648:
378:. The species also proliferates at middle elevations (about 2,000 ft or 610 m above sea level) in the Columbia River basin, Pacific Northwest; as an off-site species. Trees with 7 ft or 2.1 m (over mature) class range diameter at breast height were noted in the Imnaha River drainage as late as January 26, 2015. Butternut favors a cooler climate than black walnut and its range does not extend into the Deep South. Its northern range extends into Wisconsin and Minnesota where the growing season is too short for black walnut.
275:
116:
71:
47:
392:
93:
844:
549:
888:
resprout. Diseased trees usually die within several years. Completely free-standing trees seem better able to withstand the fungus than those growing in dense stands or forest. In some areas, 90% of the butternut trees have been killed. The disease is reported to be spreading rapidly in
Wisconsin. By contrast, black walnut seems to be resistant to the disease.
1775:
Butternut bark and nut rinds were once often used to dye cloth to colors between light yellow and dark brown. The husks contain a natural yellow-orange dye. To produce the darker colors, the bark is boiled to concentrate the color. This appears to never have been used as a commercial dye, but rather
887:
Symptoms of the disease include dying branches and stems. Initially, cankers develop on branches in the lower crown. Spores developing on these dying branches are spread by rainwater to tree stems. Stem cankers develop 1 to 3 years after branches die. Tree tops killed by stem-girdling cankers do not
680:
Butternut is found most frequently in coves, on stream benches and terraces, on slopes, in the talus of rock ledges, and on other sites with good drainage. It is found up to an elevation of 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) in the
Virginias – much higher altitudes than black walnut. The nuts are eaten by
900:
is commonly known as the 'buartnut' and inherits
Japanese walnut's resistance to the disease. Researchers are back-crossing butternut to buartnut, creating 'butter-buarts" which should have more butternut traits than buartnuts. They are selecting for resistance to the disease. Most butternuts found
1795:
soldiers. Some
Confederate uniforms apparently faded from gray to a tan or light brown. It is also possible that butternut was used to color the cloth worn by a small number of Confederate soldiers. The resemblance of these uniforms to butternut-dyed clothing, and the association of butternut dye
920:
resulting from sprouting and growth of auxiliary buds that would normally remain dormant. Infected branches fail to become dormant in the fall and are killed by frost; highly susceptible trees may eventually be killed. Butternut seems to be more susceptible to this disease than black walnut.
689:
Butternut is found with many other tree species in several hardwood types in the mixed mesophytic forest. It is an associated species in the following four northern and central forest cover types: sugar maple–basswood, yellow poplar–white oak–northern red oak, beech–sugar maple, and river
2255:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
560:
rather than air temperature and occurs when daylight length reaches 14 hours. This can vary by up to a month in the northern and southernmost extents of its range. Leaf drop in fall is early and is initiated when daylight drops to 11 hours. The species is
834:
Although young trees may withstand competition from the side, butternut does not survive under shade from above. It must be in the overstory to thrive. Therefore, it is classed as intolerant of shade and competition.
540:–2 in) broad. Leaves have a terminal leaflet at the end of the leafstalk and have an odd number of leaflets. The whole leaf is downy-pubescent, and a somewhat brighter, yellower green than many other tree leaves.
506:
growing to 20 m (66 ft) tall, rarely 40 m (130 ft). Butternut is a slow-growing species, and rarely lives longer than 75 years. It has a 40–80 cm (16–31 in) stem diameter, with light gray
2254:
1018:, an island where butternut does not grow and to which it therefore is presumed to have been transported from more southerly locations. The butternut log specimens found there were cut with European tools.
1804:
Crushed fruits can be used to poison fish, though the practice is illegal in most jurisdictions. Bruised fruit husks of the closely related black walnut can be used to stun fish.
2234:
2072:
969:, in 2012 as part of a larger effort by the USDA Forest Service to conserve the species and to breed resistance to butternut canker disease. Forest Service staff from the
677:, however, on dry, rocky soils, especially those of limestone origin. Butternut's range includes the rocky soils of New England where black walnut is largely absent.
1751:
recommends this be done with a change of salt water every other day for a week, and a subsequent seasoning of at least two weeks. The sap can be used to make syrup.
1729:
959:
871:. Now this fungus has been associated with secondary infections and the primary causal organism of the disease has been identified as another species of fungus,
989:. In 2016 its circumference at breast height was 288 in (7,300 mm), the height was 67 ft (20 m), and the spread was 88 ft (27 m).
884:
Butternut canker first entered the United States around the beginning of the 20th century, when it arrived on imported nursery stock of
Japanese walnut.
973:, the Eastern Region National Forest genetics program, the Northern Research Station, and the Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center at
3157:
909:
2083:
3232:
673:
Butternut grows best on stream banks and on well-drained soils. It is seldom found on dry, compact, or infertile soils. It grows better than
3439:
2159:
931:
Butternut is very susceptible to fire damage, and although the species is generally wind firm, it is subject to frequent storm damage.
873:
3317:
3404:
2262:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
3092:
2226:
1946:
810:). Forest stands seldom contain more than an occasional butternut tree, although in local areas, it may be abundant. In the past,
3409:
3170:
3105:
2108:
1000:, brought from Missouri. It was seriously damaged in a windstorm in 2015, and collapsed on May 1, 2021, at the age of 176 years.
3118:
464:
3211:
2317:
2267:
436:
3459:
3296:
3175:
2281:
2204:
526:, 40–70 cm (16–28 in) long, with 11–17 leaflets, each leaflet 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long and 3–5 cm (
3444:
3056:
1744:
647:
443:
115:
3429:
2360:
1993:
483:
421:
3424:
413:
75:
3237:
3144:
2039:"Juglans cinerea (Butternut, Lemon Nut, Oil Nut, White Walnut) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox"
1953:
1867:
450:
100:
3419:
2473:
1936:
Snow, cited above, says "New
Brunswick to Georgia, westward to Dakota and Arkansas. Best in Ohio River Basin".
417:
3335:
1759:
Butternut wood is light in weight and takes polish well, and is highly rot resistant, but is much softer than
928:
has been reported to destroy immature fruit and may be considered a butternut pest when populations are high.
1792:
1725:
432:
3123:
3084:
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27:
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2447:
Photo of herbarium specimen at
Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Missouri in 1937, showing leaf
2087:
2009:
1783:
and southern
Indiana – many of whom had moved there from the Southern United States – were known as "
3071:
2427:
2418:
2623:
2600:
2188:
939:
The species is not listed as threatened federally in the US, but is listed as "Special
Concern" in
402:
335:
3224:
2446:
577:) flowers are short terminal spikes on current year's shoots. Each female flower has a light pink
1914:
970:
406:
3368:
3322:
1600:
3162:
3079:
2937:
2898:
2695:
375:
3188:
1548:
3286:
2893:
1574:
1015:
1011:
878:
457:
248:
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2915:
2776:
2717:
2568:
2526:
1929:
1626:
1587:
997:
966:
897:
2405:
Petrides, G. A., & Wehr, J. (1998). Eastern Trees. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
1747:
for various purposes. The young green nuts, while still soft, can be pickled; survivalist
8:
3454:
3281:
2821:
2701:
2521:
2309:
1957:
1728:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
1639:
1125:
1115:
993:
60:
20:
3309:
1895:
1822:
896:
Butternut hybridizes readily with Japanese walnut. The hybrid between butternut and the
556:
Like other members of the family Juglandaceae, butternut's leafout in spring is tied to
3376:
2826:
2741:
2466:
1788:
1784:
1613:
1528:
1161:
1134:
1129:
779:
519:
287:
110:
2038:
1763:
wood. Oiled, the grain of the wood usually shows much light. It is often used to make
581:. Flowers of both sexes do not usually mature simultaneously on any individual tree.
3268:
3017:
2722:
2590:
2548:
2509:
2393:
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2356:
2323:
2313:
2273:
2263:
1989:
1780:
1652:
1439:
1004:
974:
917:
592:, produced in bunches of two to six together; the nut is oblong-ovoid, 3–6 cm (
3414:
3381:
3022:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2838:
2585:
2558:
2176:
2084:"Government of Canada, Species at Risk Public Registry, species profile, butternut"
2061:
1840:
1787:" from the butternut-dyed homespun cloth that some of them wore. Later, during the
1561:
1456:
986:
848:
3255:
3198:
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2746:
2688:
2673:
2553:
2536:
2514:
2346:
1748:
578:
153:
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2181:
Contact, Continuity, and Collapse: the Norse Colonization of the North Atlantic,
3304:
2986:
2563:
2257:
944:
867:. In the past, the causal organism of this disease was thought to be a fungus,
140:
274:
19:"White walnut" and "White Walnut" redirect here. For the Australian tree, see
3398:
3183:
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1831:
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508:
355:
264:
80:
3348:
2843:
2735:
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2580:
2277:
1760:
1665:
1057:
965:
Approximately 60 grafted butternut trees were planted in a seed orchard in
787:
715:
699:
674:
199:
26:"Butternut (tree)" and "Butternut Tree" redirect here. For other uses, see
3260:
2370:
2305:
Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods
2303:
2221:
644: in) broad, surrounded by a green husk before maturity in midautumn.
3219:
3131:
3009:
2969:
2683:
2491:
2482:
1041:
795:
763:
656:
589:
557:
3097:
2883:
2863:
2801:
2788:
2638:
1986:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region
1473:
1422:
1225:
1195:
1175:
962:
placed the butternut on the endangered species list in Canada in 2005.
913:
912:
also attacks butternut. Currently, the causal agent is thought to be a
803:
574:
562:
802:) and in the northern part of its range it is occasionally found with
46:
3136:
3043:
2888:
2814:
2751:
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2628:
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363:
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2543:
2531:
1405:
1275:
1255:
952:
940:
691:
371:
166:
3149:
3048:
1743:
The butternuts are edible and were made into a butter-like oil by
843:
2920:
2668:
2653:
2648:
2184:
1375:
1335:
1325:
1295:
1235:
1205:
1007:
925:
901:
as landscaping trees are buartnuts rather than the pure species.
819:
739:
523:
367:
209:
189:
548:
3035:
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2756:
2712:
2658:
2643:
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2618:
1489:
1345:
1265:
1215:
864:
570:
359:
339:
331:
179:
1916:
The Principal Species of Wood: Their Characteristic Properties
794:). In the northeast part of its range, it is often found with
2796:
2678:
2610:
2504:
2499:
731:
707:
585:
127:
2189:"The Norse in Newfoundland: L'Anse aux Meadows and Vinland,"
2062:
PLANTS Profile for Juglans cinerea (butternut) | USDA PLANTS
1796:
with home-made clothing, resulted in the derisive nickname.
2179:"L’Anse aux Meadows and Vinland: an abandoned experiment,"
1814:
515:
503:
2248:
2227:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2205:"How an endangered tree may link Vikings to New Brunswick"
2109:"OFS part of US Forestry program to save butternut trees"
1919:. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1908. p. 56.
1091:
747:
723:
2428:
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service:
960:
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
2451:
1820:
1779:
In the mid-19th century, inhabitants of areas such as
826:
have been the leading producers of butternut timber.
996:
was planted by settler George Bush (1845) in current
985:
The American Forest National Champion is located in
1934:. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1885. p. 238.
2389:Useful Wild Plants of the United States and Canada
2259:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
690:birch–sycamore. Commonly associated trees include
569:) flowers are inconspicuous, yellow-green slender
1846:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T62019689A62019696.en
1538:
1385:
951:. This species is also listed as "Endangered" in
3396:
1791:, the term "butternut" was sometimes applied to
2355:. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 48.
881:, so isolation of a tree offers no protection.
2442:Cross-section photo of fruit with husk removed
2215:
1036:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
2467:
2302:Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) .
2301:
2076:
573:that develop from axillary buds and female (
2382:
2380:
420:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2474:
2460:
2223:United States Food and Drug Administration
916:-like organism. Symptoms include a yellow
874:Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum
684:
273:
91:
69:
45:
2160:"When a Tree Falls in the Forest of Time"
1844:
543:
484:Learn how and when to remove this message
2377:
1909:
1907:
842:
646:
547:
877:. The fungus is spread by wide-ranging
3397:
2345:
1983:
668:
2936:
2935:
2455:
2341:
2339:
2337:
1904:
1003:Butternut wood has been found at the
829:
3248:942b974f-d0a4-4cd5-a3bc-df8f1e92b7f4
3124:7106385A-C0D1-42C3-8C27-9FCB2E7F8298
2033:
2031:
1979:
1977:
1767:, and is a favorite of woodcarvers.
891:
418:adding citations to reliable sources
385:
3440:Crops originating from the Americas
2423:(Butternut) ID photos and range map
1832:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
980:
854:
13:
2334:
2152:
2126:
1776:was used to color homespun cloth.
863:is butternut decline or butternut
14:
3471:
2412:
2352:Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants
2192:Newfoundland and Labrador Studies
2134:"Champion Tree National Register"
2028:
1974:
1821:Stritch, L.; Barstow, M. (2019).
3405:IUCN Red List endangered species
3336:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:442334-1
2437:Photo of fruit with husk removed
1988:. New York: Knopf. p. 357.
620: in) long and 2–4 cm (
390:
374:. It is absent from most of the
114:
2399:
2295:
2284:from the original on 2024-05-09
2237:from the original on 2024-03-27
2197:
2170:
2101:
2066:
2055:
1954:United States Geological Survey
1738:
934:
345:
3410:NatureServe vulnerable species
2183:pp.207-208 (Barrett, J., ed.,
2002:
1939:
1931:The Woods of the United States
1922:
1889:
1860:
943:, "Exploitably Vulnerable" in
904:
381:
1:
1807:
1770:
1046:2,560 kJ (610 kcal)
977:are involved in the project.
1724:Percentages estimated using
859:The most serious disease of
7:
3460:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2386:Saunders, Charles Francis.
1947:"Juglans cinerea Range Map"
1928:Sargent, Charles Sprague.
1872:. NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
1717:Link to USDA Database entry
1014:at the northernmost tip of
838:
659:glacial sediments, Michigan
10:
3476:
1984:Little, Elbert L. (1980).
1799:
663:
370:and southwest to northern
350:The distribution range of
28:Butternut (disambiguation)
25:
18:
3445:Trees of Northern America
2944:
2874:
2787:
2609:
2489:
1754:
1723:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1664:
1651:
1638:
1625:
1612:
1599:
1586:
1573:
1560:
1547:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1505:
1488:
1472:
1455:
1438:
1421:
1404:
1394:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1314:
1304:
1294:
1284:
1274:
1264:
1254:
1244:
1234:
1224:
1214:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1174:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1035:
655:(fossil white walnut) in
293:
286:
281:
272:
254:
247:
111:Scientific classification
109:
89:
67:
58:
53:
44:
39:
3430:Plants described in 1759
2899:Queensland macadamia nut
2481:
2396:& Co., 1920. p. 227.
2187:, 2003); Wallace, B.L.,
2113:Dubois County Free Press
1876:explorer.natureserve.org
1839:: e.T62019689A62019696.
54:A mature butternut tree
3425:Flora of Eastern Canada
2138:www.americanforests.org
1726:US recommendations
1021:
971:Hoosier National Forest
776:Liriodendron tulipifera
685:Associated forest cover
2696:Johnstone River almond
1730:the National Academies
947:, and "Threatened" in
851:
660:
553:
544:Flowering and fruiting
376:Southern United States
334:native to the eastern
3420:Edible nuts and seeds
2624:Australian cashew nut
2016:. Don't Move Firewood
1913:Snow, Charles Henry.
1360:Vitamins and minerals
847:Butternuts killed by
846:
792:Betula alleghaniensis
650:
551:
998:Tumwater, Washington
967:Huntingburg, Indiana
869:Melanconis juglandis
414:improve this section
366:, south to northern
358:, and from southern
322:, commonly known as
2702:Irvingia gabonensis
2211:. October 26, 2019.
2043:plants.ces.ncsu.edu
1457:Pantothenic acid (B
1032:
994:Bush butternut tree
669:Soil and topography
61:Conservation status
21:Cryptocarya obovata
3450:Ark of Taste foods
2859:Single-leaf pinyon
2194:, pp.26-30 (2003).
2010:"Butternut Canker"
1789:American Civil War
1691:Other constituents
1026:
1012:L'Anse aux Meadows
852:
830:Canopy competition
784:Fraxinus americana
661:
588:is a lemon-shaped
554:
330:, is a species of
3392:
3391:
3269:Open Tree of Life
2938:Taxon identifiers
2929:
2928:
2827:Monkey-puzzle nut
2689:Shellbark hickory
2674:Mockernut hickory
2634:Borneo tallow nut
2394:Robert M. McBride
2319:978-1-4027-6715-9
2269:978-0-309-48834-1
2164:www.chronline.com
1781:southern Illinois
1736:
1735:
1681:
1680:
975:Purdue University
892:Hybrid resistance
712:Fagus grandifolia
494:
493:
486:
468:
433:"Juglans cinerea"
315:
314:
309:
301:
104:
84:
3467:
3435:Medicinal plants
3385:
3384:
3372:
3371:
3362:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3339:
3338:
3326:
3325:
3313:
3312:
3300:
3299:
3290:
3289:
3277:
3276:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3227:
3215:
3214:
3202:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3140:
3139:
3127:
3126:
3114:
3113:
3101:
3100:
3088:
3087:
3075:
3074:
3065:
3064:
3052:
3051:
3039:
3038:
3026:
3025:
3013:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2933:
2932:
2684:Shagbark hickory
2586:Malabar chestnut
2476:
2469:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2347:Angier, Bradford
2343:
2332:
2331:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2201:
2195:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2086:. Archived from
2080:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2014:Gallery of Pests
2006:
2000:
1999:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1956:. Archived from
1951:
1943:
1937:
1926:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1896:The Plant List,
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1818:
1745:Native Americans
1542:
1493:
1477:
1460:
1443:
1426:
1409:
1389:
1356:
1355:
1033:
1025:
987:Oneida, New York
981:Famous specimens
855:Butternut canker
849:butternut canker
736:Tsuga canadensis
643:
642:
638:
635:
629:
628:
624:
619:
618:
614:
611:
605:
604:
600:
597:
539:
538:
534:
531:
489:
482:
478:
475:
469:
467:
426:
394:
386:
354:extends east to
307:
299:
277:
260:
119:
118:
98:
95:
94:
78:
73:
72:
49:
37:
36:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3380:
3375:
3367:
3365:
3357:
3355:
3347:
3342:
3334:
3329:
3321:
3316:
3308:
3303:
3295:
3293:
3287:Juglans cinerea
3285:
3280:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3256:Observation.org
3254:
3246:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3223:
3218:
3210:
3205:
3197:
3196:MichiganFlora:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3130:
3122:
3117:
3109:
3104:
3096:
3091:
3083:
3078:
3070:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3034:
3029:
3021:
3016:
3008:
3006:
3000:juglans-cinerea
2998:
2993:
2985:
2983:
2976:Juglans cinerea
2974:
2973:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2946:Juglans cinerea
2940:
2930:
2925:
2870:
2844:Colorado pinyon
2783:
2605:
2485:
2480:
2430:Juglans cinerea
2421:Juglans cinerea
2415:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2385:
2378:
2363:
2344:
2335:
2320:
2312:. p. 247.
2300:
2296:
2287:
2285:
2270:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2220:
2216:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2175:
2171:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2093:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1982:
1975:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1912:
1905:
1898:Juglans cinerea
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1870:Juglans cinerea
1866:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1825:Juglans cinerea
1819:
1815:
1810:
1802:
1773:
1757:
1749:Bradford Angier
1741:
1719:
1714:
1672:
1659:
1646:
1633:
1620:
1607:
1594:
1581:
1568:
1555:
1543:
1513:
1500:
1491:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1458:
1450:
1441:
1433:
1424:
1416:
1407:
1390:
1361:
1170:
1165:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1126:Polyunsaturated
1116:Monounsaturated
1100:
1095:
1066:
1061:
1029:Juglans cinerea
1024:
983:
937:
907:
898:Japanese walnut
894:
857:
841:
832:
704:Prunus serotina
687:
671:
666:
653:Juglans cinerea
640:
636:
633:
631:
626:
622:
621:
616:
612:
609:
607:
602:
598:
595:
593:
546:
536:
532:
529:
527:
490:
479:
473:
470:
427:
425:
411:
395:
384:
348:
319:Juglans cinerea
268:
262:
258:Juglans cinerea
256:
243:
240:J. cinerea
113:
105:
96:
92:
85:
74:
70:
63:
31:
24:
17:
16:Species of tree
12:
11:
5:
3473:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3382:wfo-0000355096
3373:
3363:
3353:
3340:
3327:
3314:
3301:
3291:
3278:
3265:
3252:
3242:
3229:
3216:
3203:
3193:
3180:
3167:
3154:
3141:
3128:
3115:
3102:
3089:
3076:
3066:
3053:
3040:
3027:
3014:
3004:
2991:
2981:
2966:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2854:Mexican pinyon
2851:
2846:
2841:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2772:English walnut
2769:
2764:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2718:Planted karuka
2710:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2596:Red bopple nut
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2559:European hazel
2556:
2551:
2549:American hazel
2541:
2540:
2539:
2537:Sweet chestnut
2529:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2515:European beech
2512:
2510:American beech
2502:
2496:
2494:
2492:botanical nuts
2487:
2486:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2425:
2414:
2413:External links
2411:
2408:
2407:
2398:
2376:
2361:
2333:
2318:
2294:
2268:
2247:
2214:
2196:
2169:
2151:
2125:
2100:
2075:
2065:
2054:
2027:
2001:
1994:
1973:
1938:
1921:
1903:
1888:
1859:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1772:
1769:
1756:
1753:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1023:
1020:
1010:settlement at
982:
979:
945:New York State
936:
933:
918:witches' broom
906:
903:
893:
890:
856:
853:
840:
837:
831:
828:
768:Acer saccharum
686:
683:
670:
667:
665:
662:
545:
542:
492:
491:
398:
396:
389:
383:
380:
347:
344:
338:and southeast
313:
312:
311:
310:
305:Wallia cinerea
302:
291:
290:
284:
283:
282:Natural range
279:
278:
270:
269:
263:
252:
251:
245:
244:
237:
235:
231:
230:
219:
215:
214:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
170:
169:
164:
157:
156:
151:
144:
143:
138:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
107:
106:
90:
87:
86:
68:
65:
64:
59:
56:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3472:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:Macadamia nut
2892:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Chilgoza pine
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2802:Burrawang nut
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Chilean hazel
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2601:Yellow walnut
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2362:0-8117-0616-8
2358:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2251:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:Wallace, B.L.
2173:
2166:. 2021-05-07.
2165:
2161:
2155:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2090:on 2013-06-10
2089:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2058:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1995:0-394-50760-6
1991:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1963:on 2008-05-12
1959:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1892:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1863:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1423:Riboflavin (B
1420:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1316:Glutamic acid
1313:
1309:
1307:
1306:Aspartic acid
1303:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1246:Phenylalanine
1243:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1072:Dietary fiber
1069:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:Carbohydrates
1053:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:pre-Columbian
1001:
999:
995:
990:
988:
978:
976:
972:
968:
963:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
932:
929:
927:
922:
919:
915:
911:
910:Bunch disease
902:
899:
889:
885:
882:
880:
876:
875:
870:
866:
862:
850:
845:
836:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:West Virginia
809:
808:Pinus strobus
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:yellow poplar
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:Juglans nigra
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
682:
678:
676:
658:
654:
649:
645:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
550:
541:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
505:
502:
498:
488:
485:
477:
466:
463:
459:
456:
452:
449:
445:
442:
438:
435: –
434:
430:
429:Find sources:
423:
419:
415:
409:
408:
404:
399:This section
397:
393:
388:
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379:
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365:
361:
357:
356:New Brunswick
353:
343:
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337:
336:United States
333:
329:
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321:
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306:
303:
298:
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250:
249:Binomial name
246:
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141:Tracheophytes
139:
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126:
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102:
88:
82:
77:
66:
62:
57:
52:
48:
43:
38:
35:
33:
29:
22:
2945:
2906:Paradise nut
2813:
2766:
2762:Black walnut
2736:Panda oleosa
2734:
2700:
2554:Beaked hazel
2429:
2420:
2401:
2392:. New York:
2388:
2351:
2308:. New York:
2304:
2297:
2286:. Retrieved
2258:
2250:
2239:. Retrieved
2230:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2191:
2180:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2140:. 2017-08-16
2137:
2128:
2117:. Retrieved
2115:. 2020-10-26
2112:
2103:
2092:. Retrieved
2088:the original
2078:
2068:
2057:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:
2018:. Retrieved
2013:
2004:
1985:
1965:. Retrieved
1958:the original
1941:
1930:
1924:
1915:
1897:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1875:
1869:
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1836:
1830:
1824:
1816:
1803:
1778:
1774:
1761:black walnut
1758:
1742:
1739:Culinary Use
1695:
1690:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1160:
1090:
1056:
1028:
1027:Butternuts (
1016:Newfoundland
1002:
991:
984:
964:
957:
938:
935:Conservation
930:
923:
908:
895:
886:
883:
872:
868:
860:
858:
833:
807:
800:Betula lenta
799:
791:
788:yellow birch
783:
775:
767:
759:
751:
743:
735:
727:
719:
716:black walnut
711:
703:
700:black cherry
695:
688:
679:
675:black walnut
672:
652:
583:
555:
513:
496:
495:
480:
471:
461:
454:
447:
440:
428:
412:Please help
400:
351:
349:
346:Distribution
328:white walnut
327:
323:
318:
317:
316:
304:
300:(L.) M.Gómez
296:
257:
255:
239:
238:
227:Trachycaryon
226:
222:
221:
210:
200:Juglandaceae
173:
160:
147:
134:
34:
32:
3310:kew-2331793
3220:NatureServe
3132:iNaturalist
2970:Wikispecies
2916:Peanut tree
2876:Angiosperms
2849:Korean pine
2789:Gymnosperms
2723:Wild karuka
2569:Asian hazel
2144:October 21,
2020:October 28,
1852:11 November
1793:Confederate
1406:Thiamine (B
924:The common
905:Other pests
796:sweet birch
764:sugar maple
760:Acer rubrum
657:Pleistocene
651:Fossilized
558:photoperiod
552:A butternut
474:August 2024
382:Description
297:Nux cinerea
154:Angiosperms
101:NatureServe
97:Vulnerable
3455:Plant dyes
3399:Categories
3366:WisFlora:
3305:Plant List
2884:Brazil nut
2864:Stone pine
2809:Ginkgo nut
2639:Breadfruit
2432:fact sheet
2288:2024-06-21
2241:2024-03-28
2119:2020-10-28
2094:2008-07-19
2048:2023-03-02
1967:2008-03-06
1808:References
1785:butternuts
1771:Fabric dye
1614:Phosphorus
1226:Methionine
1196:Isoleucine
1176:Tryptophan
914:mycoplasma
861:J. cinerea
804:white pine
681:wildlife.
575:pistillate
563:monoecious
497:J. cinerea
444:newspapers
352:J. cinerea
308:(L.) Alef.
76:Endangered
40:Butternut
3085:233500716
2889:Macadamia
2822:Bunya nut
2815:Araucaria
2767:Butternut
2752:Pistachio
2742:Pekea nut
2664:Gabon nut
2629:Betel nut
2581:Kurrajong
2527:Candlenut
2490:True, or
2328:244766414
1881:20 August
1765:furniture
1627:Potassium
1601:Manganese
1588:Magnesium
1507:Vitamin C
1490:Folate (B
1474:Vitamin B
1440:Niacin (B
1396:Vitamin A
1286:Histidine
1186:Threonine
1106:Saturated
949:Tennessee
824:Tennessee
816:Wisconsin
780:white ash
756:red maple
567:staminate
520:alternate
501:deciduous
401:does not
364:Minnesota
324:butternut
234:Species:
218:Section:
124:Kingdom:
3356:VASCAN:
3349:16700001
3344:Tropicos
3225:2.154365
3189:62019689
3163:11035594
3150:442334-1
3007:BioLib:
2955:Wikidata
2834:Pine nut
2777:Heartnut
2747:Pili nut
2730:Mongongo
2708:Jack nut
2591:Palm nut
2576:Kola nut
2544:Hazelnut
2532:Chestnut
2522:Breadnut
2419:Vt.edu:
2349:(1974).
2310:Sterling
2282:Archived
2278:30844154
2235:Archived
2225:(2024).
2209:CBC News
1696:Quantity
1640:Selenium
1535:Quantity
1529:Minerals
1468:0.633 mg
1434:0.148 mg
1417:0.383 mg
1382:Quantity
1376:Vitamins
1276:Arginine
1256:Tyrosine
1031:), dried
953:Illinois
941:Kentucky
839:Diseases
692:basswood
565:. Male (
372:Arkansas
362:west to
288:Synonyms
196:Family:
167:Eudicots
81:IUCN 3.1
3415:Juglans
3207:MoBotPF
3098:3054352
2961:Q630288
2921:Soybean
2669:Hickory
2654:Coconut
2564:Filbert
2185:Brepols
1800:Fishing
1673:3.13 mg
1647:17.2 μg
1608:6.56 mg
1582:4.02 mg
1569:0.45 mg
1549:Calcium
1484:0.56 mg
1451:1.04 mg
1336:Proline
1326:Glycine
1296:Alanine
1290:0.808 g
1260:0.977 g
1240:0.484 g
1236:Cystine
1230:0.611 g
1206:Leucine
1180:0.366 g
1162:Protein
1135:omega−6
1130:omega−3
926:grackle
879:vectors
820:Indiana
786:), and
754:spp.),
752:Quercus
746:spp.),
740:hickory
732:hemlock
730:spp.),
698:spp.),
664:Ecology
639:⁄
625:⁄
615:⁄
601:⁄
571:catkins
535:⁄
524:pinnate
458:scholar
422:removed
407:sources
368:Alabama
223:Juglans
211:Juglans
206:Genus:
190:Fagales
186:Order:
128:Plantae
99: (
79: (
3318:PLANTS
3261:119009
3245:NZOR:
3212:281347
3072:jugcin
3069:FEIS:
3062:173151
3036:596229
2995:ARKive
2911:Peanut
2757:Walnut
2713:Karuka
2659:Durian
2644:Cashew
2619:Almond
2611:Drupes
2371:799792
2369:
2359:
2326:
2316:
2276:
2266:
1992:
1755:Lumber
1705:3.34 g
1653:Sodium
1634:421 mg
1621:446 mg
1595:237 mg
1562:Copper
1514:3.2 mg
1400:124 IU
1350:1.64 g
1346:Serine
1340:1.24 g
1330:1.51 g
1320:6.08 g
1300:1.37 g
1280:4.86 g
1270:1.54 g
1266:Valine
1250:1.44 g
1220:0.77 g
1216:Lysine
1200:1.18 g
1190:0.94 g
1169:24.9 g
1145:33.7 g
1142:8.72 g
1140:42.7 g
1120:10.4 g
1110:1.31 g
1042:Energy
1008:Viking
865:canker
822:, and
579:stigma
516:leaves
460:
453:
446:
439:
431:
360:Quebec
340:Canada
332:walnut
225:sect.
180:Rosids
3294:PFI:
3274:70111
3238:91214
3176:19250
3158:IRMNG
3137:54792
3119:IFPNI
3111:20732
3057:EUNIS
3049:IUGCI
3023:3QRSG
3010:38444
2984:APA:
2818:spp.
2797:Cycad
2679:Pecan
2505:Beech
2500:Acorn
1961:(PDF)
1950:(PDF)
1702:Water
1556:53 mg
1501:66 μg
1310:3.1 g
1210:2.2 g
1076:4.7 g
744:Carya
728:Ulmus
708:beech
696:Tilia
586:fruit
499:is a
465:JSTOR
451:books
174:Clade
161:Clade
148:Clade
135:Clade
3369:3957
3359:6242
3331:POWO
3323:JUCI
3282:PfaF
3233:NCBI
3199:1495
3184:IUCN
3171:ITIS
3145:IPNI
3106:GRIN
3093:GBIF
3044:EPPO
2987:2373
2483:Nuts
2367:OCLC
2357:ISBN
2324:OCLC
2314:ISBN
2274:PMID
2264:ISBN
2146:2019
2022:2011
1990:ISBN
1883:2023
1854:2021
1837:2019
1666:Zinc
1660:1 mg
1606:285%
1575:Iron
1099:57 g
1065:12 g
1022:Uses
992:The
958:The
584:The
522:and
518:are
514:The
509:bark
504:tree
437:news
405:any
403:cite
267:1759
3377:WFO
3297:244
3080:FNA
3031:EoL
3018:CoL
2231:FDA
1841:doi
1671:28%
1645:31%
1632:14%
1619:36%
1593:56%
1580:22%
1567:50%
1540:%DV
1499:17%
1482:33%
1466:13%
1432:11%
1415:32%
1387:%DV
1092:Fat
778:),
770:),
762:),
748:oak
738:),
724:elm
722:),
714:),
706:),
590:nut
416:by
326:or
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3379::
3346::
3333::
3320::
3307::
3284::
3271::
3258::
3235::
3222::
3209::
3186::
3173::
3160::
3147::
3134::
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3108::
3095::
3082::
3059::
3046::
3033::
3020::
2997::
2972::
2957::
2379:^
2365:.
2336:^
2322:.
2280:.
2272:.
2233:.
2229:.
2207:.
2162:.
2136:.
2111:.
2041:.
2030:^
2012:.
1976:^
1952:.
1906:^
1900:L.
1874:.
1835:.
1829:.
1658:0%
1554:4%
1512:4%
1449:7%
955:.
818:,
814:,
511:.
342:.
265:L.
176::
163::
150::
137::
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2468:t
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2373:.
2330:.
2291:.
2244:.
2148:.
2122:.
2097:.
2051:.
2024:.
1998:.
1970:.
1885:.
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1856:.
1843::
1827:"
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1732:.
1494:)
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1476:6
1461:)
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627:4
623:3
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613:1
610:+
608:2
606:–
603:4
599:1
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594:1
537:4
533:1
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528:1
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481:(
476:)
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448:·
441:·
424:.
410:.
103:)
83:)
30:.
23:.
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