521:
43:
1663:, which relied on the scholars whom they hired. There is a general but far from uniform consensus among the leading scholars about what should or should not be said in standard English; but for every rule, examples from famous English writers can be found that break it. Uniformity of spoken English never existed and does not exist now, but usages do exist, which must be learnt by the speakers, and do not conform to prescriptive rules.
270:
254:
860:
special purposes, such as a liturgical or sacred language. Fasold expanded the concept still further by proposing that multiple H exist in society from which the users can select for various purposes. The definition of an H is intermediate between
Ferguson's and Fishman's. Realizing the inappropriateness of the term diglossia (only two) to his concept, he proposes the term broad diglossia.
845:(1959), but Ferguson explicitly excluded variants as divergent as dialects or different languages or as similar as styles or registers. It must not be a conversational form; Ferguson had in mind a literary language. For example, a lecture is delivered in a different variety than ordinary conversation. Ferguson's own example was classical and spoken Arabic, but the analogy between
505:
841:("split tongue", on the model of the genetic anomaly). In it, the language is bifurcated: the speaker learns two forms of the language and ordinarily uses one but under special circumstances uses the other. The one most frequently used is the low (L) variant, equivalent to the vernacular, while the special variant is the high (H). The concept was introduced to linguistics by
1110:
has been heard constantly on radio and then television for over 60 years, only 3 to 5% of the population of
Britain actually speaks RP … new brands of English have been springing up even in recent times ...." What the vernacular would be in this case is a moot point: "… the standardisation of English has been in progress for many centuries."
1724:, a former army surgeon who had become criminally insane and made most of his contributions while incarcerated. Whether the OED is the long-desired standard English Dictionary is debatable, but its authority is taken seriously by the entire English-speaking world. Its staff is currently working on a third edition.
1654:
remains a quasi-fictional ideal, despite the numerous private organizations publishing prescriptive rules for it. No language academy was ever established or espoused by any government past or present in the
English-speaking world. In practice the British monarchy and its administrations established
225:
standard." In other words, the adjective "nonstandard" should not be taken to mean that these various dialects were intrinsically incorrect, less logical, or otherwise inferior, only that they were not the socially perceived norm or mainstream considered prestigious or appropriate for public speech;
1109:
Being the language of a maritime power, English was (of necessity) formed from elements of many different languages. Standardisation has been an ongoing issue. Even in the age of modern communications and mass media, according to one study, "… although the
Received Pronunciation of Standard English
859:
redefined the concept in 1964 to include everything
Ferguson had excluded. Fishman allowed both different languages and dialects and also different styles and registers as the H variants. The essential contrast between them was that they be "functionally differentiated"; that is, H must be used for
1666:
Usages have been documented not by prescriptive grammars, which on the whole are less comprehensible to the general public, but by comprehensive dictionaries, often termed unabridged, which attempt to list all usages of words and the phrases in which they occur as well as the date of first use and
892:
from which the speaker selects according to the social setting of the moment. The vernacular is "the least self-conscious style of people in a relaxed conversation", or "the most basic style"; that is, casual varieties used spontaneously rather than self-consciously, informal talk used in intimate
1534:) are considered to have been composed in the early fourteenth century, and are present in manuscripts from soon after. These tractates draw on the traditions of the Latin grammars of Donatus and Priscianus and also on the teaching of the professional Welsh poets. The tradition of grammars of the
1306:. Various administrations wished to create a civil service, or chancery, language that would be useful in more than one locality. And finally, nationalists wished to counter the spread of the French national language into German-speaking territories assisted by the efforts of the French Academy.
1065:
is known for its alternative spellings and pronunciations. The
British Isles, although geographically limited, have always supported populations of widely-varied dialects, as well as a few different languages; some examples of languages and regional accents (and/or dialects) within Great Britain
909:
thus defined are dialects, which are to be identified as complexes of factors: "social class, region, ethnicity, situation, and so forth". Both the standard and non-standard languages have dialects, but in contrast to the standard language, the non-standard language has "socially disfavored"
1806:
dictionaries began in the 16th century and were at first multi-lingual. They were preceded by glossaries of German words and phrases on various specialized topics. Finally interest in developing a vernacular German grew to the point where Maaler could publish a work called by
2101:
The term "vernacular" may also be applied metaphorically to any cultural product of the lower, common orders of society that is relatively uninfluenced by the ideas and ideals of the educated Ă©lite. Hence, vernacular has had connotations of a coarseness and crudeness.
1297:
was not identical to any specific variety of German. The first grammar evolved from pedagogical works that also tried to create a uniform standard from the many regional dialects for various reasons. Religious leaders wished to create a sacred language for
1874:
in 1536. In the mid-16th the dictionaries began, as listed below. In 1582 the first language academy was formed, called
Accademia della Crusca, "bran academy", which sifted language like grain. Once formed, its publications were standard-setting.
1704:(1747), which would imitate the dictionary being produced by the French Academy. He had no problem acquiring the funding, but not as a prescriptive dictionary. This was to be a grand comprehensive dictionary of all English words at any period,
1317:
until the 17th century, when grammarians began to debate the creation of an ideal language. Before 1550 as a conventional date, "supraregional compromises" were used in printed works, such as the one published by
Valentin Ickelsamer
1411:, "Grammar of the Tuscan Language". In it Alberti sought to demonstrate that the vernacular – here Tuscan, known today as modern Italian – was every bit as structured as Latin. He did so by mapping vernacular structures onto Latin.
1496:) has a development similar to that of Italian. There was some vocabulary in Isidore of Seville, with traces afterward, writing from about the 12th century; standardisation began in the 15th century, concurrent with the rise of
1322:) 1534. Books published in one of these artificial variants began to increase in frequency, replacing the Latin then in use. After 1550 the supraregional ideal broadened to a universal intent to create a national language from
386:, while it has become common thought to assume that nonstandard varieties should not be taught, there has been evidence to prove that teaching nonstandard dialects in the classroom can encourage some children to learn English.
1002:) followed five years after, in 1564. The Latinizing tendency changed course, with a joint publication, in 1584 by De Eglantier and the rhetoric society of Amsterdam; this was to be the first comprehensive Dutch grammar,
836:
These circumstances are a contrast between a vernacular and language variant used by the same speakers. According to one school of linguistic thought, all such variants are examples of a linguistic phenomenon termed
1244:. The written language is known from at least as early as the 9th century. That language contained many forms still identifiable as Latin. Interest in standardizing French began in the 16th century. Because of the
241:
that is a vernacular may not have historically benefited from the institutional support or sanction that a standard dialect has. According to another definition, a vernacular is a language that has not developed a
1713:
By 1858, the need for an update resulted in the first planning for a new comprehensive dictionary to document standard
English, a term coined at that time by the planning committee. The dictionary, known as the
1248:
and the Anglo-Norman domains in both northwestern France and
Britain, English scholars retained an interest in the fate of French as well as of English. Some of the numerous 16th-century surviving grammars are:
1117:, where the king resided and from which he ruled. It contained Danish forms not often used in the north or south, as the Danes had settled heavily in the midlands. Chaucer wrote in an early East Midland style;
1113:
Modern English came into being as the standard Middle English (i.e., as the preferred dialect of the monarch, court and administration). That dialect was of the East Midland, which had spread to
2977:
DeGrauwe, Luc (2002). "Emerging Mother-Tongue Awareness: The Special Case of Dutch and German in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period". In Linn, Andrew Robert; McLelland, Nicola (eds.).
853:
is of the same type. Excluding the upper-class and lower-class register aspects of the two variants, Classical Latin was a literary language; the people spoke Vulgar Latin as a vernacular.
966:
were written, though not always immediately published. It is to be understood that the first precursors of those languages preceded their standardization by up to several hundred years.
1514:
grammatically, in order to facilitate the study of Latin for its Spanish-speaking readers. Book 5 contains a phonetical and morphological overview of Spanish for nonnative speakers.
1349:
in Italy. It was one of many such clubs; however, none became a national academy. In 1618–1619 Johannes Kromayer wrote the first all-German grammar. In 1641 Justin Georg Schottel in
1313:) did evolve without the assistance of a language academy. Its precise origin, the major constituents of its features, remains uncertainly known and debatable. Latin prevailed as a
1199:
371:. This classic piece of literature, commonly taught in schools in the U.S., includes dialogue from various characters in their own native vernaculars (including representations of
893:
situations. In other contexts the speaker does conscious work to select the appropriate variations. The one they can use without this effort is the first form of speech acquired.
1170:(1580), but his orthography was not generally accepted and was soon supplanted, thus his grammar shared a similar fate. Other grammars in English followed rapidly; Paul Greaves'
2555:
In 1953, UNESCO defined a lingua franca as 'a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them.'
605:
1522); Bible in Spanish: published in Basel in 1569 by Casiodoro de Reina (Biblia del Oso); Bible in Czech: Bible of Kralice, printed between 1579 and 1593; Bible in English:
2031:
1990:
910:
structures. The standard language is primarily written (in traditional print media), whereas the non-standard language is spoken. An example of a vernacular dialect is
789:
in Tamil country. Sanskrit was a lingua franca among the non-Indo-European languages of the Indian subcontinent and became more of one as the spoken languages, or
2772:
Marazzini, Claudio (2000), "102. Early grammatical descriptions of Italian", in Auroux, Sylvain; Koerner, E. F. K.; Niederehe, Hans-Josef; et al. (eds.),
2214:
usually refers to spoken language, it sometimes is used to refer to written language that intentionally reflects or imitates a certain form of spoken language.
815:
230:
rationalization. Again, however, linguistics regards all varieties of a language as coherent, complex, and complete systems—even nonstandard varieties.
1326:
by deliberately ignoring regional forms of speech, which practice was considered to be a form of purification parallel to the ideal of purifying religion in
986:
from the 1420s onward) attempted to impose a Latin structure on Dutch, on the presumption that Latin grammar had a "universal character". However, in 1559,
1400:
of subsequent medieval writers. Documents of mixed Latin and Italian are known from the 12th century, which appears to be the start of writing in Italian.
2729:
Langer, Nils (2002), "On the Importance of Foreign Language Grammars for a History of Standard German", in Linn, Andrew Robert; McLelland, Nicola (eds.),
1289:
The development of a standard German was impeded by political disunity and strong local traditions until the invention of printing made possible a "
1670:
Bilingual dictionaries and glossaries precede modern English and were in use in the earliest written English. The first monolingual dictionary was
309:, generally used to refer to a local language or dialect, as distinct from what is seen as a standard language. The vernacular is contrasted with
2106:", for example, is a term applied to buildings designed in any style based on practical considerations and local traditions, in contrast to the "
2948:
Bex, Tony (1999). "Representations of English in twentieth-century Britain: Fowler, Gowers, Partridge". In Bex, Tony; Watts, Richard J. (eds.).
1129:, the first English printer, wrote in it. Caxton is considered the first modern English author. The first printed book in England was Chaucer's
1627:. As a result of this political instability no standard Dutch was defined (even though much in demand and recommended as an ideal) until after
53:
1786:
1667:
the etymology where possible. These typically require many volumes, and yet not more so than the unabridged dictionaries of many languages.
1692:
668:
2078:
1655:
an ideal of what good English should be considered to be, and this in turn was based on the teachings of the major universities, such as
3068:
History of the language sciences: an international handbook on the evolution of the study of language from the beginnings to the present
538:, a third-party language in which persons speaking different vernaculars not understood by each other may communicate. For instance, in
696:
Certain languages have both a classical form and various vernacular forms, with two widely used examples being Arabic and Chinese: see
3206:
3084:
Suhardi, B.; Sembiring, B. Cornelius (2007). "Aspek sosial bahasa". In Kushartanti; Yuwono, Untung; Lauder, Multamia R. M. T. (eds.).
1921:
3070:. Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, Bd. 18. Vol. 2. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 893–900.
1696:(1721). These dictionaries whetted the interest of the English-speaking public in greater and more prescriptive dictionaries until
1047:
of 1066 AD, and of Latin at the instigation of the clerical administration. While present-day English speakers may be able to read
3066:
Noordegraaf, Jan (2000). "The Normative Study of the National Languages from the 17th Century Onwards". In Auroux, Sylvain (ed.).
2284:
vernacular: a social dialect with low prestige spoken by a lower-status group, with marked differences from the standard language.
2048:
The first Spanish dictionaries in the 15th century were Latin-Spanish/Spanish-Latin, followed by monolingual Spanish. In 1713 the
2327:
872:, the term "vernacular" has been applied to several concepts. Context, therefore, is crucial to determining its intended sense.
3240:
1510:, 1492) was divided into parts for native and nonnative speakers, pursuing a different purpose in each. Books 1–4 describe the
987:
2928:
2110:" produced by professionally trained architects to nationally or internationally agreed aesthetic standards. The historian
1706:
751:
1506:
1448:. In those works the authors strove to establish a dialect that would qualify for becoming the Italian national language.
2189:
911:
202:
17:
2267:
593:
having been translated from Latin into vernacular languages with such works as the Bible in Dutch: published in 1526 by
470:, a slave born in the house rather than abroad. The figurative meaning was broadened from the diminutive extended words
367:
Nonstandard dialects have been used in classic literature throughout history. One famous example of this is Mark Twain,
161:
regards all nonstandard dialects as full-fledged varieties of language with their own consistent grammatical structure,
3093:
1414:
The book was never printed until 1908. It was not generally known, but it was known, as an inventory of the library of
2073:
3154:
2734:
2548:
2394:
2277:
1616:
342:
As a border case, a nonstandard dialect may even have its own written form, though it could then be assumed that the
87:
346:
is unstable, inconsistent, or unsanctioned by powerful institutions, like that of government or education. The most
3245:
2114:
has developed the study of "vernacular historiography" as a more sophisticated conceptualization of folk history.
2774:
History of the Language Sciences / Histoire des sciences du langage / Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften, Part 1
1720:, published its first fascicle in 1884. It attracted significant contributions from some singular minds, such as
1475:
1182:(1617), and many others. Over the succeeding decades, many literary figures turned a hand to grammar in English;
372:
3015:
Keller, Marcello Sorce (1984). "Folk Music in Trentino: Oral Transmission and the Use of Vernacular Languages".
2969:
History of English: a sketch of the origin and development of the English with Examples, Down to the Present Day
350:
instance of nonstandard dialects in writing would likely be nonstandard phonemic spelling of reported speech in
2918:
1374:
which is thought to date back as far as the 7th century: the earliest surviving manuscripts are 12th-century.
1007:
995:
1635:, an international treaty organization founded in 1980, supports a standard Dutch in the Netherlands, while
512:, champion of the use of vernacular Italian for literature rather than the lingua franca, Latin. Fresco by
1736:
founded in 1635 was given the obligation of producing a standard dictionary. Some early dictionaries are:
438:, whereof though there be some Records yet extant; yet there are none alive that can understand them: The
2052:, "Royal Spanish Academy", was founded to set standards. It published an official dictionary, 1726–1739.
1023:
889:
310:
294:
290:
190:
118:
31:
486:, "termes de la langue nationale" or "vocabulary of the national language" as opposed to foreign words.
3049:
1245:
1004:
Twe-spraack vande Nederduitsche letterkunst/ Ăłfte Vant spellen ende eyghenscap des Nederduitschen taals
713:
247:
126:
3235:
2124:
1716:
1203:
763:
398:
Concerning Italy, doubtless there were divers before the Latin did spread all over that Country; the
206:
2085:
2049:
1847:
1831:
1554:. Although numerous glossaries publishing vernacular words had long been in existence, such as the
885:
376:
186:
69:
1422:("Rules of the Florentine language"). The only known manuscript copy, however, is included in the
524:
Ratio of books printed in Europe in the vernacular languages to those in Latin in the 15th century
2229:
2103:
1781:
1733:
1624:
1233:
1031:
is considered to have begun at a conventional date of about 1550, most notably at the end of the
683:
630:
626:
622:
597:; Bible in French: published in 1528 by Jacques Lefevre d'Étaples (or Faber Stapulensis); German
450:
Here, vernacular, mother language and dialect are already in use in a modern sense. According to
110:
3190:
2422:
2920:
Forgetful Remembrance: Social Forgetting and Vernacular Historiography of a Rebellion in Ulster
2643:
2386:
1914:
1344:
618:
477:
326:
3165:
1858:
In the early 15th century a number of glossaries appeared, such as that of Lucillo Minerbi on
1822:(1616). After numerous dictionaries and glossaries of a less-than-comprehensive nature came a
1366:
2540:
1721:
1404:
1323:
1303:
720:
679:
414:
it self, and all the Territories about Rome, had the Latin for its maternal and common first
306:
238:
3122:
226:
however, nonstandard dialects are indeed often stigmatized as such, due to socially-induced
3210:
3182:
Fasold, Ralph (2006) "The politics of language." In R.W. Fasold and J. Connor-Linton (eds)
2536:
1656:
1632:
1608:
1415:
1334:
638:
568:
are examples of early vernacular literature in Italian, Spanish, and French, respectively.
355:
335:, used to facilitate communication across a large area. However, vernaculars usually carry
689:
In diplomacy, French displaced Latin in Europe in the 1710s, due to the military power of
8:
2129:
2107:
2000:
1836:
Versuch eines vollständigen grammatisch-kritischen Wörterbuches Der Hochdeutschen Mundart
975:
906:
842:
731:
705:
697:
690:
347:
322:
282:
3147:
Race, Ethnicity and Dialects: Language Policy and Ethnic Minorities in the United States
2987:
2036:
571:
In Europe, Latin was used widely instead of vernacular languages in varying forms until
3032:
2632:
2462:
2379:
2063:
1839:
1620:
1612:
1582:
1575:
1559:
1501:
1487:
1403:
The first known grammar of a Romance language was a book written in manuscript form by
1393:
1353:
presented the standard language as an artificial one. By the time of his work of 1663,
1019:
594:
565:
435:
262:
520:
339:
among their native speakers, in showcasing group identity or sub-culture affiliation.
3250:
3150:
3099:
3089:
2924:
2777:
2544:
2529:
2390:
2339:
2273:
2184:
2164:
2159:
2024:
1660:
1640:
1619:
in 1815 from which southern Netherlands (being Catholic) seceded in 1830 to form the
1294:
1284:
1151:
1032:
931:
902:
825:
767:
709:
559:
454:, "vernacular" was brought into the English language as early as 1601 from the Latin
431:
318:
314:
243:
130:
122:
2019:
173:
Like any native language variety, a vernacular has an internally coherent system of
61:
3024:
3001:. Topics in English Linguistics. Vol. 47. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
1863:
1687:
1651:
1611:
came under the dominion of Spain, then of Austria (1713) and of France (1794). The
1592:
1511:
1497:
1471:
1383:
1237:
1155:
1131:
1103:
1052:
963:
947:
943:
869:
802:
701:
606:
547:
383:
182:
137:
that does not hold a widespread high-status perception, and sometimes even carries
134:
2506:
2154:
1747:
1679:
1427:
1143:
1067:
1044:
959:
951:
935:
850:
806:
794:
759:
743:
678:
was in English. Latin continues to be used in certain fields of science, notably
645:
614:
513:
509:
461:
451:
443:
394:
First usage of the word "vernacular" is not recent. In 1688, James Howell wrote:
336:
258:
214:
210:
154:
106:
65:
2815:
Gruffudd, R. Geraint (2006), "Gramadegau'r Penceirddiaid", in Koch, John (ed.),
797:
from the 12th century onwards, religious works were created in other languages:
3133:
2967:
2323:
2251:
2246:
2139:
1697:
1671:
1535:
1527:
1462:
1371:
1253:
1241:
1211:
1183:
1175:
1126:
1083:
1062:
1048:
1028:
955:
856:
786:
609:, published in 1611; Bible in Slovene, published in 1584 by Jurij Dalmatin. In
539:
439:
198:
194:
2634:
Authority in language: investigating language prescription and standardisation
2502:
1456:
The first grammar in a vernacular language in western Europe was published in
813:, one of Hinduism's sacred epics in Sanskrit, had vernacular versions such as
410:; but it was an adventitious, no Mother-Language to them: 'tis confess'd that
3229:
3189:
Nordquist, R., 2019. What Is Nonstandard English?. ThoughtCo. Available at:
3103:
1327:
1314:
1299:
1122:
1118:
1091:
881:
820:
602:
586:
552:
534:
407:
331:
278:
138:
114:
2377:
Van Keulen, Jean E.; Weddington, Gloria Toliver; DeBose, Charles E. (1998).
227:
1628:
1563:
1445:
1195:
846:
663:
598:
589:
was a driving force in the use of the vernacular in Christian Europe, the
2981:. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co. pp. 99–116.
1973:
1963:
1828:
Der Teutschen Sprache Stammbaum und Fortwachs oder Teutschen Sprachschatz
1808:
1803:
1555:
1290:
1191:
1087:
1071:
1056:
1040:
610:
529:
360:
343:
158:
1309:
With so many linguists moving in the same direction, a standard German (
2111:
1764:
1547:
1229:
1223:
1207:
1187:
1036:
922:
A vernacular is not a real language but is "an abstract set of norms".
739:
682:
in biology, while other fields such as mathematics use vernacular; see
351:
178:
3036:
1732:
Surviving dictionaries are a century earlier than their grammars. The
793:, began to diverge from it in different regions. With the rise of the
2639:
2335:
2179:
1859:
1823:
1636:
1538:
developed from these through the Middle Ages and to the Renaissance.
1075:
838:
579:
302:
162:
781:
culture, traditionally religious or scholarly works were written in
3138:
Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English
3028:
2149:
2144:
1867:
1551:
1467:
1457:
1099:
979:
830:
810:
790:
782:
399:
274:
269:
1574:
Glossaries in Dutch began about 1470 AD leading eventually to two
1168:
Booke at Large for the Amendment of Orthography for English Speech
464:
as "national" and "domestic", having originally been derived from
2134:
1886:
Vocabolario et grammatica con l'orthographia della lingua volgare
983:
939:
771:
755:
674:
662:, though some of his works remained in Latin. A later example is
652:
637:
translated to vernacular Ukrainian language in 1561 are known as
634:
542:
until the 17th century, most scholarly works had been written in
423:
419:
305:, or an independent language. Vernacular is a term for a type of
298:
253:
234:
174:
3010:. Vol. 1. Oxford, England; New York, NY, USA: B. Blackwell.
1937:
Dittionario italiano e francese/Dictionnaire italien et François
1474:
language in poetry competitions organized by the company of the
1470:
of Toulouse, it was published in order to codify the use of the
2169:
2005:
Vocabulario italiano e spagnolo/ Vocabulario español e italiano
1338:
1146:, after a general plea for mother-tongue education in England:
1114:
613:, vernacular bibles were later provided, but Latin was used at
504:
411:
403:
1830:(1691), and finally the first codification of written German,
1158:
wrote the first English grammar to be written in English, the
3191:
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-nonstandard-english-1691438
2174:
2032:
Dictionary of Serbo-Croatian Literary and Vernacular Language
1871:
1423:
1139:
1095:
1079:
901:
In another theory, the vernacular language is opposed to the
798:
778:
747:
590:
543:
829:, a Awadhi version of the Ramayana by the 16th-century poet
648:
led to the translation of Sanskrit texts to the vernacular.
293:
in different ways, in that the vernacular can be a distinct
1010:
was a major contributor, with others contributing as well.
427:
2381:
Speech, Language, Learning, and the African American Child
2376:
1813:
Die Teutsche Spraach: Dictionarium Germanico-latinum novum
285:, who lived in the era of Italian language standardization
2449:
Epistolæ Ho-Elianæ: Familiar letters, domestic and forren
546:, which was serving as a lingua franca. Works written in
1769:
Thresor de la langue fracoyse, tant ancienne que moderne
1562:, which listed many Spanish words, the first vernacular
1500:
as an international power. The first Spanish grammar by
1826:
that attempted to include all German, Kaspar Stieler's
1818:
It was followed along similar lines by Georg Heinisch:
3167:
Standardisation and variation in South African English
3119:
2952:. New York: Routledge. pp. 89–112. 0-415-19162-9.
2906:. Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 18.
2733:, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 235, Amsterdam:
2310:
1776:
Dictionnaire françois contenant les mots et les choses
446:
and Tusculan, are thought to be but Dialects to these.
3186:. pp. 383-412. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2999:
Descriptive adequacy of early modern English grammars
2192:, a vernacular of English spoken by African Americans
1811:"the first truly German dictionary", Joshua Maaler's
261:(Danish, c. 1250). It deals with Scanian and Scanian
2989:
Introduction to the grammar of the Romance languages
2979:
Standardization: studies from the Germanic languages
2731:
Standardization: studies from the Germanic languages
2236:. Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024.
1995:
Vocabulario de las dos lenguas toscana y castellana
1355:
ausfĂĽhrliche Arbeit von der teutschen Haubt-Sprache
1302:that would be parallel to the use of Latin for the
1210:and more, all leading to the massive dictionary of
1166:, in that same year. Previously he had written the
354:or poetry (e.g., the publications of Jamaican poet
197:describes about a number of dialects spoken in the
3121:
3088:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
2631:
2528:
2378:
1944:Petit vocabulaire en langue françoise et italienne
978:" (learned, literary societies founded throughout
2451:(6th ed.). London: Thomas Grey. p. 363.
1180:Orthographie and Congruitie of the Britain Tongue
557:
499:
3227:
3120:Wolfram, Walt; Schilling-Estes, Natalie (1998).
3083:
2923:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
2904:Renaissance and reform: the Italian contribution
2409:
1541:
1426:, Reginense Latino 1370, located at Rome in the
785:(long after its use as a spoken language) or in
725:
651:In science, an early user of the vernacular was
480:, the classical Latin grammarian, used the term
177:. It may be associated with a particular set of
3086:Pesona bahasa: langkah awal memahami linguistik
1507:Tratado de gramática sobre la lengua Castellana
938:publications. Between 1437 and 1586, the first
730:The vernacular is also often contrasted with a
460:("native") which had been in figurative use in
2068:Lexicon latino-hispanicum et hispanico-latinum
1388:Italian appears before standardization as the
1357:, the standard language was well established.
379:), which are not written in standard English.
27:Common speech variety of a specific population
1912:
1342:
489:
207:nonstandard speech of Southern white planters
50:The examples and perspective in this article
3209:. The Preservation Institute. Archived from
3079:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
3046:A sociolinguistic history of Parisian French
2629:
2266:Yule, George (27 October 2016). "Glossary".
2017:The first vernacular Serbian dictionary was
1702:Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language
1693:An Universal Etymological English Dictionary
1440:of Giovanni Francesco Fortunio and the 1525
925:
896:
3184:An Introduction to Language and Linguistics
3144:
3065:
2617:
2295:
2058:El universal vocabulario en latin y romance
1850:is said to have nailed a copy to his desk.
1566:emerged together with vernacular grammars.
1492:Chronologically, Spanish (more accurately,
1138:The first English grammars were written in
516:in the cappella di San Brizio dome, Orvieto
481:
471:
465:
455:
2992:. London, Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate.
875:
257:The oldest known vernacular manuscript in
3132:
2965:
2819:, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, pp. 843–4
2817:Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia
2771:
2656:
2526:
2352:
2306:
2304:
2079:Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española
1922:Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca
201:in earlier U.S. history, including older
133:, or formal. More narrowly, a particular
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
3163:
3124:American English: dialects and variation
3061:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
3056:
2976:
2814:
2593:
2364:
2322:
2234:Cambridge Dictionary: English Dictionary
1258:L'esclarcissement de la langue francoyse
519:
503:
268:
252:
157:. Regardless of any such stigma, modern
2956:
2841:
2829:
2486:
2316:
1862:in 1535, and those of Fabrizio Luna on
1438:Regole grammaticali della volgar lingua
1436:More influential perhaps were the 1516
250:, or established a literary tradition.
14:
3228:
3014:
3005:
2916:
2728:
2630:Milroy, James; Milroy, Lesley (1985).
2581:
2446:
2301:
988:John III van de Werve, Lord of Hovorst
550:are said to be in the vernacular. The
494:
153:, etc. and is typically its speakers'
3074:
3043:
2950:Standard English: the widening debate
2901:
2889:
2877:
2747:
2716:
2605:
2487:Gaffiot, Felix (1934). "vernaculus".
2332:Standard English: The Widening Debate
2096:
1623:, which was confirmed in 1839 by the
1478:in both grammar and rhetorical ways.
917:
406:spoke Greek, whereof some Relics are
358:) where it is sometimes described as
3077:German, a linguistic history to 1945
2996:
2985:
2802:
2790:
2759:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2668:
2495:
2489:Dictionnaire Illustré Latin Français
2311:Wolfram & Schilling-Estes (1998)
2265:
1787:Dictionnaire de l’Académie française
1707:A Dictionary of the English Language
1466:and written by Guilhèm Molinièr, an
1035:. It was created by the infusion of
770:, but parts of the Mass are read in
738:. For example, until the 1960s, the
532:, a vernacular is contrasted with a
109:form of language, particularly when
36:
2947:
2865:
2853:
2531:An introduction to sociolinguistics
2190:African-American Vernacular English
2090:Diccionario de la lengua castellana
1407:between 1437 and 1441 and entitled
930:Vernaculars acquired the status of
912:African American Vernacular English
863:
203:African-American Vernacular English
24:
3204:
2966:Champneys, Arthur Charles (1893).
2503:"Incunabula Short Title Catalogue"
2338:. pp. 117–128. Archived from
2330:. In Bex, T.; Watts, R.J. (eds.).
1907:Il memoriale della lingua italiana
880:In variation theory, pioneered by
809:and many others. For example, the
369:The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
25:
3262:
3198:
2735:John Benjamins Publishing Company
2659:, pp. 269, 285–286, 301, 314
2328:"Standard English: what it isn't"
2269:The Study of Language 6th Edition
2011:
1617:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1524:Grammar Books of the Master-poets
1337:, a language club, was formed in
1272:Traicté de la grammaire françoise
1000:Eenen nieuwen ABC of Materi-boeck
621:of 1965. Certain groups, notably
289:Vernacular may vary from overtly
2023:(Serbian dictionary) written by
1951:Dictionnaire françois et italien
1893:Le richezze della lingua volgare
1265:Tretté de la grammaire françoeze
1148:The first part of the elementary
750:rather than in vernaculars. The
734:, a specialized use of a former
181:, and spoken using a variety of
41:
3112:
3008:The sociolinguistics of society
2910:
2895:
2883:
2871:
2859:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2808:
2796:
2784:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2674:
2662:
2650:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2575:
2560:
2520:
2480:
2455:
2440:
2415:
2403:
2370:
2074:Sebastián de Covarrubias Orozco
1978:Queen Anna's New World of Words
1409:Grammatica della lingua toscana
1135:, published by Caxton in 1476.
373:Older Southern American English
3145:Fodde Melis, Luisanna (2002).
2902:Yates, Frances Amelia (1983).
2423:"What Is Nonstandard English?"
2410:Suhardi & Sembiring (2007)
2358:
2346:
2289:
2272:. Cambridge University Press.
2259:
2239:
2222:
2204:
1597:Dictionarium Teutonico-Latinum
1550:is to be distinguished from a
992:Den schat der Duytsscher Talen
500:In contrast with lingua franca
13:
1:
3241:Language varieties and styles
2972:. New York: Macmillan and Co.
2197:
1820:TeĂĽtsche Sprache und WeiĂźheit
1678:(1604) which was followed by
1587:Thesaurus Theutonicae Linguae
1542:First vernacular dictionaries
1430:. It is therefore called the
1008:Hendrick Laurenszoon Spieghel
996:Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert
884:, language is a large set of
726:As a low variant in diglossia
672:was in Latin, but whose 1704
656:
572:
426:had others quite discrepant,
3059:Introducing sociolinguistics
2959:The Dutch language: a survey
2569:Stedman's Medical Dictionary
2491:. Paris: Librairie Hachette.
2043:
1853:
1750:, alias Robertus Stephanus:
1684:A New World of English Words
1646:
1293:-based book language". This
746:was generally celebrated in
389:
291:prestigious speech varieties
277:of rhetoric and arithmetic,
213:of indentured servants, and
165:, body of vocabulary, etc.
129:, institutionally promoted,
7:
3128:. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
2385:. Allyn and Bacon. p.
2117:
1949:Jean Antoine Fenice :
1798:
1752:Dictionnaire françois–latin
1740:Louis Cruse, alias Garbin:
1727:
1311:hochdeutsche Schriftsprache
1024:History of English grammars
704:. In the 1920s, due to the
644:In India, the 12th century
313:forms of language, such as
168:
105:is the ordinary, informal,
64:, discuss the issue on the
32:Vernacular (disambiguation)
10:
3267:
3050:Cambridge University Press
3044:Lodge, R. Anthony (2005).
2940:
2527:Wardhaugh, Ronald (2006).
1985:Italian / Spanish
1958:Italian / English
1742:Dictionaire latin-françois
1603:with the 1599 3rd edition)
1569:
1532:Gramadegau'r Penceirddiaid
1485:
1481:
1451:
1381:
1377:
1282:
1246:Norman conquest of England
1221:
1017:
1013:
974:In the 16th century, the "
718:
714:written vernacular Chinese
490:Concepts of the vernacular
29:
3164:Mesthrie, Rajend (1994).
3057:Mesthrie, Rajend (1999).
3006:Fasold, Ralph W. (1984).
2535:. Malden, Mass.; Oxford:
2252:Dictionary.com Unabridged
2125:Broad and general accents
2035:was initiated in 1888 by
1930:Italian / French
1913:
1717:Oxford English Dictionary
1607:Shortly after (1579) the
1442:Prose della vulgar lingua
1418:lists it under the title
1343:
1278:
1217:
926:First vernacular grammars
897:As a non-standard dialect
823:in the 15th century; and
764:Ethiopian Orthodox Church
578:, in its latter stage as
2986:Diez, Friedrich (1863).
2957:Brachin, Pierre (1985).
1832:Johann Christoph Adelung
1517:
1432:Grammatichetta vaticana.
1420:Regule lingue florentine
1360:
1150:, published in 1582, by
1059:is much more difficult.
969:
623:Traditionalist Catholics
377:African-American English
3246:Linguistics terminology
2104:Vernacular architecture
1320:Ein Teutsche Grammatica
1162:. This was followed by
876:As an informal register
684:scientific nomenclature
631:Eastern Orthodox Church
625:, continue to practice
558:
408:to be found to this day
193:. As American linguist
2467:Merriam-Webster Online
2447:Howell, James (1688).
2086:Real Academia Española
2050:Real Academia Española
2027:and published in 1818.
1991:CristĂłbal de las Casas
1935:Nathanael Duez :
1915:Accademia della Crusca
1531:
1460:in 1327. Known as the
1345:Accademia della Crusca
1234:Gallo-Romance language
990:published his grammar
907:non-standard varieties
819:composed in Telugu by
619:Second Vatican Council
525:
517:
482:
472:
466:
456:
448:
286:
266:
3075:Wells, C. J. (1985).
2961:. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
2571:(5th ed.). 1918.
2039:, still in the making
1900:La fabbrica del mondo
1757:Maurice de la Porte:
1722:William Chester Minor
1486:Further information:
1405:Leon Battista Alberti
1382:Further information:
1324:Early New High German
1304:Roman Catholic Church
1283:Further information:
1222:Further information:
1018:Further information:
721:Vernacular literature
719:Further information:
680:binomial nomenclature
655:, writing in Italian
523:
507:
473:vernaculus, vernacula
396:
281:, Foligno, Italy, by
272:
256:
2917:Beiner, Guy (2018).
2776:, Berlin, New York:
2537:Blackwell Publishing
2255:(Online). June 2024.
2056:Alonzo de Palencia:
1657:Cambridge University
1633:Dutch Language Union
1609:Southern Netherlands
1370:is a grammar of the
1351:teutsche Sprachkunst
1341:in imitation of the
1335:Fruitbearing Society
1194:, Jeremiah Wharton,
1172:Grammatica Anglicana
1160:Pamphlet for Grammar
816:Ranganadha Ramayanam
639:Peresopnytsia Gospel
356:Linton Kwesi Johnson
70:create a new article
62:improve this article
52:may not represent a
30:For other uses, see
3207:"Vernacular Values"
2130:Colloquial language
2108:polite architecture
2001:Lorenzo Franciosini
1942:Gabriel Pannonius:
1939:, Leiden, 1559–1560
1905:Giacomo Pergamini:
1884:Alberto Accarisio:
1676:Table Alphabeticall
1367:Auraicept na n-Éces
1260:(1530; in English).
843:Charles A. Ferguson
766:holds liturgies in
732:liturgical language
706:May Fourth Movement
698:Varieties of Arabic
691:Louis XIV of France
530:general linguistics
495:General linguistics
382:In the case of the
283:Gentile da Fabriano
151:nonstandard dialect
141:, is also called a
18:Vernacular language
3170:. pp. 181–201
3134:McWhorter, John H.
2997:Dons, Ute (2004).
2880:, pp. 214–215
2780:, pp. 742–749
2707:, pp. 118–119
2296:Fodde Melis (2002)
2097:Metaphorical usage
2064:Antonio de Nebrija
1898:Francesco Alunno:
1891:Francesco Alunno:
1842:called Adelung an
1782:Académie française
1734:Académie française
1621:Kingdom of Belgium
1613:Congress of Vienna
1583:Christophe Plantin
1576:Dutch dictionaries
1560:Isidore of Seville
1502:Antonio de Nebrija
1488:History of Spanish
1270:Robert Stephanus:
1200:Christopher Cooper
1066:include Scotland (
1020:History of English
940:reference grammars
932:official languages
918:As an idealisation
762:, not Arabic. The
595:Jacob van Liesvelt
566:The Song of Roland
526:
518:
483:vocabula vernacula
295:stylistic register
287:
267:
263:Ecclesiastical Law
215:West Indian patois
147:vernacular dialect
2930:978-0-19-874935-6
2778:Walter de Gruyter
2342:on 21 March 2009.
2185:Standard language
2165:National language
2160:Literary language
1968:A Worlde of Words
1774:Pierre Richelet:
1661:Oxford University
1643:founded in 1909.
1641:Die Taalkommissie
1599:, 1574 (becoming
1494:lengua castellana
1416:Lorenzo de'Medici
1295:literary language
1285:History of German
1152:Richard Mulcaster
1051:authors (such as
1033:Great Vowel Shift
976:rederijkerskamers
903:standard language
826:Ramacharitamanasa
821:Gona Buddha Reddy
710:Classical Chinese
560:Cantar de Mio Cid
548:Romance languages
221:standard but not
123:standard language
98:
97:
90:
72:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
3258:
3236:Sociolinguistics
3222:
3220:
3218:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3160:
3149:. FrancoAngeli.
3141:
3129:
3127:
3107:
3080:
3071:
3062:
3053:
3040:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2982:
2973:
2962:
2953:
2935:
2934:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2844:, pp. 26–27
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2769:
2763:
2762:, pp. 75–77
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2737:, pp. 69–70
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2627:
2621:
2618:Noordegraaf 2000
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2596:, pp. 77–83
2591:
2585:
2584:, pp. 34–60
2579:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2534:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2384:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2353:McWhorter (2001)
2350:
2344:
2343:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2243:
2237:
2226:
2215:
2208:
2037:Stojan Novaković
1918:
1917:
1870:, Boccaccio and
1688:Nathaniel Bailey
1652:Standard English
1639:is regulated by
1631:. Currently the
1625:Treaty of London
1593:Cornelis Kiliaan
1512:Spanish language
1384:Italian language
1348:
1347:
1238:Colloquial Latin
1190:, Joshua Poole,
1156:William Bullokar
1132:Canterbury Tales
1053:Geoffrey Chaucer
870:sociolinguistics
864:Sociolinguistics
712:was replaced by
702:Chinese language
661:
658:
607:King James Bible
577:
574:
563:
485:
475:
469:
459:
384:English language
244:standard variety
211:British dialects
135:language variety
125:, which is more
113:as having lower
93:
86:
82:
79:
73:
45:
44:
37:
21:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3226:
3225:
3216:
3214:
3213:on 20 July 2016
3201:
3196:
3173:
3171:
3157:
3115:
3110:
3096:
3017:Ethnomusicology
2943:
2938:
2931:
2915:
2911:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2507:British Library
2501:
2500:
2496:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2412:, p. 61–62
2408:
2404:
2397:
2375:
2371:
2365:Mesthrie (1994)
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2324:Trudgill, Peter
2321:
2317:
2313:, p. 13–16
2309:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2264:
2260:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2155:Language policy
2120:
2099:
2046:
2014:
1997:, Sevilla, 1570
1856:
1801:
1748:Robert Estienne
1730:
1680:Edward Phillips
1649:
1572:
1544:
1520:
1490:
1484:
1454:
1428:Vatican library
1398:lingua vulgaris
1386:
1380:
1363:
1287:
1281:
1263:Louis Meigret,
1232:) emerged as a
1226:
1220:
1142:, with some in
1121:translated the
1068:Scottish Gaelic
1045:Norman conquest
1026:
1016:
972:
928:
920:
899:
878:
866:
851:Classical Latin
795:bhakti movement
744:Catholic Church
728:
723:
659:
646:Bhakti movement
615:Tridentine Mass
575:
553:Divina Commedia
514:Luca Signorelli
510:Dante Alighieri
502:
497:
492:
462:Classical Latin
452:Merriam-Webster
392:
337:covert prestige
311:higher-prestige
171:
121:in contrast to
94:
83:
77:
74:
59:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3264:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3224:
3223:
3205:Illich, Ivan.
3200:
3199:External links
3197:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3161:
3155:
3142:
3140:. Basic Books.
3130:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3095:978-9792216813
3094:
3081:
3072:
3063:
3054:
3048:. Cambridge :
3041:
3029:10.2307/851432
3012:
3003:
2994:
2983:
2974:
2963:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2909:
2894:
2882:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2834:
2822:
2807:
2795:
2783:
2764:
2752:
2740:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2695:, pp. 7–9
2685:
2673:
2661:
2657:Champneys 1893
2649:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2574:
2559:
2549:
2519:
2494:
2479:
2454:
2439:
2414:
2402:
2395:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2315:
2300:
2288:
2278:
2258:
2238:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2140:First language
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2071:
2061:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2028:
2020:Srpski rjeÄŤnik
2013:
2012:Serbo-Croatian
2010:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1982:
1981:
1980:, London, 1611
1971:
1970:, London, 1598
1955:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1927:
1926:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1855:
1852:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1779:
1772:
1762:
1755:
1745:
1729:
1726:
1698:Samuel Johnson
1672:Robert Cawdrey
1648:
1645:
1605:
1604:
1590:
1571:
1568:
1543:
1540:
1536:Welsh Language
1519:
1516:
1483:
1480:
1453:
1450:
1390:lingua Italica
1379:
1376:
1372:Irish language
1362:
1359:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:John Palsgrave
1242:late antiquity
1219:
1216:
1212:Samuel Johnson
1198:, Thomas Lye,
1184:Alexander Gill
1176:Alexander Hume
1127:William Caxton
1063:Middle English
1049:Middle English
1029:Modern English
1015:
1012:
971:
968:
936:metalinguistic
927:
924:
919:
916:
898:
895:
877:
874:
865:
862:
857:Joshua Fishman
777:Similarly, in
727:
724:
540:Western Europe
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
391:
388:
307:speech variety
209:, nonstandard
199:American South
195:John McWhorter
170:
167:
155:native variety
96:
95:
78:September 2019
56:of the subject
54:worldwide view
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3263:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3169:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3156:9788846439123
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3118:
3117:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2898:
2892:, p. 339
2891:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2831:
2826:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2756:
2750:, p. 222
2749:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2719:, p. 134
2718:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2670:
2665:
2658:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2626:
2620:, p. 894
2619:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2594:Mesthrie 1999
2590:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2567:"diglossia".
2563:
2556:
2552:
2550:9781405135597
2546:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2523:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2490:
2483:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2450:
2443:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2398:
2396:9780205152681
2392:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2373:
2367:, p. 182
2366:
2361:
2355:, p. 152
2354:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2279:9781316776780
2275:
2271:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2007:, Roma, 1620.
2006:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1953:, Paris, 1584
1952:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:(1774–1786).
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1333:In 1617, the
1331:
1329:
1328:Protestantism
1325:
1321:
1316:
1315:lingua franca
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:Protestantism
1296:
1292:
1286:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1125:into it, and
1124:
1123:New Testament
1120:
1119:John Wycliffe
1116:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
923:
915:
913:
908:
904:
894:
891:
887:
883:
882:William Labov
873:
871:
861:
858:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
834:
832:
828:
827:
822:
818:
817:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:Coptic Church
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:lingua franca
733:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
687:
686:for details.
685:
681:
677:
676:
671:
670:
666:, whose 1687
665:
654:
649:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:New Testament
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:Protestantism
585:In religion,
583:
581:
569:
567:
562:
561:
555:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:
535:lingua franca
531:
522:
515:
511:
506:
487:
484:
479:
474:
468:
463:
458:
453:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
395:
387:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
365:
364:
362:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
333:
332:lingua franca
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:, a regional
296:
292:
284:
280:
279:Trinci Palace
276:
271:
264:
260:
255:
251:
249:
245:
240:
236:
231:
229:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:, "the often
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:social stigma
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:social status
112:
108:
104:
100:
92:
89:
81:
71:
67:
63:
57:
55:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3215:. Retrieved
3211:the original
3183:
3172:. Retrieved
3166:
3146:
3137:
3123:
3113:Bibliography
3085:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3045:
3023:(1): 75–89.
3020:
3016:
3007:
2998:
2988:
2978:
2968:
2958:
2949:
2919:
2912:
2903:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2868:, p. 71
2861:
2856:, p. 76
2849:
2842:Brachin 1985
2837:
2832:, p. 15
2830:Brachin 1985
2825:
2816:
2810:
2805:, p. 98
2798:
2793:, p. 77
2786:
2773:
2767:
2755:
2743:
2730:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2652:
2633:
2625:
2613:
2608:, p. 13
2601:
2589:
2577:
2568:
2562:
2554:
2530:
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2497:
2488:
2482:
2470:. Retrieved
2466:
2463:"vernacular"
2457:
2448:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2426:
2417:
2405:
2380:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2340:the original
2331:
2318:
2298:, p. 36
2291:
2283:
2268:
2261:
2250:
2247:"vernacular"
2241:
2233:
2224:
2211:
2206:
2100:
2089:
2077:
2067:
2057:
2047:
2030:
2025:Vuk Karadžić
2018:
2004:
1994:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1946:, Lyon, 1578
1943:
1936:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1879:Monolingual
1878:
1877:
1857:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1802:
1791:
1785:
1775:
1768:
1758:
1751:
1741:
1731:
1715:
1712:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1650:
1629:World War II
1615:created the
1606:
1601:Etymologicum
1600:
1596:
1586:
1573:
1564:dictionaries
1545:
1523:
1521:
1505:
1493:
1491:
1461:
1455:
1446:Pietro Bembo
1441:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1397:
1389:
1387:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1350:
1332:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1288:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1227:
1204:William Lily
1196:James Howell
1179:
1171:
1167:
1164:Bref Grammar
1163:
1159:
1147:
1137:
1130:
1112:
1108:
1061:
1043:, after the
1027:
1003:
999:
991:
973:
929:
921:
900:
879:
867:
855:
847:Vulgar Latin
835:
824:
814:
776:
754:still holds
735:
729:
695:
688:
673:
667:
664:Isaac Newton
650:
643:
599:Luther Bible
584:
570:
551:
533:
527:
508:Allegory of
449:
418:Tongue; but
415:
397:
393:
381:
368:
366:
359:
341:
330:
329:idiom, or a
288:
248:codification
246:, undergone
237:or language
232:
222:
218:
172:
163:sound system
150:
146:
142:
102:
101:
99:
84:
75:
51:
2683:, p. 5
2671:, p. 6
2582:Fasold 1984
2092:, 1726–1739
1974:John Florio
1964:John Florio
1809:Jacob Grimm
1804:High German
1686:(1658) and
1556:Etymologiae
1463:Leys d'amor
1291:High German
1228:French (as
1192:John Wallis
1154:. In 1586,
1088:Isle of Man
1072:Northumbria
1057:Old English
1041:Old English
660: 1600
611:Catholicism
576: 1701
361:eye dialect
344:orthography
159:linguistics
3230:Categories
3217:7 November
2890:Wells 1985
2878:Wells 1985
2748:Wells 1985
2717:Wells 1985
2642:. p.
2606:Lodge 2005
2539:. p.
2472:8 November
2334:. London:
2230:vernacular
2212:vernacular
2198:References
2112:Guy Beiner
1765:Jean Nicot
1700:published
1548:dictionary
1230:Old French
1224:Old French
1208:John Colet
1188:Ben Jonson
1037:Old French
994:in Dutch;
740:Roman Rite
627:Latin Mass
617:until the
457:vernaculus
432:Hetruscane
416:vernacular
352:literature
327:scientific
323:liturgical
179:vocabulary
143:vernacular
103:Vernacular
3104:156874430
2803:Diez 1863
2791:Diez 1863
2760:Diez 1863
2705:Diez 1863
2693:Dons 2004
2681:Dons 2004
2669:Dons 2004
2640:Routledge
2427:ThoughtCo
2336:Routledge
2180:Sociolect
1860:Boccaccio
1824:thesaurus
1637:Afrikaans
1476:Gai Saber
1076:Yorkshire
890:registers
839:diglossia
756:liturgies
669:Principia
601:in 1534 (
580:Neo-Latin
400:Calabrian
390:Etymology
303:sociolect
191:registers
111:perceived
66:talk page
3251:Folklore
3136:(2001).
2866:Bex 1999
2854:Bex 1999
2326:(1999).
2150:Glossary
2145:Folklore
2118:See also
1868:Petrarca
1840:Schiller
1815:(1561).
1759:Epitheta
1710:(1755).
1552:glossary
1468:advocate
1458:Toulouse
1396:and the
1174:(1594),
1100:Cornwall
980:Flanders
934:through
831:Tulsidas
811:Ramayana
791:prakrits
783:Sanskrit
436:Mesapian
319:literary
315:national
275:allegory
228:post-hoc
217:, were
169:Overview
131:literary
127:codified
119:prestige
117:or less
60:You may
2941:Sources
2512:2 March
2135:Dialect
2044:Spanish
1864:Ariosto
1854:Italian
1848:Wieland
1790:, 1694
1647:English
1498:Castile
1482:Spanish
1472:Occitan
1452:Occitan
1394:Isidore
1378:Italian
1274:(1557).
1267:(1550).
1240:during
1104:Cornish
1086:), the
1014:English
984:Holland
964:English
948:Spanish
944:Italian
868:Within
803:Kannada
772:Amharic
742:of the
675:Opticks
653:Galileo
635:Gospels
633:, four
424:Liguria
420:Tuscany
404:Apulian
348:salient
299:dialect
259:Scanian
239:variety
235:dialect
183:accents
175:grammar
3174:16 May
3153:
3102:
3092:
3037:851432
3035:
3021:XXVIII
2927:
2547:
2393:
2276:
2210:While
2170:Patois
2082:, 1611
2070:, 1492
2060:, 1490
1925:, 1612
1909:, 1602
1902:, 1548
1895:, 1543
1888:, 1543
1844:Orakel
1799:German
1778:, 1680
1771:, 1606
1761:, 1571
1754:, 1539
1744:, 1487
1728:French
1589:, 1573
1339:Weimar
1279:German
1218:French
1144:French
1115:London
1098:, and
960:German
952:French
905:. The
886:styles
807:Telugu
760:Coptic
564:, and
556:, the
442:, the
412:Latium
402:, and
189:, and
187:styles
107:spoken
3033:JSTOR
2432:5 May
2175:Slang
1872:Dante
1792:annis
1570:Dutch
1528:Welsh
1518:Welsh
1424:codex
1361:Irish
1236:from
1140:Latin
1096:Devon
1084:Welsh
1080:Wales
1039:into
970:Dutch
956:Dutch
799:Hindi
787:Tamil
779:Hindu
768:Ge'ez
748:Latin
629:. In
591:Bible
544:Latin
478:Varro
467:verna
444:Sabin
440:Oscan
68:, or
3219:2009
3176:2019
3151:ISBN
3100:OCLC
3090:ISBN
2925:ISBN
2545:ISBN
2514:2011
2474:2009
2434:2022
2391:ISBN
2274:ISBN
1846:and
1659:and
1522:The
1092:Manx
1022:and
982:and
962:and
849:and
700:and
434:and
430:the
428:viz.
422:and
375:and
301:, a
3025:doi
2232:".
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