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Hoffmann was a research assistant at CNRS from 1964 to 1968, and became a research associate in 1969. Since 1974 he has been a
Research Director of CNRS. Between 1978 and 2005 he was Director of the CNRS research unit "Immune Response and Development in Insects", and from 1994 to 2005 he was director
285:
and observation of increase of phagocytes. In addition, he showed strong correlation between hematopoiesis and antimicrobial defenses by assessing the susceptibility of an insect to the microbial infection after X-ray treatment. Hoffmann shifts from using grasshopper model to using dipteran species
330:
mutants. Further conducted research showed that
Diptericin expression was dependent on the expression of imd gene. Identification of another antifungal peptide named Drosomycin and RNA blots demonstrated that two distinct pathways(Toll, Imd) exist, involving Drosomycin and Diptericin respectively.
274:
During his Ph.D. program under Pierre Joly, Hoffmann started his research in studying antimicrobial defenses in grasshoppers, inspired by the previous works done in the laboratory of Pierre Joly showing that no opportunistic infections were apparent in insects after the transplantation of certain
339:
and
Hoffmann in 1996 illuminated the possible existing innate immunity in Drosophila in response to fungal challenge. Later works identified that Toll transmembrane receptors are present in a wide variety of phyla and are conserved through evolution along with conservation of NF-ÎşB activating
424:, a research associate in the Hoffmann laboratory at the time when the major work on Drosophila innate immunity was conducted (for which Hoffmann was awarded the Nobel), claims he was inadequately recognized by Hoffmann as the instigator of and main contributor to the nobel-winning work.
177:, he developed a strong interest in insects under the influence of his father, Jos Hoffmann. This eventually resulted in the younger Hoffmann's dedication to the field of biology using insects as model organisms. He currently holds a faculty position at the
4130:
314:. Further molecular genetic analysis revealed that the promoters for the genes encoding these antimicrobial peptides contained DNA sequences similar to the binding elements for NF-ÎşB in mammalian DNA.
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Ronald, Pamela; Fauquet, Claude; Zhu, Li-Huang; Zhai, Wen-Xue; Wang, Bei; Gardner, J.; Holsten, Tom; Pi, Li-Ya; Kim, Han-Suk; Chen, Li-Li; Wang, Guo-Liang; Song, Wen-Yuan (15 December 1995).
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230:, were discovered by Beutler. Toll-like receptors identify constituents of other organisms like fungi and bacteria, and trigger an immune response, explaining, for example, how
331:
Similarities of structure and function between several members in the
Drosophila embryo and members in mammals being noted, study "The Dorsoventral Regulatory Gene Cassette
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was also identified to be in this NF-ÎşB family. It was initially speculated by
Hoffmann and colleagues that activity of Dorsal was directly linked to the expression of the
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under Pierre Joly in
Laboratory of General Biology at the Institute of Zoology. His post-doctoral training was at the Institut fĂĽr Physiologische Chemie at
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823:"The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults"
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181:. He is a research director and member of the board of administrators of the National Center of Scientific Research (
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399:. The declaration was signed by a total of 76 Nobel Laureates and handed to then-President of the French Republic,
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782:"FLS2: an LRR receptor-like kinase involved in the perception of the bacterial elicitor flagellin in Arabidopsis"
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before leaving to France. Hoffmann received undergraduate degrees in biology and chemistry at the
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193:. He was elected to the positions of Vice-President (2005–2006) and President (2007–2008) of the
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597:"Jules A. Hoffmann – Nobel Lecture: The Host Defense of Insects: A Paradigm for Innate Immunity"
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gene. However, it turned out that
Diptericin was normally induced even in the loss-of-function
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558:"CNRS senior researcher Jules Hoffmann awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"
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HOW WE SENSE MICROBES: GENETIC DISSECTION OF INNATE IMMUNITY IN INSECTS AND MAMMALS
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Lemaitre, B.; Nicolas, E.; Michaut, L.; Reichhart, J. M.; Hoffmann, J. A. (1996).
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719:"A Receptor Kinase-Like Protein Encoded by the Rice Disease Resistance Gene, Xa21"
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organs from one to another. Hoffmann confirmed discovery of phagocytosis done by
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173:; born 2 August 1941) is a French biologist. During his youth, growing up in
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624:. UPR9022-IBMC:Immune Response and Development in Insects. Archived from
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Research directors of the French
National Centre for Scientific Research
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for "their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity,".
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Bruno
Lemaitre 2016. Science, narcissism and the quest for visibility.
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gene, critical in dorso-ventral patterning in the early embryo of
335:
Controls the Potent
Antifungal Response in Drosophila Adults" by
311:
263:
250:, France. In 1969, he completed his Ph.D. in biology also at the
125:
820:
190:
72:
963:
4126:
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
1052:
182:
135:
951:
Nobel Prize for Immunologists Provokes Yet Another Debate
296:
which was glycine-rich, along with other polypeptides in
871:"Fondation Ecologie d'Avenir: Le Conseil d'Orientation"
4116:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
519:(shared with Bruce A. Beutler and Ruslan M. Medzhitov)
780:
Gomez-Gomez, L.; Boller, Thomas; et al. (2000).
901:"LĂ©gion d'honneur : 15 promus dans le Bas-Rhin"
716:
616:
614:
4081:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
779:
611:
4027:
1436:Henri-Jacques Nompar de Caumont, duc de La Force
978:http://brunolemaitre.ch/narcissism-science/book/
269:
4076:Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg
3133:
562:French National Centre for Scientific Research
201:were jointly awarded a half share of the 2011
3397:
3119:
1576:
1387:
1373:
1038:
893:
670:"Nobel announcement marred by winner's death"
651:"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011"
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
346:Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology
4071:Officers of the French Academy of Sciences
3404:
3390:
3126:
3112:
1583:
1569:
1380:
1366:
1045:
1031:
1015:
667:
450:Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine
375:, the Fondation Écologie d'Avenir and the
369:United States National Academy of Sciences
4086:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
838:
797:
693:
576:
428:now supervises his own laboratory at the
392:Mainau Declaration 2015 on Climate Change
216:discovered the function of the fruit fly
3411:
455:
439:
430:École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
645:
643:
506:Gairdner Foundation International Award
365:European Molecular Biology Organization
234:can be triggered by bacterial remains.
108:Gairdner Foundation International Award
4106:French people of Luxembourgian descent
4028:
3385:
3107:
1596:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1564:
1361:
1026:
530:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
373:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
353:German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
168:
103:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
640:
382:Hoffmann became a Commander of the
13:
4121:Commanders of the Legion of Honour
599:. Nobelprize.org. 28 November 2013
14:
4142:
4056:20th-century Luxembourgian people
1055:members of the Académie française
985:
495:(shared with Ruslan M. Medzhitov)
875:www.fondationecologiedavenir.org
29:
4101:University of Strasbourg alumni
970:
956:
943:
919:
162:Jules Alphonse Nicolas Hoffmann
23:Jules Alphonse Nicolas Hoffmann
4046:Naturalized citizens of France
863:
814:
773:
710:
661:
550:
410:
244:Lycée de Garçons de Luxembourg
226:. Its mammalian homologs, the
1:
4096:Luxembourgian Nobel laureates
840:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80172-5
799:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80265-8
743:10.1126/science.270.5243.1804
544:
397:Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting
395:on the final day of the 65th
389:In 2015, Hoffmann signed the
4066:Members of Academia Europaea
403:, as part of the successful
351:Hoffmann is a member of the
270:Studies and Research Careers
237:
7:
2688:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
377:Russian Academy of Sciences
242:Jules Hoffmann went to the
10:
4147:
4051:20th-century French people
1516:Henri Petiot (Daniel-Rops)
996:French Academy of Sciences
949:Travis, John (2011-12-16)
500:Keio Medical Science Prize
460:Hoffmann and Bruce Beutler
414:
357:French Academy of Sciences
195:French Academy of Sciences
98:Keio Medical Science Prize
62:German-occupied Luxembourg
3840:
3621:
3420:
3309:
3284:
3253:
3246:(Australia/United States)
3222:
3186:
3162:
3143:
2761:
2426:
2087:
1885:Charles Scott Sherrington
1861:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1823:
1602:
1444:Jean-Baptiste de Mirabaud
1398:
1061:
931:www.mainaudeclaration.org
493:Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award
467:Cancer Research Institute
435:
417:Nobel Prize controversies
155:
145:
131:
121:
114:
88:
78:
68:
40:
28:
21:
2875:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
1428:Fabio Brulart de Sillery
1003:at the Balzan Foundation
252:University of Strasbourg
248:University of Strasbourg
179:University of Strasbourg
140:University of Strasbourg
83:University of Strasbourg
3908:Demetrios Christodoulou
3749:Everett Peter Greenberg
348:of CNRS in Strasbourg.
320:Drosophila melanogaster
299:Drosophila melanogaster
279:, through injection of
4111:People from Echternach
4091:French Nobel laureates
3315:Nobel Prize recipients
3277:(Canada/United States)
3255:Physiology or Medicine
1656:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
964:"UPLEM – Lemaitre Lab"
470:William B. Coley Award
461:
453:
282:Bacillus thuringiensis
207:Physiology or Medicine
3612:Shrinivas R. Kulkarni
3201:Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
2157:Dickinson W. Richards
1841:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1540:Jacqueline de Romilly
1484:Alphonse de Lamartine
459:
443:
286:in the 80s. By using
166:French pronunciation:
4061:French immunologists
3671:Keith H. S. Campbell
3631:Stanley Norman Cohen
2580:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1941:Albert Szent-Györgyi
1452:Claude-Henri Watelet
927:"Mainau Declaration"
405:COP21 climate summit
256:Philipps-Universität
3974:Alexander Beilinson
3912:Richard S. Hamilton
3582:Chryssa Kouveliotou
3294:Christopher A. Sims
2972:William C. Campbell
2883:Elizabeth Blackburn
2720:Robert F. Furchgott
2712:Stanley B. Prusiner
2704:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
2604:George H. Hitchings
2568:Joseph L. Goldstein
2528:Bengt I. Samuelsson
2357:Earl Sutherland Jr.
1468:Collin d'Harleville
1460:Michel-Jean Sedaine
735:1995Sci...270.1804S
729:(5243): 1804–1806.
686:2011Natur.478...13C
668:Callaway E (2011).
622:"Jules A. HOFFMANN"
488:for Innate Immunity
452:) and Bruce Beutler
333:spätzle/Toll/cactus
260:Marburg an der Lahn
228:Toll-like receptors
3984:Jean-Michel Bismut
3711:Franz-Ulrich Hartl
3534:William J. Borucki
3032:William Kaelin Jr.
3028:Peter J. Ratcliffe
2771:Leland H. Hartwell
2660:Richard J. Roberts
2540:Barbara McClintock
2484:Godfrey Hounsfield
2385:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2317:Marshall Nirenberg
2285:Charles B. Huggins
2074:Tadeusz Reichstein
2062:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
1857:Christiaan Eijkman
1524:Pierre-Henri Simon
1476:Pierre, comte Daru
1412:Isaac de Benserade
1389:Académie française
1014:on Nobelprize.org
462:
454:
289:Phormia terranovae
170:[ʒylɔfman]
4023:
4022:
4004:Vladimir Drinfeld
3850:Shiing-Shen Chern
3807:Paul A. Negulescu
3715:Arthur L. Horwich
3588:Lennart Lindegren
3520:Daniel Eisenstein
3379:
3378:
3300:Thomas J. Sargent
3286:Economic Sciences
3275:Ralph M. Steinman
3269:Jules A. Hoffmann
3177:Tomas Tranströmer
3101:
3100:
3066:Ardem Patapoutian
2915:Ralph M. Steinman
2911:Jules A. Hoffmann
2899:Robert G. Edwards
2867:Harald zur Hausen
2791:H. Robert Horvitz
2692:Eric F. Wieschaus
2628:E. Donnall Thomas
2612:J. Michael Bishop
2600:Gertrude B. Elion
2472:Hamilton O. Smith
2397:Christian de Duve
2133:Frederick Robbins
2010:Alexander Fleming
1949:Corneille Heymans
1795:Frederick Banting
1700:Allvar Gullstrand
1558:
1557:
1548:Jules A. Hoffmann
1355:
1354:
1012:Jules A. Hoffmann
907:. January 4, 2012
881:on 6 October 2011
657:. 3 October 2011.
653:(Press release).
628:on 5 October 2011
538:Ralph M. Steinman
476:Robert Koch Prize
448:(chairman of the
401:François Hollande
361:Academia Europaea
159:
158:
116:Scientific career
4138:
3968:Michel Talagrand
3918:Maxim Kontsevich
3872:Robert Langlands
3811:Michael J. Welsh
3775:Mary-Claire King
3729:Michael W. Young
3701:Ruslan Medzhitov
3685:Jeffrey Friedman
3661:Robert Lefkowitz
3649:Michael Berridge
3606:Maura McLaughlin
3592:Michael Perryman
3406:
3399:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3317:
3263:Bruce A. Beutler
3244:Brian P. Schmidt
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3114:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3079:
3068:
3053:
3047:Michael Houghton
3034:
3024:Gregg L. Semenza
3018:
3012:James P. Allison
3006:
3004:Michael W. Young
2990:
2988:Yoshinori Ohsumi
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2948:Thomas C. SĂĽdhof
2934:
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2887:Carol W. Greider
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2700:Peter C. Doherty
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2672:Alfred G. Gilman
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2616:Harold E. Varmus
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2492:Baruj Benacerraf
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2213:Georg von Békésy
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2153:Werner Forssmann
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1686:
1678:
1672:Élie Metchnikoff
1666:
1664:Alphonse Laveran
1658:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1420:Étienne Pavillon
1415:
1407:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1069:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1019:
980:
974:
968:
967:
960:
954:
953:. sciencemag.org
947:
941:
940:
938:
937:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
897:
891:
890:
888:
886:
877:. Archived from
867:
861:
860:
842:
818:
812:
811:
801:
792:(6): 1003–1011.
777:
771:
770:
714:
708:
707:
697:
665:
659:
658:
655:Nobel Foundation
647:
638:
637:
635:
633:
618:
609:
608:
606:
604:
593:
574:
573:
571:
569:
564:. 3 October 2011
554:
486:Bruce A. Beutler
446:Göran K. Hansson
432:in Switzerland.
384:Legion of Honour
266:, in 1973–1974.
172:
167:
147:Doctoral advisor
54:
50:
48:
35:Hoffmann in 2011
33:
19:
18:
16:French biologist
4146:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4019:
3998:Ehud Hrushovski
3962:Luis Caffarelli
3896:Clifford Taubes
3892:Simon Donaldson
3882:Vladimir Arnold
3842:
3836:
3827:Stuart H. Orkin
3787:Gero Miesenböck
3725:Michael Rosbash
3721:Jeffrey C. Hall
3681:Douglas Coleman
3675:Shinya Yamanaka
3623:
3617:
3572:Roger Blandford
3566:Edward C. Stone
3560:Jean-Loup Puget
3528:John A. Peacock
3500:David C. Jewitt
3476:Charles Bennett
3464:Reinhard Genzel
3458:Peter Goldreich
3444:Saul Perlmutter
3416:
3410:
3380:
3375:
3313:
3305:
3302:(United States)
3296:(United States)
3280:
3265:(United States)
3249:
3240:(United States)
3234:(United States)
3232:Saul Perlmutter
3218:
3213:Tawakkul Karman
3182:
3158:
3139:
3132:
3102:
3097:
3082:
3071:
3056:
3051:Charles M. Rice
3043:Harvey J. Alter
3037:
3021:
3009:
3000:Michael Rosbash
2996:Jeffrey C. Hall
2993:
2985:
2969:
2960:May-Britt Moser
2953:
2937:
2932:Shinya Yamanaka
2925:
2904:
2896:
2891:Jack W. Szostak
2880:
2864:
2859:Oliver Smithies
2848:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2807:Peter Mansfield
2800:
2795:John E. Sulston
2784:
2768:
2757:
2741:
2733:
2717:
2709:
2697:
2684:Edward B. Lewis
2681:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2593:
2588:Susumu Tonegawa
2585:
2573:
2561:
2545:
2537:
2521:
2505:
2489:
2477:
2461:
2448:Roger Guillemin
2445:
2440:Daniel Gajdusek
2436:Baruch Blumberg
2433:
2422:
2413:Renato Dulbecco
2409:David Baltimore
2406:
2390:
2377:Karl von Frisch
2374:
2362:
2354:
2338:
2322:
2306:
2297:Haldan Hartline
2290:
2278:
2262:
2250:
2234:
2229:Maurice Wilkins
2218:
2210:
2198:
2193:Arthur Kornberg
2186:
2170:
2162:
2146:
2138:
2122:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2083:
2067:
2055:
2047:
2031:
2023:
2007:
1998:Joseph Erlanger
1995:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1926:
1918:
1902:
1894:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1854:
1849:Charles Nicolle
1846:
1838:
1830:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1692:Albrecht Kossel
1689:
1681:
1669:
1661:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1598:
1589:
1559:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1466:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1434:
1426:
1418:
1410:
1402:
1394:
1386:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1051:
988:
983:
975:
971:
962:
961:
957:
948:
944:
935:
933:
925:
924:
920:
910:
908:
899:
898:
894:
884:
882:
869:
868:
864:
819:
815:
778:
774:
715:
711:
695:10.1038/478013a
666:
662:
649:
648:
641:
631:
629:
620:
619:
612:
602:
600:
595:
594:
577:
567:
565:
556:
555:
551:
547:
524:CNRS Gold medal
438:
419:
413:
277:Eli Metchnikoff
272:
240:
224:innate immunity
197:. Hoffmann and
165:
106:
101:
96:
79:Alma mater
64:
55:
52:
46:
44:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4144:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4011:
4008:Shing-Tung Yau
4001:
3991:
3981:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3949:
3943:
3940:Henryk Iwaniec
3933:
3930:George Lusztig
3927:
3921:
3915:
3905:
3899:
3889:
3886:Ludwig Faddeev
3879:
3876:Richard Taylor
3869:
3859:
3853:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3831:Swee Lay Thein
3824:
3817:Patrick Cramer
3814:
3804:
3798:
3791:Peter Hegemann
3784:
3778:
3772:
3765:Ian R. Gibbons
3762:
3752:
3745:Bonnie Bassler
3742:
3735:Kazutoshi Mori
3732:
3718:
3708:
3697:Jules Hoffmann
3694:
3688:
3678:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3627:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3609:
3602:Duncan Lorimer
3598:Matthew Bailes
3595:
3585:
3578:Victoria Kaspi
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3537:
3531:
3517:
3514:John F. Hawley
3507:
3497:
3494:Gerald Fishman
3487:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3441:
3434:Geoffrey Marcy
3431:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3297:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3197:
3195:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3173:
3171:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3088:Katalin KarikĂł
3080:
3069:
3054:
3035:
3019:
3007:
2991:
2983:
2967:
2951:
2944:Randy Schekman
2935:
2923:
2902:
2894:
2878:
2871:Luc Montagnier
2862:
2851:Mario Capecchi
2846:
2834:
2827:Barry Marshall
2822:
2810:
2803:Paul Lauterbur
2798:
2787:Sydney Brenner
2782:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2748:Paul Greengard
2744:Arvid Carlsson
2739:
2731:
2715:
2707:
2695:
2679:
2676:Martin Rodbell
2667:
2655:
2652:Edwin G. Krebs
2648:Edmond Fischer
2643:
2631:
2619:
2607:
2596:James W. Black
2591:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2556:CĂ©sar Milstein
2552:Georges Köhler
2543:
2535:
2524:Sune Bergström
2519:
2516:Torsten Wiesel
2512:David H. Hubel
2503:
2487:
2475:
2468:Daniel Nathans
2459:
2452:Andrew Schally
2443:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2404:
2388:
2372:
2365:Gerald Edelman
2360:
2352:
2349:Julius Axelrod
2336:
2333:Salvador Luria
2329:Alfred Hershey
2320:
2304:
2288:
2276:
2265:François Jacob
2260:
2248:
2232:
2216:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2168:
2160:
2149:André Cournand
2144:
2136:
2120:
2108:
2105:Selman Waksman
2100:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2070:Edward Kendall
2065:
2053:
2045:
2029:
2026:Hermann Muller
2021:
2005:
2002:Herbert Gasser
1993:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1957:Gerhard Domagk
1952:
1944:
1936:
1924:
1916:
1913:William Murphy
1905:George Whipple
1900:
1892:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1790:
1783:Archibald Hill
1778:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1719:
1716:Charles Richet
1711:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1667:
1659:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1508:Édouard Le Roy
1504:
1496:
1492:Émile Ollivier
1488:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1404:Jean Chapelain
1399:
1396:
1395:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1009:
1004:
1001:Jules Hoffmann
998:
992:Jules Hoffmann
987:
986:External links
984:
982:
981:
969:
955:
942:
918:
892:
862:
833:(6): 973–983.
813:
786:Molecular Cell
772:
709:
680:(7367): 13–4.
660:
639:
610:
575:
548:
546:
543:
542:
541:
526:
520:
513:
502:
496:
489:
484:together with
478:
472:
437:
434:
422:Bruno Lemaitre
412:
409:
271:
268:
239:
236:
214:Bruno Lemaitre
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
143:
142:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
112:
111:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
56:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4143:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:Living people
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3978:David Kazhdan
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3956:Claire Voisin
3953:
3950:
3947:
3946:Nigel Hitchin
3944:
3941:
3937:
3936:Gerd Faltings
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3902:Jean Bourgain
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3862:David Mumford
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3705:Bruce Beutler
3702:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3655:Xiaodong Wang
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3635:Herbert Boyer
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3540:Ronald Drever
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3510:Steven Balbus
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3484:David Spergel
3481:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3452:Brian Schmidt
3449:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3207:Leymah Gbowee
3205:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3153:Dan Shechtman
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3093:
3092:Drew Weissman
3089:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2976:Satoshi ĹŚmura
2973:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2940:James Rothman
2936:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2907:Bruce Beutler
2903:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2819:Linda B. Buck
2816:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2736:GĂĽnter Blobel
2732:
2729:
2725:
2724:Louis Ignarro
2721:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2664:Phillip Sharp
2661:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2624:Joseph Murray
2620:
2617:
2613:
2608:
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2601:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2576:Stanley Cohen
2572:
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2564:Michael Brown
2560:
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2497:
2493:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2480:Allan Cormack
2476:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2457:
2456:Rosalyn Yalow
2453:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2401:George Palade
2398:
2394:
2393:Albert Claude
2389:
2386:
2382:
2381:Konrad Lorenz
2378:
2373:
2370:
2369:Rodney Porter
2366:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2345:Ulf von Euler
2342:
2337:
2334:
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2326:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2293:Ragnar Granit
2289:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2273:Jacques Monod
2270:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2245:Andrew Huxley
2242:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:Francis Crick
2217:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2205:Peter Medawar
2202:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2173:George Beadle
2169:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2141:Hugo Theorell
2137:
2134:
2130:
2129:Thomas Weller
2126:
2121:
2118:
2117:Fritz Lipmann
2114:
2109:
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2027:
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2019:
2018:Howard Florey
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1897:Thomas Morgan
1893:
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1845:
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1800:
1796:
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1788:
1787:Otto Meyerhof
1784:
1779:
1772:
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1764:
1761:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1724:Róbert Bárány
1720:
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1712:
1709:
1708:Alexis Carrel
1704:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1688:
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1668:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1652:Camillo Golgi
1648:
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1533:
1532:André Roussin
1529:
1525:
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1500:Henri Bergson
1497:
1493:
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1005:
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989:
979:
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946:
932:
928:
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902:
896:
880:
876:
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850:
846:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
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787:
783:
776:
768:
764:
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756:
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748:
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736:
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724:
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713:
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701:
696:
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687:
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664:
656:
652:
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644:
627:
623:
617:
615:
598:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
563:
559:
553:
549:
539:
535:
534:Bruce Beutler
532:(shared with
531:
527:
525:
521:
518:
514:
511:
508:(shared with
507:
503:
501:
497:
494:
490:
487:
483:
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468:
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458:
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267:
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261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:
215:
212:Hoffmann and
210:
208:
204:
200:
199:Bruce Beutler
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
163:
154:
150:
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144:
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137:
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109:
104:
99:
94:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
53:(age 83)
51:2 August 1941
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
4014:Peter Sarnak
3988:Jeff Cheeger
3952:János Kollár
3924:David Donoho
3856:Andrew Wiles
3841:Mathematical
3801:Scott D. Emr
3739:Peter Walter
3696:
3691:David Julius
3643:Richard Doll
3639:Yuet-Wai Kan
3624:and medicine
3622:Life science
3548:Rainer Weiss
3490:Enrico Costa
3438:Michel Mayor
3345:
3268:
3077:Svante Pääbo
3062:David Julius
3016:Tasuku Honjo
2964:Edvard Moser
2956:John O'Keefe
2919:posthumously
2918:
2910:
2855:Martin Evans
2831:Robin Warren
2815:Richard Axel
2762:2001–present
2640:Bert Sakmann
2508:Roger Sperry
2500:George Snell
2496:Jean Dausset
2464:Werner Arber
2417:Howard Temin
2341:Bernard Katz
2325:Max DelbrĂĽck
2281:Francis Rous
2257:Feodor Lynen
2253:Konrad Bloch
2241:Alan Hodgkin
2225:James Watson
2201:Frank Burnet
2189:Severo Ochoa
2177:Edward Tatum
2165:Daniel Bovet
2078:Philip Hench
1990:Edward Doisy
1921:Hans Spemann
1909:George Minot
1889:Edgar Adrian
1877:Otto Warburg
1799:John Macleod
1768:August Krogh
1760:Jules Bordet
1676:Paul Ehrlich
1628:Niels Finsen
1612:Emil Behring
1547:
1218:
1211:Finkielkraut
1190:Vargas Llosa
1160:
1110:
1081:
972:
958:
945:
934:. Retrieved
930:
921:
909:. Retrieved
904:
895:
883:. Retrieved
879:the original
874:
865:
830:
826:
816:
789:
785:
775:
726:
722:
712:
677:
673:
663:
630:. Retrieved
626:the original
601:. Retrieved
566:. Retrieved
552:
510:Shizuo Akira
482:Balzan Prize
420:
390:
388:
381:
367:(EMBO), the
350:
342:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
297:
287:
280:
273:
241:
232:septic shock
217:
211:
161:
160:
132:Institutions
115:
93:Balzan Prize
4036:1941 births
3821:Eva Nogales
3795:Georg Nagel
3781:Maria Jasin
3769:Ronald Vale
3759:Huda Zoghbi
3755:Adrian Bird
3554:Simon White
3428:Jim Peebles
3136:Nobel Prize
2928:John Gurdon
2843:Craig Mello
2839:Andrew Fire
2752:Eric Kandel
2728:Ferid Murad
2636:Erwin Neher
2548:Niels Jerne
2313:Har Khorana
2301:George Wald
2269:André Lwoff
2237:John Eccles
2125:John Enders
2097:Max Theiler
2058:Walter Hess
2050:Paul MĂĽller
2014:Ernst Chain
1684:Emil Kocher
1644:Robert Koch
1636:Ivan Pavlov
1620:Ronald Ross
911:December 5,
632:29 November
603:29 November
411:Controversy
203:Nobel Prize
151:Pierre Joly
69:Nationality
4030:Categories
3866:Wentsun Wu
3667:Ian Wilmut
3544:Kip Thorne
3524:Shaun Cole
3480:Lyman Page
3448:Adam Riess
3413:Shaw Prize
3238:Adam Riess
3164:Literature
2779:Paul Nurse
2113:Hans Krebs
2038:Gerty Cori
1986:Henrik Dam
1933:Otto Loewi
1929:Henry Dale
1139:de Broglie
1125:Grainville
1074:Laferrière
936:2018-01-11
545:References
517:Shaw Prize
444:Hoffmann,
415:See also:
407:in Paris.
340:cascades.
324:Diptericin
294:Diptericin
187:Strasbourg
175:Luxembourg
58:Echternach
47:1941-08-02
3994:Noga Alon
3470:Frank Shu
3421:Astronomy
3415:laureates
3209:(Liberia)
3203:(Liberia)
3145:Chemistry
3138:laureates
2980:Tu Youyou
2532:John Vane
2427:1976–2000
2088:1951–1975
2034:Carl Cori
1824:1926–1950
1603:1901–1925
1592:Laureates
1311:Compagnon
1276:Sallenave
1241:Fernandez
1227:Rosenberg
1197:Agacinski
751:0036-8075
568:4 October
386:in 2012.
238:Education
3504:Jane Luu
3271:(France)
3179:(Sweden)
3155:(Israel)
2775:Tim Hunt
1176:Gaillard
1111:Hoffmann
1053:Current
905:L'Alsace
857:10736743
808:10911994
767:10548988
704:21979018
426:Lemaitre
337:Lemaitre
308:Cecropin
304:Defensin
302:such as
222:gene in
3843:science
3224:Physics
3215:(Yemen)
1594:of the
1332:Lambron
1283:Edwards
1269:Maalouf
1204:Rinaldi
1183:Orsenna
1118:Rondeau
994:at the
849:8808632
759:8525370
731:Bibcode
723:Science
682:Bibcode
344:of the
312:Attacin
264:Germany
126:Biology
4016:(2024)
4010:(2023)
4000:(2022)
3990:(2021)
3980:(2020)
3970:(2019)
3964:(2018)
3958:(2017)
3948:(2016)
3942:(2015)
3932:(2014)
3926:(2013)
3920:(2012)
3914:(2011)
3904:(2010)
3898:(2009)
3888:(2008)
3878:(2007)
3868:(2006)
3858:(2005)
3852:(2004)
3833:(2024)
3823:(2023)
3813:(2022)
3803:(2021)
3797:(2020)
3783:(2019)
3777:(2018)
3771:(2017)
3761:(2016)
3751:(2015)
3741:(2014)
3731:(2013)
3717:(2012)
3707:(2011)
3693:(2010)
3687:(2009)
3677:(2008)
3663:(2007)
3657:(2006)
3651:(2005)
3645:(2004)
3614:(2024)
3608:(2023)
3594:(2022)
3584:(2021)
3574:(2020)
3568:(2019)
3562:(2018)
3556:(2017)
3550:(2016)
3536:(2015)
3530:(2014)
3516:(2013)
3506:(2012)
3496:(2011)
3486:(2010)
3472:(2009)
3466:(2008)
3460:(2007)
3454:(2006)
3440:(2005)
3430:(2004)
3022:2019:
3010:2018:
2994:2017:
2986:2016:
2970:2015:
2954:2014:
2938:2013:
2926:2012:
2905:2011:
2897:2010:
2881:2009:
2865:2008:
2849:2007:
2837:2006:
2825:2005:
2813:2004:
2801:2003:
2785:2002:
2769:2001:
2742:2000:
2734:1999:
2718:1998:
2710:1997:
2698:1996:
2682:1995:
2670:1994:
2658:1993:
2646:1992:
2634:1991:
2622:1990:
2610:1989:
2594:1988:
2586:1987:
2574:1986:
2562:1985:
2546:1984:
2538:1983:
2522:1982:
2506:1981:
2490:1980:
2478:1979:
2462:1978:
2446:1977:
2434:1976:
2407:1975:
2391:1974:
2375:1973:
2363:1972:
2355:1971:
2339:1970:
2323:1969:
2307:1968:
2291:1967:
2279:1966:
2263:1965:
2251:1964:
2235:1963:
2219:1962:
2211:1961:
2199:1960:
2187:1959:
2171:1958:
2163:1957:
2147:1956:
2139:1955:
2123:1954:
2111:1953:
2103:1952:
2095:1951:
2068:1950:
2056:1949:
2048:1948:
2032:1947:
2024:1946:
2008:1945:
1996:1944:
1984:1943:
1955:1939:
1947:1938:
1939:1937:
1927:1936:
1919:1935:
1903:1934:
1895:1933:
1883:1932:
1875:1931:
1867:1930:
1855:1929:
1847:1928:
1839:1927:
1831:1926:
1805:1924:
1793:1923:
1781:1922:
1766:1920:
1758:1919:
1722:1914:
1714:1913:
1706:1912:
1698:1911:
1690:1910:
1682:1909:
1670:1908:
1662:1907:
1650:1906:
1642:1905:
1634:1904:
1626:1903:
1618:1902:
1610:1901:
1550:(2012)
1542:(1988)
1534:(1973)
1526:(1966)
1518:(1955)
1510:(1945)
1502:(1914)
1494:(1870)
1486:(1829)
1478:(1806)
1470:(1803)
1462:(1786)
1454:(1760)
1446:(1726)
1438:(1715)
1430:(1705)
1422:(1691)
1414:(1674)
1406:(1634)
1392:seat 7
1346:Darcos
1318:Cassin
1248:Rouart
1234:Sureau
1219:vacant
1169:Vitoux
1161:vacant
1146:Thomas
1104:Jambet
1097:Makine
1090:Marion
1082:vacant
1067:Dagens
885:22 May
855:
847:
806:
765:
757:
749:
702:
674:Nature
436:Awards
371:, the
363:, the
359:, the
355:, the
328:Dorsal
316:Dorsal
310:, and
191:France
122:Fields
110:(2011)
105:(2011)
100:(2010)
95:(2007)
89:Awards
73:French
3346:2011
3188:Peace
3134:2011
1339:Clair
1304:Cheng
1262:Rufin
1153:Serra
1132:Delay
853:S2CID
763:S2CID
528:2011
522:2011
515:2011
504:2011
498:2010
491:2010
480:2007
474:2004
465:2003
185:) in
4006:and
3996:and
3986:and
3976:and
3954:and
3938:and
3910:and
3894:and
3884:and
3874:and
3864:and
3829:and
3819:and
3809:and
3793:and
3767:and
3757:and
3747:and
3737:and
3727:and
3713:and
3703:and
3683:and
3673:and
3641:and
3604:and
3590:and
3580:and
3546:and
3526:and
3512:and
3502:and
3492:and
3482:and
3450:and
3436:and
3371:2016
3366:2015
3361:2014
3356:2013
3351:2012
3341:2010
3336:2009
3331:2008
3326:2007
3321:2006
3192:2011
3168:2011
3084:2023
3073:2022
3058:2021
3039:2020
1978:1942
1971:1941
1964:1940
1814:1925
1775:1921
1752:1918
1745:1917
1738:1916
1731:1915
1325:Zink
1297:Bona
1255:Nora
913:2016
887:2022
845:PMID
827:Cell
804:PMID
755:PMID
747:ISSN
700:PMID
634:2013
605:2013
570:2011
536:and
219:Toll
183:CNRS
136:CNRS
41:Born
1290:Ory
835:doi
794:doi
739:doi
727:270
690:doi
678:478
258:in
205:in
4032::
3789:,
3723:,
3699:,
3669:,
3637:,
3633:,
3600:,
3542:,
3522:,
3478:,
3446:,
3090:/
3086::
3075::
3064:/
3060::
3049:/
3045:/
3041::
3030:/
3026:/
3014:/
3002:/
2998:/
2978:/
2974:/
2962:/
2958:/
2946:/
2942:/
2930:/
2913:/
2909:/
2889:/
2885:/
2873:/
2869:/
2857:/
2853:/
2841:/
2829:/
2817:/
2805:/
2793:/
2789:/
2777:/
2773:/
2750:/
2746:/
2726:/
2722:/
2702:/
2690:/
2686:/
2674:/
2662:/
2650:/
2638:/
2626:/
2614:/
2602:/
2598:/
2578:/
2566:/
2554:/
2550:/
2530:/
2526:/
2514:/
2510:/
2498:/
2494:/
2482:/
2470:/
2466:/
2454:/
2450:/
2438:/
2415:/
2411:/
2399:/
2395:/
2383:/
2379:/
2367:/
2347:/
2343:/
2331:/
2327:/
2315:/
2311:/
2299:/
2295:/
2283:/
2271:/
2267:/
2255:/
2243:/
2239:/
2227:/
2223:/
2203:/
2191:/
2179:/
2175:/
2155:/
2151:/
2131:/
2127:/
2115:/
2076:/
2072:/
2060:/
2040:/
2036:/
2016:/
2012:/
2000:/
1988:/
1931:/
1911:/
1907:/
1887:/
1859:/
1797:/
1785:/
1674:/
1654:/
929:.
903:.
873:.
851:.
843:.
831:86
829:.
825:.
802:.
788:.
784:.
761:.
753:.
745:.
737:.
725:.
721:.
698:.
688:.
676:.
672:.
642:^
613:^
578:^
560:.
379:.
306:,
262:,
189:,
138:,
60:,
49:)
3405:e
3398:t
3391:v
3194:)
3190:(
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