1666:
25:
577:. At the same time, Literary Chinese was based largely upon the Classical Chinese, and writers frequently borrowed from the classical language into their literary writings. Literary Chinese therefore shows a great deal of similarity to Classical Chinese, even though the similarity decreased over the centuries.
741:
nor especially the genitive case is totally unusual in daily language, though it is considered rare, and might be dependent on a region's dialect and/or the grade of education of the speaker. People of higher education use the genitive more regularly in their casual speech and the use of perfect
330:
in which a speaker switches back and forth between the two varieties of the language, sometimes even within the same sentence. In instances in which highly educated Arabic-speakers of different nationalities engage in conversation but find their dialects mutually unintelligible (e.g. a
Moroccan
1487:
maintains that
Filipino is the country's national language and one of two official languages, alongside English. Today, Filipino is considered the proper term for the language of the Philippines, especially by Filipino-speakers who are not of Tagalog origin, with many referring to the Filipino
318:
in use today. The modern standard language is closely based on the
Classical language, and most Arabs consider the two varieties to be two registers of the same language. Literary Arabic or classical Arabic is the official language of all Arab countries and is the only form of Arabic taught in
1530:
and of public speaking and debate. Novels, even popular ones, will use the literary style for all description and narration and use the colloquial form only for dialogue, if they use it at all. In recent times, however, the modern colloquial form has been making inroads into areas that have
991:
and of public speaking and debate. Novels, even popular ones, will use the literary style for all description and narration and use the colloquial form only for dialogue, if they use it at all. In recent times, however, the modern colloquial form has been making inroads into areas that have
1488:
language as "Tagalog-based". The language is taught in schools throughout the country and is the official language of education and business. Native
Tagalog-speakers meanwhile comprise one of the largest linguistic and cultural groups of the Philippines, numbering an estimated 14 million.
646:. Both are considered a form of non-dialectal standard language, and are used throughout the country. Literary Finnish is a consciously created fusion of dialects for use as a literary language, which is rarely spoken at all, being confined to writing and official speeches.
2383:
Cf. for example the following remark by
Adetugbọ (1967, as cited in Fagborun 1994:25): "While the orthography agreed upon by the missionaries represented to a very large degree the phonemes of the Abẹokuta dialect, the morpho-syntax reflected the Ọyọ-Ibadan
528:
Grammatically, the two forms are identical; differing forms, such as verb conjugations, are easily converted from one form to another. However, the vocabulary is quite different from one form to the other and must be learned separately. Among the works of
918:
area, and its literary stylistics in polite form differs little from its formal speech. Notable characteristics of literary language in contemporary
Japanese would include more frequent use of Chinese origin words, less use of expressions against
1274:
a standard
Mongolian based on Chakhar Mongolian serves as the high register for all Mongols in China. The Buryat language, which is seen by some as part of the Mongolian language, has been turned into a standard literary form itself in Russia.
1709:
dialects, Standard Yoruba incorporates several features from other dialects. Additionally, it has some features peculiar to itself only, for example the simplified vowel harmony system, as well as foreign structures, such as
1441:; both share the same vocabulary and grammatical system and are mutually intelligible. However, there is a significant political and social history that underlies the reasons for differentiating between Tagalog and Filipino.
820:, spoken and literary Hebrew were revived separately, causing a dispersion between the two. The dispersion started to narrow sometime after the two movements merged, but substantial differences between the two still exist.
630:. Some of these variants have their own literary form, but none of them are currently used in official formal registers, although they may be used in legal transcription, and in certain media and entertainment settings.
261:
classes. Furthermore, many literary words that are used today are found in abundance in the works of
Shakespeare and as well as in King James Bible, hence the literary importance of early modern English in contemporary
326:—the use of two distinct varieties of the same language, usually in different social contexts. Educated Arabic speakers are usually able to communicate in MSA in formal situations. This diglossic situation facilitates
754:("er habe" / "er hätte") is also used more regularly in written form being replaced by the conditional ("er würde geben") in spoken language, although in some southern German dialects the
895:, although there are ongoing efforts to modernize their language). Bungo grammar and vocabulary are occasionally used in modern Japanese for effect, and fixed form poetries like
758:
is used more often. Generally there is a continuum between more dialectical varieties to more standard varieties in German, while colloquial German nonetheless tends to increase
151:, but the difference between literary and non-literary forms is greater in some languages than in others. If there is a strong divergence between a written form and the spoken
1701:, native Yoruba and the first African Anglican Bishop in Nigeria, published a Yoruba grammar and started his translation of the Bible. Though for a large part based on the
914:, the standard form of contemporary Japanese language is used for most literature published since the 1950s. The standard language is based on the colloquial language in
467:
dialects serving as the vernacular language of the
Armenian people. Western Armenian and Eastern Armenian were eventually standardized into their own literary forms.
1982:
Keller, Stefan Daniel. The
Development of Shakespeare's Rhetoric: A Study of Nine Plays. Volume 136 of Schweizer anglistische Arbeiten. Narr Francke Attempto, 2009.
219:, often through poetry) was an important part of the reclamation of status for the English language, and many historically aureate terms are now part of general
203:, for instance, Latin and French displaced English as the official and literary languages, and standardized literary English did not emerge until the end of the
306:-speaking countries and any governing body with Arabic as an official language. Many western scholars distinguish two varieties: the Classical Arabic of the
1220:
1306:
cultural identity in Guinea, and has also strengthened the Mande identity in other parts of West Africa. N'Ko publications include a translation of the
1657:
dialect of Ili was chosen as the literary standard for Modern Uyghur, while other dialects like the Kashgar and Turpan dialects continue to be spoken.
980:, also characterised by three styles: a classical literary style modelled on the ancient language, a modern literary and formal style, and a modern
2271:
2082:
2034:
1519:, characterised by three styles: a classical literary style modelled on the ancient language, a modern literary and formal style and a modern
1373:'s elite. Persian was the second major vehicle after Arabic in transmitting Islamic culture and has a particularly prominent place in Sufism.
162:
The understanding of the term differs from one linguistic tradition to another and is dependent on the terminological conventions adopted.
1780:
343:
has been diglossic for much of its history, with many different literary standards serving as the "high" liturgical languages, including
887:
in grammar and some vocabulary. It still has relevance for historians, literary scholars, and lawyers (many Japanese laws that survived
1697:, the standard variety learnt at school and that spoken by newsreaders on the radio. Standard Yoruba has its origin in the 1850s, when
1476:
family, before the Spanish Romanised the alphabet beginning in the late 15th century. Tagalog was also the spoken language of the 1896
2415:(2018). "Sweetening the Heavy Georgian Tongue: Jāmī in the Georgian-Persianate World". In d'Hubert, Thibaut; Papas, Alexandre (eds.).
1207:
was the high register used for religious and official purposes, while the various Mongolian dialects served as the low register, like
1637:
served as the high register literary standard for Central Asian Turkic peoples, while the vernacular low register languages were the
1526:
The modern literary style is generally used in formal writing and speech. It is, for example, the language of textbooks, of much of
191:
For much of its history, there has been a distinction in the English language between an elevated literary language (written) and a
2226:
1147:
amongst others) that co-exist alongside Standard Maltese. Literary Maltese, unlike Standard Maltese, features a preponderance of
910:, some authors started to use the colloquial form of the language in their literature. Following the government policy after the
725:
in written language. In vernacular German, genitive phrases ("des Tages") are frequently replaced with a construction of "von" +
533:
are examples of both shadhubhasha (especially among his earlier works) and chôlitôbhasha (especially among his later works). The
1966:
89:
2500:
2417:
Jāmī in Regional Contexts: The Reception of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī's Works in the Islamicate World, ca. 9th/15th-14th/20th Century
614:, which however means there exists considerable divergence between written vernacular Chinese and other Chinese variants like
61:
1449:
987:
The formal style is generally used in formal writing and speech. It is, for example, the language of textbooks, of much of
2146:
Donaldson, Coleman (2019-03-01). "Linguistic and Civic Refinement in the N'ko Movement of Manding-Speaking West Africa".
573:, as the dialects of China became more disparate and as the classical written language became less representative of the
68:
2116:
2424:
1594:. Classical Tibetan was used for official and religious purposes, such as in Tibetan Buddhist religious texts like the
42:
794:
was used only for official and formal purposes (such as politics, letters, official documents, and newscasting) while
2485:
2471:
2406:
2351:
2321:
2103:
2059:
2011:
1987:
1955:
1935:
1915:
1895:
1875:
1848:
1349:
despite variant colloquial dialects and forms. For many centuries, people belonging to the educated classes from the
108:
1422:
and his followers, whose reformatory efforts formed modern literary Serbian based on the popular language, known as
1318:, poetic and philosophical works, descriptions of traditional medicine, a dictionary, and several local newspapers.
1714:
from English which originated in early translations of religious works. The first novel in the Yorùbá language was
75:
322:
The sociolinguistic situation of Arabic in modern times provides a prime example of the linguistic phenomenon of
1461:
817:
593:
46:
57:
1716:
1357:
would be expected to know some Persian. It was once the language of culture (especially of poetry), from the
585:
1204:
1063:
857:
729:
object ("von dem Tag") - comparable to English "the dog's tail" vs. "the tail of the dog" - likewise the
436:
125:
1366:
581:
440:
388:
356:
348:
200:
1609:
language has been standardised and replaced Classical Tibetan for official purposes and education, in
2367:
352:
231:
223:. Modern English no longer has quite the same distinction between literary and colloquial registers.
844:
which had developed in every region, due to the political fragmentation of the time. Now, it is the
2285:
1555:
574:
534:
400:
368:
185:
1066:
from the Classical Latin period give a glimpse into the world of early Vulgar Latin. The works of
1550:
was the high register used universally by all Tibetans while the various mutually unintelligible
35:
136:, or particularly polite tone; when speaking or writing in such a tone, it can also be known as
2338:
1595:
1236:
1097:
331:
speaking with a Kuwaiti), they are able to code switch into MSA for the sake of communication.
295:
290:
82:
1151:
vocabulary and grammatical patterns; however, this traditional separation between Semitic and
1698:
1669:
1477:
659:
364:
257:
from the 17th century are defined as prototype mediums of literary English and are taught in
235:
148:
2190:
Mande identity through literacy, the N'ko writing system as an agent of cultural nationalism
1124:
exists in a classical variety, two modern standard variety and several vernacular dialects.
1605:, based on the Lhasa dialect, serves as the high register in China. In Bhutan, the Tibetan
1531:
traditionally been considered the province of the modern literary style: for instance most
1020:
992:
traditionally been considered the province of the modern literary style: for instance most
920:
667:
380:
372:
246:
239:
1928:
English Across Cultures, Cultures Across English: A Reader in Cross-cultural Communication
1411:
384:
8:
2505:
829:
675:
627:
530:
404:
396:
254:
226:
English has been used as a literary language in countries that were formerly part of the
196:
420:
2451:
2265:
2171:
2076:
2028:
1750:
1263:
1216:
1156:
1088:
988:
837:
763:
456:
376:
263:
216:
171:
2234:
408:
2481:
2467:
2447:
2420:
2402:
2347:
2317:
2175:
2163:
2099:
2055:
2007:
1983:
1967:
The art of biblical translation, part one: On the eloquence of the King James Version
1951:
1931:
1911:
1891:
1871:
1844:
1821:
1765:
1755:
1729:
1725:
1634:
1551:
1547:
1501:
1484:
1438:
1419:
1399:
1370:
1299:
1212:
1208:
1176:
1148:
1093:
950:
884:
880:
845:
841:
759:
734:
663:
655:
570:
546:
452:
432:
315:
311:
279:
141:
2455:
1329:
or New Persian has been used continually as the literary language of major areas in
1136:
1062:, and differed from it in vocabulary, syntax, and grammar. Some literary works with
2443:
2155:
1813:
1770:
1602:
1579:
1527:
1497:
1457:
1434:
1415:
1387:
1382:
1326:
1283:
1224:
1160:
1152:
1132:
1016:
969:
833:
639:
611:
562:
476:
464:
460:
360:
340:
299:
258:
250:
178:
133:
1038:
was the literary register used in writing from 75 BC to the 3rd century AD, while
715:(everyday/vernacular language). Amongst the differences is the regular use of the
2311:
2049:
2001:
1970:
1760:
1733:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1673:
1642:
1473:
1445:
1403:
1291:
1248:
1232:
1228:
1172:
1109:
1035:
1008:
708:
696:
691:
428:
412:
392:
344:
267:
145:
2316:. Palgrave Studies in Minority Languages and Communities. Springer. p. 26.
1868:
History of Englishes: New Methods and Interpretations in Historical Linguistics
1650:
1638:
1622:
1598:
and taught and learned in monasteries and schools in Tibetan Buddhist regions.
1512:
1423:
1287:
1271:
1244:
1121:
977:
787:
737:("ich bin gegangen") to a certain degree. Nevertheless, the use of neither the
643:
327:
303:
227:
1625:
serves as the low register while the unrelated Urdu is the official language.
1500:
linguistics, the term "literary language" has also been used as a synonym of "
961:, no longer in ordinary use, are used in literary words as a mark of respect.
2494:
2412:
2167:
2124:
1825:
1665:
1563:
1369:. Until the late 18th century, Persian was the dominant literary language of
1354:
1192:
1140:
900:
716:
671:
192:
1646:
1571:
1338:
1330:
1256:
1252:
1043:
1039:
911:
907:
888:
876:
796:
782:
775:
679:
619:
505:
424:
1345:. The language written today remains essentially the same as that used by
1298:. It blends the principal elements of the partially mutually intelligible
515:
492:
2095:
1817:
1694:
1613:, the standard official language learned are now the unrelated languages
1523:
form. These styles shade into each other, forming a diglossic continuum.
1295:
984:
form. These styles shade into each other, forming a diglossic continuum.
726:
566:
459:
serving as the "high" literary standard and liturgical language, and the
416:
208:
204:
856:
Until the late 1940s, the prominent literary language in Japan was the
1520:
1407:
1342:
1302:. The movement promoting N'Ko literacy was instrumental in shaping the
1083:
981:
152:
1559:
569:
to the early 20th century. Literary Chinese continually diverged from
2346:(in Serbo-Croatian) (1 ed.). Zagreb: Algoritam. pp. 55–74.
2051:
Studies in colloquial Chinese and its history : dialect and text
1745:
1702:
1618:
1516:
1402:
used from the mid-18th century to 1825. It was a linguistic blend of
1350:
1315:
1307:
1012:
973:
801:
800:, 'demotic' or popular Greek, was the daily language. This created a
721:
615:
323:
307:
212:
156:
1418:. At the beginning of the 19th century, it was severely attacked by
24:
2159:
1801:
1775:
1728:(1903–1963). Other writers in the Yorùbá language include: Senator
1654:
1606:
1587:
1469:
1346:
1334:
1267:
1188:
1086:
Latin features, as does the recorded speech of the freedmen in the
1051:
958:
954:
521:
144:
of a language. It can sometimes differ noticeably from the various
129:
1112:—since the common people could no longer understand formal Latin.
367:
serve as the vernacular language spoken by the common people like
1536:
1358:
1311:
1303:
1266:, based on Khalkha Mongolian, now serves as the high register in
1180:
1144:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1024:
997:
623:
498:
1104:
were ordered to preach in the vernacular language—either in the
642:
has a literary variant, literary Finnish, and a spoken variant,
1711:
1706:
1610:
1591:
1583:
1362:
1240:
1101:
1075:
1059:
601:
199:(spoken, but sometimes also represented in writing). After the
780:
From the early nineteenth century until the mid-20th century,
610:) became the literary standard. This is mostly aligned with a
1465:
1395:
1184:
1055:
915:
896:
1183:
time, while other unwritten Manchu dialects such as that of
537:
was originally written in the shadhubhasha form of Bengali.
1614:
1575:
1567:
1532:
1453:
1047:
993:
941:") stylistics that are rarely used in colloquial language.
561:; 'written-speech writing') is the form of written
220:
2436:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
2374:. London: Basil Blackwell, Ltd., 1997 at pp. 205 et seq.
1649:
abolished Chagatai as the literary standard and had the
497:), the vernacular standard based on the elite speech of
840:
were spoken throughout Italy, almost all of which were
455:
was a diglossic language for much of its history, with
2195:
298:
is the contemporary literary and standard register of
2434:
Matthee, Rudi (2009). "Was Safavid Iran an Empire?".
2309:
2207:
1908:
The Oxford Illustrated History of English Literature
957:
characters derived from the alphabets used to write
746:
is especially common in southern Germany, where the
1539:and popular entertainment on television and radio.
1003:There are also many dialects of Kannada, Which are
1000:and popular entertainment on television and radio.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2399:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language
2313:Language Planning and National Identity in Croatia
2003:The Routledge encyclopedia of the Chinese language
1948:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language
790:, was used for literary purposes. In later years,
1888:Old and Middle English C.890-c.1400: An Anthology
1653:standardized as a literary language for, and the
2492:
2227:"Tagalog - Language Information & Resources"
1926:R.R.Mehrotra in Ofelia García, Ricardo Otheguy,
662:, while the vernacular spoken varieties are the
2098:The Latin Language (repr. Univ. Oklahoma 1988,
1843:(in Polish). Wrocław: Ossolineum. p. 271.
1042:was the common, spoken variety used across the
868:
750:is considered somewhat declamatory. The German
242:, where English remains the official language.
936:
930:
924:
862:
2310:Langston, Keith; Peti-Stantić, Anita (2014).
2192:. Toronto : African Studies Association.
1310:, a variety of textbooks on subjects such as
1239:was translated into Classical Mongolian. The
520:), the literary standard, which employs more
510:
487:
16:Form of a language used in written literature
2464:The Oxford Companion to the English Language
1191:were also spoken in addition to the related
524:vocabulary and longer prefixes and suffixes.
1862:
1860:
1781:List of languages by first written accounts
1554:serve as the low register vernacular, like
875:, which is based on the language spoken in
2270:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2260:(in Polish). Warszawa-Kraków. p. 134.
2081:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2033:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1950:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p104.
1799:
1255:used a separate standard written with the
2145:
1135:has a variety of dialects (including the
1046:. The Latin brought by Roman soldiers to
733:("ich ging") can be substituted with the
310:and early Islamic (7th to 9th centuries)
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2368:Diglossia as a Sociolinguistic Situation
1857:
1838:
1664:
1175:was based on the language spoken by the
929:"), and use of non-polite normal form ("
314:; and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), the
2433:
2336:
2201:
1472:, a syllabary which is a member of the
903:are still mainly written in this form.
836:existed mainly as a literary language.
2493:
2089:
2411:
2255:
2213:
1910:, Oxford University Press, 2001, p3.
1448:, which was likely spoken during the
612:standardized form of Mandarin Chinese
2047:
1890:, Blackwell Publishing, 2004, pxxi.
1841:Encyklopedia językoznawstwa ogólnego
1290:in 1949 as a writing system for the
658:has a literary liturgical form, the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1628:
1491:
165:
13:
2258:Język mieszkańców Krakowa, część I
2139:
1999:
1286:is a literary language devised by
1058:was not identical to the Latin of
580:Starting from early 20th century,
273:
170:For literary uses of English, see
155:, the language is said to exhibit
14:
2517:
1930:, Walter de Gruyter, 1989, p422.
1839:Polański, Kazimierz, ed. (1999).
1496:Notably, in Eastern European and
2448:10.1163/002249910X12573963244449
2372:The Handbook of Sociolinguistics
808:was made the official language.
215:(the introduction of terms from
23:
2391:
2377:
2360:
2330:
2303:
2278:
2249:
2219:
2182:
2109:
2041:
1993:
1870:, Walter de Gruyter, 1992, p9.
1722:The Forest of A Thousand Demons
1444:Modern Tagalog is derived from
1394:) was the literary language of
1159:(especially Maltese poetry and
132:used when writing in a formal,
34:needs additional citations for
1976:
1960:
1940:
1920:
1900:
1880:
1832:
1793:
1462:Laguna Copperplate Inscription
1078:with many characters who were
885:contemporary Japanese language
818:revival of the Hebrew language
606:
597:
589:
557:
238:in the early 20th century and
1:
2501:Language varieties and styles
2370:", in Florian Coulmas (ed.),
2286:"Літературна мова (стандарт)"
2054:. Hong Kong. pp. 36–37.
1802:"Standaryzacja po kurpiowsku"
1786:
1717:Ogboju Ode ninu Igbo Irunmale
1676:becoming a literary language.
1643:Eastern Turki (Modern Uyghur)
1452:, it was the language of the
2048:Chan, Marjorie K.M. (2022).
1724:), written in 1938 by Chief
1689:is the literary form of the
1205:Classical Mongolian language
1198:
1163:on the island) is changing.
1027:Kannada are major dialects.
883:) and is different from the
207:. At this time and into the
7:
2188:Oyler, Dianne White (1994)
2000:Li, Chris Wen-chao (2016).
1739:
944:
869:
858:Classical Japanese language
851:
649:
516:
493:
446:
437:Betanure Jewish Neo-Aramaic
302:used in writing across all
177:For normative English, see
10:
2522:
2006:. Oxon. pp. 408–409.
1679:
1542:
1429:
1406:of the Russian recension,
1380:
1376:
1321:
1127:
1108:(Vulgar Latin), or in the
964:
823:
773:
689:
633:
582:written vernacular Chinese
544:
540:
470:
441:Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic
389:Koy Sanjaq Syriac language
357:Samaritan Aramaic language
349:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
334:
288:
277:
201:Norman conquest of England
183:
176:
169:
1672:'s Yorùbá grammar led to
1660:
1166:
937:
931:
925:
863:
811:
719:or the simple past tense
685:
565:used from the end of the
552:
511:
488:
353:Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
284:
184:For written English, see
2256:Dunaj, Bogusław (1989).
1800:Siatkowska, Ewa (2017).
1556:Central Tibetan language
1507:
1115:
1030:
769:
535:national anthem of India
401:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
369:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
319:schools at all stages .
186:Standard Written English
2442:(1–2). Brill: 233–265.
1468:. It was written using
1278:
1106:rustica lingua romanica
699:differentiates between
363:, while the vernacular
234:up to the present day,
2397:Crystal, David (ed.),
2337:Kapović, Mate (2010).
1677:
1596:Tibetan Buddhist canon
1237:Tibetan Buddhist canon
1098:Third Council of Tours
1082:, preserve some early
296:Modern Standard Arabic
291:Modern Standard Arabic
2478:The English Languages
2462:McArthur, Tom (ed.),
1668:
1478:Philippine Revolution
1437:was the basis of the
1245:Oirat Mongol language
1064:low-register language
891:are still written in
660:Old Georgian language
365:Neo-Aramaic languages
1886:Elaine M. Treharne,
1818:10.17651/polon.37.12
1617:and English, and in
1110:Germanic vernaculars
921:prescriptive grammar
668:Kartvelian languages
381:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
373:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
247:Early Modern English
142:standardized variety
43:improve this article
2413:Gould, Rebecca Ruth
2366:Harold Schiffman, "
2154:(2): 156–185, 181.
1365:, functioning as a
838:Different languages
802:diglossic situation
676:Mingrelian language
594:traditional Chinese
531:Rabindranath Tagore
405:Central Neo-Aramaic
397:Western Neo-Aramaic
255:William Shakespeare
217:classical languages
197:vernacular language
58:"Literary language"
2480:(Cambridge, 1998)
2401:(Cambridge, 2003)
1973:, 5 February 2019
1751:Classical language
1699:Samuel A. Crowther
1678:
1515:exhibits a strong
1460:(according to the
1264:Mongolian language
1247:and dialects like
1221:Kharchin Mongolian
1217:Khorchin Mongolian
1157:Maltese literature
1089:Cena Trimalchionis
989:Kannada literature
972:exhibits a strong
764:synthetic elements
762:at the expense of
666:and other related
586:simplified Chinese
551:Literary Chinese (
457:Classical Armenian
377:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
264:English literature
230:, for instance in
211:, the practice of
172:Literary technique
2148:Signs and Society
1969:by Robert Alter,
1766:Standard language
1756:Official language
1730:Afolabi Olabimtan
1726:Daniel O. Fagunwa
1635:Chagatai language
1552:Tibetic languages
1548:Classical Tibetan
1502:standard language
1485:1987 Constitution
1439:Filipino language
1412:Štokavian dialect
1400:Habsburg monarchy
1300:Manding languages
1213:Chakhar Mongolian
1209:Khalkha Mongolian
1177:Jianzhou Jurchens
1094:Petronius Arbiter
951:Javanese language
881:Late Old Japanese
846:standard language
842:Romance languages
760:analytic elements
752:Konjunktiv I / II
664:Georgian dialects
656:Georgian language
571:Classical Chinese
547:Classical Chinese
453:Armenian language
385:Hértevin language
316:standard language
280:Standard language
122:Literary language
119:
118:
111:
93:
2513:
2466:(Oxford, 1992),
2459:
2430:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2345:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2233:. Archived from
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2123:. Archived from
2117:"AccountSupport"
2113:
2107:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2024:
2022:
2020:
1997:
1991:
1980:
1974:
1964:
1958:
1944:
1938:
1924:
1918:
1904:
1898:
1884:
1878:
1866:Matti Rissanen,
1864:
1855:
1854:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1797:
1771:Written language
1732:(1932–1992) and
1629:Uzbek and Uyghur
1603:Standard Tibetan
1580:Ladakhi language
1562:(Tibet proper),
1528:Tamil literature
1492:Slavic languages
1450:Classical period
1388:Slavonic-Serbian
1383:Slavonic-Serbian
1270:itself while in
1225:Baarin Mongolian
1161:Catholic liturgy
1017:Dakshina Kannada
940:
939:
934:
933:
928:
927:
874:
872:
866:
865:
640:Finnish language
608:
599:
591:
559:
554:
519:
514:
513:
496:
491:
490:
465:Eastern Armenian
461:Western Armenian
421:Hulaulá language
361:Mandaic language
341:Aramaic language
300:Classical Arabic
259:advanced English
251:King James Bible
179:Standard English
166:Literary English
140:. It may be the
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2491:
2490:
2476:McArthur, Tom,
2427:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2237:on 20 June 2017
2231:www.alsintl.com
2225:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2094:
2090:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2046:
2042:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1998:
1994:
1981:
1977:
1965:
1961:
1946:David Crystal,
1945:
1941:
1925:
1921:
1905:
1901:
1885:
1881:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1837:
1833:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1761:Sacred language
1742:
1734:Akinwunmi Isola
1691:Yoruba language
1687:Standard Yoruba
1684:
1682:Standard Yoruba
1674:Standard Yoruba
1670:Samuel Crowther
1663:
1631:
1545:
1510:
1494:
1464:) and southern
1446:Archaic Tagalog
1432:
1404:Church Slavonic
1385:
1379:
1324:
1292:Mande languages
1281:
1249:Kalmyk language
1233:Buryat language
1229:Ordos Mongolian
1201:
1169:
1130:
1118:
1036:Classical Latin
1033:
1009:North Karnataka
1005:Dharwad Kannada
967:
947:
860:
854:
826:
814:
804:until in 1976,
778:
772:
709:Standard German
705:Standarddeutsch
694:
692:Standard German
688:
652:
636:
575:spoken language
549:
543:
479:has two forms:
473:
449:
429:Lishanid Noshan
413:Turoyo language
409:Mlahsô language
393:Senaya language
345:Syriac language
337:
293:
287:
282:
276:
274:Other languages
268:English studies
189:
182:
175:
168:
138:formal language
126:form (register)
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2489:
2488:
2474:
2460:
2431:
2426:978-9004386600
2425:
2409:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2359:
2352:
2329:
2322:
2302:
2292:(in Ukrainian)
2277:
2248:
2218:
2216:, p. 798.
2206:
2204:, p. 244.
2194:
2181:
2160:10.1086/702554
2138:
2127:on 14 May 2008
2121:aboutmalta.com
2108:
2088:
2060:
2040:
2012:
1992:
1975:
1959:
1939:
1919:
1899:
1879:
1856:
1849:
1831:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1680:Main article:
1662:
1659:
1651:Uzbek language
1639:Uzbek language
1630:
1627:
1623:Balti language
1621:, the Tibetan
1544:
1541:
1509:
1506:
1493:
1490:
1431:
1428:
1424:Serbo-Croatian
1381:Main article:
1378:
1375:
1323:
1320:
1288:Solomana Kante
1280:
1277:
1272:Inner Mongolia
1243:who spoke the
1200:
1197:
1168:
1165:
1155:influences in
1137:Żejtun dialect
1129:
1126:
1122:Malay language
1117:
1114:
1032:
1029:
1023:of Kundapura,
966:
963:
946:
943:
853:
850:
825:
822:
813:
810:
774:Main article:
771:
768:
713:Umgangssprache
690:Main article:
687:
684:
651:
648:
644:spoken Finnish
635:
632:
545:Main article:
542:
539:
526:
525:
502:
472:
469:
448:
445:
336:
333:
328:code-switching
289:Main article:
286:
283:
275:
272:
228:British Empire
167:
164:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2518:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2486:0-521-48582-7
2483:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2472:0-19-280637-8
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2407:0-521-53033-4
2404:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2355:
2353:9789533162829
2349:
2342:
2341:
2340:Čiji je jezik
2333:
2325:
2323:9781137390608
2319:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2252:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2105:
2104:0-8061-2136-X
2101:
2097:
2092:
2084:
2078:
2063:
2061:9789888754090
2057:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2015:
2013:9781317382492
2009:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1989:
1988:9783772083242
1985:
1979:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1956:0-521-53033-4
1953:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1936:0-89925-513-2
1933:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1916:0-19-285437-2
1913:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1896:1-4051-1313-8
1893:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1876:3-11-013216-8
1873:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1852:
1850:83-04-04445-5
1846:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1808:(in Polish).
1807:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:Khams Tibetan
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1458:Tondo Dynasty
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:slavenosrpski
1389:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1367:lingua franca
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:Bay of Bengal
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:Oirat Mongols
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1193:Xibe language
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:Qormi dialect
1138:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
962:
960:
956:
952:
942:
922:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
859:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
821:
819:
809:
807:
803:
799:
798:
793:
789:
785:
784:
777:
767:
765:
761:
757:
756:Konjunktiv II
753:
749:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:
718:
717:genitive case
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
683:
681:
677:
673:
672:Svan language
669:
665:
661:
657:
647:
645:
641:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
603:
595:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
548:
538:
536:
532:
523:
518:
508:
507:
503:
500:
495:
485:
484:Chôlitôbhasha
482:
481:
480:
478:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
332:
329:
325:
320:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
281:
271:
269:
265:
260:
256:
253:and works by
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
187:
180:
173:
163:
160:
158:
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2477:
2463:
2439:
2435:
2416:
2398:
2392:Bibliography
2379:
2371:
2362:
2339:
2332:
2312:
2305:
2294:. Retrieved
2289:
2280:
2257:
2251:
2239:. Retrieved
2235:the original
2230:
2221:
2209:
2202:Matthee 2009
2197:
2189:
2184:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:the original
2120:
2111:
2091:
2065:. Retrieved
2050:
2043:
2017:. Retrieved
2002:
1995:
1978:
1962:
1947:
1942:
1927:
1922:
1907:
1906:Pat Rogers,
1902:
1887:
1882:
1867:
1840:
1834:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1721:
1715:
1685:
1647:Soviet Union
1632:
1600:
1572:Amdo Tibetan
1546:
1525:
1511:
1495:
1482:
1443:
1433:
1420:Vuk Karadžić
1391:
1386:
1339:Central Asia
1331:Western Asia
1325:
1282:
1261:
1257:Clear script
1253:Torgut Oirat
1202:
1170:
1131:
1119:
1105:
1087:
1044:Roman Empire
1040:Vulgar Latin
1034:
1021:Kundakannada
1019:and Kodagu,
1004:
1002:
986:
968:
948:
912:World War II
908:Meiji period
905:
892:
889:World War II
877:Heian period
855:
827:
815:
805:
795:
792:Katharevousa
791:
786:, a form of
783:Katharevousa
781:
779:
776:Katharevousa
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
730:
720:
712:
704:
700:
695:
680:Laz language
653:
637:
620:Shanghainese
605:
579:
556:
550:
527:
522:Sanskritized
506:Shadhubhasha
504:
494:calita bhāṣā
483:
474:
450:
433:Lishán Didán
425:Lishana Deni
338:
321:
294:
244:
225:
221:common usage
190:
161:
137:
121:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2096:L.R. Palmer
1695:West Africa
1633:The Turkic
1296:West Africa
828:When Italy
816:During the
742:instead of
701:Hochdeutsch
567:Han dynasty
517:sādhu bhāṣā
417:Neo-Mandaic
245:Written in
209:Renaissance
205:Middle Ages
2506:Literature
2495:Categories
2384:dialects".
2296:2019-01-13
2290:Соціологія
2214:Gould 2018
1787:References
1521:colloquial
1408:vernacular
1343:South Asia
1084:basilectal
982:colloquial
923:(such as "
848:of Italy.
748:Präteritum
744:Präteritum
739:Präteritum
731:Präteritum
722:Präteritum
628:Sichuanese
312:literature
278:See also:
193:colloquial
153:vernacular
99:March 2022
69:newspapers
2419:. Brill.
2266:cite book
2176:181625415
2168:2326-4489
2077:cite book
2029:cite book
1826:0137-9712
1746:Aureation
1619:Baltistan
1517:diglossia
1454:Mai State
1410:Serbian (
1351:Bosphorus
1316:geography
1199:Mongolian
1181:Nurhaci's
1171:Standard
1096:. At the
1013:Arebhashe
974:diglossia
832:in 1860,
616:Cantonese
607:báihuàwén
558:wényánwén
512:সাধু ভাষা
489:চলিত ভাষা
475:Standard
324:diglossia
213:aureation
157:diglossia
2456:55237025
2241:14 April
2131:14 April
1806:Polonica
1776:Acrolect
1740:See also
1655:Taranchi
1607:Dzongkha
1588:Dzongkha
1470:Baybayin
1347:Ferdowsi
1335:Caucasus
1268:Mongolia
1231:and the
1189:Sanjiazi
1100:in 813,
1076:comedies
1074:, being
959:Sanskrit
955:alphabet
945:Javanese
852:Japanese
806:Dimotiki
797:Dimotiki
650:Georgian
447:Armenian
236:Malaysia
134:academic
130:language
2067:3 April
2019:3 April
1712:calques
1560:Ü-Tsang
1543:Tibetan
1537:theatre
1474:Brahmic
1435:Tagalog
1430:Tagalog
1416:Russian
1414:), and
1398:in the
1377:Serbian
1371:Georgia
1361:to the
1359:Balkans
1353:to the
1327:Persian
1322:Persian
1312:physics
1304:Maninka
1179:during
1153:Romance
1149:Semitic
1145:Gozitan
1133:Maltese
1128:Maltese
1102:priests
1072:Terence
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