37:
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517:(Building G) was located. This was formed by a courtyard which was entered from the east and surrounded by several rooms. Among the finds was a statuette of Asklepios. There is also evidence for private architecture. Immediately to the south of Building D lies the Building I; a large structure which remained in use from the Late Classical period to Roman times. The proximity to the sanctuary suggests that the temenos of Poseidon was surrounded by the city at this time and not isolated from the urban landscape.
199:
1284:
290:
513:
Stoa. Stoa C (the fourth and final stoa) was erected at the same time to the north-east of
Building D. Facing the inner open area of the sanctuary it had an outer Doric and inner Ionic colonnade. An inscription suggests that the building functioned as an archive or was used for other administrative purposes.
512:
The next major phase of building activity also took place during the late 4th century BC. Structures were erected both inside and outside of the sanctuary. Stoa D was expanded by the large trapezoidal building D to the south. Building D was composed of three rectangular rooms that opened into the
504:
and was surrounded by a low wall with the main entrance on the east side and a smaller entrance in the south. Stoa D, a simple colonnaded hall, was constructed during the same period and is currently poorly preserved. Building E, usually interpreted as the sanctuary’s propylon, is somewhat better
499:
During the Late
Archaic period a number of buildings were erected, including the temple, Stoa D and the Propylon (Building E). Little is known about the temple constructed during this period as it was almost completely robbed out by the time of the early Swedish excavations and when modern work
508:
Building activity continued also during the
Classical period. Stoa A and Stoa B were constructed along the north side of the sanctuary. Only the foundation of the back wall of Stoa B is preserved. More is known of Stoa A which originally was a Doric building with polygonal walls covered in red
516:
Several buildings have also been revealed outside of the sanctuary itself. Building E was interpreted as a bouleuterion due to the many statue bases found in front of it. The large Stoa F was located just to the west of
Building E. On the other side of the modern road a rectangular structure
237:, and Kalauros, who sailed from an unspecified location and landed in different places on the Peloponnesus. Geraistos, Tainaros, and Kalaureia are all sanctuaries of Poseidon; in the towns of the latter two, one of the months of the year was named Geraistios (the only other
349:. Archaeology of the site suggested to Thomas Kelly that the sacred league was founded in the second quarter of the seventh century BCE, ca 680-650; before that date there were virtually no remains at the site, which could not have been used more than sporadically. A
509:
plaster and with an inner Ionic colonnade. The building was destroyed already in antiquity, probably around 100 BC. Later, in Roman times, it housed several small sheds with commercial activity, suggesting that the area had an economic function at this time.
685:.2 (April 1966:113-121); Kelly, who summarized preceding literature, was reviving a date postulated by Ernest Curtius, with new reasoning. He suggested that the league could have been formed as a defensive pact against the expansive tyrant
322:
the famous orator, condemned to death with his friends by the pro-Philip
Macedonian party at Athens, fled and took sanctuary in Poseidon's sanctuary; as Antipater's officers closed in, he took poison and died, 16 October 322 BCE.
520:
The most recent work on the site have focused on Area L to the south of the sanctuary and
Building I, across the modern road. The identification of several large pithoi suggests that the building filled a communal function.
470:
The
Sanctuary was excavated by Swedish archaeologists in 1894. These early excavations are treated in Ingrid Berg's PhD thesis (Stockholm University), published in 2016. Excavations were resumed in 1997, conducted by the
438:
celebrating the "revival" of the amphictyony, may have been based on a
Hellenistic invention; the feast certainly existed: a third-century BCE plaque celebrating the "revival" of the Kalaureian League has been recovered.
711:
The site of the temple was excavated in 1894 by the
Swedish archaeologists Sam Wide and Lennart Kjellberg and published in 1895; it had become overgrown and forgotten by tourists in the 1960s but has been
185:
and
Troezen; and, as one sails along the coast, one comes also to the island of Calauria, which has a circuit of one hundred and thirty stadia and is separated from the mainland by a strait four
432:, which he considered the harbour of Troezen, Strabo omitted. However, there is no archaeological evidence to corroborate this list, and modern scholars believe that a feast in the ancient
791:; the eighth-century date of Orchomenus' last access to the sea and the general agreement, following Strabo, that the league was a sea league, have affected the dating of the league.
214:
was built in the ancient sanctuary, possibly around 520 BCE. The dimensions of the temple are 27.4 by 14.4 m. There are six columns on each short side and twelve on each long side.
475:
in collaboration with the Greek National Heritage Board. The results of these new excavations are published in the Institute's journal Opuscula Atheniensia (-2007) and (with
454:(455 BCE) Troezen was an ally of Athens, and was apparently garrisoned by Athenian troops; but by this peace the Athenians were compelled to relinquish Troezen. (19.29)
1168:
Staden, guden och havet : en berättelse om Poseidons helgedom i Kalaureia efter de andra svenska utgrävningarna, 1997-2012 : slutrapport från ett forskningsprogram
893:
Penttinen, Arto; Wells, Berit; Mylona, Dimitra; Pakkanen, Petra; Pakkanen, Jari; Karivieri, Arja; Hooton, Anne; Savini, Emanuel; Theodoropoulou, Tatiana (2009-12-02).
608:
Schumacher, Rob W.M. “Three Related Sanctuaries of Poseidon.” Greek Sanctuaries: New Approaches. Eds. Marinatos, Nanno and Hägg, Robert, Routledge: New York, 1993.
36:
1329:
276:. Pausanias and Strabo both quote the following oracle: "For thee it is the same thing to possess Delos or Kalaureia / most holy Pytho or windy Taenarum."
1324:
505:
preserved. It has two identifiable rooms in addition to the entrance way, the rooms may have functioned as a bouleuterion or the seat of the amphictyony.
61:
813:
That is, Sparta took the place of Prasïeis, which was conquered by Sparta shortly after the middle of the sixth century (Kelly 1966:119, noting
1200:
879:
381:
And there was also a kind of Amphictyonic League connected with this temple, a league of seven cities which shared in the sacrifice; they were
249:). It is also theorized that the epithet Geraistios (Γεραίστιος) also applies to Kalaureia because all three sanctuaries function as asylums.
500:
started only foundation trenches and roof tiles remained. The temple was a peripteral building with 6×12 columns, constructed mainly out of
1339:
1344:
364:
831:
484:
1176:
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353:(περίβολος) wall enclosing the sanctuary site was built with the temple, but there are no earlier traces of structures. The
256:
of the temple says that it was bartered for by Poseidon himself, who received it from Apollo in exchange for his share of
1319:
662:
282:
702:
objects found at the site related to a few ancient burials without connection to Poseidon. (Kelly 1966:115, 116).
488:
345:, one of several Hellenic leagues of pre-classical times of which little is known, was centered on Kalaureia–the
1257:
2009. ‘Report on the excavations in the years 2007 and 2008 southeast of the Temple of Poseidon at Kalaureia’,
446:, the friendly connection between Athens and Troezen appears to have continued; and during the hegemony of the
530:
472:
1294:
1288:
895:"Report on the excavations in the years 2007 and 2008 southeast of the Temple of Poseidon at Kalaureia"
371:(Εἰρήνη) ("Peace"), clearly in reference to the amphictyony. A reference in Strabo gives a list of the
1334:
1309:
596:
462:
1224:"KalaureiaKalaureia, Poros (1894 and 1997– ongoing) - Kalaureia, Poros (1894 and 1997– ongoing)"
483:. In 2007-2012 the extensive research program "The City, the God, and the Sea" was financed by
451:
265:
230:
124:
827:
801:
406:
234:
800:
That is, Argos took the place of Nauplia; the Argives destroyed Nauplia shortly after the
487:, and a final report of the results, written in Swedish, is available with open access at
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1124:"Physical environment and daily life in the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia, Poros"
41:
The Harbour of Troezen and the Island of Calaurea with the adjacent coast, map of 1776
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Kalaureia 1894 : a cultural history of the first Swedish excavation in Greece
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Swedish Institute at Athens - The 2016 excavation campaign in Ancient Kalaureia:
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178:
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Swedish Institute at Athens - Kalaureia, Poros (1894 and 1997– ongoing) (2020):
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or sanctuary dedicated to Poseidon, may have been linked to the sanctuaries at
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96:
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1078:"Archaic pottery and terracottas from the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia"
479:) in Opuscula (2008-). The excavations are also presented at the Institute's
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Swedish Institute at Athens - The Kalaureia Excavation Project 2021 (2021):
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989:"A new inscribed statue base from the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia"
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942:"A smiting-god-figurine found in the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Kalaureia"
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Editorial Committee of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome
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Editorial Committee of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome
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Editorial Committee of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome
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Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome
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Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome
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Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome
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Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome
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726:"Religion and family politics in Hellenistic Kalaureia"
562:
https://www.sia.gr/en/articles.php?tid=546&page=1
556:
https://www.sia.gr/en/articles.php?tid=329&page=1
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https://www.sia.gr/en/articles.php?tid=80&page=1
544:
https://www.sia.gr/en/articles.php?tid=16&page=1
986:
1301:
987:Wallensten, Jenny; Pakkanen, Jari (2009-12-02).
542:Swedish Institute at Athens - Kalaureia (2015):
367:(Ταίναρος). The island was known at one time as
804:, of uncertain date in the mid-seventh century.
495:Archaeological finds during modern excavations
940:Wells, Berit; Karydas, Andreas (2009-12-02).
457:
233:gives the names of Zeus's sons as Geraistos,
1330:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Greece
1075:
939:
1325:Mycenaean sites in the Peloponnese (region)
333:It is claimed by the Hellenistic historian
1199:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
878:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
678:Thomas Kelly, "The Calaurian Amphictyony"
241:(πόλεις) with this month name are Sparta,
169:describes the coastwise journey along the
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272:, and Strabo referencing the history of
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466:Archaeological excavations at Kalaureia
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1076:Alexandridou, Alexandra (2013-12-02).
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413:paid dues for the Nauplians, and the
147:) is an island close to the coast of
1295:Kalaureia Archaeological Excavations
843:
778:"Kalaunia" (Kelly 1966:118 note 45).
667:Dictionary of Classical Antiquities,
225:(Γεραιστός), a word from an unknown
1340:Populated places in ancient Argolis
229:. A 6th century A.D. dictionary by
202:The site of the temple of Poseidon.
13:
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217:There is strong evidence that the
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1345:Former populated places in Greece
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834:(noted in Kelly 1966:121 note 70)
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159:, part of the modern island-pair
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787:That is, "Minyan Orchomenus, in
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680:American Journal of Archaeology
591:Page numbers refer to those of
177:The gulf begins at the town of
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221:of Poseidon at Kalaureia was
260:. This story is attested by
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1228:Swedish Institute at Athens
531:Swedish Institute at Athens
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473:Swedish Institute in Athens
417:for the Prasians. (Strabo,
307:Kalaureia was mentioned by
10:
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458:Archaeological excavations
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485:Riksbankens Jubileumsfond
318:It was to Kalaureia that
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55:
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1253:Penttinen, A., B. Wells
1165:Penttinen, Arto (2014).
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27:
1137:10.30549/opathrom-12-03
1095:10.30549/opathrom-06-05
1048:10.30549/opathrom-02-08
1035:"A tale of three drums"
1006:10.30549/opathrom-02-07
959:10.30549/opathrom-02-06
912:10.30549/opathrom-02-05
739:10.30549/opathrom-13-06
635:Callimachus, Frag. 221
617:Schumacher 1993, p. 63
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231:Stephanus of Byzantium
203:
844:Berg, Ingrid (2016).
828:Inscriptiones Graecae
589:. Vol. viii.6.3.
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347:Calaurian Amphictyony
329:Legendary amphictyony
227:pre-Hellenic language
201:
77:37.51861°N 23.47917°E
1291:at Wikimedia Commons
802:Second Messenian War
194:Pre-classical asylum
452:Thirty Years' Peace
407:Orchomenus Minyeius
73: /
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444:Greco-Persian Wars
302:Kalaureia (Greece)
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82:37.51861; 23.47917
19:
1287:Media related to
1178:978-91-7061-156-8
857:978-91-7649-467-7
766:In a fragment of
653:Geography, 8.6.14
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770:and in the
586:Geographica
502:poros stone
477:open access
450:before the
421:viii.6.14.)
343:amphictyony
341:, an early
320:Demosthenes
262:Callimachus
93:Archipelago
80: /
56:Coordinates
1304:Categories
1261:2, 89–134.
1233:2021-11-19
1151:2021-04-28
1109:2021-04-28
1088:: 81–150.
1062:2021-04-28
1020:2021-04-28
973:2021-04-28
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905:: 89–141.
866:1082199566
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442:After the
313:On Islands
68:23°28′45″E
65:37°31′07″N
1289:Kalaureia
1270:IG IV 841
1195:cite book
1187:914257466
1146:210270104
1104:194879100
1057:194830390
1015:194849496
968:193040834
921:190738121
874:cite book
815:Herodotus
768:Aristotle
748:228815029
700:Mycenaean
669:1894:182.
419:Geography
403:Nauplïeis
387:Epidaurus
361:Geraistos
351:peribolos
296:Kalaureia
266:Pausanias
254:aetiology
223:Geraistos
129:Καλαυρεία
121:Kalaureia
51:Geography
20:Kalaureia
1259:OpAthRom
525:See also
399:Prasïeis
383:Hermione
365:Tainaros
235:Tainaros
212:Poseidon
183:Hermione
145:Καλαυρία
137:Kalavria
133:Calauria
28:Καλαυρία
1315:Dorians
817:, i.82)
789:Boeotia
537:Sources
481:webpage
435:temenos
426:Troezen
411:Argives
356:temenos
274:Ephorus
270:Musaeus
243:Kalymna
219:epithet
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335:Strabo
258:Delphi
245:, and
239:poleis
187:stadia
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157:Greece
111:Greece
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1100:S2CID
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698:Some
568:Notes
489:rj.se
430:Poros
189:wide.
179:Asine
161:Poros
141:Greek
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