33:
296:
oldest granitoid phase recognised so far. "Following the trondhjemite-tonalite gneiss emplacement a further period of magmatism took place on the dome, which resulted in the intrusion of mafic dykes that are manifest as hornblende amphibolites. The age of these dykes has yet to be determined quantitatively, but they fall within the time constraints imposed by the age of the trondhjemitic gneisses (3340–3200 Ma) and later, crosscutting, potassic granitoids.
300:
granodiorites dated at 3121 +/- 5 Ma....The data, combined with that from other parts of the
Kaapvaal craton, further supports the view that the evolution of the craton was long-lived and episodic, and that it grew by accretionary processes, becoming generally younger to the north and west of the ca. 3.5 Ga Barberton- Eswatini granite-greenstone terrane situated in the southeastern part of the craton."
295:
The
Archaean Johannesburg Dome is located in the central part of the Kaapvaal Craton and consists of trondhjemitic and tonalitic granitic rocks intruded into mafic-ultramafic greenstone. Studies using U-Pb single zircon dating for granitoid samples yield an age of 3340 +/- 3 Ma and represents the
299:
These rocks consisting mainly of granodiorites constitute the third magmatic event and occupy an area of batholithic dimensions extending across most of the southern portion of the dome. The southern and southeastern parts of the batholith consist mainly of medium-grained, homogeneous, grey
172:
when the
Gaborone–Kanye and Ventersdorp sequences were developed. Early Archean crust is well exposed only on the east side of the craton and comprises a collage of subdomains and crustal blocks characterised by distinctive igneous rocks and deformations.
244:
zircons. This implies that the
Limpopo Complex together with the Zimbabwe Craton only became attached to the Kaapvaal Craton at approximately 2.0 Ga during formation of the Magondi Mobile Belt which in turn sourced the voluminous late
206:
The crustal evolution of the
Limpopo Central Zone can be summarised into three main periods: 3.2–2.9 Ga, 2.6 Ga, and 2.0 Ga. The first two periods are characterised by magmatic activity leading to the formation of Archaean
275:, an unusual type of ultramafic volcanic rock named after the Komati River that flows through the belt. Some of the oldest exposed rocks on Earth (greater than 3.6 Ga) are located in the
571:
747:
514:"Transcurrent shearing, granite sheeting and the incremental construction of the tabular 3.1 Ga Mpuluzi batholith, Barberton granite–greenstone terrane, South Africa"
493:
Poujol, M., Robb, L.J., Anhaeusser, C.R. and
Gericke, B. (2003) "A review of the geochronological constraints on the evolution of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa",
434:"The Johannesburg Dome, South Africa: new single zircon U-Pb isotopic evidence for early Archaean granite-greenstone development within the central Kaapvaal Craton"
1036:
1026:
712:
996:
160:(3.3–3.0 Ga). Subsequent evolution of the Kaapvaal Craton (3.0–2.7 Ga) is thought to be associated with continent–arc collision that caused an overlaying
722:
433:
888:
742:
564:
868:
1011:
951:
226:
succession on the craton were sourced from the 2.65–2.70 Ga orogenic event preserved in the
Limpopo Metamorphic Complex. However, younger late-
408:
976:
966:
893:
309:
557:
279:
greenstone belt of the
Eswatini–Barberton areas and these contain some of the oldest traces of life on earth. Only the rocks found in the
487:
368:“Crustal structure beneath southern Africa and its implications for the formation and evolution of the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons”
466:"The 3.26–3.24 Ga Barberton asteroid impact cluster: Tests of tectonic and magmatic consequences, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia"
384:
488:"The magmatic evolution of the upper ~3450 Ma Hooggenoeg Formation, Barberton greenstone belt, Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa"
903:
208:
1124:
83:
The
Kaapvaal Craton covers an area of approximately 1,200,000 km (460,000 sq mi) and is joined to the
1299:
249:
red beds of southern Africa. Evidence of the horizontal layering and riverine erosion can be found throughout the
513:
342:"Vaalbara, Earth's oldest assembled continent? A combined, structural, geochronological, and palaeomagnetic test"
465:
271:, is situated on the eastern edge of Kaapvaal Craton. It is well known for its gold mineralisation and for its
406:"Timing and Provenance of Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic Unconformity Bounded Sequences on the Kaapval Craton"
341:
717:
321:
215:
high-grade metamorphic conditions produced partial melting that formed large amounts of granitic melt.
1094:
262:
405:
17:
1289:
1114:
1084:
815:
535:
180:
joined the
Southern Marginal Zone of the Kaapvaal Craton to the Northern Marginal Zone of the
1129:
1109:
649:
276:
119:
The Kaapvaal Craton formed and stabilised between 3.7 and 2.6 Ga by the emplacement of major
536:"Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of the Granitoids of the Barberton Mountainlan, South Africa"
780:
737:
280:
233:
161:
8:
1253:
1204:
1119:
810:
684:
627:
268:
1268:
1238:
1189:
1184:
1001:
790:
727:
669:
198:
that separates the granitoid-greenstone terranes of the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons.
1074:
549:
506:
449:
1209:
1169:
1159:
1144:
1099:
1079:
1016:
986:
971:
918:
863:
858:
843:
99:
1294:
1164:
1139:
1134:
805:
785:
732:
707:
641:
622:
612:
525:
502:
477:
445:
404:
Beukes, N.J., Dorland, H.C., Gutzmer, J., Evans, D.A.D. and Armstrong, R.A. (2004)
250:
246:
227:
223:
1064:
1233:
1069:
936:
908:
795:
689:
674:
664:
586:
412:
181:
143:
127:
84:
60:(billion years ago) crust on Earth. Similarities of rock records from both these
57:
1248:
1199:
1174:
1154:
1056:
1031:
853:
800:
775:
770:
765:
481:
72:
53:
1283:
1194:
1149:
1089:
1046:
1041:
833:
679:
607:
595:
324: – Largest verified impact structure on Earth, about 2 billion years old
211:(TTG) such as the Sand River Gneisses and the Bulai Granite intrusion. Early
139:
529:
1006:
991:
981:
926:
898:
883:
878:
848:
654:
617:
601:
177:
131:
109:
88:
49:
1104:
1021:
961:
946:
873:
838:
312: – Some of the most widely accepted fossil evidence for Archean life
212:
92:
36:
The pink figure shows the land of the Kaapvaal Craton in the present day.
32:
168:
and sedimentary rocks. This was then followed by episodic extension and
1243:
1228:
941:
699:
318: – Archaean supercontinent from about 3.6 to 2.7 billion years ago
219:
56:
of Western Australia, are the only remaining areas of pristine 3.6–2.5
1263:
1258:
1219:
534:
Yearron, L.M., Clemens, J.D., Stevens, G. and Anhaeusser, C.R.(2003)
284:
272:
195:
189:
142:
cycle. The craton is a mixture of early Archean (3.0–3.5 Ga) granite
135:
123:
102:
367:
956:
385:"Can we Still Trust Nd Model Ages on Migmatized Proterozoic Rocks?"
315:
241:
165:
150:
113:
106:
69:
184:
approximately 2.8–2.5 Ga by the 250 kilometres (160 mi) wide
512:
Westraat, J.D, Kisters, A.F.M., Poujo, M. and Stevens, G. (2005)
230:
185:
146:
120:
95:
65:
45:
931:
757:
637:
237:
192:
157:
153:
61:
188:
Limpopo Belt. The belt is an east-northeast trending zone of
27:
Archaean craton, possibly part of the Vaalbara supercontinent
340:
Zegers, T.E., de Wit, M.J., Dann, J. and White, S.H. (1998)
825:
169:
91:. To the south and west, the Kaapvaal Craton is flanked by
1179:
383:
Chavagnac, V., Kramers, J. D. and Naegler, T. F. (1999)
579:
490:, Utrecht University : unpubl. MSc project abstr.
156:(ca. 3.6–3.7 Ga), intruded by a variety of granitic
68:sequences, suggest that they were once part of the
267:The Barberton greenstone belt, also known as the
1281:
240:of this time interval as well as many ~2.0 Ga
164:of basins filled with thick sequences of both
126:that thickened and stabilised the continental
565:
310:Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
387:, Early Evolution of the Continental Crust,
256:
572:
558:
362:
360:
358:
31:
432:Poujol, M. and Anhaeusser, C.R. (2001)
201:
14:
1282:
553:
355:
904:West and Central African Rift System
290:
580:Major African geological formations
470:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
464:Glikson, A. and Vickers, J. (2006)
64:, especially of the overlying late
24:
370:, "Geophysical Research Letters",
209:Tonalite-Trondhjemite-Granodiorite
25:
1311:
518:Journal of the Geological Society
253:within the Limpopo Central Zone.
415:, Geological Society of America
218:There is no indication that the
112:associated with the break-up of
458:
389:Journal of Conference Abstracts
540:Geophysical Research Abstracts
426:
398:
377:
334:
130:during the early stages of an
78:
13:
1:
507:10.1016/S0301-9268(03)00187-6
450:10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00161-3
328:
7:
366:Nguuri, T.K. et al. (2001)
303:
10:
1316:
718:Central African Shear Zone
482:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.10.022
322:Vredefort impact structure
260:
1218:
1095:Central Pangean Mountains
1055:
917:
824:
756:
748:Western Meseta Shear Zone
698:
636:
585:
263:Barberton Greenstone Belt
257:Barberton greenstone belt
98:, and to the east by the
411:13 November 2007 at the
1300:Geology of South Africa
530:10.1144/0016-764904-026
417:Abstracts with Programs
1115:Eastern Rift mountains
1037:Tanzania Coastal Basin
816:Terra Australis Orogen
37:
1130:Great Karas Mountains
1110:Eastern Arc Mountains
650:Arabian-Nubian Shield
35:
1027:Somali Coastal Basin
738:Mwembeshi Shear Zone
495:Precambrian Research
486:Louzda, K.L. (2003)
438:Precambrian Research
281:Isua Greenstone Belt
202:Limpopo Central Zone
87:to the north by the
1205:Teffedest Mountains
1120:Ethiopian Highlands
811:Pan-African orogens
781:East African Orogen
713:Broodkop Shear Zone
685:West African Craton
628:Victoria Microplate
269:Makhonjwa Mountains
1269:List of inselbergs
1239:Jugurtha Tableland
1190:Sankwala Mountains
1185:Rwenzori Mountains
1002:Ouled Abdoun Basin
997:Orange River Basin
919:Sedimentary basins
728:Foumban Shear Zone
670:Saharan Metacraton
395:(1), A08:4A:13:G2.
52:), along with the
38:
1277:
1276:
1210:Tibesti Mountains
1170:Mitumba Mountains
1160:Mandara Mountains
1145:Imatong Mountains
1100:Chaillu Mountains
1080:Bambouk Mountains
1017:Rio del Rey Basin
987:Niger Delta Basin
972:Iullemmeden Basin
864:Gulf of Suez Rift
859:East African Rift
844:Bahr el Arab rift
791:Gondwanide Orogen
723:Chuan Shear Zones
291:Johannesburg Dome
16:(Redirected from
1307:
1165:Marrah Mountains
1140:Hoggar Mountains
1135:Guinea Highlands
1125:Great Escarpment
889:Sangha Aulacogen
806:Mauritanide Belt
733:Kandi Fault Zone
708:Aswa Dislocation
623:Seychelles Plate
613:Madagascar Plate
574:
567:
560:
551:
550:
501:(1–3), 181–213,
453:
444:(1–2), 139–157,
430:
424:
402:
396:
381:
375:
364:
353:
338:
251:Waterberg Massif
247:Paleoproterozoic
228:Paleoproterozoic
224:Paleoproterozoic
44:(centred on the
21:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1234:Mount Gorongosa
1214:
1075:Aurès Mountains
1070:Atlas Mountains
1057:Mountain ranges
1051:
937:Blue Nile Basin
913:
909:White Nile rift
820:
786:Eburnean Orogen
752:
743:Todi Shear Zone
694:
690:Zimbabwe Craton
675:Tanzania Craton
665:Kalahari Craton
660:Kaapvaal Craton
632:
581:
578:
461:
456:
431:
427:
413:Wayback Machine
403:
399:
382:
378:
365:
356:
339:
335:
331:
306:
293:
265:
259:
204:
182:Zimbabwe Craton
85:Zimbabwe Craton
81:
42:Kaapvaal Craton
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1290:Archean Africa
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1254:Mont Niénokoué
1251:
1249:Mulanje Massif
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1200:Serra da Chela
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1175:Nuba Mountains
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1155:Loma Mountains
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1085:Blue Mountains
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1032:Taoudeni Basin
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
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929:
923:
921:
915:
914:
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911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
869:Lamu Embayment
866:
861:
856:
854:Blue Nile rift
851:
846:
841:
836:
830:
828:
822:
821:
819:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
796:Kibaran Orogen
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
771:Cape Fold Belt
768:
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760:
754:
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615:
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600:Minor plates:
598:
594:Major plates:
591:
589:
583:
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577:
576:
569:
562:
554:
548:
547:
532:
524:(2), 373–388,
510:
491:
484:
476:(1–2), 11–20,
460:
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454:
425:
397:
376:
354:
332:
330:
327:
326:
325:
319:
313:
305:
302:
292:
289:
261:Main article:
258:
255:
203:
200:
105:that contains
80:
77:
73:supercontinent
54:Pilbara Craton
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1312:
1301:
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1291:
1288:
1287:
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1270:
1267:
1265:
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1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:Serra da Leba
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1180:Rif Mountains
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1150:Jebel Uweinat
1148:
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1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
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1103:
1101:
1098:
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1091:
1090:Cameroon line
1088:
1086:
1083:
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1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:AĂŻr Mountains
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1047:Turkana Basin
1045:
1043:
1042:Tindouf Basin
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1012:Reggane Basin
1010:
1008:
1005:
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988:
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845:
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840:
837:
835:
834:Afar Triangle
832:
831:
829:
827:
823:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
801:Kuunga Orogen
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
776:Damara Orogen
774:
772:
769:
767:
766:Alpine Orogen
764:
763:
761:
759:
755:
749:
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744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
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721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
705:
703:
701:
697:
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688:
686:
683:
681:
680:Tuareg Shield
678:
676:
673:
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666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
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651:
648:
647:
645:
643:
639:
635:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:Lwandle Plate
606:Microplates:
605:
603:
599:
597:
596:African Plate
593:
592:
590:
588:
584:
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568:
563:
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179:
176:Late Archean
174:
171:
167:
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159:
155:
152:
148:
145:
141:
140:sedimentation
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
117:
115:
111:
110:igneous rocks
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
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76:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
1222:(aka koppie)
1007:Owambo Basin
992:Ogaden Basin
982:Murzuq Basin
952:Douala Basin
927:Angola Basin
899:Urema Valley
884:Red Sea Rift
879:Muglad Basin
849:Benue Trough
659:
655:Congo Craton
618:Rovuma Plate
602:Somali Plate
543:
539:
521:
517:
498:
494:
473:
469:
459:Bibliography
441:
437:
428:
420:
416:
400:
392:
388:
379:
374:, 2501–2504.
371:
349:
345:
336:
298:
294:
266:
217:
205:
178:metamorphism
175:
118:
89:Limpopo Belt
82:
50:South Africa
48:Province in
41:
39:
29:
1105:Drakensberg
1022:Sirte Basin
977:Kufra Basin
967:Gabon Basin
962:Karoo Basin
947:Congo Basin
894:Atbara rift
874:Melut Basin
839:Anza trough
700:Shear zones
287:are older.
283:of Western
234:successions
213:Proterozoic
93:Proterozoic
79:Description
1284:Categories
1244:Mount Mabu
1229:Anti-Atlas
1220:Inselbergs
942:Chad Basin
352:, 250–259.
346:Terra Nova
329:References
273:Komatiites
220:Neoarchean
196:tectonites
162:succession
149:and older
144:greenstone
124:batholiths
1264:Zuma Rock
1259:Wase Rock
423:(5), 255.
285:Greenland
277:Barberton
222:to early
190:granulite
151:tonalitic
136:magmatism
134:-related
121:granitoid
103:monocline
957:El Djouf
409:Archived
316:Vaalbara
304:See also
242:detrital
236:contain
186:orogenic
166:volcanic
154:gneisses
147:terranes
114:Gondwana
107:Jurassic
70:Vaalbara
18:Kaapvaal
1295:Cratons
758:Orogens
642:shields
638:Cratons
546:, 02639
238:zircons
231:red bed
170:rifting
158:plutons
100:Lebombo
96:orogens
66:Archean
62:cratons
46:Limpopo
932:Aoukar
587:Plates
193:facies
826:Rifts
128:crust
640:and
138:and
40:The
526:doi
522:162
503:doi
499:127
478:doi
474:241
446:doi
442:108
132:arc
1286::
542:,
538:,
520:,
516:,
497:,
472:,
468:,
440:,
436:,
421:36
419:,
391:,
372:28
357:^
350:10
348:,
344:,
116:.
75:.
58:Ga
573:e
566:t
559:v
544:5
528::
509:.
505::
480::
452:.
448::
393:4
20:)
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