275:Who is a Jew?
273:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:
262:
258:
255:
254:
250:
246:
245:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:Sephardi Jews
222:
217:
214:
210:
206:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
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136:
130:
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105:
100:
96:
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82:
71:
67:
56:
52:
45:
41:
40:
36:
27:
19:
13863:
13817:
13810:
13803:
13791:
13729:PĂšre Jacques
13694:Marc Boegner
13654:Sarah Kofman
13619:Louise Alcan
13599:Rose Warfman
13516:Victor Perez
13471:Paul Hermann
13416:Victor Basch
13383:Paul Touvier
13330:Vichy Police
13322:
13313:André Tulard
13303:Pierre Laval
13270:Vichy France
13257:
13250:
13238:
13206:Kurt Lischka
13201:Josef Kramer
13166:Heinz Röthke
13146:Klaus Barbie
13141:Horst Ahnert
13123:Perpetrators
13002:Villeurbanne
12967:Green ticket
12847:by country:
12732:
12725:
12718:
12711:
12693:
12686:
12679:
12672:
12665:
12647:
12640:
12573:
12566:
12545:& Impact
12467:Henri Giraud
12432:
12425:
12404:
12389:
12347:
12320:
12313:
12283:
12276:
12269:
12262:
12207:1st Regiment
12047:Yellow badge
12042:Nazi plunder
12037:Aryanisation
12019:Villeurbanne
11989:Green ticket
11897:New Hebrides
11857:French India
11832:Ubangi-Shari
11827:Middle Congo
11697:
11679:
11672:
11665:
11657:
11650:
11643:
11636:
11629:
11622:
11615:
11608:
11601:
11594:
11587:
11580:
11573:
11566:
11561:
11538:
11488:
11471:
11443:Policy &
11431:
11359:
11352:
11264:André Tulard
11259:Paul Touvier
11214:Pierre Laval
11164:Henry Coston
11122:Participants
11110:
11047:
11010:
10998:
10978:Soviet Union
10914:
10904:Vichy France
10814:Transnistria
10586:
10427:
10412:
10405:
10398:
10388:
10381:
10374:
10367:
10360:
10353:
10343:
10336:
10326:
10319:
10309:
10302:
10295:
10294:Cahm, Eric.
10285:
10278:
10271:
10264:
10254:
10244:
10238:Antisemitism
10230:
10220:
10213:(2008) 26#4
10210:
10203:
10179:
10173:
10162:
10152:
10142:
10135:
10128:
10121:
10111:
10104:
10090:
10080:
10073:
10050:
10018:
10008:18 September
10006:. Retrieved
9992:
9980:. Retrieved
9966:
9956:20 September
9954:. Retrieved
9945:
9936:
9924:. Retrieved
9915:
9906:
9894:. Retrieved
9885:
9876:
9864:. Retrieved
9855:
9846:
9834:. Retrieved
9825:
9816:
9804:. Retrieved
9795:
9786:
9774:. Retrieved
9760:
9748:. Retrieved
9734:
9722:. Retrieved
9707:
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9680:
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9653:
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9626:
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9600:
9588:. Retrieved
9574:
9562:. Retrieved
9545:
9533:. Retrieved
9524:
9500:. Retrieved
9486:
9474:. Retrieved
9465:
9456:
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9435:
9425:
9413:. Retrieved
9404:
9394:
9382:. Retrieved
9367:
9355:. Retrieved
9325:. Retrieved
9311:
9299:. Retrieved
9284:
9272:. Retrieved
9258:
9246:. Retrieved
9242:the original
9231:
9223:
9208:
9196:. Retrieved
9192:the original
9183:
9174:
9162:. Retrieved
9158:the original
9153:
9144:
9132:. Retrieved
9123:The Guardian
9121:
9111:
9099:. Retrieved
9090:
9081:
9069:. Retrieved
9060:
9051:
9039:. Retrieved
9028:
9003:. Retrieved
8999:the original
8989:
8977:. Retrieved
8964:
8940:. Retrieved
8936:the original
8915:
8908:. Retrieved
8904:the original
8897:
8888:
8876:. Retrieved
8859:
8849:
8837:. Retrieved
8826:
8816:
8804:. Retrieved
8793:
8769:. Retrieved
8760:
8751:
8739:. Retrieved
8730:
8720:
8710:
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8681:
8670:
8658:. Retrieved
8644:
8632:. Retrieved
8621:
8612:
8600:. Retrieved
8589:
8579:
8567:. Retrieved
8556:
8531:. Retrieved
8520:
8511:
8499:. Retrieved
8485:
8473:. Retrieved
8464:The Guardian
8462:
8452:
8440:. Retrieved
8436:the original
8429:
8419:
8409:28 September
8407:. Retrieved
8398:
8389:
8377:. Retrieved
8368:
8359:
8347:. Retrieved
8318:. Retrieved
8309:
8300:
8288:. Retrieved
8279:
8270:
8258:. Retrieved
8249:
8239:
8227:. Retrieved
8219:The Guardian
8218:
8209:
8197:. Retrieved
8177:
8170:
8158:. Retrieved
8149:
8140:
8128:. Retrieved
8119:
8110:
8100:24 September
8098:. Retrieved
8065:
8061:
8051:
8039:. Retrieved
8030:
8020:
8011:
8005:
7997:
7992:
7980:. Retrieved
7960:
7942:
7937:
7929:
7924:
7912:. Retrieved
7908:
7898:
7886:. Retrieved
7877:
7868:
7843:
7839:
7833:
7806:
7800:
7774:. Retrieved
7746:
7739:
7706:
7702:
7696:
7688:
7683:
7675:
7666:
7639:
7633:
7592:
7587:
7554:
7550:
7544:
7532:. Retrieved
7523:
7514:
7502:. Retrieved
7493:
7484:
7472:. Retrieved
7463:
7423:
7404:
7399:
7383:
7377:
7365:. Retrieved
7356:
7307:
7303:
7290:
7282:
7277:
7265:. Retrieved
7232:
7228:
7218:
7209:
7197:. Retrieved
7169:
7146:. Retrieved
7141:
7137:
7127:
7086:
7082:
7076:
7049:
7043:
7031:. Retrieved
6998:
6994:
6984:
6972:. Retrieved
6952:
6945:
6933:. Retrieved
6923:
6901:. Retrieved
6881:
6874:
6865:
6842:. Retrieved
6809:
6805:
6795:
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6747:
6731:
6727:
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6715:
6683:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6647:
6643:
6631:. Retrieved
6617:
6605:. Retrieved
6596:
6587:
6578:
6551:
6545:
6526:
6520:
6508:. Retrieved
6483:
6479:
6474:
6447:
6441:
6429:. Retrieved
6420:
6411:
6384:
6378:
6359:
6350:
6317:
6313:
6307:
6295:. Retrieved
6284:
6259:26 September
6257:. Retrieved
6227:
6195:
6190:26 September
6188:. Retrieved
6184:the original
6152:
6108:
6069:. Retrieved
6058:
6049:
6037:. Retrieved
6023:
6015:the original
6005:
5993:. Retrieved
5973:
5953:
5941:. Retrieved
5932:
5923:
5911:. Retrieved
5898:
5872:. Retrieved
5866:. NBC News.
5842:. Retrieved
5816:. Retrieved
5801:
5789:. Retrieved
5780:
5755:. Retrieved
5751:the original
5725:. Retrieved
5695:. Retrieved
5684:
5586:
5579:
5575:Sarah Halimi
5572:
5557:
5554:
5538:
5526:
5510:
5502:
5496:
5486:
5481:Ariel Sharon
5471:
5459:
5448:
5442:
5424:
5401:
5390:
5358:21st century
5336:Algerian War
5333:
5322:
5315:
5293:
5277:
5274:
5250:
5241:Vichy Regime
5237:
5166:
5092:
5046:Tripolitania
5023:
4917:
4913:World War II
4902:
4887:
4884:
4864:
4853:
4841:
4834:
4826:
4806:
4794:who is a Jew
4791:
4787:Vichy Regime
4783:
4775:
4752:Nazi Germany
4738:
4708:
4692:
4681:
4675:
4633:
4630:20th century
4624:
4617:
4598:
4589:J'Accuse...!
4587:
4580:
4561:
4555:
4553:
4537:J'Accuse...!
4535:
4513:
4503:
4494:
4477:
4474:Antisemitism
4468:
4460:
4446:
4441:
4427:
4425:
4402:More Judaico
4400:
4398:
4377:Assimilation
4370:
4368:
4354:disabilities
4350:Jean Viennet
4342:
4325:
4307:
4273:
4265:
4226:
4202:
4193:
4188:
4183:Jacobin Club
4151:
4128:
4081:
4072:
4051:
4012:Alsatian Jew
4008:
3996:
3980:
3965:
3961:
3947:17th century
3936:
3928:Charles VIII
3925:
3914:
3911:Isidore Loeb
3907:
3896:
3873:
3864:
3856:
3844:
3834:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3708:
3688:
3672:
3638:
3628:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3597:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3550:moneylending
3547:
3519:
3501:
3496:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3430:
3420:
3402:
3386:
3360:
3344:
3335:The Crusades
3294:
3276:
3252:corpus juris
3250:
3244:
3238:
3230:
3224:
3199:
3140:
3119:
3084:, the fifth
3067:
3062:
3025:
3010:
2999:Carolingians
2991:black pepper
2969:
2940:
2929:
2915:Ś©ŚŚŚ ŚąŚ Ś©ŚšŚŚ
2832:
2823:
2805:
2782:
2780:
2760:
2752:North Africa
2738:
2691:
2671:collaborated
2667:World War II
2664:
2641:
2637:Vichy regime
2625:Antisemitism
2592:
2590:
2531:Post-Zionism
2402:Judeo-Berber
2397:Judeo-Arabic
2357:Judeo-Gascon
2104:Pidyon haben
2023:Conservative
1696:
1569:Saudi Arabia
1387:South Africa
1376:Sierra Leone
1198:Israeli Jews
1112:Mosaic Arabs
1065:Kaifeng Jews
926:ArabâIsraeli
899:Emancipation
778:Great Revolt
587:Anti-Judaism
582:Antisemitism
577:Name "Judea"
372:Baal teshuva
229:Mizrahi Jews
189:Judeo-Arabic
176:
164:
158:, and other
143:
29:Ethnic group
26:
13854:Armée Juive
13734:Henri Manen
13681:the Nations
13669:LĂ©on Zyguel
13594:Simone Veil
13589:LĂ©on Schwab
13584:David OlĂšre
13546:David Vogel
13431:Kadmi Cohen
13421:HĂ©lĂšne Berr
13363:René Gérard
13156:Kurt Blanke
13151:Werner Best
13065:Romainville
12919:Netherlands
12627:& Media
12532:Marcel DĂ©at
12485:Dissolution
12285:Franc-Garde
12149:Deportation
12120:Romainville
12030:and plunder
11877:Cochinchina
11795:Upper Volta
11760:Ivory Coast
11668:(newspaper)
11582:Aujourd'hui
11329:Parties and
11288:Governments
11219:Jean Leguay
11184:Marcel DĂ©at
11058:Article 231
10852:Isle of Man
10787:recognition
10739:Switzerland
10674:Netherlands
10116:online free
9886:Haaretz.com
9806:19 February
9776:17 November
9750:17 November
9724:17 November
9697:17 November
9689:. Haaretz.
9670:17 November
9643:17 November
9535:13 February
9502:13 February
9446:6 September
9349:. Haaretz.
9248:13 February
9101:17 February
9071:17 February
8839:16 February
8569:27 November
8533:17 February
8442:17 February
7982:10 February
7914:11 November
7888:11 November
7846:(1): 1â35.
7235:: 482â489.
7148:27 December
6633:6 September
6510:6 September
6232: [
6039:26 February
5783:. Spiegel.
5781:Der Spiegel
5622:in Besançon
5533:Ze'ev Elkin
5432:Ilan Halimi
5381:HaĂŻm Korsia
5340:Six-Day War
5325:Suez Crisis
5266:Six-Day War
5139:Remembrance
5004:Six-Day War
4999:Suez Crisis
4818:yellow star
4727:Paul Morand
4534:'s letter,
4442:département
4328:Louis XVIII
4278:in France,
4154:Robespierre
4028:Malesherbes
4004:German Jews
3930:. However,
3675:Inquisition
3522:Theobald IV
3471:Carolingian
3439:seigniorial
3393:blood libel
3171:blamed the
2972:Charlemagne
2920:regnal year
2875:Constantine
2613:persecution
2609:Middle Ages
2595:deals with
2526:Revisionist
2516:Neo-Zionism
2123:Zeved habat
1916:Puerto Rico
1742:Netherlands
1574:South Korea
1559:Philippines
1439:Afghanistan
1306:Ivory Coast
1080:Crypto-Jews
1045:Bnei Anusim
1024:Bene Israel
989:Beta Israel
946:Communities
853:Middle Ages
592:Persecution
367:Bereavement
213:no religion
33:French Jews
13923:Categories
13774:Varian Fry
13714:Mary Elmes
13649:René Kapel
13211:Carl Oberg
13131:Otto Abetz
13075:Rivesaltes
13050:Pithiviers
12997:Vel' d'Hiv
12914:Luxembourg
12410:Madagascar
12130:Rivesaltes
12105:Pithiviers
12014:Vel' d'Hiv
11780:Mauritania
11699:Zone libre
11674:La Semaine
11512:propaganda
11427:Riom Trial
11149:André Broc
11112:Zone libre
11096:The Eighty
11079:Beginnings
11038:Phoney War
11006:Boulangism
10953:Luxembourg
10709:San Marino
10669:Montenegro
10649:Luxembourg
10629:Kazakhstan
10532:Azerbaijan
10445:Yad Vashem
9926:14 January
9896:14 January
9836:14 January
9826:Yahoo News
9126:. London.
8899:Libération
8475:8 February
8467:. London.
8041:16 January
7816:0312111673
7602:1851094393
7534:10 October
7353:"Provence"
7267:9 December
7089:(1): 5â7.
7083:AJS Review
7059:031329318X
7033:9 December
6844:9 December
6778:0271016124
6740:B0017H91JQ
6698:0385505841
6607:9 December
6220:Kolb, Anne
6180:1193020908
5958:Yad Vashem
5913:22 October
5874:5 February
5844:5 February
5791:5 February
5757:5 February
5727:5 February
5697:29 January
5663:References
5415:See also:
5268:and other
4954:Background
4860:Yad Vashem
4812:and other
4802:Zone libre
4721:'s leader
4656:Modigliani
4594:Ămile Zola
4532:Ămile Zola
4407:consistory
4179:abbé Maury
4000:Portuguese
3983:Martinique
3876:Charles VI
3806:Roussillon
3746:Vermandois
3721:Tisha B'Av
3699:seneschals
3663:Noah's Ark
3589:manuscript
3013:Christians
2959:Visigothic
2955:Septimania
2867:synagogues
2835:Marseilles
2730:Strasbourg
2621:emancipate
2511:Maximalism
2463:Secularism
2443:Autonomism
2260:Literature
2053:Humanistic
1657:Azerbaijan
1619:Uzbekistan
1594:Tajikistan
1514:Kyrgyzstan
1499:Kazakhstan
1346:Mozambique
1321:Madagascar
1241:Cape Verde
1193:New Yishuv
1188:Old Yishuv
1139:Population
1117:Subbotniks
1075:Samaritans
1014:Romanyotim
957:Ashkenazim
904:Old Yishuv
884:Sabbateans
871:Modern era
863:Golden Age
790:Bar Kokhba
510:Beit Yosef
377:Philosophy
59:ŚŚŚŚŚȘ ŚŠŚšŚ€ŚȘ
13784:Memorials
13611:testimony
13556:Survivors
13531:Alma Rosé
13476:Max Jacob
13426:René Blum
13368:Jean Mamy
13080:Septfonds
13055:Récébédou
12982:Marseille
12909:Lithuania
12543:Aftermath
12373:Indochina
12358:Gibraltar
12315:Carlingue
12302:Auxiliary
12237:Air Force
12135:Septfonds
12110:Récébédou
12004:Marseille
11691:Territory
11624:La France
11510:Press and
11391:Legal and
10842:Gibraltar
10644:Lithuania
10196:145166232
9357:3 January
9030:USA Today
8868:0362-4331
8090:159850802
7932:pp 18â49.
7852:0021-6704
7786:cite book
7766:889266445
7731:144943082
7723:0014-3111
7658:243444805
7619:cite book
7579:145321754
7571:0963-9489
7332:143634044
7324:0304-2421
7249:0021-6682
7199:18 August
7119:159553765
7103:0364-0094
7015:0065-6798
6974:31 August
6935:31 August
6903:31 August
6826:0018-2648
6570:712795767
6342:239611324
6334:1749-8171
6249:435767433
6071:29 August
5840:. Reuters
5818:9 January
5560:Marseille
5348:Abu Daoud
5300:terrorist
5280:Ashkenazi
4723:LĂ©on Blum
4715:communism
4426:The 1870
4316:Rhineland
4301:Calvinist
4217:Girondins
4135:disorders
4108:Ashkenazi
4024:Louis XVI
3972:Louis XIV
3932:Louis XII
3824:A bronze
3778:Languedoc
3756:, Maine,
3742:Champagne
3695:Philip IV
3679:Catharism
3610:in 1248.
3493:, Paris).
3231:Midrashim
3159:Jerusalem
3122:Robert II
3103:Capetians
3078:merchants
3070:Palestine
3063:ordinatio
3003:Radhanite
2932:Caracalla
2892:Funerary
2824:militandi
2718:Marseille
2683:Holocaust
2521:Religious
2377:Zarphatic
2367:Bukharian
2337:Judeo-Tat
2322:Yeshivish
2296:Languages
2251:Sephardic
2241:Israelite
2231:Ethiopian
2221:Ashkenazi
2160:Religious
1950:Australia
1932:Venezuela
1838:Argentina
1820:Greenland
1732:Lithuania
1584:Sri Lanka
1579:Singapore
1504:Kurdistan
1469:Indonesia
1459:Hong Kong
1412:Abayudaya
1336:Mauritius
1070:Igbo Jews
1060:Krymchaks
979:Sephardim
847:relations
741:Sadducees
737:Pharisees
727:Sanhedrin
642:Jerusalem
402:Synagogue
270:Etymology
138:Languages
13844:See also
13060:Rieucros
13044:subcamps
12959:Roundups
12869:Bulgaria
12455:Officers
12383:Ko Chang
12185:Military
12115:Rieucros
12094:subcamps
11976:Roundups
11867:Cambodia
11837:Cameroon
11800:Togoland
11568:L'Alerte
11445:politics
11393:treaties
10973:Slovakia
10862:Svalbard
10847:Guernsey
10794:Abkhazia
10769:Scotland
10724:Slovenia
10719:Slovakia
10694:Portugal
10552:Bulgaria
10454:Archived
10437:Archived
10290:in JSTOR
10281:(1969).
10249:in JSTOR
10107:(1996).
10047:"France"
10002:Archived
9982:14 April
9976:Archived
9950:Archived
9920:Archived
9890:Archived
9860:Archived
9856:BBC News
9830:Archived
9800:Archived
9770:Archived
9744:Archived
9718:Archived
9691:Archived
9664:Archived
9637:Archived
9610:Archived
9584:Archived
9558:Archived
9529:Archived
9496:Archived
9476:9 August
9470:Archived
9440:Archived
9409:Archived
9378:Archived
9351:Archived
9321:Archived
9295:Archived
9274:11 March
9268:Archived
9217:Archived
9198:10 March
9164:12 March
9128:Archived
9095:Archived
9065:Archived
9035:Archived
9005:10 March
8979:10 March
8973:Archived
8942:13 March
8878:9 August
8872:Archived
8833:Archived
8800:Archived
8771:9 August
8765:Archived
8735:Archived
8703:Archived
8686:Archived
8660:9 August
8654:Archived
8628:Archived
8623:Ynetnews
8596:Archived
8563:Archived
8527:Archived
8501:9 August
8495:Archived
8469:Archived
8403:Archived
8399:France24
8379:9 August
8373:Archived
8343:Archived
8314:Archived
8310:BBC News
8284:Archived
8254:Archived
8223:Archived
8199:9 August
8193:Archived
8154:Archived
8130:9 August
8124:Archived
8094:Archived
8035:Archived
8031:Slate.fr
7976:Archived
7882:Archived
7825:40593627
7776:9 August
7770:Archived
7678:, p. 15.
7611:58830958
7528:Archived
7504:9 August
7498:Archived
7468:Archived
7389:Archived
7367:19 March
7361:Archived
7261:Archived
7193:Archived
7189:51580058
7068:29952366
7027:Archived
7001:: 1â63.
6968:Archived
6929:Archived
6897:Archived
6838:Archived
6834:24429768
6787:33665024
6707:50242976
6627:Archived
6601:Archived
6504:Archived
6466:36461619
6431:9 August
6425:Archived
6403:48139723
6358:(2001).
6291:Archived
6253:Archived
6131:61956716
6107:(eds.).
6065:Archived
6033:Archived
6011:"France"
5995:23 April
5986:Archived
5963:Archived
5937:Archived
5907:Archived
5895:"France"
5868:Archived
5812:Archived
5785:Archived
5721:Archived
5691:Archived
5689:. 2012.
5618:in Arles
5607:Paris's
5592:See also
5549:Bataclan
5395:and the
5125:Tunisia
4994:1948 war
4967:Sephardi
4931:a series
4929:Part of
4877:and the
4332:Bourbons
4297:Lutheran
4280:Napoleon
4255:Napoleon
4209:Bas-Rhin
4205:Alsatian
4164:and the
4131:Bastille
4104:Lorraine
4088:Bordeaux
4086:Jews in
4084:Sephardi
4053:Haskalah
4040:Grégoire
4036:Mirabeau
4016:Cerfbeer
3899:Provence
3887:Provence
3810:Provence
3802:Dauphiné
3794:Burgundy
3790:Lorraine
3786:Pyrénées
3774:Auvergne
3770:Lyonnais
3762:Touraine
3750:Normandy
3711:Templars
3691:Toulouse
3510:interest
3458:dominium
3450:dominium
3341:Crusades
3321:Shemaria
3246:responsa
3147:Saracens
3093:Narbonne
3017:currency
2941:In 629,
2898:Narbonne
2883:áž„azzanim
2863:Bordeaux
2847:Narbonne
2797:Lugdunum
2741:Sephardi
2734:Toulouse
2700:and the
2635:and the
2548:Category
2506:Kahanism
2453:Feminism
2425:Politics
2309:Biblical
2279:American
2226:Bukharan
2216:American
2116:Shidduch
2092:Clothing
2048:Haymanot
1994:Orthodox
1922:Suriname
1905:Paraguay
1858:Colombia
1757:Portugal
1667:Bulgaria
1604:Thailand
1554:Pakistan
1534:Mongolia
1529:Malaysia
1449:Cambodia
1423:Zimbabwe
1398:Tanzania
1276:Eswatini
1266:Ethiopia
1256:Djibouti
1236:Cameroon
1231:Botswana
1160:Diaspora
1122:Noahides
1095:Marranos
1019:Cochinim
1004:Bukharim
994:Gruzinim
984:Teimanim
974:Mizrahim
962:Galician
928:conflict
889:Hasidism
879:Haskalah
784:Diaspora
655:timeline
567:Timeline
480:Rabbinic
387:Kabbalah
362:Marriage
338:Tzedakah
328:Holidays
286:Religion
249:a series
247:Part of
235:, other
203:Religion
13913:Judaism
13887:Portals
13821:
13609:Witness
13403:Victims
12949:Ukraine
12934:Romania
12889:Hungary
12879:Estonia
12874:Croatia
12864:Belgium
12859:Belarus
12854:Austria
12849:Albania
12705:Fiction
12634:History
12625:History
12446:RĂ©union
12341:Battles
12256:Militia
12200:Regular
11913:affairs
11790:Senegal
11765:Dahomey
11738:Tunisia
11733:Morocco
11659:Revivre
11603:Combats
11575:L'Appel
10992:Prelude
10983:Ukraine
10938:Denmark
10933:Croatia
10928:Belarus
10918:Albania
10759:England
10749:Ukraine
10699:Romania
10659:Moldova
10617:Ireland
10612:Iceland
10607:Hungary
10597:Germany
10592:Georgia
10582:Finland
10577:Estonia
10572:Denmark
10557:Croatia
10542:Belgium
10537:Belarus
10527:Austria
10522:Armenia
10517:Andorra
10512:Albania
10447:website
10391:(1981)
10346:(1991)
10223:(1994)
10155:(1998)
10131:(1996)
10093:(2001)
10040::
9866:22 June
9616:28 June
9590:28 June
9564:28 June
9301:7 April
8910:3 March
8795:Reuters
8741:5 March
8634:5 March
8349:9 March
8320:22 June
8290:17 July
8260:17 July
8229:17 July
8160:17 July
8082:3133551
7996:Hyman,
7941:Hyman,
7928:Hyman,
7860:4467459
7474:5 March
7442:6303565
7257:1453511
7111:1486732
7023:3622388
6806:History
6623:"Rouen"
6480:Magazin
5568:Créteil
5294:In the
5116:Lebanon
5077:Morocco
5061:Tripoli
5056:Baghdad
4984:Zionism
4972:Mizrahi
4849:Gestapo
4711:Zionism
4704:Yiddish
4695:pogroms
4671:Chagall
4667:Soutine
4438:Algeria
4284:ghettos
4171:La Fare
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4044:Prussia
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3784:to the
3639:rouelle
3600:Crusade
3514:capital
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2995:papyrus
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2066:Culture
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2038:Renewal
2028:Karaite
2009:Hasidic
1941:Oceania
1927:Uruguay
1895:Jamaica
1875:Ecuador
1843:Bolivia
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1717:Hungary
1707:Germany
1702:Georgia
1692:Finland
1687:Estonia
1682:Denmark
1677:Czechia
1662:Belarus
1652:Austria
1647:Armenia
1624:Vietnam
1539:Myanmar
1524:Lebanon
1444:Bahrain
1403:Tunisia
1381:Somalia
1356:Nigeria
1351:Namibia
1341:Morocco
1271:Eritrea
1216:Algeria
1100:Neofiti
1009:Italkim
999:Juhurim
909:Zionism
858:Khazars
753:Sicarii
749:Zealots
745:Essenes
732:Schisms
597:Leaders
559:General
551:History
494:Tosefta
489:Midrash
466:Mishnah
448:Ketuvim
443:Nevi'im
392:Customs
323:Shabbat
318:Halakha
310: (
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295: (
261:Judaism
209:Judaism
197:Russian
193:Yiddish
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152:Yiddish
118:600,000
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13901:France
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13085:Vernet
13035:Milles
13025:Drancy
12944:Serbia
12939:Russia
12929:Poland
12924:Norway
12899:Latvia
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12695:Uranus
12439:Toulon
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12193:Forces
12140:Vernet
12085:Milles
12075:Drancy
11911:Jewish
11887:Tonkin
11775:Guinea
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10968:Serbia
10963:Poland
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10799:Kosovo
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10664:Monaco
10634:Latvia
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10587:France
10562:Cyprus
10415:(1999)
10401:(2012)
10393:online
10377:(1991)
10348:online
10331:online
10314:online
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10225:online
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10147:online
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2861:, and
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2342:Shassi
2303:Hebrew
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2097:Niddah
2082:Minyan
2017:Reform
2004:Haredi
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1900:Mexico
1885:Guyana
1848:Brazil
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6198:Egica
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1454:China
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1316:Libya
1311:Kenya
1291:Ghana
1281:Gabon
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1105:Xueta
1050:Lemba
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534:Zohar
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297:names
13030:Gurs
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12785:1944
12780:1943
12775:1942
12770:1941
12765:1940
12659:Film
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12242:Navy
12080:Gurs
12009:Lyon
11966:UGIF
11922:Laws
11822:Chad
10010:2024
9984:2018
9958:2017
9928:2016
9898:2016
9868:2018
9838:2016
9808:2017
9778:2015
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9726:2015
9699:2015
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9250:2013
9200:2012
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9103:2009
9073:2009
9043:2010
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8981:2012
8944:2012
8912:2009
8880:2019
8864:ISSN
8841:2009
8828:Ynet
8808:2017
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8636:2012
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8381:2019
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8322:2018
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