69:
3067:
771:, despite the recent reform of that office, executed in practice by a local court officer. A panel of jurors is summoned, having regard to the convenience of the jurors though there are no absolute geographical constraints. There are facilities for the parties to inspect the panel and for individual members to be examined by the judge if there are doubts about their fitness to serve because of lack of proficiency in
27:
986:, or challenges without cause, allowing the defence to prevent a certain number of jurors from serving without giving any reason, were formerly allowed in English courts and are still allowed in some other jurisdictions. At one time, the defence was allowed 25 such challenges, but this was reduced to 12 in 1925, to 7 in 1948 and 3 in 1977 before total abolition in 1988.
271:
may hear an inquest without a jury unless the senior coroner has reason to suspect that the death occurred in custody or otherwise in state detention and that either the cause of death was a violent or unnatural one or the cause of death is unknown; or the death resulted from the act or omission of a
571:
Since 1925 a jury has been able to continue hearing a case after a member has died or been discharged. Now the trial can continue so long as the minimum number of jurors remain. The judge should press the jury for a unanimous verdict. In the Crown Court the judge must not, in any event, suggest that
870:. Since then the right to affirm has been extended to anyone who chooses to do so, and no reason for choosing to affirm has to be given. The option to affirm is now commonly used by Quakers, Moravians, Jehovah's Witnesses, and some other Christians as well as by atheists and agnostics. Under the
179:
The jury had always been a socially exclusive institution, and historically people had to own land of a particular value in order to qualify. Until 1919, women were automatically disqualified from serving on trial juries, and even after that date local prejudices had the effect of keeping women off
1177:
swears to keep the jury in some "private and convenient place", to prevent them from speaking to anyone else and not to speak to them himself "except it be to ask them if they are agreed upon their verdict." The usher then becomes the jury bailiff, and stations himself outside the jury room during
224:
where there is evidence of a "real and present danger" and, despite the possibility of police protection, there is a substantial likelihood of tampering, and a trial without a jury is in the interests of justice. The first such prosecution application was made in
February 2008. The first criminal
994:
The prosecution and judge, but not the defence, have the right to prevent a juror from serving by asking them to "stand by". However, prosecutors are instructed to invoke this right sparingly as the quality of the jury is primarily the responsibility of the court officer. The right should only be
758:
There is no other category under which any person has the right to be excused from jury service. Anyone may, however, apply for a deferral of their jury duty upon receiving a summons (such as if, for example, they had already booked a holiday that coincided with the jury summons date). They must
791:
in June 2016 after the judge noticed that he was three jurors short, leaving the court clerk and usher to look for people to join the jury. Two people declined to take up the jury service, but eventually "the judge's strategy paid off and the trial was able to go ahead after one passer-by was
814:, the names that you are about to hear called are the names of the jurors who are to try you. If therefore you wish to object to them or to any of them, you must do so as they come to the book to be sworn, and before they are sworn, and your objection will be heard.
1038:. Challenges have been successful where a juror was employed by or related to a party, had enjoyed entertainment at a party's home, or where they had already expressed an opinion on the case or shown hostility to the accused. During the 1969 trial of the notorious
1138:
that may prejudice the jury will not inevitably lead to discharge of the jury; the matter lies at the discretion of the judge, who may conclude that the rights of the defendant can be adequately protected by his directing the jury to ignore such evidence.
1160:
Once all the prosecution evidence has been given, the jury may at any time, of its own motion, decide to acquit the defendant. Few juries will realise that they have this power unless advised by the judge. Such judicial intervention is deprecated by the
304:
786:
If there are not enough jurors on the panel then any person in the vicinity of the court can be summoned to make up the numbers, a process known as "praying a tales". Jurors so summoned are called talesmen. This rare procedure was used at
750:
England and Wales used to have additional rights of exemption for professionals including doctors, pharmacists, judges, barristers, solicitors, police officers, MPs, peers, and members of the clergy, but these rights were removed by the
415:
it was held that judges could substitute awards by juries in civil cases on appeal if they are deemed to be excessive. In 1998, fewer than 1% of civil trials in
England and Wales were jury trials, and these were principally
272:
police officer or a member of a service police force, in the purported execution of the officer's or member's duty as such; or that the death was caused by a notifiable accident, poisoning or disease, as defined in the
208:. Magistrates have the power to send any offence triable either way to the Crown Court but, even if they elect to try the case themselves, the accused retains the right to elect for a Crown Court trial with a jury.
572:
a majority is acceptable until after 2 hours and 10 minutes. This was originally 2 hours but it was extended to allow time for the jury to settle after retiring. Unanimous verdicts were required until the
759:
specify an alternative date within 1 year of their original summons when they would prefer to serve, and this will usually be granted. A deferral is not guaranteed, and if granted can only be used once.
1134:
Where misconduct cannot be dealt with by discharge of an individual juror, or in the case of jury tampering, or where the jury cannot reach a verdict, the entire jury can be discharged. Inadvertent
449:
unless the court is of the opinion that the trial requires any prolonged examination of documents or accounts or any scientific or local investigation which cannot conveniently be made with a jury.
1207:
Not guilty but guilty of a similar, but less serious, offence. For example, they can find someone not guilty of murder but guilty of manslaughter. However, this verdict cannot be given in cases of
2887:
438:, which replaced section 6 of the 1933 Act in respect of High Court trials, provides that trial shall be by jury on the application of a party where the court is satisfied that there is in issue:
736:
In exceptional circumstances, where an individual has been given the right of excusal from jury service for a period of time that has not yet ended. For example, the judge presiding over the
810:
pack of cards with the names written on them. As each name is called, the juror steps into the jury box. Once the jury box is populated with 12 jurors, the clerk says to the defendant:
862:
because they believe it is prohibited by
Matthew 5:33-37 and James 5:12. The right of Quakers and Moravians to affirm, rather than swear, when joining a jury was introduced under the
292:
in 1846. The perceived success of this system, together with increasing recognition of the integrity of judges and the professionalisation of legal institutions, meant that, when the
746:
they are a full-time member of His
Majesty's naval, military or air forces and their commanding officer certifies that their absence would prejudice the efficiency of the service.
740:
murder trial gave jurors the right (but not the obligation) to be excused from serving again for life. Individuals need to show the Jury
Central Summoning Bureau evidence of this.
1066:
It is possible to challenge the whole jury panel on the grounds that the court official who selected them was biased but such a challenge is "virtually unknown in modern times."
180:
the jury. Few women satisfied the property qualifications until they were abolished in the 1970s, and this also heavily restricted the number of women eligible for jury service.
293:
212:
are tried by magistrates and there is no right of Crown Court trial by jury. During the 21st century some exceptions to jury trial in the Crown Court have been developed.
959:
Anyone who chooses to affirm rather than swear, including atheists, agnostics, and
Christians who do not swear oaths, such as Quakers, Moravians, and Jehovah's Witnesses
584:
792:
recruited from the street and two other jurors were transferred from
Winchester." However, talesmen can be used only to fill a few vacant spots on a jury: as per
1178:
the deliberations. The jury may send a note to the judge to ask a question of law or for the judge to read to them a transcript of some of the evidence. It is a
1126:
as "Would a fair-minded and informed observer conclude that there was a real possibility, or real danger (the two being the same) that the tribunal was biased?"
411:
2359:
48:
1100:
Checks beyond criminal records may only be made if authorised by the
Attorney General and there are adequate grounds for a prosecution request to stand by.
714:
they are currently a resident in a hospital or other similar institution, due to attend a hospital appointment or operation or recovering from an operation;
679:
1182:
for a juror to disclose, or for anyone else (including the press) to enquire into, the nature of the jury's deliberations. This is an effective bar on
236:
on sample counts and, on conviction, for the remainder of the counts to be tried by a judge alone. These provisions came into force on 8 January 2007.
1113:
During a trial, an individual juror can be discharged and the trial can continue so long as the minimum number of jurors remain. Discharge is at the
1386:
156:
law had used a "jury of accusation" to establish the strength of the allegation against a criminal suspect. In the latter case, the jury were not
300:
the option of trial by judge alone, there was a steady uptake. Over the next eighty years, the use of juries in civil trials steadily declined.
964:
I solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm that I will faithfully try the defendant and give a true verdict according to the evidence.
229:
727:
a judge has decided they are not capable of managing and administering property or affairs because of mental disorder/mental health problem;
975:
Under some circumstances a juror can be challenged, and may not serve. This must be done before the oath is taken, and on limited grounds.
118:
in 1846, and thereafter the use of juries in civil cases steadily declined. Liability to be called upon for jury service is covered by the
615:
248:(i.e. claims that he has already been acquitted or convicted of the offences charged), the judge now decides the matter without a jury.
1375:, s.44; Criminal Justice Act 2003 (Commencement No 13 and Transitional Provision) Order 2006, SI2006/1835, art.2(b), as of 24 July 2006
730:
other medical reasons preclude their service. Medical certificates are only required if the Jury
Central Summoning Bureau asks for one;
35:
1151:
To this indictment he has pleaded not guilty and it is your charge to say, having heard the evidence, whether he be guilty or not.
2932:
2846:
1844:
1783:
1015:
Either prosecution or defence can "challenge for cause" as many individual jurors as they wish on the grounds that the juror is:
273:
1004:
3250:
2988:
2628:
2593:
2567:
2528:
2312:
2293:
2236:
456:, meaning that defamation claims made on or after 1 January 2014 are heard without a jury unless the judge orders otherwise.
276:. An inquest into a death may be held with a jury if the senior coroner thinks that there is sufficient reason for doing so.
1744:
1672:
3101:
1162:
1055:
390:
1692:
755:, although in the separate legal jurisdictions of Scotland and Northern Ireland, most of these rights remain exercisable.
2927:
131:
3011:
1913:
297:
176:'s withdrawal of support for trial by ordeal in 1215 that necessitated the development of the jury in its modern form.
3152:
3016:
2387:
1441:
Domestic
Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 (Commencement No 7 and Transitional Provision) Order 2006, SI2006/3423
896:
I swear by almighty God that I will faithfully try the defendant and give a true verdict according to the evidence.
822:
or to take the oath, reading from a printed card whilst, if taking an oath, holding a holy book in his right hand (
2403:
Mitnick, J. M. (1988). "From neighbor-witness to judge of proofs: the transformation of the English civil juror".
2955:
1345:
1083:
672:
2580:, Vol.11(3) 4th ed. 2006 reissue, "Criminal Law, Evidence and Procedure", 19(5) 'Trial of indictments: The jury'
1705:
3086:
2685:
867:
863:
1719:
368:
The 1933 Act also provided that: "but, save as aforesaid, any action to be tried in that Division may, in the
3096:
2937:
913:
I swear by Allah that I will faithfully try the defendant and give a true verdict according to the evidence.
424:
354:
2281:
949:
I swear on the Gita I will faithfully try the defendant and give a true verdict according to the evidence.
397:
cases were unsuitable for jury trials owing to the technical expertise and experience needed in assessing
3111:
2922:
2917:
2350:
Lobban, M. (2002) "The strange life of the English civil jury, 1837-1914", in Cairns and McLeod (2002),
1394:
3081:
2171:
1090:
It appears that a juror is disqualified, or an attempt has been made to introduce a disqualified juror;
874:, all affirmations are given in the format "I, do solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm..."
201:
111:
3127:
3091:
3056:
2981:
2907:
2856:
1945:
1372:
752:
573:
308:
114:. All common law civil cases were tried by jury until the introduction of juryless trials in the new
3182:
2897:
647:
172:. During the 11th and 12th centuries, juries were sworn to decide property disputes but it was the
160:
and, if the accusation was seen as posing a case to answer, guilt or innocence were established by
1288:
799:
A jury in waiting, of twenty or more jurors is selected from the panel by the clerk of the court.
452:
Libel and slander were removed from section 69 of the Senior Courts Act 1981 by section 11 of the
378:
end to civil jury trials in England and Wales save for the causes where the right was guaranteed.
372:
of the court or a judge, be ordered to be tried either with or without a jury." The Act brought a
3132:
1626:
1186:
in England and Wales, and on appeals on the basis of the jury's method of reaching its decision.
599:
40:
3036:
1536:
1532:
721:
643:
435:
98:
that has evolved over centuries. Under present-day practice, juries are generally summoned for
2714:
1135:
788:
603:
464:
335:
173:
1289:"'Building a New and Better Order'? Women and Jury Service in England and Wales, c. 1920–70"
934:
that I will faithfully try the defendant and give a true verdict according to the evidence.
3221:
3041:
3026:
3021:
2974:
2912:
2841:
2831:
2646:
The dearest birth right of the people of England: the jury in the history of the common law
2305:
The Dearest Birth Right of the People of England: The Jury in the History of the Common Law
1758:
1046:, the trial judge was prepared to exclude any juror who had read some of the current lurid
983:
855:
607:
406:
76:
8:
2902:
2051:"Attorney General's Guidelines on Exercise by the Crown of its Right of Stand-by" (1989)
1957:"Attorney General's Guidelines on Exercise by the Crown of its Right of Stand-by" (1989)
1051:
776:
453:
866:, and later extended to those who were formerly Quakers or formerly Moravians under the
3172:
3106:
2836:
2808:
2793:
2771:
2678:
2507:
2457:
2449:
2420:
2379:
2339:
2256:
1693:
http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/DisabledPeople/RightsAndObligations/GoingToCourt/DG_4018635
1316:
1269:
1093:
There is a belief of attempted interference with a jury in a previous aborted trial; or
819:
772:
707:
Persons "not capable of acting effectively as a juror" may be discharged by the judge.
697:
551:
468:
344:
197:
149:
107:
3046:
2751:
2719:
2624:
2589:
2563:
2524:
2511:
2343:
2308:
2289:
1596:
1320:
1308:
1273:
1179:
996:
233:
91:
2461:
288:
civil cases were tried by jury up to the introduction of juryless trials in the new
3177:
3162:
3147:
3031:
2851:
2803:
2756:
2499:
2478:
2441:
2412:
2371:
2331:
2322:
Hanly, C. (2005). "The decline of civil jury trial in nineteenth-century England".
2248:
1300:
1261:
580:
428:
349:
252:
1673:"Jury age limit to be raised to 75 in England and Wales - Press releases - GOV.UK"
1147:
Once the jury is sworn, it is customary, but not mandatory, for the clerk to say:
3187:
3051:
2826:
2360:"Decline of the "little parliament": juries and jury reform in England and Wales"
1561:
1304:
1215:
1122:
1075:
851:
768:
625:
445:
a claim in respect of libel, slander, malicious prosecution or false imprisonment
394:
244:
209:
169:
137:
119:
621:
aged 18 to 75 (although people aged over 70 can ask to be excused from serving);
2818:
2776:
2469:
Oldham, J. (1987). "Special juries in England: 19th century usage and reform".
1575:
871:
737:
658:
611:
256:
221:
157:
2482:
2335:
1058:, a miner who had worked throughout the conflict was held to be fit to serve.
1007:
is needed, or where a juror is "obviously unsuitable", and the defence agree.
733:
they have been on jury service in the past two years (except coroner's juries)
431:
abolished by section 5 of the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1970.
3244:
3157:
2871:
2788:
2671:
1312:
1183:
831:
823:
666:
654:
136:
The English jury has its roots in two institutions that date from before the
1891:
1416:
595:
A jury panel is summoned from those who meet all of the following criteria:
3197:
3167:
2866:
2761:
1662:
Juries Act 1974, s.1, as amended by Criminal Justice Act 2003 s.321/ Sch.33
1484:
1208:
796:(1958 1 Q.B.203), a jury composed solely of talesman is not a jury at all.
743:
they are aged over 70, and feel they could not carry out their jury duties.
685:
386:
289:
189:
165:
153:
115:
99:
87:
68:
3207:
3202:
2997:
2861:
2798:
1174:
1096:
The nature of case entails a special effort to avoid disqualified jurors.
629:
427:
was abolished in England and Wales in 1971 by section 1, and the tort of
193:
145:
103:
2663:
3228:
3192:
2736:
2729:
2724:
2709:
2453:
2383:
1265:
1114:
1043:
827:
417:
409:
but was refused owing to the technical nature of the case. In 1993, in
369:
285:
205:
95:
2424:
2260:
1117:
of the judge and should be exercised in cases of "evident necessity".
657:
are disqualified. Persons are disqualified for life if they have been
3142:
3137:
3066:
2781:
2766:
2746:
2741:
1198:
1047:
1000:
839:
2523:(2nd ed.). London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–84.
2445:
2375:
1249:
587:
authorised trials with only 7 jurors, except for treason or murder.
220:
Crown Court trial without a jury is permitted in cases of suspected
2503:
2416:
2252:
1387:"Judge may sit alone in drugs case deemed too dangerous for a jury"
1039:
931:
780:
374:
2658:
2490:
Turner, R. V. (1968). "The origins of the medieval English jury".
405:(1990), a litigant sought a jury trial on a case arising from the
807:
398:
330:
268:
141:
26:
1079:
847:
843:
803:
2966:
1050:
reporting. However, in a trial arising from the conduct of a
460:
325:
320:
305:
Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1933
225:
trial in a crown court without a jury was approved in 2009.
2694:
2357:
1026:
These are the modern versions of the ancient challenges of
923:
859:
240:
204:
that has been sent to the Crown Court after examination by
161:
717:
they regularly visit a medical practitioner for treatment;
901:
New Testament (for Christians who choose to take an oath)
835:
585:
Administration of Justice (Emergency Provisions) Act 1939
84:
1745:"Jury age limit to be raised to 75 in England and Wales"
632:
for any period of at least 5 years since the age of 13;
255:
could be held without a jury in special courts known as
2538:
Van Caenegem (1999). "The origins of the jury: forum".
1250:"Keeping Women off the Jury in 1920s England and Wales"
818:
The clerk then calls each juror individually to either
546:
County Courts Act 1984, s.66; Juries Act 1974, s.17(2)
412:
Rantzen v Mirror Group Newspapers (1986) Ltd and others
2432:
Oldham, J. (1983). "The origins of the special jury".
2288:(4th ed.). London: Butterworths. pp. 72–76.
2302:
1784:"Jury Service - Qualifications and Disqualifications"
762:
2557:
1507:
Repealed by Supreme Court Act 1981, s. 152(4), Sch.7
700:
of imprisonment or detention (less than 5 years); or
2623:(11th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2586:Archbold: Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice
1843:
614:citizens on the parliamentary or local government
144:, as a means of settling a fact, had developed in
2518:
2268:Arnold, M. S. (1985). "The control of the jury".
1155:
471:still carry the automatic right of a jury trial.
3242:
2583:
1576:"Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1970"
767:Jurors are called by a written summons from the
720:they are in guardianship under section 7 of the
307:, s.6 guaranteed the right of jury trial in the
1845:"Trial is saved after passer-by joins the jury"
802:The clerk then calls the name of 12 of them at
590:
2402:
1003:, in which case the personal authority of the
642:Those who are liable to be detained under the
543:With 7 jurors: the verdict must be unanimous.
519:With 9 jurors: the verdict must be unanimous.
2982:
2679:
2489:
2267:
2234:
1589:
692:Persons are disqualified for 10 years after:
230:Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004
2537:
2280:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1173:After the judge has summed up the case, the
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1384:
2989:
2975:
2686:
2672:
2621:A Practical Approach to Criminal Procedure
2468:
2431:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1082:is only permitted on the authority of the
703:Community punishments or treatment orders.
2693:
2618:
2321:
2237:"Law and fact in the medieval jury trial"
1863:
1168:
1061:
710:People are excused from jury service if:
16:Law of trial by jury in England and Wales
2644:John W. Cairns & Grant McLeod, eds.
2286:An Introduction to English Legal History
2129:1313. Submission of no case to answer...
1990:
1988:
1986:
1806:
1804:
1649:
978:
232:, ss.17–20 to try defendants accused of
67:
51:of all important aspects of the article.
2847:Racial discrimination in jury selection
1597:"Jury Trial - How Your Fate is Decided"
1510:
274:Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
215:
3243:
2576:Lord Mackay of Clashfern (ed.) (2006)
2358:Lloyd-Bostock, S.; Thomas, C. (1999).
2303:Cairns, J.; Macleod, G., eds. (2002).
1627:"Criminal Justice Act 1967 section 13"
1247:
1165:and, as of 2007, is rarely exercised.
1103:
1010:
480:Number of jurors in England and Wales
442:a claim of fraud against the party; or
47:Please consider expanding the lead to
2970:
2667:
1983:
1801:
1471:
1462:
1286:
1022:Reasonably suspected of being biased.
638:not disqualified for whatever reason.
1841:
1108:
314:
228:There are also provisions under the
20:
2521:The Birth of the English Common Law
1417:"First trial without jury approved"
565:Coroners Act 1988, s.8(2)(a), s.12
474:
132:History of trial by jury in England
13:
2638:
2551:
1459:Coroners and Justice Act 2009, s.7
1385:O'Neill, Sean (11 February 2008).
1194:The jury may return a verdict of:
1142:
903:Old Testament (Tanakh) (for Jews)
763:Empanelling and challenging jurors
183:
14:
3262:
2652:
2562:(8th ed.). London: Longman.
2405:American Journal of Legal History
2241:American Journal of Legal History
1815:1286. Summoning of jurors; panels
688:or detention for 5 years or more.
389:, delivering the judgment of the
3065:
2434:University of Chicago Law Review
1531:As of 2007, still guaranteed by
1450:Criminal Justice Act 1988, s.122
968:
558:
251:Between 1973 and 2007 trials in
25:
2996:
2956:Fully Informed Jury Association
2588:. London: Sweet & Maxwell.
2558:Elliott, C.; Quinn, F. (1998).
2223:
2205:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2149:
2133:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2073:
2061:
2045:
2033:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1967:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1906:
1884:
1835:
1820:
1776:
1751:
1737:
1712:
1698:
1686:
1665:
1640:
1619:
1603:
1568:
1554:
1542:
1501:
1489:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1084:Director of Public Prosecutions
1069:
673:Detention for public protection
624:ordinarily resident in the UK,
403:Singh v. London Underground Ltd
279:
94:, there is a long tradition of
39:may be too short to adequately
2584:Richardson, P.J., ed. (2006).
1409:
1378:
1366:
1362:1283. When juries are required
1351:
1339:
1327:
1280:
1241:
1228:
1156:Jury's right to stop the trial
1019:Ineligible or disqualified; or
868:Quakers and Moravians Act 1838
864:Quakers and Moravians Act 1833
49:provide an accessible overview
1:
2364:Law and Contemporary Problems
2228:
1842:Gibb, Frances (8 June 2016).
1695:Exemptions from jury service.
1222:
1129:
1056:UK miners' strike (1984–1985)
846:). Some Christians (notably
425:breach of promise of marriage
355:Breach of promise of marriage
294:Common Law Procedure Act 1854
3251:Juries in the United Kingdom
2519:Van Caenegem; R. C. (1988).
1346:Magistrates' Courts Act 1980
1305:10.1080/09612025.2013.769381
806:, usually by drawing from a
591:Eligibility for jury service
7:
3112:Courts of England and Wales
2307:. London: Hart Publishing.
1892:"Quaker faith and practice"
1759:"Criminal Justice Act 2003"
989:
262:
10:
3267:
2578:Halsbury's Laws of England
2492:Journal of British Studies
2172:Contempt of Court Act 1981
2125:Halsbury's Laws of England
1827:Halsbury's Laws of England
1811:Halsbury's Laws of England
1358:Halsbury's Laws of England
1189:
1054:in the bitterly contested
513:With 12 jurors: 11-1, 10-2
459:As such, as of 2021, only
423:Subsequently, the tort of
202:offence triable either way
129:
125:
112:offence triable either way
3216:
3120:
3074:
3063:
3004:
2948:
2880:
2857:Scientific jury selection
2817:
2702:
2483:10.1080/01440368708530895
2336:10.1080/01440360500347525
2212:Halsbury's Law of England
1946:Criminal Justice Act 1988
1817:, Juries Act 1974, s.2(1)
1373:Criminal Justice Act 2003
1078:of the jury panel by the
1028:propter honoris respectum
891:Some Christians and Jews
883:Text of oath/affirmation
879:
753:Criminal Justice Act 2003
574:Criminal Justice Act 1967
521:
512:
509:
506:
2471:Journal of Legal History
2324:Journal of Legal History
2030:Juries Act 1974, s.12(6)
1646:1939 c.78, section 7(1).
1393:. London. Archived from
830:who will swear an oath;
562:Minority no more than 2
196:where the offence is an
188:Juries are summoned for
106:where the offence is an
2056:Criminal Appeal Reports
1962:Criminal Appeal Reports
164:, often in the form of
3153:British Virgin Islands
2881:Specific jurisdictions
2540:Law and History Review
2235:Arnold, M. S. (1974).
2009:(1969) 53 Cr.App.R 412
1537:Supreme Court Act 1981
1533:County Courts Act 1984
1293:Women's History Review
1169:Retirement of the jury
1153:
1120:The test was given in
1062:Challenge to the array
966:
951:
936:
915:
898:
816:
722:Mental Health Act 1983
644:Mental Health Act 1983
522:Juries Act 1974, s.17
436:Senior Courts Act 1981
309:Queen's Bench Division
296:gave litigants in the
80:
2659:Jury service (GOV.UK)
2648:. Oxford: Hart, 2002.
2216:1339. Special verdict
1831:1289. Incomplete jury
1498:(1922) 38 TLR 801, CA
1149:
1136:inadmissible evidence
984:Peremptory challenges
979:Peremptory challenges
962:
947:
928:
911:
894:
812:
789:Salisbury Crown Court
653:Persons currently on
465:malicious prosecution
336:Malicious prosecution
174:Roman Catholic Church
71:
2842:Peremptory challenge
2832:Death-qualified jury
2560:English Legal System
1480:1 QB 273, CA at 290
1287:Logan, Anne (2013).
995:invoked in cases of
648:lack mental capacity
515:With 11 jurors: 10-1
216:Trial without a jury
2498:(2): (pt ii) 1–10.
1104:Discharge of jurors
1011:Challenge for cause
858:) will not take an
856:Jehovah's Witnesses
777:physical disability
517:With 10 jurors: 9-1
481:
454:Defamation Act 2013
3017:Administrative law
2837:Jury questionnaire
2809:Summary jury trial
2794:Jury sequestration
2772:Jury nullification
2715:Citizens' assembly
2619:Sprack, J (2006).
1763:legislation.gov.uk
1599:. 4 December 2017.
1266:10.1111/lest.12169
1248:Crosby, K (2017).
698:suspended sentence
650:are disqualified.
616:Electoral Register
541:With 8 jurors: 7-1
496:Majorities allowed
479:
469:false imprisonment
434:Section 69 of the
345:False imprisonment
198:indictable offence
150:Carolingian Empire
108:indictable offence
81:
3238:
3237:
2964:
2963:
2893:England and Wales
2752:Jury instructions
2697:-related articles
2630:978-0-19-929830-3
2595:978-0-421-90920-5
2569:978-1-4058-4733-9
2530:978-0-521-35682-4
2314:978-1-84113-325-6
2295:978-0-406-93053-8
1708:. 3 October 2007.
1214:Exceptionally, a
1180:contempt of court
1109:Individual jurors
997:national security
973:
972:
680:extended sentence
569:
568:
556:Between 7 and 11
488:At start of trial
407:King's Cross fire
365:
364:
239:If the defendant
234:domestic violence
92:England and Wales
66:
65:
3258:
3133:Northern Ireland
3075:Further subjects
3069:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2852:Strike for cause
2804:Juror misconduct
2757:Specific finding
2703:Primary articles
2688:
2681:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2634:
2599:
2573:
2547:
2534:
2515:
2486:
2465:
2428:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2386:. Archived from
2347:
2318:
2299:
2277:
2264:
2218:
2209:
2203:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2153:
2147:
2137:
2131:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1981:
1971:
1965:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1914:"Oaths Act 1978"
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1888:
1882:
1872:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1850:The Times online
1847:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1818:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1623:
1617:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1572:
1566:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1529:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1076:criminal records
1036:propter affectum
1032:propter defectum
1005:Attorney General
877:
876:
581:Second World War
482:
478:
475:Number of jurors
315:
253:Northern Ireland
210:Summary offences
61:
58:
52:
29:
21:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3212:
3188:Anglo-Saxon law
3121:Related systems
3116:
3102:Civil procedure
3087:Competition law
3070:
3061:
3052:Retained EU law
3012:UK Constitution
3000:
2995:
2965:
2960:
2944:
2876:
2827:Change of venue
2813:
2698:
2692:
2655:
2641:
2639:Further reading
2631:
2596:
2570:
2554:
2552:Modern practice
2531:
2446:10.2307/1599384
2393:
2391:
2376:10.2307/1192251
2315:
2296:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2210:
2206:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2154:
2150:
2138:
2134:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2019:R v. Pennington
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1984:
1972:
1968:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1873:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1840:
1836:
1825:
1821:
1809:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1706:"Take him down"
1704:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1565:, 26 April 1990
1562:The Independent
1559:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1530:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1496:Ford v. Blurton
1494:
1490:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1285:
1281:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1216:special verdict
1192:
1171:
1163:Court of Appeal
1158:
1145:
1143:Conduct of jury
1132:
1123:Porter v Magill
1111:
1106:
1086:, and only if:
1072:
1064:
1013:
992:
981:
902:
769:lord chancellor
765:
626:Channel Islands
593:
552:Coroner's Court
542:
518:
516:
514:
492:
477:
395:personal injury
391:Court of Appeal
366:
282:
265:
218:
190:criminal trials
186:
184:Criminal juries
170:trial by ordeal
138:Norman conquest
134:
128:
120:Juries Act 1974
100:criminal trials
62:
56:
53:
46:
34:This article's
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3264:
3254:
3253:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:Commercial law
3094:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2928:Jury selection
2925:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2819:Jury selection
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2777:Jury tampering
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2722:
2720:Coroner's jury
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2653:External links
2651:
2650:
2649:
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2504:10.1086/385549
2487:
2477:(2): 148–166.
2466:
2440:(1): 137–221.
2429:
2417:10.2307/845380
2411:(3): 201–235.
2400:
2390:on 2 July 2007
2355:
2348:
2330:(3): 253–278.
2319:
2313:
2300:
2294:
2278:
2270:Selden Society
2265:
2253:10.2307/845166
2247:(4): 267–280.
2230:
2227:
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2222:
2220:
2219:
2204:
2195:Sprack (2006)
2188:
2183:Sprack (2006)
2176:
2164:
2155:Sprack (2006)
2148:
2139:Sprack (2006)
2132:
2117:
2115:Crim LR 36, CA
2105:
2100:Sprack (2006)
2093:
2088:Sprack (2006)
2081:
2072:
2060:
2044:
2039:Sprack (2006)
2032:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1994:Sprack (2006)
1982:
1973:Sprack (2006)
1966:
1950:
1938:
1933:Sprack (2006)
1926:
1905:
1894:(5th ed.)
1883:
1874:Sprack (2006)
1862:
1834:
1819:
1800:
1788:claims.co.uk ™
1775:
1750:
1736:
1720:"Jury service"
1711:
1697:
1685:
1664:
1648:
1639:
1618:
1609:Sprack (2006)
1602:
1588:
1567:
1553:
1541:
1509:
1500:
1488:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1423:. 18 June 2009
1408:
1397:on 9 July 2008
1377:
1365:
1350:
1338:
1333:Sprack (2006)
1326:
1299:(5): 701–716.
1279:
1260:(4): 695–717.
1240:
1226:
1224:
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1212:
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926:
920:
919:
916:
909:
905:
904:
899:
892:
888:
887:
884:
881:
872:Oaths Act 1978
779:, for example
775:or because of
764:
761:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:Harold Shipman
734:
731:
728:
725:
718:
715:
705:
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612:European Union
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491:Minimum number
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340:
339:
338:
333:
328:
323:
313:
281:
278:
264:
261:
257:Diplock courts
222:jury tampering
217:
214:
185:
182:
158:triers of fact
130:Main article:
127:
124:
64:
63:
43:the key points
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3263:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:United States
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:Core subjects
3003:
2999:
2992:
2987:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:Nullification
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:U.S. military
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:United States
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2872:Stealth juror
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:Jury research
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
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2727:
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2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1936:
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832:Old Testament
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696:Sentence, or
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667:life sentence
664:
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532:County Court
531:
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140:in 1066. The
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116:county courts
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32:
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23:
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3042:Property law
3027:Contract law
3022:Criminal law
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2867:Special jury
2762:Deliberation
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2620:
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2404:
2394:20 September
2392:. Retrieved
2388:the original
2367:
2363:
2351:
2327:
2323:
2304:
2285:
2282:Baker, J. H.
2273:
2269:
2244:
2240:
2224:Bibliography
2215:
2214:, vol.11(3)
2211:
2207:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2179:
2167:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2144:
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2135:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2075:
2068:R v. Hambery
2067:
2063:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2035:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1886:
1879:
1875:
1853:. Retrieved
1849:
1837:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1791:. Retrieved
1787:
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1762:
1753:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1723:
1714:
1700:
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1667:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1621:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1570:
1560:
1556:
1551:1 QB 273, CA
1549:Ward v James
1548:
1544:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1485:Lord Denning
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:Hanly (2005)
1464:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1420:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1395:the original
1390:
1380:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1235:
1230:
1209:high treason
1193:
1172:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1133:
1121:
1119:
1112:
1099:
1073:
1070:Jury vetting
1065:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1014:
993:
982:
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963:
948:
939:Japji Sahib
929:
912:
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817:
813:
801:
798:
793:
785:
766:
757:
749:
709:
706:
691:
686:Imprisonment
652:
641:
633:
608:Commonwealth
594:
578:
570:
527:Crown Court
458:
451:
448:
433:
422:
410:
402:
393:, held that
387:Lord Denning
383:Ward v James
382:
380:
373:
367:
359:
303:In 1933 the
302:
283:
280:Civil juries
266:
250:
243:
238:
227:
219:
187:
178:
166:compurgation
135:
88:jurisdiction
82:
72:
57:October 2021
54:
38:
36:lead section
18:
3208:Hue and cry
3203:Bloody Code
3173:New Zealand
3082:Company law
2998:English law
2862:Struck jury
2799:Jury stress
2058:123, at 125
2021:Crim LR 394
1919:18 November
1898:18 November
1678:18 November
1535:, s.66 and
1427:18 November
1175:court usher
930:I swear by
918:The Qur'an
794:R v Solomon
630:Isle of Man
579:During the
504:High Court
206:magistrates
194:Crown Court
154:Anglo-Saxon
146:Scandinavia
104:Crown Court
77:John Morgan
3193:Common law
3107:Family law
3092:Labour law
2737:Petit jury
2730:Indictment
2725:Grand jury
2710:Jury trial
2546:: 535–607.
2229:Historical
2127:vol.11(3)
2113:R v. Desai
1948:, s.118(1)
1829:Vol.11(3)
1813:Vol.11(3)
1360:Vol.11(3)
1223:References
1199:Not guilty
1130:Whole jury
1115:discretion
1044:Kray twins
886:Scripture
828:Christians
826:for those
418:defamation
370:discretion
286:common law
96:jury trial
3178:Singapore
3163:Hong Kong
3148:Australia
3047:Trust law
2898:Hong Kong
2782:Embracery
2767:Hung jury
2747:Jury fees
2742:Jury duty
2512:146678716
2344:144988033
2276:: x–xxxi.
2007:R v. Kray
1729:24 August
1632:7 January
1391:The Times
1321:143960788
1313:0961-2025
1274:149357894
1048:newspaper
1040:gangsters
1001:terrorism
880:Religion
852:Moravians
659:sentenced
493:remaining
429:seduction
350:Seduction
267:A senior
245:autrefois
41:summarize
3245:Category
3222:Category
3138:Scotland
3057:Case law
3032:Tort law
2908:Scotland
2462:55413059
2370:(2): 7.
2284:(2002).
2079:2 AC 357
1421:BBC News
1401:16 March
990:Stand by
932:Waheguru
808:shuffled
781:deafness
375:de facto
263:Inquests
148:and the
73:The Jury
3128:UK-wide
3037:Privacy
2454:1599384
2384:1192251
1793:29 June
1768:29 June
1581:29 June
1539:, s.69.
1204:Guilty;
1190:Verdict
944:Hindus
848:Quakers
844:Muslims
773:English
646:or who
628:or the
600:British
499:Source
420:cases.
399:damages
331:Slander
269:coroner
192:in the
142:inquest
126:History
102:in the
83:In the
3229:Portal
3198:Equity
3158:Canada
2949:Groups
2913:Taiwan
2888:Canada
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2261:845166
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2070:QB 924
1855:8 June
1724:GOV.UK
1348:, s.20
1319:
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1080:police
1052:picket
1042:, the
908:Islam
840:Qur'an
820:affirm
804:random
583:, the
467:, and
360:
241:pleads
200:or an
152:while
110:or an
79:(1861)
3168:India
3143:Wales
2938:Women
2903:Japan
2614:4-469
2610:4-417
2606:4-265
2602:4-199
2508:S2CID
2458:S2CID
2450:JSTOR
2421:JSTOR
2380:JSTOR
2340:S2CID
2257:JSTOR
2201:21.33
2197:21.18
2185:21.12
2174:, s.8
2161:21.09
2157:21.07
2145:21.06
2141:21.01
2102:18.59
2090:18.55
2041:18.34
1996:18.30
1979:18.29
1975:18.27
1935:18.26
1880:18.22
1876:18.19
1615:21.37
1611:21.34
1335:18.01
1317:S2CID
1270:S2CID
1238:72-73
969:None
954:Gita
924:Sikhs
838:; or
604:Irish
485:Court
461:fraud
401:. In
326:Libel
321:Fraud
311:for:
168:, or
85:legal
2695:Jury
2625:ISBN
2590:ISBN
2564:ISBN
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2396:2007
2309:ISBN
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1921:2016
1900:2016
1857:2016
1795:2023
1770:2023
1731:2023
1680:2016
1634:2013
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1429:2016
1403:2008
1309:ISSN
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860:oath
854:and
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834:for
682:; or
661:to:
655:bail
610:and
284:All
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