54:
660:—and placed in storage tanks for pumping to the community. The desalinated water is supplied to the clinic, hot water services and dedicated drinking water taps in private houses and the store, while untreated water is supplied for other uses in dwellings and around the community. All water supplied to the community is disinfected using UV sterilisation. The desalination plant was commissioned in 2005 by
61:
451:. In September 1873 during his second trip into the South Australian interior, he and another party member, William Tietkens, encountered 200 male Aboriginal men. The Europeans fired shots, allegedly in retaliation for the throwing of spears. The Europeans escaped unharmed; there is no mention of Aboriginal casualties. Giles later acknowledged that Aboriginal aggression was usually due to white
507:, and claimed the government reward. He constructed a mud hut and a dug-out dwelling at Shirley Well and ran some sheep, but continued to make long dogging trips westwards. Brown had an Aboriginal wife and several children, but in 1934 he married a white woman in Alice Springs. He abandoned his Aboriginal wife and their children, and his new wife joined him at Shirley Well.
568:
temporarily capped, but elder
Witjiti George said that he hoped the water could be used to support a cattle herd, helping to create jobs and an ongoing industry for isolated communities. The new source could also provide much needed drinking water. APY Lands general manager Richard King said the origin of the water was yet to be established, but the water is pure, with low
518:(now Pukatja) gained grazing rights there. After the abortive attempt in 1957 to jointly establish outstations west of Ernabella, it was decided in 1960 to establish an outstation on the Shirley Well block under the umbrella of Ernabella. Aboriginal people were camped at Shirley Well permanently, which made it easy to expand the sheep industry to include this area.
389:, Kaltjiti experiences summer maximum temperatures of an average of 37.1 °C (98.8 °F) in January and a winter maximum average temperature of 19.7 °C (67.5 °F) in June. Overnight lows range from a mean minimum temperature of 21.8 °C (71.2 °F) in January to 5.0 °C (41.0 °F) in June.
537:
During the late 1970s to early 1980s, Victor Harbor
Primary School started a yearly cultural exchange camp for their year 7 students. This camp involved a few days stay in Fregon where students would learn a little bit of local culture and language. This camp still runs as of 2021 and is an important
529:
who donated £5-10,000 to help missionaries establish a bore at the site. A site was chosen 4-5 kilometres south of
Shirley Well on the Officer Creek about 60 kilometres south west of Ernabella. The aim of the outstation was to provide training in cattle work and for the families to have
567:
It was reported in early 2019 that a new water source had been found at a site near
Kaljiti in a "palaeo-valley", where groundwater is held about 90 metres below the surface (existing sources being about 30m down). Core drill samples have been dated at 5–10 million years old. Pipes were
463:
Harold Brown established the first
European settlement in 1934 when he was granted the water permit for the Shirley Well block, 60 kilometres south of Ernabella. The well on the north side of the Officer creek was dug near the existing bore and the Browns built their house on the south side.
611:, though it has not been permanently staffed. As of 2020 a new, permanent policing complex is being built at Umuwa. It will accommodate officers with specialist response capabilities, as well provide a base for a mobile unit which will be deployed in Kaltjiti,
1181:
3038:
534:. It began with a school, a small hospital, a workshop, a small store and staff houses. There were four staff members including a schoolteacher, a nursing sister, an overseer and a cattle manager.
475:
to facilitate a cull encouraged by
Government bounties for dingo scalps to take up "dogging" themselves. In about 1929 they headed west on a dogging and prospecting trip that took them through the
1241:
3031:
596:
and run patrols in the area. There is a rudimentary shed structure that serves as a police station when police are present. As of April 2007, the community was served by one
2842:
3024:
2563:
1391:
1072:
2968:
180:
168:
3120:
840:
814:
530:
access to traditional country in the sandhills to the west. Fregon was administered through
Ernabella and it was not until 1968 that it had its own
294:
do not observe daylight savings unlike the rest of South
Australia. The time zone observed throughout the year is Australian Central Standard Time (
3003:
1117:
788:
1102:
455:
on black land. Giles named the river where this occurred "The
Officer", by which it was known until the 1930s when it was renamed Officer Creek.
2996:
53:
3125:
2961:
2868:
2850:
2570:
2335:
2346:
487:. They climbed the rock and left a message in a bottle for the next visitors. By the early 1930s Brown had established a base-camp in the
317:
2433:
1384:
86:
2975:
291:
156:
17:
1302:
889:
3130:
2989:
2556:
2493:
2890:
3048:
2982:
2300:
1788:
1400:
1377:
427:
251:
161:
2763:
2528:
2507:
525:
and their families. According to tradition, the community took the name "Fregon" at that time in honour of a Mr Fregon of
1211:
2911:
2472:
2451:
694:
1148:
895:
2479:
1276:
430:
people for "Kaltjiti (Fregon) and
Inintata Homelands" area is available, with a total of 212 in 2006 and 242 in 2011.
3115:
2915:
2426:
905:
723:
The community runs Kaltjiti Arts. It is one of ten Indigenous-owned and -governed art centres that go to make up the
556:
2824:
2177:
2022:
1121:
1109:
413:
3016:
2458:
939:
682:
communities, and a general store supplied weekly via road train and forming the main supply for the APY lands.
500:
370:
3079:
2904:
2521:
1978:
1869:
1268:
1172:
705:
632:
267:
2815:
2680:
1714:
698:
488:
79:
2549:
2514:
2500:
2486:
2465:
1971:
975:
511:
412:
In 1986 the population was recorded as 268; in 1991, it was 310 and in 1996 it was 299, according to the
173:
2923:
2584:
2535:
1964:
1935:
1920:
1230:
299:
271:
2036:
1855:
1186:
724:
711:
A permit is required for a member of the public to visit any community on the APY Lands, as they are
686:
934:
652:
to the community is supplied from the central powerhouse at Umuwa, while water is provided from six
3084:
2897:
2833:
2542:
2314:
1985:
1943:
1876:
515:
366:
362:
263:
1282:(Report). Vol. 3. Government of South Australia. Dept of Treasury and Finance. 18 June 2019.
3074:
2702:
2694:
1993:
1848:
1841:
1581:
678:
There is a health clinic run by Nganampa Health Council with a doctor who visits both Fregon and
275:
1136:
3089:
3059:
2749:
2698:
2610:
2321:
2219:
1884:
1819:
1798:
1165:
589:
444:
401:
386:
358:
259:
138:
122:
2940:
2717:
2673:
2577:
2184:
2121:
1950:
1140:
552:
247:
1261:
890:
Parliament of Australia. House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs;
2756:
1215:
1182:"New police complex at Umuwa and mobile pop-up station in $ 4.28 million APY Lands project"
1151:(Press release). Australian Government. Dept of Prime Minister and Cabinet. 18 October 2018
668:
526:
8:
2687:
2617:
1735:
1046:
597:
573:
1369:
1306:
1212:"Water discovery in ancient underground valley boosts hopes of development in APY Lands"
2631:
2328:
1686:
1518:
1471:
1422:
922:
287:
377:. The creek is usually a dry sandy bed and only flows at times of very high rainfall.
2659:
2652:
2254:
2156:
1450:
1283:
901:
420:
2710:
2666:
2624:
2401:
2261:
2107:
1672:
1532:
1436:
649:
620:
496:
492:
185:
1334:
3046:
2645:
2638:
2247:
2079:
1742:
891:
628:
545:
504:
476:
346:
255:
40:
635:
agency budget estimates the completion date as June 2021, with a total spend of
353:. Kaltjiti is also situated approximately 137 kilometres (85 mi) from the
2930:
2724:
2307:
2282:
2212:
2100:
2065:
2058:
2029:
1928:
1721:
1665:
1429:
604:
468:
354:
350:
258:, comprising one of the six main communities on "The Lands" (the others being
3109:
2731:
2240:
2233:
2198:
2191:
2170:
2149:
2093:
2072:
2051:
2044:
1763:
1560:
1415:
1287:
374:
332:
319:
101:
88:
974:"Police Stations like ill-equipped sheds", Adelaide Advertiser, 7 July 2007
664:
and has a total capacity of 160 kilolitres (5,700 cu ft) per day.
2408:
2275:
2268:
2226:
2128:
2086:
1749:
1616:
657:
616:
541:
448:
704:
A mobile polling booth visits Kaltjiti every 4 years for elections of the
2394:
2205:
2163:
2135:
2114:
2015:
1728:
1553:
624:
480:
956:
2781:
1898:
1770:
1756:
1693:
1679:
1595:
1525:
1511:
1443:
712:
690:
3069:
2387:
2367:
1812:
1651:
1574:
1483:
1475:
612:
522:
295:
345:) is situated approximately 45 kilometres (28 mi) south of the
2142:
1957:
1658:
1637:
1630:
1602:
1567:
1546:
1245:
661:
643:
569:
531:
452:
303:
1358:
1322:
841:"2011 Census QuickStats: Kaltjiti (Fregon) and Inintata Homelands"
815:"2006 Census QuickStats: Kaltjiti (Fregon) and Inintata Homelands"
521:
Fregon was built with government assistance in 1961 as a base for
3094:
2360:
1891:
1862:
1623:
1609:
1588:
1539:
1497:
1457:
1202:
1003:
679:
1916:
1700:
1644:
1504:
1490:
1464:
1262:"South Australian Department of Primary Industry and Resources"
747:
745:
593:
373:, which in turn flows from South Australia's highest mountain,
991:
2788:
1834:
1805:
1707:
1073:"New gallery run for and by Anangu artists opens in Adelaide"
608:
577:
484:
472:
1229:
962:
757:
742:
467:
Brown and his colleague Allan Brumby had been encouraged by
1346:
897:
Inquiry into the Aboriginal homelands movement in Australia
672:
653:
392:
Annual rainfall averages 222.6 millimetres (8.76 in).
2843:
Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981
1399:
944:
769:
693:
court with night lights. As with most APY settlements,
1277:
State Budget 2019–20: Agency Statement: Budget Paper 4
1301:
1275:
1027:
1009:
588:
Kaltjiti does not have a permanent police presence.
1015:
2564:Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park
1147:
997:
979:
1135:
1116:
859:
763:
751:
252:Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY lands)
3107:
192:
1210:Martin, Patrick; Puddy, Rebecca (25 May 2019).
1149:"Enhanced police service delivery on APY Lands"
1118:"2016 Census QuickStats: Kaltjiti (Fregon) (L)"
675:) opportunities are provided to the community.
2869:List of native title claims in South Australia
3032:
2571:Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park
1385:
1101:
775:
1209:
950:
871:
447:of a community at Kaltjiti was by explorer
3039:
3025:
2473:Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park (part)
1392:
1378:
426:In 2006 and 2011, only the total count of
3121:Aboriginal communities in South Australia
1242:"SAWater – Desalination across the state"
1201:
1137:"Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology data"
1033:
883:
60:
404:, Kaltjiti's population was 220 people.
2557:Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park
1240:
1021:
572:. Government experts were working with
14:
3108:
2851:Laws concerning Indigenous Australians
1179:
985:
715:lands owned by the Aboriginal people.
538:experience for all students involved.
3126:Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
3049:Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
3020:
2301:Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
1401:Aboriginal peoples of South Australia
1373:
1260:
1180:Henson, Elizabeth (17 October 2018).
1070:
865:
833:
807:
781:
619:. The service will work closely with
548:and transport business in the 1980s.
428:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
162:Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
2529:Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area
2508:Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park
1339:Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Media
1039:
789:"2001 Census QuickStats: Fregon (L)"
499:. Brown sank a successful well near
2912:Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy
2494:Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park
695:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
671:. Technical and further education (
514:resumed Brown's lease in 1939, and
491:and was dogging as far west as the
24:
2480:Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park
1315:
1231:"SA Police Association Newsletter"
1166:"History Trust of South Australia"
471:' stories of successfully hunting
385:Based on the climate records from
357:. Kaltjiti lies directly south of
25:
3142:
900:. Published online 12 June 2011.
847:. Australian Bureau of Statistics
821:. Australian Bureau of Statistics
795:. Australian Bureau of Statistics
551:The settlement was funded by the
290:and proximity to the border, the
2891:Aborigines' Friends' Association
2782:Aṉangu (Western Desert language)
1163:
963:SA Police Association Newsletter
877:
580:to learn more about the source.
59:
52:
2825:Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966
1122:Australian Bureau of Statistics
1110:Australian Bureau of Statistics
1064:
968:
562:
458:
438:
414:Australian Bureau of Statistics
395:
3131:Australian Aboriginal missions
2459:Elliot Price Conservation Park
369:. The community straddles the
13:
1:
2905:Avenue Range Station massacre
2522:Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park
1269:Government of South Australia
1173:Government of South Australia
1071:Marsh, Walter (20 May 2019).
718:
706:Parliament of South Australia
633:Government of South Australia
583:
2816:Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988
735:
699:Special Broadcasting Service
433:
309:
281:
7:
2550:Strzelecki Regional Reserve
2515:Mamungari Conservation Park
2501:Innamincka Regional Reserve
2487:Lake Gairdner National Park
2466:Gawler Ranges National Park
2444:Co-managed protected areas:
2419:Indigenous protected areas:
1303:"UCA List of Congregations"
512:South Australian Government
443:The first recording by non-
10:
3147:
2924:History of South Australia
2789:Nunga (Aboriginal English)
2585:Yumbarra Conservation Park
2536:Nullarbor Regional Reserve
2336:List of Aboriginal schools
1094:
1010:SA Govt Budget report 2019
701:television are available.
423:, the population was 245.
407:
380:
286:Due to its links with the
151:524 m (1,719 ft)
3055:
2950:
2882:
2860:
2809:
2802:
2773:
2741:
2605:
2598:
2443:
2418:
2355:
2345:
2292:
2037:Poltpalingada Booboorowie
2007:
1908:
1787:
1780:
1407:
1051:APY Art Centre Collective
725:APY Art Centre Collective
687:Australian Rules Football
623:service agencies address
229:
191:
179:
167:
155:
147:
137:
129:
117:
78:
47:
34:
18:Kaltjiti, South Australia
3116:Towns in South Australia
3047:Towns and localities of
2898:Australian frontier wars
2834:Aboriginal Witnesses Act
2543:Pureba Conservation Park
2315:Gerard Community Council
730:
2695:Western Desert language
998:DPMC media release 2018
951:Martin & Puddy 2019
727:, established in 2013.
656:—a portion of which is
29:Town in South Australia
2750:Lower Murray languages
2322:Kupa Piṯi Kungka Tjuṯa
2220:Eileen Yaritja Stevens
752:Census Quickstats 2016
642:Kaltjiti has a sealed
631:issues. The 2019–2020
590:South Australia Police
445:Indigenous Australians
402:2016 Australian census
102:26.76500°S 131.03333°E
2956:By state or territory
2941:Waterloo Bay massacre
2578:Witjira National Park
2452:Dhilba Guuranda-Innes
2122:Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin
1715:Western Desert people
1141:Bureau of Meteorology
764:Bureau of Meteorology
349:and lies west of the
2757:Thura-Yura languages
2667:Ngamini (Yarluyandi)
1351:Fregon Anangu School
1103:"1999 ABS Yearbook;"
669:Fregon Anangu School
637:A$ 4.28 million
107:-26.76500; 131.03333
1077:The Adelaide Review
598:community constable
574:Flinders University
333:26.765°S 132.0333°E
329: /
181:Federal division(s)
169:State electorate(s)
98: /
2969:Northern Territory
2725:Yarli (Malyangapa)
2329:Maralinga Tjarutja
2185:Lowitja O'Donoghue
1519:Maralinga Tjarutja
1327:PY Law and Culture
1323:"Fregon Community"
1309:on 30 August 2007.
1169:(Conference Paper)
559:during the 1980s.
553:federal government
288:Northern Territory
3103:
3102:
3014:
3013:
3004:Western Australia
2878:
2877:
2798:
2797:
2594:
2593:
2255:Natasha Wanganeen
2157:Natascha McNamara
2003:
2002:
1474:, (including the
1248:. 28 January 2020
1047:"Our Art Centres"
776:ABS Yearbook 1999
667:Kaltjiti has the
421:Australian Census
416:' 1999 Yearbook.
338:-26.765; 132.0333
237:
236:
233:
232:
67:Kaltjiti (Fregon)
36:Kaltjiti (Fregon)
16:(Redirected from
3138:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2943:
2936:
2926:
2919:
2916:Royal Commission
2907:
2900:
2893:
2871:
2853:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2807:
2806:
2791:
2784:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2742:Language groups:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2603:
2602:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
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2538:
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2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2436:
2434:Mount Willoughby
2429:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2262:Ginger Wikilyiri
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2108:Stevie Goldsmith
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2025:
2018:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1924:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1785:
1784:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1310:
1305:. Archived from
1298:
1296:
1294:
1281:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1206:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1176:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
938:
932:
928:
926:
918:
916:
914:
892:Blanchard, Allen
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
856:
854:
852:
837:
831:
830:
828:
826:
811:
805:
804:
802:
800:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
685:Kaltjiti has an
650:Electrical power
638:
621:child protection
497:Warburton Ranges
489:Petermann Ranges
344:
343:
341:
340:
339:
334:
330:
327:
326:
325:
322:
298:), in line with
193:
113:
112:
110:
109:
108:
103:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
63:
62:
56:
43:
37:
32:
31:
21:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3051:
3045:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2983:South Australia
2981:
2974:
2967:
2962:New South Wales
2960:
2955:
2946:
2939:
2929:
2922:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2874:
2867:
2856:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2703:Yankunytjatjara
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2366:
2359:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2248:Gavin Wanganeen
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2080:Kevin Buzzacott
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
1999:
1992:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1927:
1915:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1743:Yankunytjatjara
1741:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1403:
1398:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1318:
1316:Further reading
1313:
1292:
1290:
1279:
1264:
1251:
1249:
1233:
1220:
1218:
1203:"Kaltjiti Arts"
1192:
1190:
1168:
1154:
1152:
1126:
1124:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
973:
969:
961:
957:
949:
945:
930:
929:
920:
919:
912:
910:
908:
888:
884:
876:
872:
864:
860:
850:
848:
839:
838:
834:
824:
822:
813:
812:
808:
798:
796:
787:
786:
782:
774:
770:
762:
758:
750:
743:
738:
733:
721:
636:
629:family violence
586:
565:
546:cattle industry
505:Musgrave Ranges
503:, south of the
461:
441:
436:
410:
398:
383:
347:Musgrave Ranges
337:
335:
331:
328:
323:
320:
318:
316:
315:
312:
284:
256:South Australia
224:
219:
214:
207:Annual rainfall
106:
104:
100:
97:
92:
89:
87:
85:
84:
74:
73:
72:
71:
70:
69:
68:
64:
41:South Australia
39:
38:
35:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3144:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3021:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2927:
2920:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2820:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2764:Sign languages
2760:
2753:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2699:Pitjantjatjara
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2364:
2356:
2350:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2308:Aṉangu schools
2304:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2283:Tjayanka Woods
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2213:Tauto Sansbury
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2101:Gladys Elphick
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2066:Shaun Burgoyne
2062:
2059:Peter Burgoyne
2055:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2030:Maringka Baker
2026:
2019:
2011:
2009:
2008:Notable people
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1988:(Point McLeay)
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1925:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1792:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1666:Pitjantjatjara
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1355:
1347:"About Fregon"
1343:
1331:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1299:
1273:
1258:
1238:
1227:
1207:
1199:
1187:The Advertiser
1177:
1161:
1145:
1133:
1114:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1063:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
967:
955:
943:
931:|website=
906:
894:(March 1987).
882:
870:
858:
845:ABS Quickstats
832:
819:ABS Quickstats
806:
793:ABS Quickstats
780:
768:
756:
740:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
720:
717:
605:police station
585:
582:
564:
561:
544:wiped out the
483:and as far as
469:R. M. Williams
460:
457:
440:
437:
435:
432:
409:
406:
397:
394:
382:
379:
355:Stuart Highway
351:Everard Ranges
311:
308:
283:
280:
235:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
221:
216:
210:
209:
204:
199:
189:
188:
183:
177:
176:
171:
165:
164:
159:
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
141:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
119:
115:
114:
82:
76:
75:
66:
65:
58:
57:
51:
50:
49:
48:
45:
44:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3143:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:Adnyamathanha
2608:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:Organisations
2291:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:James Unaipon
2238:
2235:
2234:David Unaipon
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:Frances Rings
2196:
2193:
2192:Alitya Rigney
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2178:Lewis O'Brien
2175:
2172:
2171:Betty Muffler
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:Tjungkara Ken
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:Nyakul Dawson
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:Hector Burton
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2052:Iris Burgoyne
2049:
2046:
2045:Jack Buckskin
2042:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:Killalpaninna
1948:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1764:Yawarrawarrka
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1561:Ngaanyatjarra
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1416:Adnyamathanha
1413:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1364:
1363:Kaltjiti Arts
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1217:
1214:. Australia:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1034:Kaltjiti Arts
1030:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1006:
999:
994:
987:
982:
976:
971:
964:
959:
952:
947:
941:
936:
924:
909:
907:0-644-06201-0
903:
899:
898:
893:
886:
879:
874:
867:
862:
846:
842:
836:
820:
816:
810:
794:
790:
784:
777:
772:
765:
760:
753:
748:
746:
741:
728:
726:
716:
714:
709:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
676:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
645:
640:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
592:are based at
591:
581:
579:
575:
571:
560:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
533:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
501:Officer Creek
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
456:
454:
450:
446:
431:
429:
424:
422:
417:
415:
405:
403:
393:
390:
388:
378:
376:
375:Ngarutjaranya
372:
371:Officer Creek
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
342:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:community in
249:
245:
241:
228:
222:
217:
212:
211:
208:
205:
203:
202:Mean min temp
200:
198:
197:Mean max temp
195:
194:
190:
187:
184:
182:
178:
175:
172:
170:
166:
163:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
83:
81:
77:
55:
46:
42:
33:
27:
19:
3080:Pipalyatjara
3064:
2931:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2718:Yandruwandha
2688:Wangkangurru
2674:Ngarrindjeri
2409:Wati-kutjara
2379:
2375:
2371:
2276:Chad Wingard
2269:Norah Wilson
2227:Moogy Sumner
2129:Ruby Hammond
2087:Vince Copley
2039:(Tom Walker)
1979:Point Pearce
1870:Pipalyatjara
1826:
1750:Yardliyawara
1736:Yandruwandha
1617:Ngarrindjeri
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1307:the original
1291:. Retrieved
1271:. p. i.
1250:. Retrieved
1219:. Retrieved
1191:. Retrieved
1185:
1153:. Retrieved
1125:. Retrieved
1080:. Retrieved
1076:
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1050:
1041:
1029:
1022:SAWater 2020
1017:
1005:
993:
981:
970:
958:
946:
911:. Retrieved
896:
885:
873:
868:, p. i.
861:
849:. Retrieved
844:
835:
823:. Retrieved
818:
809:
797:. Retrieved
792:
783:
771:
759:
722:
710:
703:
689:field and a
684:
677:
666:
648:
641:
617:Pipalyatjara
602:
587:
566:
563:21st century
550:
542:Tuberculosis
540:
536:
520:
509:
466:
462:
459:20th century
449:Ernest Giles
442:
439:19th century
425:
419:In the 2001
418:
411:
399:
396:Demographics
391:
384:
313:
302:rather than
285:
268:Pipalyatjara
243:
239:
238:
206:
201:
196:
26:
2697:(dialects:
2618:Antakirinja
2395:Muldjewangk
2368:'Dreamtime'
2349:and culture
2206:Nura Rupert
2164:Patty Mills
2136:Ruby Hunter
2115:Adam Goodes
2023:Jimmy Baker
2016:Ian Abdulla
1938:(Umeewarra)
1879:(Ernabella)
1781:Communities
1729:Wongkanguru
1687:Tanganekald
1472:Jarildekald
1423:Antakirinja
1164:Gara, Tom.
986:Henson 2018
658:desalinated
625:child abuse
603:There is a
481:Mann Ranges
336: /
324:132°02′00″E
139:Postcode(s)
130:Established
123:2016 census
105: /
80:Coordinates
3110:Categories
2976:Queensland
1972:Oak Valley
1899:Yunyarinyi
1771:Yirawirung
1757:Yarluyandi
1694:Thangkaali
1680:Ramindjeri
1596:Ngangaruku
1526:Mardidjali
1512:Malyangapa
1451:Bungandidj
1444:Bodaruwitj
1335:"Kaltjiti"
1293:16 January
1252:28 January
1127:14 January
866:SADPI 2005
719:Art centre
691:basketball
584:Facilities
557:outstation
321:26°45′54″S
314:Kaltjiti (
248:Aboriginal
242:(formerly
121:220 (
118:Population
90:26°45′54″S
3070:Indulkana
2681:Paakantyi
2632:Barngarla
2599:Languages
2388:Tjilbruke
2380:tjukurrpa
2376:mura-mura
1965:Nepabunna
1936:Davenport
1929:Colebrook
1921:Poonindie
1813:Indulkana
1789:APY Lands
1673:Portaulun
1652:Peramangk
1575:Ngayawang
1533:Meintangk
1484:Karangura
1476:Mulbarapa
1437:Barngarla
1288:1440-8589
933:ignored (
923:cite book
913:16 August
736:Citations
613:Indulkana
523:cattlemen
516:Ernabella
493:Rawlinson
363:Ernabella
310:Geography
292:APY Lands
282:Time zone
272:Indulkana
223:222.6 mm
148:Elevation
93:131°2′0″E
3065:Kaltjiti
2997:Victoria
2990:Tasmania
2934:massacre
2660:Ngadjuri
2653:Narungga
2402:Ngiṉṯaka
2347:Religion
2143:Ivaritji
1958:Koonibba
1856:Mintabie
1829:(Fregon)
1827:Kaltjiti
1659:Pilatapa
1638:Ngurunta
1631:Ngintait
1603:Ngaralda
1568:Ngadjuri
1547:Narungga
1246:SA Water
1216:ABC News
1082:15 March
1056:16 March
851:14 March
825:14 March
799:14 March
713:freehold
662:SA Water
644:airstrip
576:and the
570:salinity
532:airstrip
527:Victoria
477:Musgrave
453:trespass
304:Adelaide
296:UTC+9:30
246:) is an
240:Kaltjiti
218:13.6 °C
213:28.7 °C
3095:Watarru
3085:Pukatja
2883:History
2711:Wirangu
2625:Arabana
2427:Watarru
2382:, etc.)
2361:Arkaroo
1986:Raukkan
1892:Watarru
1877:Pukatja
1863:Nyapaṟi
1722:Wirangu
1624:Ngawadj
1610:Ngarkat
1589:Ngameni
1540:Mirning
1498:Kokatha
1458:Dhirari
1430:Arabana
1408:Peoples
1095:Sources
680:Pukatja
473:dingoes
434:History
408:History
400:In the
381:Climate
367:Pukatja
264:Pukatja
133:c. 1934
3075:Mimili
2861:Cases:
2774:Words:
2646:Kaurna
1994:Yalata
1944:Gerard
1917:Akenta
1909:Other:
1849:Mimili
1842:Makiri
1701:Wailpi
1645:Nukunu
1582:Ngalia
1505:Kuyani
1491:Kaurna
1359:"Home"
1286:
1221:26 May
1193:7 July
1155:7 July
904:
594:Mimili
555:as an
300:Darwin
276:Mimili
244:Fregon
225:8.8 in
157:LGA(s)
3090:Umuwa
3060:Amata
2932:Maria
2639:Dieri
1885:Umuwa
1835:Kaṉpi
1820:Kalka
1806:Iltur
1799:Amaṯa
1708:Warki
1465:Dieri
1280:(PDF)
1265:(PDF)
1234:(PDF)
1106:(PDF)
731:Notes
654:bores
609:Umuwa
578:CSIRO
485:Uluru
387:Marla
359:Umuwa
260:Amata
220:56 °F
215:84 °F
174:Giles
2803:Laws
2732:Yuyu
2372:muda
1554:Nauo
1295:2020
1284:ISSN
1254:2020
1223:2019
1195:2019
1157:2019
1129:2020
1084:2020
1058:2020
935:help
915:2020
902:ISBN
878:Gara
853:2020
827:2020
801:2020
697:and
673:TAFE
627:and
615:and
510:The
495:and
479:and
361:and
274:and
186:Grey
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