510:
32:
1652:, which relied on the scholars whom they hired. There is a general but far from uniform consensus among the leading scholars about what should or should not be said in standard English; but for every rule, examples from famous English writers can be found that break it. Uniformity of spoken English never existed and does not exist now, but usages do exist, which must be learnt by the speakers, and do not conform to prescriptive rules.
259:
243:
849:
special purposes, such as a liturgical or sacred language. Fasold expanded the concept still further by proposing that multiple H exist in society from which the users can select for various purposes. The definition of an H is intermediate between
Ferguson's and Fishman's. Realizing the inappropriateness of the term diglossia (only two) to his concept, he proposes the term broad diglossia.
834:(1959), but Ferguson explicitly excluded variants as divergent as dialects or different languages or as similar as styles or registers. It must not be a conversational form; Ferguson had in mind a literary language. For example, a lecture is delivered in a different variety than ordinary conversation. Ferguson's own example was classical and spoken Arabic, but the analogy between
494:
830:("split tongue", on the model of the genetic anomaly). In it, the language is bifurcated: the speaker learns two forms of the language and ordinarily uses one but under special circumstances uses the other. The one most frequently used is the low (L) variant, equivalent to the vernacular, while the special variant is the high (H). The concept was introduced to linguistics by
1099:
has been heard constantly on radio and then television for over 60 years, only 3 to 5% of the population of
Britain actually speaks RP … new brands of English have been springing up even in recent times ...." What the vernacular would be in this case is a moot point: "… the standardisation of English has been in progress for many centuries."
1713:, a former army surgeon who had become criminally insane and made most of his contributions while incarcerated. Whether the OED is the long-desired standard English Dictionary is debatable, but its authority is taken seriously by the entire English-speaking world. Its staff is currently working on a third edition.
1643:
remains a quasi-fictional ideal, despite the numerous private organizations publishing prescriptive rules for it. No language academy was ever established or espoused by any government past or present in the
English-speaking world. In practice the British monarchy and its administrations established
214:
standard." In other words, the adjective "nonstandard" should not be taken to mean that these various dialects were intrinsically incorrect, less logical, or otherwise inferior, only that they were not the socially perceived norm or mainstream considered prestigious or appropriate for public speech;
1098:
Being the language of a maritime power, English was (of necessity) formed from elements of many different languages. Standardisation has been an ongoing issue. Even in the age of modern communications and mass media, according to one study, "… although the
Received Pronunciation of Standard English
848:
redefined the concept in 1964 to include everything
Ferguson had excluded. Fishman allowed both different languages and dialects and also different styles and registers as the H variants. The essential contrast between them was that they be "functionally differentiated"; that is, H must be used for
1655:
Usages have been documented not by prescriptive grammars, which on the whole are less comprehensible to the general public, but by comprehensive dictionaries, often termed unabridged, which attempt to list all usages of words and the phrases in which they occur as well as the date of first use and
881:
from which the speaker selects according to the social setting of the moment. The vernacular is "the least self-conscious style of people in a relaxed conversation", or "the most basic style"; that is, casual varieties used spontaneously rather than self-consciously, informal talk used in intimate
1523:) are considered to have been composed in the early fourteenth century, and are present in manuscripts from soon after. These tractates draw on the traditions of the Latin grammars of Donatus and Priscianus and also on the teaching of the professional Welsh poets. The tradition of grammars of the
1295:. Various administrations wished to create a civil service, or chancery, language that would be useful in more than one locality. And finally, nationalists wished to counter the spread of the French national language into German-speaking territories assisted by the efforts of the French Academy.
1054:
is known for its alternative spellings and pronunciations. The
British Isles, although geographically limited, have always supported populations of widely-varied dialects, as well as a few different languages; some examples of languages and regional accents (and/or dialects) within Great Britain
898:
thus defined are dialects, which are to be identified as complexes of factors: "social class, region, ethnicity, situation, and so forth". Both the standard and non-standard languages have dialects, but in contrast to the standard language, the non-standard language has "socially disfavored"
1795:
dictionaries began in the 16th century and were at first multi-lingual. They were preceded by glossaries of German words and phrases on various specialized topics. Finally interest in developing a vernacular German grew to the point where Maaler could publish a work called by
2090:
The term "vernacular" may also be applied metaphorically to any cultural product of the lower, common orders of society that is relatively uninfluenced by the ideas and ideals of the educated Ă©lite. Hence, vernacular has had connotations of a coarseness and crudeness.
1286:
was not identical to any specific variety of German. The first grammar evolved from pedagogical works that also tried to create a uniform standard from the many regional dialects for various reasons. Religious leaders wished to create a sacred language for
1863:
in 1536. In the mid-16th the dictionaries began, as listed below. In 1582 the first language academy was formed, called
Accademia della Crusca, "bran academy", which sifted language like grain. Once formed, its publications were standard-setting.
1693:(1747), which would imitate the dictionary being produced by the French Academy. He had no problem acquiring the funding, but not as a prescriptive dictionary. This was to be a grand comprehensive dictionary of all English words at any period,
1306:
until the 17th century, when grammarians began to debate the creation of an ideal language. Before 1550 as a conventional date, "supraregional compromises" were used in printed works, such as the one published by
Valentin Ickelsamer
1400:, "Grammar of the Tuscan Language". In it Alberti sought to demonstrate that the vernacular – here Tuscan, known today as modern Italian – was every bit as structured as Latin. He did so by mapping vernacular structures onto Latin.
1485:) has a development similar to that of Italian. There was some vocabulary in Isidore of Seville, with traces afterward, writing from about the 12th century; standardisation began in the 15th century, concurrent with the rise of
1311:) 1534. Books published in one of these artificial variants began to increase in frequency, replacing the Latin then in use. After 1550 the supraregional ideal broadened to a universal intent to create a national language from
375:, while it has become common thought to assume that nonstandard varieties should not be taught, there has been evidence to prove that teaching nonstandard dialects in the classroom can encourage some children to learn English.
991:) followed five years after, in 1564. The Latinizing tendency changed course, with a joint publication, in 1584 by De Eglantier and the rhetoric society of Amsterdam; this was to be the first comprehensive Dutch grammar,
825:
These circumstances are a contrast between a vernacular and language variant used by the same speakers. According to one school of linguistic thought, all such variants are examples of a linguistic phenomenon termed
1233:. The written language is known from at least as early as the 9th century. That language contained many forms still identifiable as Latin. Interest in standardizing French began in the 16th century. Because of the
230:
that is a vernacular may not have historically benefited from the institutional support or sanction that a standard dialect has. According to another definition, a vernacular is a language that has not developed a
1702:
By 1858, the need for an update resulted in the first planning for a new comprehensive dictionary to document standard
English, a term coined at that time by the planning committee. The dictionary, known as the
1237:
and the Anglo-Norman domains in both northwestern France and
Britain, English scholars retained an interest in the fate of French as well as of English. Some of the numerous 16th-century surviving grammars are:
1106:, where the king resided and from which he ruled. It contained Danish forms not often used in the north or south, as the Danes had settled heavily in the midlands. Chaucer wrote in an early East Midland style;
1102:
Modern English came into being as the standard Middle English (i.e., as the preferred dialect of the monarch, court and administration). That dialect was of the East Midland, which had spread to
2966:
DeGrauwe, Luc (2002). "Emerging Mother-Tongue Awareness: The Special Case of Dutch and German in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period". In Linn, Andrew Robert; McLelland, Nicola (eds.).
842:
is of the same type. Excluding the upper-class and lower-class register aspects of the two variants, Classical Latin was a literary language; the people spoke Vulgar Latin as a vernacular.
955:
were written, though not always immediately published. It is to be understood that the first precursors of those languages preceded their standardization by up to several hundred years.
1503:
grammatically, in order to facilitate the study of Latin for its Spanish-speaking readers. Book 5 contains a phonetical and morphological overview of Spanish for nonnative speakers.
1338:
in Italy. It was one of many such clubs; however, none became a national academy. In 1618–1619 Johannes Kromayer wrote the first all-German grammar. In 1641 Justin Georg Schottel in
1302:) did evolve without the assistance of a language academy. Its precise origin, the major constituents of its features, remains uncertainly known and debatable. Latin prevailed as a
1188:
360:. This classic piece of literature, commonly taught in schools in the U.S., includes dialogue from various characters in their own native vernaculars (including representations of
882:
situations. In other contexts the speaker does conscious work to select the appropriate variations. The one they can use without this effort is the first form of speech acquired.
1159:(1580), but his orthography was not generally accepted and was soon supplanted, thus his grammar shared a similar fate. Other grammars in English followed rapidly; Paul Greaves'
2544:
In 1953, UNESCO defined a lingua franca as 'a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them.'
594:
1522); Bible in Spanish: published in Basel in 1569 by Casiodoro de Reina (Biblia del Oso); Bible in Czech: Bible of Kralice, printed between 1579 and 1593; Bible in English:
2020:
1979:
899:
structures. The standard language is primarily written (in traditional print media), whereas the non-standard language is spoken. An example of a vernacular dialect is
778:
in Tamil country. Sanskrit was a lingua franca among the non-Indo-European languages of the Indian subcontinent and became more of one as the spoken languages, or
2761:
Marazzini, Claudio (2000), "102. Early grammatical descriptions of Italian", in Auroux, Sylvain; Koerner, E. F. K.; Niederehe, Hans-Josef; et al. (eds.),
2203:
usually refers to spoken language, it sometimes is used to refer to written language that intentionally reflects or imitates a certain form of spoken language.
804:
219:
rationalization. Again, however, linguistics regards all varieties of a language as coherent, complex, and complete systems—even nonstandard varieties.
1315:
by deliberately ignoring regional forms of speech, which practice was considered to be a form of purification parallel to the ideal of purifying religion in
975:
from the 1420s onward) attempted to impose a Latin structure on Dutch, on the presumption that Latin grammar had a "universal character". However, in 1559,
1389:
of subsequent medieval writers. Documents of mixed Latin and Italian are known from the 12th century, which appears to be the start of writing in Italian.
2718:
Langer, Nils (2002), "On the Importance of Foreign Language Grammars for a History of Standard German", in Linn, Andrew Robert; McLelland, Nicola (eds.),
1278:
The development of a standard German was impeded by political disunity and strong local traditions until the invention of printing made possible a "
1659:
Bilingual dictionaries and glossaries precede modern English and were in use in the earliest written English. The first monolingual dictionary was
298:, generally used to refer to a local language or dialect, as distinct from what is seen as a standard language. The vernacular is contrasted with
2095:", for example, is a term applied to buildings designed in any style based on practical considerations and local traditions, in contrast to the "
2937:
Bex, Tony (1999). "Representations of English in twentieth-century Britain: Fowler, Gowers, Partridge". In Bex, Tony; Watts, Richard J. (eds.).
1118:, the first English printer, wrote in it. Caxton is considered the first modern English author. The first printed book in England was Chaucer's
1616:. As a result of this political instability no standard Dutch was defined (even though much in demand and recommended as an ideal) until after
42:
1775:
1656:
the etymology where possible. These typically require many volumes, and yet not more so than the unabridged dictionaries of many languages.
1681:
657:
2067:
1644:
an ideal of what good English should be considered to be, and this in turn was based on the teachings of the major universities, such as
3057:
History of the language sciences: an international handbook on the evolution of the study of language from the beginnings to the present
527:, a third-party language in which persons speaking different vernaculars not understood by each other may communicate. For instance, in
685:
Certain languages have both a classical form and various vernacular forms, with two widely used examples being Arabic and Chinese: see
3195:
3073:
Suhardi, B.; Sembiring, B. Cornelius (2007). "Aspek sosial bahasa". In Kushartanti; Yuwono, Untung; Lauder, Multamia R. M. T. (eds.).
1910:
3059:. Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, Bd. 18. Vol. 2. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 893–900.
1685:(1721). These dictionaries whetted the interest of the English-speaking public in greater and more prescriptive dictionaries until
1036:
of 1066 AD, and of Latin at the instigation of the clerical administration. While present-day English speakers may be able to read
3055:
Noordegraaf, Jan (2000). "The Normative Study of the National Languages from the 17th Century Onwards". In Auroux, Sylvain (ed.).
2273:
vernacular: a social dialect with low prestige spoken by a lower-status group, with marked differences from the standard language.
2037:
The first Spanish dictionaries in the 15th century were Latin-Spanish/Spanish-Latin, followed by monolingual Spanish. In 1713 the
2316:
861:, the term "vernacular" has been applied to several concepts. Context, therefore, is crucial to determining its intended sense.
3229:
1499:, 1492) was divided into parts for native and nonnative speakers, pursuing a different purpose in each. Books 1–4 describe the
976:
2917:
2099:" produced by professionally trained architects to nationally or internationally agreed aesthetic standards. The historian
1695:
740:
1495:
1437:. In those works the authors strove to establish a dialect that would qualify for becoming the Italian national language.
2178:
900:
191:
2256:
582:
having been translated from Latin into vernacular languages with such works as the Bible in Dutch: published in 1526 by
459:, a slave born in the house rather than abroad. The figurative meaning was broadened from the diminutive extended words
356:
Nonstandard dialects have been used in classic literature throughout history. One famous example of this is Mark Twain,
150:
regards all nonstandard dialects as full-fledged varieties of language with their own consistent grammatical structure,
3082:
1403:
The book was never printed until 1908. It was not generally known, but it was known, as an inventory of the library of
2062:
3143:
2723:
2537:
2383:
2266:
1605:
331:
As a border case, a nonstandard dialect may even have its own written form, though it could then be assumed that the
76:
335:
is unstable, inconsistent, or unsanctioned by powerful institutions, like that of government or education. The most
3234:
2103:
has developed the study of "vernacular historiography" as a more sophisticated conceptualization of folk history.
2763:
History of the Language Sciences / Histoire des sciences du langage / Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften, Part 1
1709:, published its first fascicle in 1884. It attracted significant contributions from some singular minds, such as
1464:
1171:(1617), and many others. Over the succeeding decades, many literary figures turned a hand to grammar in English;
361:
3004:
Keller, Marcello Sorce (1984). "Folk Music in Trentino: Oral Transmission and the Use of Vernacular Languages".
2958:
History of English: a sketch of the origin and development of the English with Examples, Down to the Present Day
339:
instance of nonstandard dialects in writing would likely be nonstandard phonemic spelling of reported speech in
2907:
1363:
which is thought to date back as far as the 7th century: the earliest surviving manuscripts are 12th-century.
996:
984:
1624:, an international treaty organization founded in 1980, supports a standard Dutch in the Netherlands, while
501:, champion of the use of vernacular Italian for literature rather than the lingua franca, Latin. Fresco by
1725:
founded in 1635 was given the obligation of producing a standard dictionary. Some early dictionaries are:
427:, whereof though there be some Records yet extant; yet there are none alive that can understand them: The
2041:, "Royal Spanish Academy", was founded to set standards. It published an official dictionary, 1726–1739.
1012:
878:
299:
283:
279:
179:
107:
20:
475:, "termes de la langue nationale" or "vocabulary of the national language" as opposed to foreign words.
3038:
1234:
993:
Twe-spraack vande Nederduitsche letterkunst/ Ăłfte Vant spellen ende eyghenscap des Nederduitschen taals
702:
236:
115:
3224:
2113:
1705:
1192:
752:
387:
Concerning Italy, doubtless there were divers before the Latin did spread all over that Country; the
195:
2074:
2038:
1836:
1820:
1543:. Although numerous glossaries publishing vernacular words had long been in existence, such as the
874:
365:
175:
58:
1411:("Rules of the Florentine language"). The only known manuscript copy, however, is included in the
513:
Ratio of books printed in Europe in the vernacular languages to those in Latin in the 15th century
2218:
2092:
1770:
1722:
1613:
1222:
1020:
is considered to have begun at a conventional date of about 1550, most notably at the end of the
672:
619:
615:
611:
586:; Bible in French: published in 1528 by Jacques Lefevre d'Étaples (or Faber Stapulensis); German
439:
Here, vernacular, mother language and dialect are already in use in a modern sense. According to
99:
3179:
2411:
2909:
Forgetful Remembrance: Social Forgetting and Vernacular Historiography of a Rebellion in Ulster
2632:
2375:
1903:
1333:
607:
466:
315:
3154:
1847:
In the early 15th century a number of glossaries appeared, such as that of Lucillo Minerbi on
1811:(1616). After numerous dictionaries and glossaries of a less-than-comprehensive nature came a
1355:
2529:
1710:
1393:
1312:
1292:
709:
668:
403:
it self, and all the Territories about Rome, had the Latin for its maternal and common first
295:
227:
3111:
215:
however, nonstandard dialects are indeed often stigmatized as such, due to socially-induced
3199:
3171:
Fasold, Ralph (2006) "The politics of language." In R.W. Fasold and J. Connor-Linton (eds)
2525:
1645:
1621:
1597:
1404:
1323:
627:
557:
are examples of early vernacular literature in Italian, Spanish, and French, respectively.
344:
324:, used to facilitate communication across a large area. However, vernaculars usually carry
678:
In diplomacy, French displaced Latin in Europe in the 1710s, due to the military power of
8:
2118:
2096:
1989:
1825:
Versuch eines vollständigen grammatisch-kritischen Wörterbuches Der Hochdeutschen Mundart
964:
895:
831:
720:
694:
686:
679:
336:
311:
271:
3136:
Race, Ethnicity and Dialects: Language Policy and Ethnic Minorities in the United States
2976:
2025:
560:
In Europe, Latin was used widely instead of vernacular languages in varying forms until
3021:
2621:
2451:
2368:
2052:
1828:
1609:
1601:
1571:
1564:
1548:
1490:
1476:
1392:
The first known grammar of a Romance language was a book written in manuscript form by
1382:
1342:
presented the standard language as an artificial one. By the time of his work of 1663,
1008:
583:
554:
424:
251:
509:
328:
among their native speakers, in showcasing group identity or sub-culture affiliation.
3239:
3139:
3088:
3078:
2913:
2766:
2533:
2518:
2379:
2328:
2262:
2173:
2153:
2148:
2013:
1649:
1629:
1608:
in 1815 from which southern Netherlands (being Catholic) seceded in 1830 to form the
1283:
1273:
1140:
1021:
920:
891:
814:
756:
698:
548:
443:, "vernacular" was brought into the English language as early as 1601 from the Latin
420:
307:
303:
232:
119:
111:
2008:
162:
Like any native language variety, a vernacular has an internally coherent system of
50:
3013:
2990:. Topics in English Linguistics. Vol. 47. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
1852:
1676:
1640:
1600:
came under the dominion of Spain, then of Austria (1713) and of France (1794). The
1581:
1500:
1486:
1460:
1372:
1226:
1144:
1120:
1092:
1041:
952:
936:
932:
858:
791:
690:
595:
536:
372:
171:
126:
that does not hold a widespread high-status perception, and sometimes even carries
123:
2495:
2143:
1736:
1668:
1416:
1132:
1056:
1033:
948:
940:
924:
839:
795:
783:
748:
732:
667:
was in English. Latin continues to be used in certain fields of science, notably
634:
603:
502:
498:
450:
440:
432:
383:
First usage of the word "vernacular" is not recent. In 1688, James Howell wrote:
325:
247:
203:
199:
143:
95:
54:
2804:
Gruffudd, R. Geraint (2006), "Gramadegau'r Penceirddiaid", in Koch, John (ed.),
786:
from the 12th century onwards, religious works were created in other languages:
3122:
2956:
2312:
2240:
2235:
2128:
1686:
1660:
1524:
1516:
1451:
1360:
1242:
1230:
1200:
1172:
1164:
1115:
1072:
1051:
1037:
1017:
944:
845:
775:
598:, published in 1611; Bible in Slovene, published in 1584 by Jurij Dalmatin. In
528:
428:
187:
183:
2623:
Authority in language: investigating language prescription and standardisation
2491:
1445:
The first grammar in a vernacular language in western Europe was published in
802:, one of Hinduism's sacred epics in Sanskrit, had vernacular versions such as
399:; but it was an adventitious, no Mother-Language to them: 'tis confess'd that
3218:
3178:
Nordquist, R., 2019. What Is Nonstandard English?. ThoughtCo. Available at:
3092:
1316:
1303:
1288:
1111:
1107:
1080:
870:
809:
591:
575:
541:
523:
396:
320:
267:
127:
103:
2366:
Van Keulen, Jean E.; Weddington, Gloria Toliver; DeBose, Charles E. (1998).
216:
1617:
1552:
1434:
1184:
835:
652:
587:
578:
was a driving force in the use of the vernacular in Christian Europe, the
2970:. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co. pp. 99–116.
1962:
1952:
1817:
Der Teutschen Sprache Stammbaum und Fortwachs oder Teutschen Sprachschatz
1797:
1792:
1544:
1279:
1180:
1076:
1060:
1045:
1029:
599:
518:
349:
332:
147:
1298:
With so many linguists moving in the same direction, a standard German (
2100:
1753:
1536:
1218:
1212:
1196:
1176:
1025:
911:
A vernacular is not a real language but is "an abstract set of norms".
728:
671:
in biology, while other fields such as mathematics use vernacular; see
340:
167:
3025:
1721:
Surviving dictionaries are a century earlier than their grammars. The
782:, began to diverge from it in different regions. With the rise of the
2628:
2324:
2168:
1848:
1812:
1625:
1527:
developed from these through the Middle Ages and to the Renaissance.
1064:
827:
568:
291:
151:
770:
culture, traditionally religious or scholarly works were written in
3127:
Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English
3017:
2138:
2133:
1856:
1540:
1456:
1446:
1088:
968:
819:
799:
779:
771:
388:
263:
258:
1563:
Glossaries in Dutch began about 1470 AD leading eventually to two
1157:
Booke at Large for the Amendment of Orthography for English Speech
453:
as "national" and "domestic", having originally been derived from
2123:
1875:
Vocabolario et grammatica con l'orthographia della lingua volgare
972:
928:
760:
744:
663:
651:, though some of his works remained in Latin. A later example is
641:
626:
translated to vernacular Ukrainian language in 1561 are known as
623:
531:
until the 17th century, most scholarly works had been written in
412:
408:
294:, or an independent language. Vernacular is a term for a type of
287:
242:
223:
163:
2999:. Vol. 1. Oxford, England; New York, NY, USA: B. Blackwell.
1926:
Dittionario italiano e francese/Dictionnaire italien et François
1463:
language in poetry competitions organized by the company of the
1459:
of Toulouse, it was published in order to codify the use of the
2158:
1994:
Vocabulario italiano e spagnolo/ Vocabulario español e italiano
1327:
1135:, after a general plea for mother-tongue education in England:
1103:
602:, vernacular bibles were later provided, but Latin was used at
493:
400:
392:
1819:(1691), and finally the first codification of written German,
1147:
wrote the first English grammar to be written in English, the
3180:
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-nonstandard-english-1691438
2163:
2021:
Dictionary of Serbo-Croatian Literary and Vernacular Language
1860:
1412:
1128:
1084:
1068:
890:
In another theory, the vernacular language is opposed to the
787:
767:
736:
579:
532:
818:, a Awadhi version of the Ramayana by the 16th-century poet
637:
led to the translation of Sanskrit texts to the vernacular.
282:
in different ways, in that the vernacular can be a distinct
999:
was a major contributor, with others contributing as well.
416:
2370:
Speech, Language, Learning, and the African American Child
2365:
1802:
Die Teutsche Spraach: Dictionarium Germanico-latinum novum
274:, who lived in the era of Italian language standardization
2438:
Epistolæ Ho-Elianæ: Familiar letters, domestic and forren
535:, which was serving as a lingua franca. Works written in
1758:
Thresor de la langue fracoyse, tant ancienne que moderne
1551:, which listed many Spanish words, the first vernacular
1489:
as an international power. The first Spanish grammar by
1815:
that attempted to include all German, Kaspar Stieler's
1807:
It was followed along similar lines by Georg Heinisch:
3156:
Standardisation and variation in South African English
3108:
2941:. New York: Routledge. pp. 89–112. 0-415-19162-9.
2895:. Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 18.
2722:, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 235, Amsterdam:
2299:
1765:
Dictionnaire françois contenant les mots et les choses
435:
and Tusculan, are thought to be but Dialects to these.
3175:. pp. 383-412. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2988:
Descriptive adequacy of early modern English grammars
2181:, a vernacular of English spoken by African Americans
1800:"the first truly German dictionary", Joshua Maaler's
250:(Danish, c. 1250). It deals with Scanian and Scanian
2978:
Introduction to the grammar of the Romance languages
2968:
Standardization: studies from the Germanic languages
2720:
Standardization: studies from the Germanic languages
2225:. Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024.
1984:
Vocabulario de las dos lenguas toscana y castellana
1344:
ausfĂĽhrliche Arbeit von der teutschen Haubt-Sprache
1291:that would be parallel to the use of Latin for the
1199:and more, all leading to the massive dictionary of
1155:, in that same year. Previously he had written the
343:or poetry (e.g., the publications of Jamaican poet
186:describes about a number of dialects spoken in the
3110:
3077:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
2620:
2517:
2367:
1933:Petit vocabulaire en langue françoise et italienne
967:" (learned, literary societies founded throughout
2440:(6th ed.). London: Thomas Grey. p. 363.
1169:Orthographie and Congruitie of the Britain Tongue
546:
488:
3216:
3109:Wolfram, Walt; Schilling-Estes, Natalie (1998).
3072:
2912:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
2893:Renaissance and reform: the Italian contribution
2398:
1530:
1415:, Reginense Latino 1370, located at Rome in the
774:(long after its use as a spoken language) or in
714:
640:In science, an early user of the vernacular was
469:, the classical Latin grammarian, used the term
166:. It may be associated with a particular set of
3075:Pesona bahasa: langkah awal memahami linguistik
1496:Tratado de gramática sobre la lengua Castellana
927:publications. Between 1437 and 1586, the first
719:The vernacular is also often contrasted with a
449:("native") which had been in figurative use in
2057:Lexicon latino-hispanicum et hispanico-latinum
1377:Italian appears before standardization as the
1346:, the standard language was well established.
368:), which are not written in standard English.
16:Common speech variety of a specific population
1901:
1331:
478:
196:nonstandard speech of Southern white planters
39:The examples and perspective in this article
3198:. The Preservation Institute. Archived from
3068:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
3035:A sociolinguistic history of Parisian French
2618:
2255:Yule, George (27 October 2016). "Glossary".
2006:The first vernacular Serbian dictionary was
1691:Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language
1682:An Universal Etymological English Dictionary
1429:of Giovanni Francesco Fortunio and the 1525
914:
885:
3173:An Introduction to Language and Linguistics
3133:
3054:
2606:
2284:
2047:El universal vocabulario en latin y romance
1839:is said to have nailed a copy to his desk.
1555:emerged together with vernacular grammars.
1481:Chronologically, Spanish (more accurately,
1127:The first English grammars were written in
505:in the cappella di San Brizio dome, Orvieto
470:
460:
454:
444:
2981:. London, Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate.
864:
246:The oldest known vernacular manuscript in
3121:
2954:
2808:, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, pp. 843–4
2806:Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia
2760:
2645:
2515:
2341:
2295:
2293:
2068:Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española
1911:Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca
190:in earlier U.S. history, including older
122:, or formal. More narrowly, a particular
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
3152:
3113:American English: dialects and variation
3050:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
3045:
2965:
2803:
2582:
2353:
2311:
2223:Cambridge Dictionary: English Dictionary
1247:L'esclarcissement de la langue francoyse
508:
492:
257:
241:
146:. Regardless of any such stigma, modern
2945:
2830:
2818:
2475:
2305:
1851:in 1535, and those of Fabrizio Luna on
1427:Regole grammaticali della volgar lingua
1425:More influential perhaps were the 1516
239:, or established a literary tradition.
3217:
3003:
2994:
2905:
2717:
2619:Milroy, James; Milroy, Lesley (1985).
2570:
2435:
2290:
977:John III van de Werve, Lord of Hovorst
539:are said to be in the vernacular. The
483:
142:, etc. and is typically its speakers'
3063:
3032:
2939:Standard English: the widening debate
2890:
2878:
2866:
2736:
2705:
2594:
2476:Gaffiot, Felix (1934). "vernaculus".
2321:Standard English: The Widening Debate
2085:
1612:, which was confirmed in 1839 by the
1467:in both grammar and rhetorical ways.
906:
395:spoke Greek, whereof some Relics are
347:) where it is sometimes described as
3066:German, a linguistic history to 1945
2985:
2974:
2791:
2779:
2748:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2484:
2478:Dictionnaire Illustré Latin Français
2300:Wolfram & Schilling-Estes (1998)
2254:
1776:Dictionnaire de l’Académie française
1696:A Dictionary of the English Language
1455:and written by Guilhèm Molinièr, an
1024:. It was created by the infusion of
759:, but parts of the Mass are read in
727:. For example, until the 1960s, the
521:, a vernacular is contrasted with a
98:form of language, particularly when
25:
2936:
2854:
2842:
2520:An introduction to sociolinguistics
2179:African-American Vernacular English
2079:Diccionario de la lengua castellana
1396:between 1437 and 1441 and entitled
919:Vernaculars acquired the status of
901:African American Vernacular English
852:
192:African-American Vernacular English
13:
3193:
2955:Champneys, Arthur Charles (1893).
2492:"Incunabula Short Title Catalogue"
2327:. pp. 117–128. Archived from
2319:. In Bex, T.; Watts, R.J. (eds.).
1896:Il memoriale della lingua italiana
869:In variation theory, pioneered by
798:and many others. For example, the
358:The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
14:
3251:
3187:
2724:John Benjamins Publishing Company
2648:, pp. 269, 285–286, 301, 314
2317:"Standard English: what it isn't"
2258:The Study of Language 6th Edition
2000:
1606:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1513:Grammar Books of the Master-poets
1326:, a language club, was formed in
1261:Traicté de la grammaire françoise
989:Eenen nieuwen ABC of Materi-boeck
610:of 1965. Certain groups, notably
278:Vernacular may vary from overtly
2012:(Serbian dictionary) written by
1940:Dictionnaire françois et italien
1882:Le richezze della lingua volgare
1254:Tretté de la grammaire françoeze
1137:The first part of the elementary
739:rather than in vernaculars. The
723:, a specialized use of a former
170:, and spoken using a variety of
30:
3101:
2997:The sociolinguistics of society
2899:
2884:
2872:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2797:
2785:
2773:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2639:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2576:
2564:
2549:
2509:
2469:
2444:
2429:
2404:
2392:
2359:
2063:Sebastián de Covarrubias Orozco
1967:Queen Anna's New World of Words
1398:Grammatica della lingua toscana
1124:, published by Caxton in 1476.
362:Older Southern American English
3134:Fodde Melis, Luisanna (2002).
2891:Yates, Frances Amelia (1983).
2412:"What Is Nonstandard English?"
2399:Suhardi & Sembiring (2007)
2347:
2335:
2278:
2261:. Cambridge University Press.
2248:
2228:
2211:
2193:
1586:Dictionarium Teutonico-Latinum
1539:is to be distinguished from a
981:Den schat der Duytsscher Talen
489:In contrast with lingua franca
1:
3230:Language varieties and styles
2961:. New York: Macmillan and Co.
2186:
1809:TeĂĽtsche Sprache und WeiĂźheit
1667:(1604) which was followed by
1576:Thesaurus Theutonicae Linguae
1531:First vernacular dictionaries
1419:. It is therefore called the
997:Hendrick Laurenszoon Spieghel
985:Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert
873:, language is a large set of
715:As a low variant in diglossia
661:was in Latin, but whose 1704
645:
561:
415:had others quite discrepant,
3048:Introducing sociolinguistics
2948:The Dutch language: a survey
2558:Stedman's Medical Dictionary
2480:. Paris: Librairie Hachette.
2032:
1842:
1739:, alias Robertus Stephanus:
1673:A New World of English Words
1635:
1282:-based book language". This
735:was generally celebrated in
378:
280:prestigious speech varieties
266:of rhetoric and arithmetic,
202:of indentured servants, and
154:, body of vocabulary, etc.
118:, institutionally promoted,
7:
3117:. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
2374:. Allyn and Bacon. p.
2106:
1938:Jean Antoine Fenice :
1787:
1741:Dictionnaire françois–latin
1729:Louis Cruse, alias Garbin:
1716:
1300:hochdeutsche Schriftsprache
1013:History of English grammars
693:. In the 1920s, due to the
633:In India, the 12th century
302:forms of language, such as
157:
94:is the ordinary, informal,
53:, discuss the issue on the
21:Vernacular (disambiguation)
10:
3256:
3039:Cambridge University Press
3033:Lodge, R. Anthony (2005).
2929:
2516:Wardhaugh, Ronald (2006).
1974:Italian / Spanish
1947:Italian / English
1731:Dictionaire latin-françois
1592:with the 1599 3rd edition)
1558:
1521:Gramadegau'r Penceirddiaid
1474:
1470:
1440:
1370:
1366:
1271:
1235:Norman conquest of England
1210:
1006:
1002:
963:In the 16th century, the "
707:
703:written vernacular Chinese
479:Concepts of the vernacular
18:
3153:Mesthrie, Rajend (1994).
3046:Mesthrie, Rajend (1999).
2995:Fasold, Ralph W. (1984).
2524:. Malden, Mass.; Oxford:
2241:Dictionary.com Unabridged
2114:Broad and general accents
2024:was initiated in 1888 by
1919:Italian / French
1902:
1706:Oxford English Dictionary
1596:Shortly after (1579) the
1431:Prose della vulgar lingua
1407:lists it under the title
1332:
1267:
1206:
915:First vernacular grammars
886:As a non-standard dialect
812:in the 15th century; and
753:Ethiopian Orthodox Church
567:, in its latter stage as
2975:Diez, Friedrich (1863).
2946:Brachin, Pierre (1985).
1821:Johann Christoph Adelung
1506:
1421:Grammatichetta vaticana.
1409:Regule lingue florentine
1349:
1139:, published in 1582, by
1048:is much more difficult.
958:
612:Traditionalist Catholics
366:African-American English
3235:Linguistics terminology
2093:Vernacular architecture
1309:Ein Teutsche Grammatica
1151:. This was followed by
865:As an informal register
673:scientific nomenclature
620:Eastern Orthodox Church
614:, continue to practice
547:
397:to be found to this day
182:. As American linguist
2456:Merriam-Webster Online
2436:Howell, James (1688).
2075:Real Academia Española
2039:Real Academia Española
2016:and published in 1818.
1980:CristĂłbal de las Casas
1924:Nathanael Duez :
1904:Accademia della Crusca
1520:
1449:in 1327. Known as the
1334:Accademia della Crusca
1223:Gallo-Romance language
979:published his grammar
896:non-standard varieties
808:composed in Telugu by
608:Second Vatican Council
514:
506:
471:
461:
455:
445:
437:
275:
255:
3064:Wells, C. J. (1985).
2950:. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
2560:(5th ed.). 1918.
2028:, still in the making
1889:La fabbrica del mondo
1746:Maurice de la Porte:
1711:William Chester Minor
1475:Further information:
1394:Leon Battista Alberti
1371:Further information:
1313:Early New High German
1293:Roman Catholic Church
1272:Further information:
1211:Further information:
1007:Further information:
710:Vernacular literature
708:Further information:
669:binomial nomenclature
644:, writing in Italian
512:
496:
462:vernaculus, vernacula
385:
270:, Foligno, Italy, by
261:
245:
2906:Beiner, Guy (2018).
2765:, Berlin, New York:
2526:Blackwell Publishing
2244:(Online). June 2024.
2045:Alonzo de Palencia:
1646:Cambridge University
1622:Dutch Language Union
1598:Southern Netherlands
1359:is a grammar of the
1340:teutsche Sprachkunst
1330:in imitation of the
1324:Fruitbearing Society
1183:, Jeremiah Wharton,
1161:Grammatica Anglicana
1149:Pamphlet for Grammar
805:Ranganadha Ramayanam
628:Peresopnytsia Gospel
345:Linton Kwesi Johnson
59:create a new article
51:improve this article
41:may not represent a
19:For other uses, see
3196:"Vernacular Values"
2119:Colloquial language
2097:polite architecture
1990:Lorenzo Franciosini
1931:Gabriel Pannonius:
1928:, Leiden, 1559–1560
1894:Giacomo Pergamini:
1873:Alberto Accarisio:
1665:Table Alphabeticall
1356:Auraicept na n-Éces
1249:(1530; in English).
832:Charles A. Ferguson
755:holds liturgies in
721:liturgical language
695:May Fourth Movement
687:Varieties of Arabic
680:Louis XIV of France
519:general linguistics
484:General linguistics
371:In the case of the
272:Gentile da Fabriano
140:nonstandard dialect
130:, is also called a
3159:. pp. 181–201
3123:McWhorter, John H.
2986:Dons, Ute (2004).
2869:, pp. 214–215
2769:, pp. 742–749
2696:, pp. 118–119
2285:Fodde Melis (2002)
2086:Metaphorical usage
2053:Antonio de Nebrija
1887:Francesco Alunno:
1880:Francesco Alunno:
1831:called Adelung an
1771:Académie française
1723:Académie française
1610:Kingdom of Belgium
1602:Congress of Vienna
1572:Christophe Plantin
1565:Dutch dictionaries
1549:Isidore of Seville
1491:Antonio de Nebrija
1477:History of Spanish
1259:Robert Stephanus:
1189:Christopher Cooper
1055:include Scotland (
1009:History of English
929:reference grammars
921:official languages
907:As an idealisation
751:, not Arabic. The
584:Jacob van Liesvelt
555:The Song of Roland
515:
507:
472:vocabula vernacula
284:stylistic register
276:
256:
252:Ecclesiastical Law
204:West Indian patois
136:vernacular dialect
2919:978-0-19-874935-6
2767:Walter de Gruyter
2331:on 21 March 2009.
2174:Standard language
2154:National language
2149:Literary language
1957:A Worlde of Words
1763:Pierre Richelet:
1650:Oxford University
1632:founded in 1909.
1630:Die Taalkommissie
1588:, 1574 (becoming
1483:lengua castellana
1405:Lorenzo de'Medici
1284:literary language
1274:History of German
1141:Richard Mulcaster
1040:authors (such as
1022:Great Vowel Shift
965:rederijkerskamers
892:standard language
815:Ramacharitamanasa
810:Gona Buddha Reddy
699:Classical Chinese
549:Cantar de Mio Cid
537:Romance languages
210:standard but not
112:standard language
87:
86:
79:
61:, as appropriate.
3247:
3225:Sociolinguistics
3211:
3209:
3207:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3149:
3138:. FrancoAngeli.
3130:
3118:
3116:
3096:
3069:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3029:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2971:
2962:
2951:
2942:
2924:
2923:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2833:, pp. 26–27
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2752:
2751:, pp. 75–77
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2726:, pp. 69–70
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2626:
2616:
2610:
2607:Noordegraaf 2000
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2585:, pp. 77–83
2580:
2574:
2573:, pp. 34–60
2568:
2562:
2561:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2523:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2373:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2342:McWhorter (2001)
2339:
2333:
2332:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2232:
2226:
2215:
2204:
2197:
2026:Stojan Novaković
1907:
1906:
1859:, Boccaccio and
1677:Nathaniel Bailey
1641:Standard English
1628:is regulated by
1620:. Currently the
1614:Treaty of London
1582:Cornelis Kiliaan
1501:Spanish language
1373:Italian language
1337:
1336:
1227:Colloquial Latin
1179:, Joshua Poole,
1145:William Bullokar
1121:Canterbury Tales
1042:Geoffrey Chaucer
859:sociolinguistics
853:Sociolinguistics
701:was replaced by
691:Chinese language
650:
647:
596:King James Bible
566:
563:
552:
474:
464:
458:
448:
373:English language
233:standard variety
200:British dialects
124:language variety
114:, which is more
102:as having lower
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
34:
33:
26:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3215:
3214:
3205:
3203:
3202:on 20 July 2016
3190:
3185:
3162:
3160:
3146:
3104:
3099:
3085:
3006:Ethnomusicology
2932:
2927:
2920:
2904:
2900:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2496:British Library
2490:
2489:
2485:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2401:, p. 61–62
2397:
2393:
2386:
2364:
2360:
2354:Mesthrie (1994)
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2313:Trudgill, Peter
2310:
2306:
2302:, p. 13–16
2298:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2253:
2249:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2144:Language policy
2109:
2088:
2035:
2003:
1986:, Sevilla, 1570
1845:
1790:
1737:Robert Estienne
1719:
1669:Edward Phillips
1638:
1561:
1533:
1509:
1479:
1473:
1443:
1417:Vatican library
1387:lingua vulgaris
1375:
1369:
1352:
1276:
1270:
1252:Louis Meigret,
1221:) emerged as a
1215:
1209:
1131:, with some in
1110:translated the
1057:Scottish Gaelic
1034:Norman conquest
1015:
1005:
961:
917:
909:
888:
867:
855:
840:Classical Latin
784:bhakti movement
733:Catholic Church
717:
712:
648:
635:Bhakti movement
604:Tridentine Mass
564:
542:Divina Commedia
503:Luca Signorelli
499:Dante Alighieri
491:
486:
481:
451:Classical Latin
441:Merriam-Webster
381:
326:covert prestige
300:higher-prestige
160:
110:in contrast to
83:
72:
66:
63:
48:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3213:
3212:
3194:Illich, Ivan.
3189:
3188:External links
3186:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3150:
3144:
3131:
3129:. Basic Books.
3119:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3084:978-9792216813
3083:
3070:
3061:
3052:
3043:
3037:. Cambridge :
3030:
3018:10.2307/851432
3001:
2992:
2983:
2972:
2963:
2952:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2898:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2796:
2784:
2772:
2753:
2741:
2729:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2684:, pp. 7–9
2674:
2662:
2650:
2646:Champneys 1893
2638:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2548:
2538:
2508:
2483:
2468:
2443:
2428:
2403:
2391:
2384:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2304:
2289:
2277:
2267:
2247:
2227:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2129:First language
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2060:
2050:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2009:Srpski rjeÄŤnik
2002:
2001:Serbo-Croatian
1999:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1971:
1970:
1969:, London, 1611
1960:
1959:, London, 1598
1944:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1916:
1915:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1844:
1841:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1768:
1761:
1751:
1744:
1734:
1718:
1715:
1687:Samuel Johnson
1661:Robert Cawdrey
1637:
1634:
1594:
1593:
1579:
1560:
1557:
1532:
1529:
1525:Welsh Language
1508:
1505:
1472:
1469:
1442:
1439:
1379:lingua Italica
1368:
1365:
1361:Irish language
1351:
1348:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:John Palsgrave
1231:late antiquity
1208:
1205:
1201:Samuel Johnson
1187:, Thomas Lye,
1173:Alexander Gill
1165:Alexander Hume
1116:William Caxton
1052:Middle English
1038:Middle English
1018:Modern English
1004:
1001:
960:
957:
925:metalinguistic
916:
913:
908:
905:
887:
884:
866:
863:
854:
851:
846:Joshua Fishman
766:Similarly, in
716:
713:
529:Western Europe
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
380:
377:
296:speech variety
198:, nonstandard
188:American South
184:John McWhorter
159:
156:
144:native variety
85:
84:
67:September 2019
45:of the subject
43:worldwide view
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3252:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3158:
3157:
3151:
3147:
3145:9788846439123
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3106:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2887:
2881:, p. 339
2880:
2875:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2745:
2739:, p. 222
2738:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2708:, p. 134
2707:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2615:
2609:, p. 894
2608:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2584:
2583:Mesthrie 1999
2579:
2572:
2567:
2559:
2556:"diglossia".
2552:
2545:
2541:
2539:9781405135597
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2512:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2479:
2472:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2439:
2432:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2387:
2385:9780205152681
2381:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2362:
2356:, p. 182
2355:
2350:
2344:, p. 152
2343:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2268:9781316776780
2264:
2260:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2004:
1996:, Roma, 1620.
1995:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1942:, Paris, 1584
1941:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1827:(1774–1786).
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1322:In 1617, the
1320:
1318:
1317:Protestantism
1314:
1310:
1305:
1304:lingua franca
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:Protestantism
1285:
1281:
1275:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1114:into it, and
1113:
1112:New Testament
1109:
1108:John Wycliffe
1105:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
912:
904:
902:
897:
893:
883:
880:
876:
872:
871:William Labov
862:
860:
850:
847:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
823:
821:
817:
816:
811:
807:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:Coptic Church
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:lingua franca
722:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
676:
675:for details.
674:
670:
666:
665:
660:
659:
655:, whose 1687
654:
643:
638:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:New Testament
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:Protestantism
574:In religion,
572:
570:
558:
556:
551:
550:
544:
543:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:
524:lingua franca
520:
511:
504:
500:
495:
476:
473:
468:
463:
457:
452:
447:
442:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
384:
376:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
354:
353:
351:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
322:
321:lingua franca
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
286:, a regional
285:
281:
273:
269:
268:Trinci Palace
265:
260:
253:
249:
244:
240:
238:
234:
229:
225:
220:
218:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:, "the often
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:social stigma
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:social status
101:
97:
93:
89:
81:
78:
70:
60:
56:
52:
46:
44:
37:
28:
27:
22:
3204:. Retrieved
3200:the original
3172:
3161:. Retrieved
3155:
3135:
3126:
3112:
3102:Bibliography
3074:
3065:
3056:
3047:
3034:
3012:(1): 75–89.
3009:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2977:
2967:
2957:
2947:
2938:
2908:
2901:
2892:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2857:, p. 71
2850:
2845:, p. 76
2838:
2831:Brachin 1985
2826:
2821:, p. 15
2819:Brachin 1985
2814:
2805:
2799:
2794:, p. 98
2787:
2782:, p. 77
2775:
2762:
2756:
2744:
2732:
2719:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2641:
2622:
2614:
2602:
2597:, p. 13
2590:
2578:
2566:
2557:
2551:
2543:
2519:
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2486:
2477:
2471:
2459:. Retrieved
2455:
2452:"vernacular"
2446:
2437:
2431:
2419:. Retrieved
2415:
2406:
2394:
2369:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2329:the original
2320:
2307:
2287:, p. 36
2280:
2272:
2257:
2250:
2239:
2236:"vernacular"
2230:
2222:
2213:
2200:
2195:
2089:
2078:
2066:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2019:
2014:Vuk Karadžić
2007:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1935:, Lyon, 1578
1932:
1925:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1868:Monolingual
1867:
1866:
1846:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1780:
1774:
1764:
1757:
1747:
1740:
1730:
1720:
1704:
1701:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1672:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1639:
1618:World War II
1604:created the
1595:
1590:Etymologicum
1589:
1585:
1575:
1562:
1553:dictionaries
1534:
1512:
1510:
1494:
1482:
1480:
1450:
1444:
1435:Pietro Bembo
1430:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1408:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1378:
1376:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1339:
1321:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1277:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1216:
1193:William Lily
1185:James Howell
1168:
1160:
1156:
1153:Bref Grammar
1152:
1148:
1136:
1126:
1119:
1101:
1097:
1050:
1032:, after the
1016:
992:
988:
980:
962:
918:
910:
889:
868:
856:
844:
836:Vulgar Latin
824:
813:
803:
765:
743:still holds
724:
718:
684:
677:
662:
656:
653:Isaac Newton
639:
632:
588:Luther Bible
573:
559:
540:
522:
516:
497:Allegory of
438:
407:Tongue; but
404:
386:
382:
370:
357:
355:
348:
330:
319:
318:idiom, or a
277:
237:codification
235:, undergone
226:or language
221:
211:
207:
161:
152:sound system
139:
135:
131:
91:
90:
88:
73:
64:
40:
2672:, p. 5
2660:, p. 6
2571:Fasold 1984
2081:, 1726–1739
1963:John Florio
1953:John Florio
1798:Jacob Grimm
1793:High German
1675:(1658) and
1545:Etymologiae
1452:Leys d'amor
1280:High German
1217:French (as
1181:John Wallis
1143:. In 1586,
1077:Isle of Man
1061:Northumbria
1046:Old English
1030:Old English
649: 1600
600:Catholicism
565: 1701
350:eye dialect
333:orthography
148:linguistics
3219:Categories
3206:7 November
2879:Wells 1985
2867:Wells 1985
2737:Wells 1985
2706:Wells 1985
2631:. p.
2595:Lodge 2005
2528:. p.
2461:8 November
2323:. London:
2219:vernacular
2201:vernacular
2187:References
2101:Guy Beiner
1754:Jean Nicot
1689:published
1537:dictionary
1219:Old French
1213:Old French
1197:John Colet
1177:Ben Jonson
1026:Old French
983:in Dutch;
729:Roman Rite
616:Latin Mass
606:until the
446:vernaculus
421:Hetruscane
405:vernacular
341:literature
316:scientific
312:liturgical
168:vocabulary
132:vernacular
92:Vernacular
3093:156874430
2792:Diez 1863
2780:Diez 1863
2749:Diez 1863
2694:Diez 1863
2682:Dons 2004
2670:Dons 2004
2658:Dons 2004
2629:Routledge
2416:ThoughtCo
2325:Routledge
2169:Sociolect
1849:Boccaccio
1813:thesaurus
1626:Afrikaans
1465:Gai Saber
1065:Yorkshire
879:registers
828:diglossia
745:liturgies
658:Principia
590:in 1534 (
569:Neo-Latin
389:Calabrian
379:Etymology
292:sociolect
180:registers
100:perceived
55:talk page
3240:Folklore
3125:(2001).
2855:Bex 1999
2843:Bex 1999
2315:(1999).
2139:Glossary
2134:Folklore
2107:See also
1857:Petrarca
1829:Schiller
1804:(1561).
1748:Epitheta
1699:(1755).
1541:glossary
1457:advocate
1447:Toulouse
1385:and the
1163:(1594),
1089:Cornwall
969:Flanders
923:through
820:Tulsidas
800:Ramayana
780:prakrits
772:Sanskrit
425:Mesapian
308:literary
304:national
264:allegory
217:post-hoc
206:, were
158:Overview
120:literary
116:codified
108:prestige
106:or less
49:You may
2930:Sources
2501:2 March
2124:Dialect
2033:Spanish
1853:Ariosto
1843:Italian
1837:Wieland
1779:, 1694
1636:English
1487:Castile
1471:Spanish
1461:Occitan
1441:Occitan
1383:Isidore
1367:Italian
1263:(1557).
1256:(1550).
1229:during
1093:Cornish
1075:), the
1003:English
973:Holland
953:English
937:Spanish
933:Italian
857:Within
792:Kannada
761:Amharic
731:of the
664:Opticks
642:Galileo
624:Gospels
622:, four
413:Liguria
409:Tuscany
393:Apulian
337:salient
288:dialect
248:Scanian
228:variety
224:dialect
172:accents
164:grammar
3163:16 May
3142:
3091:
3081:
3026:851432
3024:
3010:XXVIII
2916:
2536:
2382:
2265:
2199:While
2159:Patois
2071:, 1611
2059:, 1492
2049:, 1490
1914:, 1612
1898:, 1602
1891:, 1548
1884:, 1543
1877:, 1543
1833:Orakel
1788:German
1767:, 1680
1760:, 1606
1750:, 1571
1743:, 1539
1733:, 1487
1717:French
1578:, 1573
1328:Weimar
1268:German
1207:French
1133:French
1104:London
1087:, and
949:German
941:French
894:. The
875:styles
796:Telugu
749:Coptic
553:, and
545:, the
431:, the
401:Latium
391:, and
178:, and
176:styles
96:spoken
3022:JSTOR
2421:5 May
2164:Slang
1861:Dante
1781:annis
1559:Dutch
1517:Welsh
1507:Welsh
1413:codex
1350:Irish
1225:from
1129:Latin
1085:Devon
1073:Welsh
1069:Wales
1028:into
959:Dutch
945:Dutch
788:Hindi
776:Tamil
768:Hindu
757:Ge'ez
737:Latin
618:. In
580:Bible
533:Latin
467:Varro
456:verna
433:Sabin
429:Oscan
57:, or
3208:2009
3165:2019
3140:ISBN
3089:OCLC
3079:ISBN
2914:ISBN
2534:ISBN
2503:2011
2463:2009
2423:2022
2380:ISBN
2263:ISBN
1835:and
1648:and
1511:The
1081:Manx
1011:and
971:and
951:and
838:and
689:and
423:and
419:the
417:viz.
411:and
364:and
290:, a
3014:doi
2221:".
1823:'s
1679:'s
1671:'s
1663:'s
1547:of
1433:of
1381:of
1167:'s
1095:).
1083:),
1059:),
1044:),
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