535:
29:
2436:
426:
The vast majority of
Morocco's 265,000 Jews emigrated to Israel after 1948, with significant emigration to Europe (mainly France) and North America as well. Although about 3,000 Jews remain in Morocco today, most of them speak French rather than Judeo-Moroccan, and their Arabic is more akin to
443:(where speakers reported bilingualism with Hebrew). Most speakers, in both countries, are elderly. There is a Judeo-Arabic radio program on Israeli radio. It also has an impact on the language of Moroccan Jews on the economic and geographic peripheries of Israel, in places such as
316:. Those who immigrated to metropolitan France typically use French as their first language, while the few still left in Morocco tend to use either French, Moroccan or Judeo-Moroccan Arabic in their everyday lives.
290:. The Jewish dialects of Darija spoken in different parts of Morocco had more in common with the local Moroccan Arabic dialects than they did with each other.
2472:
2868:
293:
Nowadays, speakers of the language are usually older adults. The young generation of the Jews of
Morocco who studied at schools of the
841:
3677:
967:
550:"Curses and profanity in Moroccan Jewish-Arabic and what's left of it in the Hebrew sociolect of Israelis from Moroccan origins"
3682:
3043:
892:
750:"Moroccan Arabic and Jewish‑Arabic in Hebrew as Spoken by Israelis of Moroccan Origin: The Case of the TV Show Zaguri Imperya"
3018:
974:
643:
3657:
730:
400:, but Moroccan Jews, who typically did not learn Standard Arabic as it was taught in Islamic religious contexts, wrote in
3033:
3028:
2465:
1435:
3579:
705:
3662:
3433:
3093:
2082:
979:
486:
or glottal stop; 2) the dialects of
Marrakesh, Essaouira, Safi, el-Jadida, and Azemmour, which pronounce it as a
2861:
1609:
875:
330:
294:
3618:
2458:
2057:
834:
3667:
3448:
3038:
3023:
2666:
2530:
1374:
925:
210:
123:
478:: ק): 1) the dialects of Jewish communities in Fez, Sefrou, Meknes, Rabat, and Salé, which pronounce the
3612:
3133:
2707:
2671:
2497:
3098:
3003:
2759:
2018:
1497:
382:
2997:
2992:
2854:
2699:
2633:
1771:
1761:
1738:
810:
108:
534:
274:(Arabic of the Muslims), typically had distinct features, such as š>s and ž>z "lisping," some
35:
3672:
3311:
3279:
2439:
2347:
1829:
827:
706:"EJP | News | France | Jewish pilgrims flock to Morocco to honour celebrated rabbis"
3071:
3425:
3326:
3174:
2979:
2618:
1594:
1537:
940:
503:
487:
305:
1896:
2806:
2676:
2566:
2561:
1702:
1662:
1587:
1582:
1346:
882:
418:
on
Semitic languages in Maghrebi Judeo-Arabic to the Jews of Fes already in the ninth-century.
374:
103:
3622:
3608:
3155:
3108:
3081:
3066:
3061:
3053:
2885:
2628:
2428:
2261:
2213:
2023:
1998:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1795:
1530:
1502:
1296:
920:
461:
378:
258:, as their first language, even in Amazigh areas, which was facilitated by their literacy in
93:
3569:
3520:
3352:
2481:
2164:
1924:
1844:
1324:
965:
464:
identifies three groups of Judeo-Moroccan Arabic based on the pronunciation of the letter
8:
3559:
3113:
3103:
2779:
2521:
2223:
2033:
1906:
1729:
1280:
1194:
1131:
227:
113:
1122:
3494:
3486:
3414:
3346:
3221:
3183:
3149:
3076:
2391:
2077:
1993:
1790:
1715:
1454:
1440:
775:
649:
390:
3386:
1460:
1257:
1239:
1032:
202:
3589:
3575:
3541:
3400:
2690:
2553:
2489:
2138:
1811:
1751:
1514:
1406:
1317:
960:
779:
767:
674:
653:
639:
599:
431:
than to Judeo-Arabic. There are estimated to be 8,925 speakers in
Morocco, mostly in
409:
98:
1891:
1421:
1248:
798:
734:
3549:
3506:
3501:
3490:
3469:
3458:
3407:
3231:
3196:
3159:
3010:
2987:
2940:
2877:
2813:
2769:
2764:
2751:
2717:
2661:
2653:
2638:
2601:
2571:
2159:
1957:
1938:
1901:
1780:
1710:
1653:
1565:
1411:
1396:
1341:
1303:
1007:
950:
910:
757:
631:
589:
397:
370:
342:
2301:
1638:
3565:
3555:
3545:
3332:
3250:
3211:
2965:
2960:
2945:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2894:
2820:
2792:
2733:
2643:
2623:
2610:
2587:
2342:
2271:
2208:
2202:
2071:
1946:
1886:
1746:
1690:
1675:
1670:
1643:
1633:
1577:
1550:
1525:
1426:
1383:
1365:
955:
935:
870:
475:
471:
428:
386:
358:
287:
279:
259:
253:
249:
237:
231:
215:
166:
128:
118:
85:
44:
40:
549:
3638:
3369:
3359:
3320:
3255:
2955:
2950:
2422:
2352:
2286:
2191:
1965:
1854:
1849:
1834:
1819:
1785:
1570:
945:
887:
449:
414:
396:
Most literate
Muslims in Morocco would write, not in vernacular Arabic, but in
309:
159:
678:
3651:
3600:
3516:
3463:
3453:
3443:
3339:
3269:
3242:
3144:
3139:
2924:
2384:
2379:
2365:
2311:
2246:
2228:
2114:
2099:
2093:
2062:
1881:
1876:
1861:
1824:
1685:
1680:
1604:
1560:
1416:
1390:
915:
902:
771:
670:
Langues en contact dans le judéo-arabe de Fès : le système consonantique
603:
522:
313:
301:
283:
66:
28:
3393:
2538:
2357:
2316:
2256:
2236:
2196:
2109:
2104:
1871:
1866:
1756:
1479:
1465:
1169:
1079:
1052:
625:
334:
2182:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1167:
1159:
1149:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1095:
1087:
1077:
1069:
1060:
1050:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1023:
635:
186:
3585:
3379:
3261:
2251:
2181:
2143:
2087:
1839:
1000:
577:
1140:
1086:
1059:
816:
radio station broadcasting a daily program in Judeo-Moroccan (Mugrabian)
594:
3512:
2512:
2450:
1401:
1310:
1176:
813:
709:
527:
499:
432:
275:
234:
1266:
1212:
1203:
1158:
1151:
1104:
1097:
1068:
749:
668:
3438:
3287:
3236:
3216:
2306:
795:(Routledge Curzon Arabic linguistics series): London, New York, 2002.
762:
444:
354:
195:
179:
1230:
1041:
3292:
2846:
2291:
2281:
984:
495:
3129:
2174:
819:
3364:
3297:
3226:
3192:
2828:
2712:
2326:
990:
350:
245:
56:
2787:
2502:
2241:
2169:
865:
850:
491:
440:
366:
362:
338:
297:
under the French protectorate made French their mother tongue.
282:, and in some regions Hispanic features from the migration of
3201:
2321:
2276:
2266:
1185:
1113:
995:
483:
346:
2296:
695:. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
479:
465:
666:
436:
241:
385:(which, like Judeo-Moroccan Arabic, are associated with
361:(due to the period in which Morocco was colonized by
248:. Historically, the majority of Moroccan Jews spoke
266:spoken by Moroccan Jews, which they referred to as
357:refugees from Spain after the 1492 expulsion, and
353:or Moroccan Judeo-Spanish, due to the influx of
3649:
731:"Jewish Language Research Website: Judeo-Arabic"
337:has many influences from languages other than
2862:
2466:
835:
793:Jewish and Muslim dialects of Moroccan Arabic
799:Stories in Judeo-Arabic by David Bensoussan
329:Widely used in the Jewish community during
2869:
2855:
2473:
2459:
842:
828:
319:
27:
761:
623:
593:
365:), and, of course, the inclusion of many
2480:
369:loanwords and phrases (a feature of all
578:"Les parlers arabes des juifs du Maroc"
3650:
747:
547:
2850:
2454:
823:
2876:
619:
617:
615:
613:
575:
571:
569:
567:
849:
693:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
691:Raymond G. Gordon Jr., ed. 2005.
13:
2427:Languages between parentheses are
516:
14:
3694:
804:
610:
564:
2435:
2434:
548:Sibony, Jonas (September 2019).
533:
502:valley, which pronounce it as a
373:). The dialect has considerable
3678:Definitely endangered languages
667:Bensimon-Choukroun, Georgette.
404:using Hebrew script. For them,
345:(due to the close proximity of
324:
16:Judeo-Arabic variety of Morocco
2831:, extinct as native in Morocco
2431:of the language on their left.
741:
723:
698:
685:
660:
541:
488:voiceless post-velar occlusive
295:Alliance Israelite Universelle
33:A 1922 issue of the newspaper
1:
3683:Endangered diaspora languages
3619:Algerian Jewish Sign Language
509:
270:("our Arabic") as opposed to
244:living or formerly living in
926:Ancient South Arabian script
893:Influence on other languages
748:Sibony, Jonas (2021-05-06).
456:
39:with Judeo-Moroccan Arabic (
7:
3658:Jews and Judaism in Morocco
2183:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1168:
1160:
1150:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1096:
1088:
1078:
1070:
1061:
1051:
1043:
1034:
1025:
966:
10:
3699:
3004:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
383:Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic
333:, the Moroccan dialect of
250:Moroccan vernacular Arabic
3632:
3599:
3534:
3479:
3449:Judaeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi
3424:
3310:
3278:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3122:
3052:
2978:
2933:
2902:
2893:
2884:
2801:
2780:Main liturgical languages
2778:
2750:
2726:
2698:
2689:
2652:
2609:
2600:
2580:
2552:
2529:
2520:
2511:
2488:
2414:
2407:Islam and Arabic language
2400:
2335:
2222:
2152:
2131:
2056:
1974:
1956:
1917:
1810:
1770:
1737:
1728:
1701:
1661:
1652:
1626:
1513:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1334:
1288:
1279:
1016:
901:
858:
624:Gottreich, Emily (2020).
504:voiceless velar occlusive
490:; and 3) the dialects of
408:was a literary language:
312:to using Hebrew as their
272:‘arabiya diyal l-məslimīn
209:
193:
177:
172:
156:
82:
72:
62:
52:
26:
21:
2348:Arabic script in Unicode
2083:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
1443:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
421:
389:), but almost none with
230:or the varieties of the
3580:Portuguese-based Creole
1610:Western Egyptian Bedawi
320:History and composition
78:66,000 (2000–2018)
3663:Judeo-Arabic languages
2807:Modern Standard Arabic
2752:Main foreign languages
472:Maghrebi Arabic script
375:mutual intelligibility
331:its long history there
3623:village sign language
3609:Israeli Sign Language
2214:Quranic Arabic Corpus
921:Ancient North Arabian
636:10.5040/9781838603601
523:Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
379:Judeo-Tunisian Arabic
300:The vast majority of
224:Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
216:Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
134:Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
22:Judeo-Moroccan Arabic
3459:Judaeo-Yazdi–Kermani
3099:Judaeo-Tripolitanian
2672:Eastern Middle Atlas
2482:Languages of Morocco
2165:Sun and moon letters
1325:Pre-classical Arabic
576:Levy, Simon (2013).
3668:Languages of Israel
2827:Formerly native to
2019:Judeo-Tripolitanian
1498:Judeo-Tripolitanian
595:10.3917/ls.143.0041
306:relocated to Israel
268:al-‘arabiya diyalna
124:Pre-Hilalian Arabic
3487:Jewish Koine Greek
3347:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3094:Judaeo-Palestinian
2934:Reading traditions
2513:Native vernaculars
2490:Official languages
2392:MacArabic encoding
582:Langage et société
391:Judeo-Iraqi Arabic
3645:
3644:
3639:extinct languages
3576:Judaeo-Papiamento
3530:
3529:
3470:Judaeo-Golpaygani
3401:Judaeo-Portuguese
3306:
3305:
3169:
3168:
2974:
2973:
2844:
2843:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2685:
2684:
2596:
2595:
2448:
2447:
2423:extinct languages
2362:MS-DOS codepages
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
1806:
1805:
1724:
1723:
1622:
1621:
1318:Old Hijazi Arabic
645:978-1-78076-849-6
531:(25th ed., 2022)
439:, and 250,000 in
410:Judah ibn Quraish
221:
220:
3690:
3556:Judaeo-Malayalam
3408:Judaeo-Aragonese
3387:Judaeo-Provençal
3333:Judaeo-Livornese
3189:
3188:
3180:
3179:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2890:
2878:Jewish languages
2871:
2864:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2814:Classical Arabic
2696:
2695:
2634:Sanhaja de Srair
2607:
2606:
2527:
2526:
2518:
2517:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2438:
2437:
2186:
1735:
1734:
1659:
1658:
1595:Western Algerian
1542:Eastern Algerian
1538:Algerian Saharan
1468:(Lesser Kabylia)
1371:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1304:Nabataean Arabic
1286:
1285:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1173:
1163:
1155:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1101:
1091:
1083:
1073:
1064:
1056:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1008:Maltese alphabet
971:
951:Algerian Braille
941:Eastern numerals
911:Nabataean script
844:
837:
830:
821:
820:
791:Heath, Jeffrey,
784:
783:
765:
763:10.4000/yod.4553
745:
739:
738:
737:on 21 July 2020.
733:. Archived from
727:
721:
720:
718:
717:
708:. Archived from
702:
696:
689:
683:
682:
664:
658:
657:
621:
608:
607:
597:
573:
562:
561:
545:
539:
538:
537:
520:
470:(in traditional
447:as portrayed in
381:, and some with
371:Jewish languages
278:borrowings from
205:
189:
182:
162:
88:
31:
19:
18:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3673:Moroccan Arabic
3648:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3628:
3595:
3566:Judaeo-Georgian
3526:
3475:
3420:
3302:
3274:
3256:Judaeo-Alsatian
3165:
3118:
3109:Judaeo-Tunisian
3089:Judaeo-Moroccan
3082:Judaeo-Baghdadi
3067:Judaeo-Egyptian
3062:Judaeo-Algerian
3048:
3039:Lishanid Noshan
2970:
2929:
2880:
2875:
2845:
2840:
2821:Medieval Hebrew
2797:
2774:
2738:
2722:
2681:
2677:Eastern Morocco
2648:
2592:
2576:
2548:
2507:
2484:
2479:
2449:
2444:
2410:
2396:
2343:Arabic keyboard
2331:
2226:
2218:
2203:Mater lectionis
2197:Triliteral root
2148:
2119:
2060:
2052:
1970:
1952:
1913:
1802:
1766:
1720:
1697:
1648:
1618:
1509:
1489:Judeo-Maghrebi
1357:
1351:
1347:Modern Standard
1330:
1275:
1012:
956:Maltese Braille
936:Arabic numerals
897:
854:
848:
807:
788:
787:
756:(23): 131–148.
746:
742:
729:
728:
724:
715:
713:
704:
703:
699:
690:
686:
665:
661:
646:
630:. I.B. Tauris.
622:
611:
574:
565:
546:
542:
532:
521:
517:
512:
459:
429:Moroccan Arabic
424:
398:Standard Arabic
387:Maghrebi Arabic
327:
322:
314:native language
288:Alhambra Decree
201:
185:
178:
167:Hebrew alphabet
163:
158:
152:
129:Moroccan Arabic
119:Maghrebi Arabic
109:Central Semitic
89:
86:Language family
84:
75:
74:Native speakers
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3696:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3643:
3642:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3616:
3605:
3603:
3601:Sign languages
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3573:
3563:
3553:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3517:Judaeo-Marathi
3510:
3498:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3464:Judaeo-Kashani
3461:
3456:
3454:Judaeo-Shirazi
3451:
3446:
3444:Judaeo-Persian
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3426:Judaeo-Iranian
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3360:Judaeo-Spanish
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3343:
3340:Judaeo-Mantuan
3336:
3327:Judaeo-Italian
3324:
3321:Judaeo-Catalan
3316:
3314:
3312:Judaeo-Romance
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3280:Jewish English
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3258:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3208:
3206:
3186:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3137:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2980:Judaeo-Aramaic
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2897:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2544:Judeo-Moroccan
2541:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2425:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2360:
2355:
2353:ISO/IEC 8859-6
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2287:Naskh (script)
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2065:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2024:Judeo-Tunisian
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2006:Judeo-Moroccan
2003:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1989:Judeo-Egyptian
1986:
1984:Judeo-Algerian
1980:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1966:Bedouin Arabic
1962:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
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1852:
1847:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1816:
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1800:
1799:
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1777:
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1630:
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1624:
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1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1578:Moroccan koiné
1575:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1551:Tunisian koiné
1547:Eastern Hilal
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1531:Judeo-Algerian
1526:Algerian koiné
1522:Central Hilal
1519:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1503:Judeo-Tunisian
1500:
1495:
1493:Judeo-Moroccan
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1458:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
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1387:
1379:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
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1338:
1336:
1332:
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1329:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
982:
977:
972:
958:
953:
948:
946:Arabic Braille
943:
938:
933:
932:
931:
923:
918:
913:
907:
905:
899:
898:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
879:
878:
868:
862:
860:
856:
855:
847:
846:
839:
832:
824:
818:
817:
806:
805:External links
803:
802:
801:
796:
786:
785:
740:
722:
697:
684:
659:
644:
627:Jewish Morocco
609:
563:
554:Romano-Arabica
540:
514:
513:
511:
508:
458:
455:
450:Zaguri Imperia
423:
420:
326:
323:
321:
318:
286:following the
219:
218:
213:
207:
206:
199:
191:
190:
183:
175:
174:
173:Language codes
170:
169:
164:
160:Writing system
157:
154:
153:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
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145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
92:
90:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
54:
53:Native to
50:
49:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3695:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
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3666:
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3661:
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3427:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3394:Judaeo-Gascon
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
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3329:
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3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
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3315:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3270:Scots-Yiddish
3268:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3243:Klezmer-loshn
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:Indo-European
3172:
3161:
3157:
3156:Judaeo-Berber
3154:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3114:Judaeo-Yemeni
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:Judaeo-Syrian
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3054:Judaeo-Arabic
3051:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
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2954:
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2932:
2926:
2923:
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2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2735:
2734:African Latin
2732:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:Central Atlas
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2441:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Sini (script)
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:Ruqʿah script
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:Hijazi script
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1925:Central Asian
1923:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:Taʽizzi-Adeni
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1476:Traras-Msirda
1475:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
970:
969:
964:
963:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
929:
928:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
916:Arabic script
914:
912:
909:
908:
906:
904:
900:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
877:
874:
873:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
861:
857:
852:
845:
840:
838:
833:
831:
826:
825:
822:
815:
812:
809:
808:
800:
797:
794:
790:
789:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
759:
755:
751:
744:
736:
732:
726:
712:on 2012-05-18
711:
707:
701:
694:
688:
680:
676:
672:
671:
663:
655:
651:
647:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:
620:
618:
616:
614:
605:
601:
596:
591:
587:
583:
579:
572:
570:
568:
559:
555:
551:
544:
536:
530:
529:
524:
519:
515:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:Hebrew script
473:
469:
468:
463:
454:
452:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
419:
417:
416:
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368:
364:
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356:
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348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:Moroccan Jews
298:
296:
291:
289:
285:
284:Sephardi Jews
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:Hebrew script
257:
256:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:
233:
229:
225:
217:
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176:
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135:
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107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
91:
87:
81:
77:
71:
68:
67:Moroccan Jews
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
46:
45:Hebrew script
42:
38:
37:
30:
25:
20:
3634:
3586:Judaeo-Malay
3500:
3468:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3380:Judaeo-Latin
3378:
3353:Judaeo-Roman
3345:
3338:
3331:
3319:
3260:
3241:
3200:
3143:
3134:Ethiosemitic
3088:
3077:Judaeo-Iraqi
3072:Judaeo-Fessi
3034:Lishán Didán
3029:Lishana Deni
3009:
3002:
2835:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2629:Judeo-Berber
2543:
2531:Pre-Hilalian
2418:
2358:Windows-1256
2317:Taliq script
2257:Jeli Thuluth
2237:Ajami script
2201:
2105:Pidgin madam
2092:
2070:
2034:Judeo-Yemeni
2005:
1976:Judeo-Arabic
1958:Sociological
1945:
1907:Judeo-Yemeni
1730:Mesopotamian
1605:Libyan koiné
1492:
1389:
1382:
1375:Pre-Hilalian
1323:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1297:Proto-Arabic
1295:
930:Zabūr script
883:Romanization
792:
753:
743:
735:the original
725:
714:. Retrieved
710:the original
700:
692:
687:
669:
662:
626:
585:
581:
557:
553:
543:
526:
518:
466:
460:
448:
425:
413:
405:
401:
395:
341:, including
335:Judeo-Arabic
328:
325:Historically
299:
292:
271:
267:
263:
254:
223:
222:
194:
133:
104:West Semitic
94:Afro-Asiatic
34:
3613:German Sign
3513:Judaeo-Urdu
3262:Lachoudisch
2886:Afroasiatic
2727:Undescribed
2554:Hilal-Mâqil
2252:Jawi script
2224:Calligraphy
2153:Linguistics
2078:Gulf Pidgin
1994:Judeo-Iraqi
1935:Kashkadarya
1791:Judeo-Iraqi
1716:Palestinian
1627:Nile Valley
1289:Pre-Islamic
1001:Dagger alif
3652:Categories
3570:Kartvelian
3521:Indo-Aryan
3439:Judaeo-Tat
2139:Literature
1812:Peninsular
1752:Khuzestani
1482:(Mountain)
1402:Australian
1311:Old Arabic
961:Diacritics
888:Numerology
814:Kol Israel
716:2012-05-17
679:1201718554
528:Ethnologue
510:References
500:Draa River
498:, and the
462:Simon Levy
433:Casablanca
240:spoken by
235:vernacular
3637:indicate
3560:Dravidian
3415:Zarphatic
3288:Yeshivish
3237:Udmurtish
3232:Ukrainish
3217:Galitzish
2941:Ashkenazi
2624:Tashelhit
2572:Hassaniya
2429:varieties
2421:indicate
2336:Technical
2307:Shahmukhi
2262:Kairouani
2160:Phonology
1939:Khorasani
1929:Bakhtiari
1781:Anatolian
1711:Jordanian
1691:Damascene
1654:Levantine
1566:Hassaniya
1407:Cottenera
1342:Classical
1281:Varieties
859:Overviews
780:236561204
772:0338-9316
654:213996367
604:0181-4095
588:(1): 41.
457:Varieties
445:Beersheba
355:Sephardic
308:and have
196:Glottolog
180:ISO 639-3
63:Ethnicity
36:El Horria
3542:Krymchak
3495:Hellenic
3293:Yinglish
3197:dialects
3184:Germanic
3150:Cushitic
3044:Betanure
3011:Galilean
2998:Talmudic
2988:Biblical
2966:Tiberian
2961:Yemenite
2946:Sephardi
2920:Medieval
2915:Mishnaic
2910:Biblical
2829:Moriscos
2667:Tabeldit
2539:Northern
2440:Category
2292:Nastaliq
2282:Muhaqqaq
2272:Maghrebi
2132:Academic
2072:Bimbashi
2028:Tunisene
1999:Baghdadi
1947:Shirvani
1887:Hadhrami
1845:Bahraini
1796:Baghdadi
1747:Baghdadi
1686:Aleppine
1676:Lebanese
1671:Cilician
1644:Sudanese
1634:Egyptian
1515:Hilalian
1473:Western
1451:Eastern
1448:Village
1427:Żurrieqi
1391:Sicilian
1384:Andalusi
1366:Maghrebi
1335:Literary
987:(tanwin)
985:Nunation
871:Alphabet
866:Language
853:language
496:Tafilalt
474:: ق, in
412:wrote a
310:switched
232:Moroccan
203:jude1265
3635:Italics
3590:Malayic
3502:Knaanic
3491:Yevanic
3434:Bukhori
3370:Tetuani
3365:Haketia
3298:Heblish
3251:Western
3227:Poylish
3222:Litvish
3212:Eastern
3193:Yiddish
3024:Hulaulá
3019:Barzani
2956:Italian
2951:Mizrahi
2836:Extinct
2770:English
2765:Spanish
2718:Spanish
2713:Haketia
2700:Western
2691:Romance
2662:Tarifit
2639:Ghomara
2567:Eastern
2562:Western
2419:Italics
2327:Thuluth
2192:Grammar
2063:pidgins
2058:Creoles
2047:Sanʽani
1932:Bukhara
1892:Sanʽani
1855:Kuwaiti
1850:Emirati
1835:Dhofari
1820:Bahrani
1786:Cypriot
1774:(Qeltu)
1601:Sulaym
1588:Western
1583:Eastern
1461:Sfaxian
1457:(Sahel)
1412:Gozitan
1397:Maltese
1017:Letters
991:Shaddah
980:Harakat
975:Tashkil
903:Scripts
876:History
351:Haketia
343:Spanish
276:lexical
246:Morocco
228:variety
226:is the
99:Semitic
57:Morocco
3550:Turkic
3546:Karaim
3535:Others
3507:Slavic
3480:Others
3202:argots
3160:Berber
3123:Others
2993:Targum
2925:Modern
2895:Hebrew
2793:Hebrew
2788:Arabic
2760:French
2654:Zenati
2644:Gharbi
2602:Berber
2588:Darija
2522:Arabic
2503:Arabic
2498:Berber
2242:Diwani
2229:Script
2187:(case)
2184:ʾIʿrāb
2170:Tajwid
2115:Bongor
2094:Maridi
2044:Habban
1918:Others
1902:Tihami
1882:Yemeni
1877:Shihhi
1862:Hejazi
1830:Bedawi
1825:Bareqi
1681:Syrian
1639:Saʽidi
1571:Nemadi
1557:Maqil
1455:Sahili
1422:Żejtun
1358:spoken
1356:Modern
851:Arabic
778:
770:
677:
652:
642:
602:
492:Debdou
441:Israel
415:risala
406:Darija
402:Darija
367:Hebrew
363:France
359:French
339:Arabic
280:Hebrew
264:Darija
262:. The
255:Darija
238:Arabic
114:Arabic
41:Darija
3145:Qwara
3140:Kayla
3130:Geʽez
2708:Sabir
2611:Atlas
2581:Koiné
2401:Other
2322:Tawqi
2277:Mashq
2267:Kufic
2175:Imāla
2144:Names
2110:Turku
2038:Adeni
1872:Omani
1867:Najdi
1772:North
1762:South
1757:Shawi
1739:Gilit
1703:South
1663:North
1561:Fessi
1480:Jebli
1466:Jijel
1441:Tunis
1436:Urban
1417:Qormi
1026:ʾAlif
996:Hamza
968:i‘jām
776:S2CID
650:S2CID
484:hamza
482:as a
422:Today
377:with
347:Spain
304:have
252:, or
43:) in
2903:Eras
2297:Rasm
2100:Nubi
2088:Juba
2061:and
2041:Beda
2013:Wqal
2010:Kjal
1840:Gulf
1188:Ġayn
1179:ʿAyn
811:Reka
768:ISSN
675:OCLC
640:ISBN
600:ISSN
435:and
242:Jews
2385:864
2380:720
2376:711
2373:710
2370:709
2366:708
2209:IPA
1269:Yāʾ
1260:Wāw
1251:Hāʾ
1242:Nūn
1233:Mīm
1224:Lām
1215:Kāf
1206:Qāf
1197:Fāʾ
1170:Ẓāʾ
1161:Ṭāʾ
1152:Ḍād
1143:Ṣād
1134:Šīn
1125:Sīn
1116:Zāy
1107:Rāʾ
1098:Ḏāl
1089:Dāl
1080:Ḫāʾ
1071:Ḥāʾ
1062:Ǧīm
1053:Ṯāʾ
1044:Tāʾ
1035:Bāʾ
758:doi
754:Yod
632:doi
590:doi
586:143
558:XIX
525:at
480:qāf
467:qaf
437:Fes
349:),
211:ELP
187:aju
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47:.
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