1056:
1825:
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complete lack of gene flow, and points to indigenous origins for the technological and linguistic changes. They attributed the disparity between their results and previous findings to improvements in technology; none of the other studies had utilised complete Y chromosome sequencing, which has the highest precision. For example, use of a ten Y STRs method has been shown to massively underestimate divergence times. Gene flow across the island-dotted 150-kilometre-wide (93 mi) Torres Strait, is both geographically plausible and demonstrated by the data, although at this point it could not be determined from this study when within the last 10,000 years it may have occurred—newer analytical techniques have the potential to address such questions.
1297:
937:
808:
1306:
1767:
819:
1277:
748:
200:
218:
510:
547:
92:
953:, which shares high amounts of genetic drift with Aboriginal Australians and Papuans. This suggests that a population split from the common ancestor of Aboriginal Australians and Papuans. The sample also shows genetic affinity with East Asians and the Andamanese people of South Asia. The authors note that this hunter-gatherer sample can be modelled with ~50% Papuan-related ancestry and either with ~50% East Asian or Andamanese Onge ancestry, highlighting the deep split between Leang Panninge and Aboriginal/Papuans.
305:
54:
146:
5367:
182:
164:
1286:
329:
128:
5564:
1360:
110:
1969:
et al. 2016), it is reasonable to describe
Papuans as either an almost even mixture between East Asians and a lineage basal to West and East Asians occurred sometimes between 45 and 38 ka, or as a sister lineage of East Asians with or without a minor basal OoA or xOoA contribution. We here chose to parsimoniously describe Papuans as a simple sister group of Tianyuan, cautioning that this may be just one out of six equifinal possibilities."
1811:
527:
5481:
872:, into Australia, where they stayed. As a result, outside of Africa, the Aboriginal peoples have occupied the same territory continuously longer than any other human populations. These findings suggest that modern Aboriginal Australians are the direct descendants of the eastern wave, who left Africa up to 75,000 years ago. This finding is compatible with earlier archaeological finds of
1019:(Philippines area) groups diverged from the Aboriginal about 36,000 years ago (there is supporting evidence that these populations are descended from migrants taking an early "southern route" out of Africa, before other groups in the area). Also the Indian and Australian populations mixed long before European contact, with this gene flow occurring during the Holocene (
1666:) and have a strong connection to the land. Contemporary Indigenous Australian beliefs are a complex mixture, varying by region and individual across the continent. They are shaped by traditional beliefs, the disruption of colonisation, religions brought to the continent by Europeans, and contemporary issues. Traditional cultural beliefs are passed down and shared by
928:). The sea levels rose and isolated Australia about 10,000 years ago, but Aboriginal Australians and Papuans diverged from each other genetically earlier, about 37,000 years BP, possibly because the remaining land bridge was impassable. This isolation makes the Aboriginal people the world's oldest culture. The study also found evidence of an unknown
1210:, people who self-identified on the census form as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin totalled 812,728 out of a total of 25,422,788 Australians, equating to 3.2% of Australia's population and an increase of 163,557 people, or 25.2%, since the previous census in 2016. Reasons for the increase were broadly as follows:
1084:, helps to regulate body temperature in response to fever. The effect of this is that the desert people are able to have a higher body temperature without accelerating the activity of the whole of the body, which can be especially detrimental in childhood diseases. This helps protect people to survive the side-effects of infection.
1752:
want more culturally-aware health care programs. Similarly, culturally-relative programs targeting indigenous youth have actively challenged suicide ideation among younger indigenous populations, with many social and emotional wellbeing programs using cultural information to provide coping mechanisms and improving mental health.
1698:). Some core structures and themes are shared across the continent with details and additional elements varying between language and cultural groups. For example, in The Dreamtime of most regions, a spirit creates the earth then tells the humans to treat the animals and the earth in a way which is respectful to land. In
841:, sharing drift with them than compared to the groups from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. This indicates that populations in Australia were isolated for a long time from the rest of Southeast Asia. They remained untouched by migrations and population expansions into that area, which can be explained by the
1576:
However, these lists are neither exhaustive nor definitive, and there are overlaps. Different approaches have been taken by non-Aboriginal scholars in trying to understand and define
Aboriginal culture and societies, some focusing on the micro-level (tribe, clan, etc.), and others on shared languages
1046:
Bergstrom's 2018 doctoral thesis looking at the population of Sahul suggests that other than relatively recent admixture, the populations of the region appear to have been genetically independent from the rest of the world since their divergence about 50,000 years ago. He writes "There is no evidence
1968:
Genetics and material culture support repeated expansions into
Paleolithic Eurasia from a population hub out of Africa, Vallini et al. 2022 (April 4, 2022): "Taken together with a lower bound of the final settlement of Sahul at 37 ka (the date of the deepest population splits estimated by Malaspinas
1221:
Non-demographic factors, which are complex to quantify, include persons identifying as
Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander in a particular census, and changes in census coverage and response – such as persons completing a census form in 2021 but not in 2016. These factors accounted for 56.5% of
405:
Contemporary
Aboriginal beliefs are a complex mixture, varying by region and individual across the continent. They are shaped by traditional beliefs, the disruption of colonisation, religions brought to the continent by Europeans, and contemporary issues. Traditional cultural beliefs are passed down
1982:
analysis confirmed this branching pattern, with the Leang
Panninge individual branching off from the Near Oceanian clade after the Denisovan gene flow. The most supported topology indicates around 50% of a basal East Asian component contributing to the Leang Panninge genome (fig. 3c, supplementary
1782:
of the 1970s and 1980s, when
Aboriginal people moved to tiny remote settlements on traditional land, brought health benefits, but funding them proved expensive, training and employment opportunities were not provided in many cases, and support from governments dwindled in the 2000s, particularly in
1747:
Due to the aforementioned disadvantage, Aboriginal
Australian communities experience a higher rate of suicide, as compared to non-indigenous communities. These issues stem from a variety of different causes unique to indigenous communities, such as historical trauma, socioeconomic disadvantage, and
1612:
includes many distinct peoples who have developed across
Australia for over 50,000 years. These peoples have a broadly shared, though complex, genetic history, but it is only in the last two hundred years that they have been defined and started to self-identify as a single group, socio-politically.
904:
to tropical parts of Asia and that they interbred with modern humans in
Southeast Asia 44,000 years BP, before Australia separated from New Guinea approximately 11,700 years BP. They contributed DNA to Aboriginal Australians and to present-day New Guineans and an indigenous tribe in the Philippines
1751:
To combat the increased suicide rate, many researchers have suggested that the inclusion of more cultural aspects into suicide prevention programs would help to combat mental health issues within the community. Past studies have found that many indigenous leaders and community members, do in fact,
940:
The initial human settlement of Oceania is estimated to have been between 60,000 and 40,000 years ago. Archaeogenetic results indicate a colonisation of southern Sahul (Australia) before 37,000 years ago and an incubation period in northern Sahul (Papua New Guinea), followed by westward expansions
620:
that started about 11,700 years ago. Scholars of this ancient history believe that it would have been difficult for Aboriginal people to have originated purely from mainland Asia. Not enough people would have migrated to Australia and surrounding islands to fulfill the beginning of the size of the
1581:
have encountered many difficulties in trying to define what constitutes an Aboriginal people/community/group/tribe, let alone naming them. Knowledge of pre-colonial Aboriginal cultures and societal groupings is still largely dependent on the observers' interpretations, which were filtered through
856:
to study their genetic makeup (which is not representative of all Aboriginal peoples in Australia). The study concluded that the Warlpiri are descended from ancient Asians whose DNA is still somewhat present in Southeastern Asian groups, although greatly diminished. The Warlpiri DNA lacks certain
1639:
refers to Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and the term is conventionally only used when both groups are included in the topic being addressed, or by self-identification by a person as Indigenous. (Torres Strait Islanders are ethnically and culturally distinct, despite
1042:
The 2016 study's authors concluded that, although this does not disprove the presence of any Holocene gene flow or non-genetic influences from South Asia at that time, and the appearance of the dingo does provide strong evidence for external contacts, the evidence overall is consistent with a
401:
and varying degrees of technology and settlements. Languages (or dialects) and language-associated groups of people are connected with stretches of territory known as "Country", with which they have a profound spiritual connection. Over the millennia, Aboriginal people developed complex trade
1038:
technology. They investigated their divergence times from Y chromosomes in other continents, including comparing the haplogroup C chromosomes. They found a divergence time of about 54,100 years between the Sahul C chromosome and its closest relative C5, as well as about 54,300 years between
1798:
stressed the importance of taking a demand-driven approach to services in desert settlements, and concluded that "if top-down solutions continue to be imposed without appreciating the fundamental drivers of settlement in desert regions, then those solutions will continue to be partial, and
1023:
4,200 years ago). The researchers had two theories for this: either some Indians had contact with people in Indonesia who eventually transferred those Indian genes to Aboriginal Australians, or a group of Indians migrated from India to Australia and intermingled with the locals directly.
932:
group, distantly related to Denisovans, with whom the Aboriginal and Papuan ancestors must have interbred, leaving a trace of about 4% in most Aboriginal Australians' genome. There is, however, increased genetic diversity among Aboriginal Australians based on geographical distribution.
991:
technology. Smaller tools were used. Human contact has thus been inferred, and genetic data of two kinds have been proposed to support a gene flow from India to Australia: firstly, signs of South Asian components in Aboriginal Australian genomes, reported on the basis of genome-wide
1253:). Some Aboriginal people, especially those living in remote areas, are multi-lingual. Many of the original 250–400 Aboriginal languages (more than 250 languages and about 800 dialectal varieties on the continent) are endangered or extinct, although some efforts are being made at
1959:"The re-excavation of Karnatukul (Serpent's Glen) has provided evidence for the human occupation of the Australian Western Desert to before 47,830 cal. BP (modelled median age). This new sequence is 20,000 years older than the previous known age for occupation at this site."
1039:
haplogroups K*/M and their closest haplogroups R and Q. The deep divergence time of 50,000-plus years with the South Asian chromosome and "the fact that the Aboriginal Australian Cs share a more recent common ancestor with Papuan Cs" excludes any recent genetic contact.
565:
DNA studies have confirmed that "Aboriginal Australians are one of the oldest living populations in the world, certainly the oldest outside of Africa." Their ancestors left the African continent 75,000 years ago. They may have the oldest continuous culture on earth. In
396:
Aboriginal Australians have a wide variety of cultural practices and beliefs that make up the oldest continuous cultures in the world. At the time of European colonisation of Australia, the Aboriginal people consisted of complex cultural societies with more than 250
1794:. These communities have between 20 and 300 inhabitants and are often closed to outsiders for cultural reasons. The long-term viability and resilience of Aboriginal communities in desert areas has been discussed by scholars and policy-makers. A 2007 report by the
1217:
factors – births, deaths and migration – accounted for 43.5% of the increase (71,086 people). In turn, 76.2% of that increase was attributed to people aged 0–19 years in 2021, broken down as 52.5% for 0–4 year olds (births since 2016) and 23.7% for 5–19 year
3656:
Bergström, Anders; Nagle, Nano; Chen, Yuan; McCarthy, Shane; Pollard, Martin O.; Ayub, Qasim; Wilcox, Stephen; Wilcox, Leah; van Oorschot, Roland A. H.; McAllister, Peter; Williams, Lesley; Xue, Yali; Mitchell, R. John; Tyler-Smith, Chris (21 March 2016).
1047:
for South Asian gene flow to Australia .... Despite Sahul being a single connected landmass until , different groups across Australia are nearly equally related to Papuans, and vice versa, and the two appear to have separated genetically already ."
1356:, historically, these groups lived in three main cultural areas, the Northern, Southern and Central cultural areas. The Northern and Southern areas, having richer natural marine and woodland resources, were more densely populated than the Central area.
1726:. Similarly, the Arrernte people of central Australia believed that humanity originated from great superhuman ancestors who brought the sun, wind and rain as a result of breaking through the surface of the Earth when waking from their slumber.
621:
population seen in the 19th century. Scholars believe that most Aboriginal Australians originated from Southeast Asia. If this is the case, Aboriginal Australians were among the first in the world to have completed sea voyages.
876:
that date to approximately 40,000 years ago. The idea of the "oldest continuous culture" is based on the Aboriginal peoples' geographical isolation, with little or no interaction with outside cultures before some contact with
956:
Mallick et al. 2016 and Mark Lipson et al. 2017 study found the bifurcation of Eastern Eurasians and Western Eurasians dates to least 45,000 years ago, with indigenous Australians nested inside the Eastern Eurasian clade.
3230:
Gomes, Sibylle M.; Bodner, Martin; Souto, Luis; Zimmermann, Bettina; Huber, Gabriela; Strobl, Christina; Röck, Alexander W.; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Torroni, Antonio; Côrte-Real, Francisco (14 February 2015).
1071:
compared with a group of European people showed that the cooling adaptation of the Aboriginal group differed from that of the white people, and that they were able to sleep more soundly through a cold desert night. A 2014
4115:
5095:"Aboriginal perceptions of social and emotional wellbeing programs: A systematic review of literature assessing social and emotional wellbeing programs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians perspectives"
1033:
by Anders Bergström et al. excluded the Y chromosome as providing evidence for recent gene flow from India into Australia. The study authors sequenced 13 Aboriginal Australian Y chromosomes using recent advances in
3963:
1335:
Dispersing across the Australian continent over time, the ancient people expanded and differentiated into distinct groups, each with its own language and culture. More than 400 distinct Australian Aboriginal
909:. This study confirms Aboriginal Australians as one of the oldest living populations in the world. They are possibly the oldest outside Africa, and they may have the oldest continuous culture on the planet.
4574:
2989:
Huoponen, Kirsi; Schurr, Theodore G.; et al. (1 September 2001). "Mitochondrial DNA variation in an Aboriginal Australian population: evidence for genetic isolation and regional differentiation".
3169:
Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Westaway, Michael C.; Muller, Craig; Sousa, Vitor C.; Lao, Oscar; Alves, Isabel; Bergström, Anders; et al. (13 October 2016). "A genomic history of Aboriginal Australia".
1702:
this is commonly said to be a huge snake or snakes that weaved its way through the earth and sky making the mountains and oceans. But in other places the spirits who created the world are known as
433:
Studies of Aboriginal groups' genetic makeup are ongoing, but evidence suggests that they have genetic inheritance from ancient Asian but not more modern peoples. They share some similarities with
7029:
5838:
3290:
Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran; Syahdar, Fardi Ali; McGahan, David P. (2021).
2155:
7145:
2159:
1067:
Aboriginal Australians possess inherited abilities to adapt to a wide range of environmental temperatures in various ways. A study in 1958 comparing cold adaptation in the desert-dwelling
967:
people split from the common ancestor of Aboriginal Australians and Papuans before the latter two diverged from each other, but after their common ancestor diverged from the ancestor of
710:
believes that the new model is a starting point for collaboration with Aboriginal people to help reveal their history. The new models suggest that the first people may have landed in the
441:
for a very long time. They have a broadly shared, complex genetic history, but only in the last 200 years were they defined by others as, and started to self-identify as, a single group.
1744:
Taken as a whole, Aboriginal Australians, along with Torres Strait Islander people, have a number of health and economic deprivations in comparison with the wider Australian community.
638:
5192:
1222:
the increase in the Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander population (92,471 people). The increase was higher than observed between 2011–2016 (39.0%) and 2006–2011 (38.7%).
3471:""Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (13): e2026132118"
6851:
5226:
1844:
4548:
2665:
5811:
1748:
decreased access to education and health care. Also, this problem largely affects indigenous youth, as many indigenous youth may feel disconnected from their culture.
7434:
6198:
5595:
1924:
5964:
5801:
5796:
5781:
5675:
4820:
4581:
4251:
6689:
6597:
6129:
6075:
5942:
5895:
5590:
4519:
796:, and gave rise to Australasians (Oceanians), Ancient Ancestral South Indian (AASI), Andamanese and the East/Southeast Asian lineage, including ancestors of the
6823:
6592:
6565:
6540:
6500:
6112:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6013:
5998:
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5751:
5695:
5650:
5615:
5585:
2805:
4765:. Broome, Western Australia: Ngaanyatjarra Pitjantjatjar Yankunytjatjara Women's Council Aboriginal Corporation, Magabala Books Aboriginal Corporation. 2013.
1257:
for some. As of 2016, only 13 traditional Indigenous languages were still being acquired by children, and about another 100 spoken by older generations only.
385:, about 11,700 years ago. Despite this, Aboriginal people maintained extensive networks within the continent and certain groups maintained relationships with
7117:
7072:
6233:
6213:
6117:
6008:
5949:
5888:
5670:
5635:
5630:
5620:
5580:
2664:
McDonald, Josephine; Reynen, Wendy; Petchey, Fiona; Ditchfield, Kane; Byrne, Chae; Vannieuwenhuyse, Dorcas; Leopold, Matthias; Veth, Peter (September 2018).
6737:
7625:
6684:
6656:
6631:
6582:
6176:
6149:
6097:
5655:
612:
and nearby islands became increasingly isolated, some on Tasmania and some of the smaller offshore islands when the land was inundated at the start of the
4169:
7087:
6602:
6122:
5969:
857:
information found in modern Asian genomes, and carries information not found in other genomes. This reinforces the idea of ancient Aboriginal isolation.
2163:
896:
sharing between the Denisovan and Aboriginal Australian genomes, compared to other Eurasians or Africans. Examining DNA from a finger bone excavated in
7175:
6636:
6577:
5905:
2404:
1008:
1632:
has changed over time and place, with the importance of family lineage, self-identification and community acceptance all being of varying importance.
7165:
5915:
5513:
1992:
Population change due to overseas migration continued to account for less than 2 per cent of the Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander population.
7521:
7125:
6856:
6768:
1849:
7019:
6841:
1055:
800:. Papuans may have received approximately 2% of their geneflow from an earlier group (xOOA) as well, next to additional archaic admixture in the
3893:
7662:
2579:
1904:
7422:
7150:
2376:
4082:
30:
This article is about one of the two ethnically distinct indigenous peoples of Australia, the Australian Aboriginal peoples—the other being
7592:
6989:
6866:
3125:
1874:
4170:"2076.0: Characteristics of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2016: Main language spoken at home and English proficiency"
696:
which reveal how the peoples developed separately. The routes, dubbed "superhighways" by the authors, are similar to current highways and
7548:
1914:
7657:
7469:
7257:
7242:
6861:
6798:
4492:
1690:. Additionally, traditional healers were also custodians of important Dreaming stories as well as their medical roles (for example the
1640:
extensive cultural exchange with some of the Aboriginal groups, and the Torres Strait Islands are mostly part of Queensland but have a
2088:
7160:
7067:
6803:
3812:
1839:
1337:
1266:
367:
4005:
s 3: Aboriginal means a person who is a member of the Aboriginal race of Australia....12AAA. Additional grant to Tiwi Land Trust...
7734:
7667:
7620:
7276:
6785:
4997:
Ridani, Rebecca; Shand, Fiona L.; Christensen, Helen; McKay, Kathryn; Tighe, Joe; Burns, Jane; Hunter, Ernest (16 September 2014).
1854:
5340:
Smith, M. S.; Moran, M.; Seemann, K. (2008). "The 'viability' and resilience of communities and settlements in desert Australia".
5223:
7713:
7604:
7560:
7180:
6979:
6846:
5741:
5485:
5046:"Closing the Gap in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Youth Suicide: A Social-Emotional Wellbeing Service Innovation Project"
3140:
1015:
data from a pool of Aboriginal Australians, New Guineans, island Southeast Asians, and Indians. It found that the New Guinea and
2871:
Taufik, Leonard; Teixeira, João C.; Llamas, Bastien; Sudoyo, Herawati; Tobler, Raymond; Purnomo, Gludhug A. (16 December 2022).
7397:
6914:
2760:
2039:
445:
has changed over time and place, with family lineage, self-identification, and community acceptance all of varying importance.
864:
from an early-20th-century lock of an Aboriginal person's hair, found that the Aboriginal ancestors probably migrated through
6871:
5736:
5506:
4770:
4703:
4443:
4300:
4065:
2442:
2232:
2133:
17:
5315:
3233:"Human settlement history between Sunda and Sahul: a focus on East Timor (Timor-Leste) and the Pleistocenic mtDNA diversity"
2057:
7412:
7092:
6761:
1909:
1364:
1305:
275:), minority no religious affiliation, and small numbers of other religions, various local indigenous religions grounded in
1625:
has declined in recent decades, as many consider the term an offensive and racist hangover from Australia's colonial era.
7640:
2587:
2261:"Decolonising the curriculum: using graduate qualities to embed Indigenous knowledges at the academic cultural interface"
1899:
727:
1409:
Goorie (variant pronunciation and spelling of Koori) in South East Queensland and some parts of northern New South Wales
7459:
7379:
7140:
7004:
936:
797:
5044:
Skerrett, Delaney Michael; Gibson, Mandy; Darwin, Leilani; Lewis, Suzie; Rallah, Rahm; De Leo, Diego (30 March 2017).
4195:
1296:
833:, and more distantly related to groups from East Indonesia. They are more distinct from the indigenous populations of
7526:
7359:
7329:
6924:
5291:
5255:
5209:
4895:"Understanding barriers to health care: a review of disparities in health care services among indigenous populations"
4418:
4391:
4309:
4287:
3784:
1761:
489:
5425:
2509:
Clarkson, Chris; Jacobs, Zenobia; et al. (2017). "Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago".
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5499:
1641:
333:
5469:
807:
7478:
7387:
7039:
6889:
6833:
6754:
5450:
5140:
Morice, Rodney D. (1976). "Woman Dancing Dreaming: Psychosocial Benefits of the Aboriginal Outstation Movement".
2021:
1919:
1474:
1377:
1242:
1232:
693:
476:
of their clans and peoples. Aboriginal people, along with Torres Strait Islander people, have a number of severe
473:
461:
398:
276:
239:
6733:
7706:
7690:
7635:
7107:
1735:
1598:
1586:
1571:
993:
477:
442:
7444:
4642:
Malbon, Justin (2003). "The Extinguishment of Native Title—The Australian Aborigines as Slaves and Citizens".
4549:"Why do media organisations like News Corp, Reuters and The New York Times still use words like 'Aborigines'?"
3855:
Scholander, P. F.; Hammel, H. T.; et al. (1 September 1958). "Cold Adaptation in Australian Aborigines".
7417:
7135:
7052:
6999:
6949:
6881:
6706:
4301:
The Encyclopedia of Aboriginal Australia: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander History, Society, and Culture
3857:
2756:"Serpents Glen (Karnatukul): New Histories for Deep time Attachment to Country in Australia's Western Desert"
2735:
1894:
1869:
1864:
1657:
1541:
1238:
457:
247:
3716:
Pugach, Irina; Delfin, Frederick; Gunnarsdóttir, Ellen; Kayser, Manfred; Stoneking, Mark (29 January 2013).
499:
7195:
4794:
3355:
Mallick, Swapan; Li, Heng; Lipson, Mark; Mathieson, Iain; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David (13 October 2016).
1859:
1695:
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811:
272:
268:
205:
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4224:
1766:
7672:
7511:
7402:
7247:
7185:
7170:
7057:
6942:
6929:
4383:
1889:
1879:
1667:
585:
The ancestors of present-day Aboriginal Australian people migrated from Southeast Asia by sea during the
407:
313:
63:
5279:
5243:
4795:"4704.0 - The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, Oct 2010"
2806:"Almost all living people outside of Africa trace back to a single migration more than 50,000 years ago"
1621:
in the past, as the latter was seen to have more directly discriminatory legal origins, use of the term
7494:
7130:
7082:
6937:
6641:
5680:
4730:
4057:
2310:
1323:
59:
3596:"A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa"
3422:"A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa"
452:, Indigenous Australians comprised 3.8% of Australia's population. Most Aboriginal people today speak
7650:
7645:
7454:
7349:
7062:
5988:
5685:
1929:
1884:
1791:
1790:
Indigenous communities in remote Australia are often small, isolated towns with basic facilities, on
1679:
1214:
884:
The Rasmussen study also found evidence that Aboriginal peoples carry some genes associated with the
769:
419:
264:
251:
4466:
4053:
A death in the Tiwi islands: conflict, ritual, and social life in an Australian aboriginal community
3537:
Larena M, McKenna J, Sanchez-Quinto F, Bernhardsson C, Ebeo C, Reyes R, et al. (October 2021).
3523:
7565:
7484:
7190:
6258:
4252:"The state of Australia's Indigenous languages – and how we can help people speak them more often"
2731:"Rock- art: Pigment dates provide new perspectives on the role of art in the Australian arid zone"
983:
reached Australia about 4,000 years ago. Near that time, there were changes in language (with the
792:. Phylogenetic data suggests that an early initial eastern lineage (ENA) trifurcated somewhere in
718:
about 60,000 years ago. They migrated across the continent within 6,000 years. A 2018 study using
7599:
7536:
7531:
7369:
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6813:
6694:
6677:
6545:
6405:
6181:
6018:
5883:
5878:
5553:
4141:
3082:
2666:"Karnatukul (Serpent's Glen): A new chronology for the oldest site in Australia's Western Desert"
1035:
913:
869:
493:
386:
288:
31:
4999:"Suicide Prevention in Australian Aboriginal Communities: A Review of Past and Present Programs"
2260:
818:
7543:
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6390:
6305:
6223:
6186:
6050:
5826:
5816:
5776:
5710:
5540:
4375:
3964:"Preferences in terminology when referring to Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander peoples"
2614:
2156:"Community, identity, wellbeing: The report of the Second National Indigenous Languages Survey"
1481:
1207:
1093:
984:
765:
449:
35:
5563:
4408:
2663:
1237:
Most Aboriginal people speak English, with Aboriginal phrases and words being added to create
747:
7701:
7571:
7506:
7252:
7102:
6818:
6808:
6520:
6470:
6410:
6375:
6370:
6315:
6144:
6134:
6107:
5954:
5937:
5922:
5821:
5766:
5756:
5746:
5690:
5660:
5610:
5600:
5464:
4527:
4116:"Understanding change in counts of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: Census"
4051:
3916:"Temperature-responsive release of thyroxine and its environmental adaptation in Australians"
3914:
Qi, Xiaoqiang; Chan, Wee Lee; Read, Randy J.; Zhou, Aiwu; Carrell, Robin W. (22 March 2014).
3510:
2381:
1420:
1276:
1250:
590:
469:
363:
356:
292:
7227:
6646:
6626:
6572:
6530:
6505:
6495:
6430:
6345:
6320:
6295:
6283:
6253:
6245:
6139:
6082:
6023:
5993:
5873:
5833:
5806:
5731:
5726:
5665:
5645:
5625:
5605:
3729:
3670:
3550:
3368:
3303:
3178:
3037:
2679:
2518:
2016:
1830:
1497:
1073:
642:
631:
6699:
5375:
5366:
4349:
2932:"Unravelling the Genetic History of Negritos and Indigenous Populations of Southeast Asia"
8:
7077:
6984:
6746:
6716:
6651:
6621:
6612:
6607:
6525:
6510:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6440:
6435:
6400:
6385:
6380:
6355:
6325:
6310:
6300:
6268:
6263:
6164:
6159:
6102:
6028:
5976:
5927:
5900:
5866:
5791:
5761:
5705:
5700:
5572:
2186:
1779:
1448:
1109:
731:
689:
639:
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage
609:
582:, dated by modern techniques, shows that their culture has continued from ancient times.
579:
5371:
5153:
4678:
3733:
3674:
3554:
3372:
3307:
3182:
3041:
2683:
2522:
2040:"4713.0 – Population Characteristics, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians"
7677:
7587:
7516:
7501:
7324:
7237:
7200:
6721:
6711:
6672:
6587:
6560:
6555:
6535:
6445:
6425:
6415:
6360:
6350:
6335:
6169:
6154:
6092:
6087:
6043:
6033:
6003:
5981:
5861:
5856:
5640:
5173:
5122:
5093:
Murrup-Stewart, Cammi; Searle, Amy K.; Jobson, Laura; Adams, Karen (16 November 2018).
5075:
4979:
4932:
4875:
4659:
4623:
4083:"Tiwi Christianity: Aboriginal histories, Catholic mission and a surprising conversion"
3940:
3915:
3752:
3717:
3693:
3658:
3628:
3595:
3571:
3538:
3493:
3470:
3446:
3421:
3397:
3356:
3332:
3291:
3267:
3232:
3058:
3025:
2956:
2931:
2907:
2872:
2787:
2702:
2639:
2560:
2488:
2288:
2120:, Knowledge and Space, vol. 4, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 329–345,
1934:
1699:
1429:
in Central and Northern Queensland, sometimes referring to all Aboriginal Queenslanders
1404:
968:
873:
853:
789:
571:
352:
348:
337:
317:
243:
97:
6738:
Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016
5389:
4668:
Aboriginal Australians have been "assigned a separate legally defined status" (p 322).
3002:
1477:. These also coincide with geographical regions of varying sizes. A few examples are:
7339:
7309:
7262:
7097:
6894:
6550:
6515:
6365:
6340:
6330:
6288:
6278:
6273:
6228:
6218:
6203:
6191:
6038:
5959:
5932:
5910:
5848:
5771:
5287:
5251:
5205:
5165:
5157:
5126:
5114:
5079:
5067:
5026:
5018:
4971:
4924:
4916:
4867:
4776:
4766:
4746:
4663:
4627:
4439:
4414:
4387:
4305:
4283:
4061:
4017:
3988:
3945:
3874:
3790:
3780:
3757:
3698:
3633:
3615:
3576:
3498:
3451:
3402:
3384:
3337:
3319:
3272:
3254:
3212:
3204:
3100:
3063:
3006:
2961:
2912:
2894:
2853:
2791:
2779:
2730:
2707:
2643:
2631:
2609:
2564:
2552:
2544:
2480:
2438:
2332:
2292:
2280:
2238:
2228:
2129:
1784:
1503:
1400:
715:
707:
371:
151:
5284:
Experiments in self-determination: Histories of the outstation movement in Australia
5248:
Experiments in self-determination: Histories of the outstation movement in Australia
5177:
4983:
4879:
4606:
Blandy, Sarah; Sibley, David (2010). "Law, boundaries and the production of space".
2873:"Human Genetic Research in Wallacea and Sahul: Recent Findings and Future Prospects"
2580:"Researchers demystify the secrets of ancient Aboriginal migration across Australia"
764:
Genetic studies have revealed that Aboriginal Australians largely descended from an
509:
7047:
7009:
6490:
6465:
6208:
5349:
5149:
5106:
5057:
5010:
4963:
4951:
4936:
4906:
4859:
4742:
4655:
4651:
4615:
3935:
3927:
3866:
3835:
3747:
3737:
3688:
3678:
3623:
3607:
3566:
3558:
3488:
3478:
3441:
3433:
3392:
3376:
3327:
3311:
3262:
3244:
3194:
3186:
3092:
3087:
3053:
3045:
2998:
2951:
2943:
2902:
2884:
2843:
2769:
2697:
2687:
2623:
2534:
2526:
2472:
2322:
2272:
2121:
1816:
1416:
1315:
1254:
830:
711:
626:
453:
223:
4967:
4707:
2276:
2114:"Landscape, Transformations, and Immutability in an Aboriginal Australian Culture"
2113:
7427:
6616:
5230:
2692:
2125:
1739:
1711:
1546:
1491:
1396:
1353:
1117:
1029:
849:
703:
670:
390:
321:
309:
187:
169:
3969:. Gulanga Good Practice Guides. ACT Council of Social Service Inc. December 2016
3894:"Genetic mutation helps Aboriginal people survive tough climate, research finds"
3870:
2831:
1577:
and cultural practices spread over large regions defined by ecological factors.
829:
Aboriginal people are genetically most similar to the indigenous populations of
328:
7682:
7577:
7449:
7354:
4520:"Why saying 'Aborigine' isn't OK: 8 facts about Indigenous people in Australia"
3722:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3357:"The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations"
3315:
2627:
2610:"Landscape rules predict optimal superhighways for the first peopling of Sahul"
2327:
1771:
1671:
1578:
1531:
1485:
1345:
1124:. Indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, however, are not Aboriginal.
1121:
1068:
921:
681:
654:
641:
has mapped the likely migration routes of the peoples as they moved across the
438:
411:
304:
3832:
Genomic insights into the human population history of Australia and New Guinea
3683:
3562:
3539:"Philippine Ayta possess the highest level of Denisovan ancestry in the world"
3249:
546:
7728:
7392:
7304:
6969:
6909:
5161:
5118:
5071:
5022:
4975:
4920:
4911:
4894:
4871:
4780:
4619:
3794:
3619:
3388:
3323:
3258:
3208:
3104:
2898:
2857:
2783:
2548:
2484:
2336:
2284:
2242:
1939:
1349:
1105:
754:
719:
666:
650:
575:
480:
and economic deprivations in comparison with the wider Australian community.
53:
3742:
3611:
3483:
3437:
3049:
3026:"An Aboriginal Australia Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia"
2848:
7582:
7489:
7439:
7344:
7219:
6919:
5030:
4928:
3949:
3931:
3878:
3761:
3702:
3637:
3580:
3502:
3455:
3406:
3341:
3276:
3216:
3067:
3010:
2965:
2916:
2740:
2715:
2711:
2635:
2556:
1687:
1683:
1457:
1426:
1113:
997:
842:
685:
617:
556:
536:
427:
382:
5491:
5169:
4847:
4760:
3718:"Genome-wide data substantiate Holocene gene flow from India to Australia"
3096:
2889:
2222:
1285:
814:
of Orang Asli (Semang) and Andamanese, with worldwide populations in HGDP.
634:. Its authors concluded "Human occupation began around 65,000 years ago."
7299:
6974:
5532:
4863:
4731:"The Altyerre Story-'Suffering Badly by Translation': The Altyerre Story"
2947:
2430:
1461:
1453:
961:
889:
781:
777:
697:
674:
586:
567:
532:
515:
355:
and many of its islands, excluding the ethnically distinct people of the
4998:
4848:"Australian Aboriginal suicide: The need for an Aboriginal suicidology?"
4024:. No. 150, 1989: Compilation No. 54. Australian Government. 4 April 2019
3995:. No. 191, 1976: Compilation No. 41. Australian Government. 4 April 2019
3380:
3199:
3190:
2832:"A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia"
2607:
2530:
2492:
1344:
languages, dialects, or distinctive speech patterns. According to noted
574:, oral histories comprising complex narratives have been passed down by
7407:
7294:
7289:
6964:
6954:
6899:
5414:"Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies"
5402:"Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies"
5244:"1. The origins and history of outstations as Aboriginal life projects"
5014:
3840:
3536:
2539:
2351:
1081:
1012:
1001:
988:
925:
916:
suggests that it was about 50,000 years ago that these peoples reached
865:
861:
793:
753:
Phylogenetic position of the Aboriginal Australian lineage among other
723:
662:
598:
552:
133:
5094:
4380:
Colonialism and its Aftermath: A history of Aboriginal South Australia
4376:"Chapter 1: Structures of Aboriginal life at the time of colonisation"
2464:
1359:
860:
Genetic data extracted in 2011 by Morten Rasmussen et al., who took a
7553:
7284:
5110:
5062:
5045:
4229:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
2476:
1707:
1691:
1521:
1381:
1246:
1097:
1077:
885:
658:
594:
465:
5353:
3141:"DNA Study Finds Aboriginal Australians World's Oldest Civilization"
3036:(6052). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 94–98.
2774:
2755:
7024:
7014:
4462:
3777:
The ocean of churn : how the Indian Ocean shaped human history
2670:
1719:
1703:
1686:(dot painting)—collectively telling the story of creation known as
1675:
1509:
1385:
1341:
1319:
1101:
1092:
Aboriginal people have lived for tens of thousands of years on the
1076:
study found that a beneficial mutation in two genes which regulate
1060:
950:
946:
878:
838:
785:
646:
613:
423:
415:
379:
375:
115:
4952:"An Aboriginal youth suicide prevention project in rural Victoria"
4575:"Aboriginality and Identity: Perspectives, Practices and Policies"
4196:"What is Aboriginal English like, and how would you recognise it?"
370:. In the past, Aboriginal people lived over large sections of the
5201:
4323:
1979:
1552:
1515:
1444:
1438:
1016:
964:
929:
906:
901:
897:
822:
773:
649:, then part of the mainland. The modelling is based on data from
456:
and live in cities. Some may use Aboriginal phrases and words in
434:
374:. They were isolated on many of the smaller offshore islands and
296:
4821:"Indigenous Socioeconomics Indicators, Benefits and Expenditure"
2017:"Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians"
1004:
C∗, with the most recent common ancestor about 5,000 years ago.
526:
5480:
5092:
4704:"Australia Now – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples"
3854:
3715:
3024:
Rasmussen, Morten; Guo, Xiaosen; et al. (7 October 2011).
1723:
1715:
1558:
1537:
1392:
1340:
have been identified, distinguished by names designating their
1327:
893:
834:
366:
at least 65,000 years ago, and over time formed as many as 500
4632:"Aboriginal Australians are a legally defined group" (p. 280).
3126:"DNA confirms Aboriginal culture is one of the Earth's oldest"
1770:
Historical image of Aboriginal Australian women and children,
1662:
Australian Indigenous people have beliefs unique to each mob (
7364:
7334:
3168:
2508:
2259:
Harvey, Arlene; Russell-Mundine, Gabrielle (18 August 2019).
2224:
Religion and non-religion among Australian Aboriginal peoples
1845:
List of Indigenous Australians in politics and public service
1795:
1663:
1432:
1412:
980:
917:
801:
602:
6734:
Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013
6994:
4996:
3292:"Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea"
2311:"The digital dreamtime: A shining light in the culture war"
1096:, through its various changes in landmass. The area within
892:) of Asia; the study suggests that there is an increase in
402:
networks, inter-cultural relationships, law and religions.
6776:
5413:
5401:
5194:
Indigenous Health and Wellbeing: The Importance of Country
3655:
3229:
3023:
2870:
2608:
Crabtree, S.A.; White, D.A.; et al. (29 April 2021).
1925:
National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award
1007:
The first type of evidence comes from a 2013 study by the
900:, researchers concluded that the Denisovans migrated from
5043:
4852:
Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health
2988:
1130:
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander persons, 2006–2021
780:. The Aboriginal Australians also show affinity to other
5426:"Aboriginal Art of Australia: Understanding its History"
3354:
2405:"Discover the oldest continuous living culture on Earth"
924:
consisting of present-day Australia and its islands and
848:
In a 2001 study, blood samples were collected from some
4354:
Life and Times of the Gunggari People, QLD (Pathfinder)
2728:
2435:
Unearthed: The Aboriginal Tasmanians of Kangaroo Island
2377:"DNA confirms Aboriginal culture one of Earth's oldest"
4799:
Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Government
3989:"Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976"
3813:"Research shows ancient Indian migration to Australia"
3289:
2504:
2502:
2258:
960:
Two genetic studies by Larena et al. 2021 found that
5374: by Anders Bergström et al. available under the
5250:. Monographs in Anthropology. ANU Press. p. 2.
4499:. Melbourne. Australian Associated Press. 1 May 2008
4282:, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom (1997)
4040:
means a person of the Aboriginal race of Australia."
3659:"Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes"
1806:
4762:
Traditional healers of central Australia: Ngangkari
3823:
3779:. Gurgaon, Haryana, India: Penguin UK. p. 59.
1729:
1644:.) Some Aboriginal people object to being labelled
1587:
saltwater, freshwater, rainforest or desert peoples
1585:Some Aboriginal peoples identify as one of several
881:fishermen and Dutch explorers up to 500 years ago.
426:of modern daily life and ancient creation known as
27:
One of the two categories of Indigenous Australians
7176:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
5200:. Native Title Research Report Report No. 1/2009.
2499:
1755:
1063:foothills in an 1854 painting by Alexander Schramm
1009:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
597:were lower. At that time, Australia, Tasmania and
5339:
4438:(2nd ed.). Social Science Press. p. 2.
1774:, New South Wales around 1900 (in European dress)
888:(a species of human related to but distinct from
722:dated evidence of continuous human habitation at
34:. For an overview of these peoples together, see
7726:
4845:
4580:. New South Wales AECG Inc. 2011. Archived from
4018:"Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Act 2005"
3651:
3649:
3647:
2051:
2049:
1850:Aboriginal Centre for the Performing Arts (ACPA)
1518:(Kukatja), an Anangu sub-group based on language
974:
378:when the land was inundated at the start of the
66:, it was proclaimed a flag of Australia in 1995.
5390:"Start exploring Australian Aboriginal culture"
5280:"10. Homelands as outstations of public policy"
5242:Myers, Fred; Peterson, Nicolas (January 2016).
4787:
4142:"Australia: 2021 census all persons QuickStats"
3891:
2984:
2982:
2184:
2055:
1565:
1468:
949:hunter-gatherer sample ("Leang Panninge") from
332:Dwellings accommodating Aboriginal families at
7663:Northern Territory National Emergency Response
7166:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
4413:. Aboriginal Studies Press. pp. 191–193.
3913:
2042:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4 May 2010.
1905:List of Aboriginal missions in New South Wales
941:within Australia after about 28,000 years ago.
7151:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association
6762:
5507:
5241:
4950:Isaacs, Anton; Sutton, Keith (16 June 2016).
3709:
3644:
2185:Berndt, Ronald M.; Tonkinson, Robert (2023).
2056:Berndt, Ronald M.; Tonkinson, Robert (2023).
2046:
1572:Indigenous Australians § Other groupings
1371:
1314:Clockwise from upper left: traditional lands
987:spreading over most of the mainland), and in
680:It is intended to compare this data with the
7218:
5282:. In Peterson, Nicolas; Myers, Fred (eds.).
5246:. In Peterson, Nicolas; Myers, Fred (eds.).
5190:
4949:
4605:
4410:Language and Culture in Aboriginal Australia
4274:
4272:
4164:
4162:
3806:
3804:
2979:
2747:
2657:
2034:
2032:
1875:Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology
1549:(Yapa) in western central Northern Territory
1087:
1050:
5521:
4899:International Journal of Circumpolar Health
4406:
3593:
3419:
3128:. Australian Geographic. 23 September 2011.
2929:
2429:
2352:"Yolngu are People 2: They're not Clip Art"
1915:List of massacres of Indigenous Australians
589:epoch and lived over large sections of the
472:). Many but not all also speak the various
7258:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
7243:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council
6769:
6755:
5514:
5500:
5307:
4219:
4217:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
2462:
1380:commonly used to identify groups based on
500:Early human migrations § Near Oceania
52:
5286:. Monographs in Anthropology. ANU Press.
5061:
4910:
4280:New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory
4269:
4159:
4080:
3939:
3839:
3829:
3810:
3801:
3751:
3741:
3692:
3682:
3627:
3570:
3492:
3482:
3445:
3420:Lipson, Mark; Reich, David (April 2017).
3396:
3331:
3266:
3248:
3198:
3132:
3057:
2955:
2906:
2888:
2847:
2773:
2701:
2691:
2538:
2326:
2111:
2029:
1840:List of Indigenous Australian politicians
1475:language group or specific dialect spoken
1267:List of Australian Aboriginal group names
1100:'s borders today includes the islands of
772:. They are most closely related to other
601:were part of the same landmass, known as
4846:Elliott-Farrelly, Terri (January 2004).
4567:
4373:
4330:. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre
3139:Klein, Christopher (23 September 2016).
3080:
2753:
2722:
1855:Aboriginal cultures of Western Australia
1765:
1528:and surrounding areas of New South Wales
1358:
1260:
1241:(which also has a tangible influence of
1080:, a hormone involved in regulating body
1054:
935:
817:
806:
645:to its southern reaches and what is now
555:player Ŋalkan Munuŋgurr performing with
460:(which also has a tangible influence of
327:
303:
6980:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards
6852:People from politics and public service
5271:
4892:
4517:
4487:
4485:
4457:
4455:
4436:An Introduction to Aboriginal Societies
4433:
4427:
4249:
4214:
4101:
4049:
3834:(PhD thesis). University of Cambridge.
2193:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
2154:
2064:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc
2011:
2009:
1648:, as an artificial and denialist term.
1534:, an Anangu sub-group based on language
996:data; and secondly, the existence of a
14:
7727:
6778:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
5313:
5277:
5235:
5139:
4735:The Australian Journal of Anthropology
4641:
4407:Walsh, Michael; Yallop, Colin (1993).
4304:, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra.
3956:
3774:
3468:
2930:Aghakhanian, Farhang (14 April 2015).
2836:Human Population Genetics and Genomics
2761:Bulletin of the History of Archaeology
2349:
2308:
2083:
2081:
2079:
1651:
1592:
608:As sea levels rose, the people on the
6750:
5495:
5003:Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior
4728:
4378:. In Brock, Peggy; Gara, Tom (eds.).
4089:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3138:
2577:
2463:Read, Peter; Broome, Richard (1982).
2458:
2456:
2454:
2304:
2302:
1128:Census counts and intercensal change,
578:through hundreds of generations. The
6960:Literature of Indigenous Australians
5737:Caribbean and West Indian Australian
5191:Ganesharajah, Cynthia (April 2009).
4482:
4461:
4452:
4081:Rademaker, Laura (7 February 2018).
2829:
2254:
2252:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2107:
2105:
2058:"Traditional sociocultural patterns"
2006:
1910:List of Indigenous Australian firsts
1582:colonial ways of viewing societies.
734:in WA from around 50,000 years ago.
84:Regions with significant populations
5154:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1976.tb115531.x
4493:"Don't call me indigenous: Lowitja"
3892:Caitlyn Gribbin (29 January 2014).
3811:MacDonald, Anna (15 January 2013).
3594:Lipson, Mark; Reich, David (2017).
3083:"First Aboriginal genome sequenced"
2830:Yang, Melinda A. (6 January 2022).
2588:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2220:
2089:"Behind the dots of Aboriginal Art"
2076:
1900:Indigenous land rights in Australia
1473:Other group names are based on the
1415:(or Koorie) in New South Wales and
1376:There are various other names from
637:A 2021 study by researchers at the
24:
7141:Aborigines Progressive Association
5382:
3920:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
3830:Bergström, Anders (20 July 2018).
2729:McDonald, Jo; Veth, Peter (2008).
2451:
2299:
1059:An Aboriginal encampment near the
320:, in 1923. His hut is decked with
25:
7746:
5444:
5278:Palmer, Kingsley (January 2016).
4321:
4250:Simpson, Jane (20 January 2019).
4225:"Indigenous Australian Languages"
2309:Fraser, Jenny (25 January 2012).
2249:
2205:
2102:
1762:Outstation (Aboriginal community)
1106:K'gari (previously Fraser Island)
684:of Aboriginal peoples, including
535:artist Glen Namundja painting at
490:History of Indigenous Australians
393:people of modern-day Indonesia.
5562:
5479:
5370: This article incorporates
5365:
5316:"No movement on the outstations"
4747:10.1111/j.1757-6547.2012.00179.x
4706:. 8 October 2006. Archived from
4518:Solonec, Tammy (9 August 2015).
1823:
1809:
1730:Health and economic deprivations
1304:
1295:
1284:
1275:
1144:Intercensal change (percentage)
945:Carlhoff et al. 2021 analysed a
746:
545:
525:
508:
216:
198:
180:
162:
144:
126:
108:
90:
7735:Indigenous peoples of Australia
7479:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
5333:
5184:
5133:
5086:
5037:
4990:
4943:
4886:
4839:
4813:
4753:
4722:
4696:
4671:
4635:
4599:
4541:
4511:
4400:
4367:
4342:
4315:
4292:
4243:
4188:
4174:Australian Bureau of Statistics
4146:Australian Bureau of Statistics
4134:
4120:Australian Bureau of Statistics
4074:
4043:
4022:Federal Register of Legislation
4010:
3993:Federal Register of Legislation
3981:
3907:
3885:
3848:
3768:
3600:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3587:
3530:
3462:
3426:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3413:
3348:
3283:
3223:
3162:
3118:
3074:
3017:
2923:
2864:
2823:
2798:
2601:
2571:
2423:
2397:
2369:
2343:
2187:"Australian Aboriginal peoples"
2022:Australian Bureau of Statistics
1986:
1972:
1962:
1953:
1920:Lists of Indigenous Australians
1799:ineffective in the long term."
1756:Viability of remote communities
1378:Australian Aboriginal languages
1233:Australian Aboriginal languages
277:Australian Aboriginal mythology
240:Australian Aboriginal languages
7691:Uluru Statement from the Heart
7108:Torres Strait Island languages
5204:. Native Title Research Unit.
4656:10.1080/10383441.2003.10854523
4467:"'Aborigine' and 'Aboriginal'"
2437:. Kent Town: Wakefield Press.
2350:Graves, Randin (2 June 2017).
2178:
2148:
1736:Indigenous health in Australia
1706:rain and water spirits. Major
1613:While some preferred the term
1603:
1599:Australian Aboriginal identity
437:, but have been isolated from
79:3.8% of Australia's population
13:
1:
7156:Australian Aborigines' League
7136:Aborigines Advancement League
7053:Australian Aboriginal English
4968:10.1080/18387357.2016.1198232
3858:Journal of Applied Physiology
3147:. A&E Television Networks
3003:10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00294-4
2736:Australian Aboriginal Studies
2578:Morse, Dana (30 April 2021).
2277:10.1080/13562517.2018.1508131
1999:
1895:First Nations Media Australia
1870:Australian Aboriginal kinship
1865:Australian Aboriginal culture
1658:Australian Aboriginal culture
1542:Western Australian Goldfields
1441:in southern Western Australia
1239:Australian Aboriginal English
1020:
975:Changes about 4,000 years ago
874:human remains near Lake Mungo
694:the many Aboriginal languages
692:, and linguistic features of
458:Australian Aboriginal English
248:Australian Aboriginal English
7196:National Reconciliation Week
5470:Resources in other libraries
5142:Medical Journal of Australia
4893:Marrone, Sonia (July 2007).
2936:Genome Biology and Evolution
2754:McDonald, Jo (2 July 2020).
2693:10.1371/journal.pone.0202511
2265:Teaching in Higher Education
2126:10.1007/978-90-481-8945-8_18
1860:Aboriginal South Australians
1642:separate governmental status
1566:Difficulties defining groups
1555:in central Western Australia
1526:Australian Capital Territory
1469:A few examples of sub-groups
1399:, and neighbouring parts of
1226:
985:Pama-Nyungan language family
825:traditional dancers in Perth
591:Australian continental shelf
206:Australian Capital Territory
7:
7248:NSW Aboriginal Land Council
7186:Registered Aboriginal Party
7171:National Indigenous Council
7058:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
5742:Hispanic and Latin American
5314:Altman, Jon (25 May 2009).
4683:Torres Strait Shire Council
3871:10.1152/jappl.1958.13.2.211
2739:(2008/1): 4–21 – via
1890:Indigenous Australian music
1880:Climate change in Australia
1802:
1628:The definition of the term
1561:in eastern Arnhem Land (NT)
1500:in Western Arnhem Land (NT)
1435:in southern South Australia
1141:Intercensal change (number)
1000:(male) lineage, designated
768:population wave during the
737:
422:that collectively weave an
64:Torres Strait Islander flag
10:
7751:
7626:Constitutional recognition
7495:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
7131:Aboriginal Medical Service
5839:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
4608:Social & Legal Studies
4479:10 Accessed 19 August 2011
4058:Cambridge University Press
3316:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6
2628:10.1038/s41562-021-01106-8
2328:10.24135/tekaharoa.v5i1.77
2221:Cox, James Leland (2016).
2112:Tonkinson, Robert (2011),
1759:
1733:
1655:
1596:
1569:
1372:Geographically-based names
1264:
1230:
518:Aboriginal dancers in 1981
497:
487:
483:
60:Australian Aboriginal flag
29:
7613:
7468:
7378:
7275:
7116:
7038:
7020:Traditional custodianship
6880:
6832:
6784:
6730:
6665:
6479:
6244:
5847:
5719:
5571:
5560:
5539:
5529:
5465:Resources in your library
5320:The Sydney Morning Herald
5148:(25–26). AMPCo: 939–942.
4956:Advances in Mental Health
4679:"About the Torres Strait"
3684:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.028
3563:10.1016/j.cub.2021.07.022
3250:10.1186/s12864-014-1201-x
1930:Native title in Australia
1885:Indigenous Australian art
1512:people in New South Wales
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1088:Location and demographics
1051:Environmental adaptations
1027:However, a 2016 study in
770:Initial Upper Paleolithic
362:Humans first migrated to
287:
282:
262:
257:
242:, many no longer spoken,
237:
232:
214:
196:
178:
160:
142:
124:
106:
88:
83:
76:
71:
51:
7485:Australian Frontier Wars
7191:Reconciliation Australia
5531:Ancestral background of
4912:10.3402/ijch.v66i3.18254
4729:Green, Jennifer (2012).
4620:10.1177/0964663910372178
4328:Bininj Kunwok Dictionary
3775:Sanyal, Sanjeev (2016).
3469:Larena, M (March 2021).
2465:"Aboriginal Australians"
1946:
1792:traditionally owned land
1506:in south-west Queensland
726:(Serpent's Glen) in the
7537:Australian history wars
7398:Contemporary visual art
6814:Torres Strait Islanders
5554:Torres Strait Islanders
5523:Ancestry of Australians
5099:Australian Psychologist
5050:Australian Psychologist
4825:Parliament of Australia
4477:Aboriginal Law Bulletin
4471:Aboriginal Law Bulletin
4434:Edwards, W. H. (2004).
4374:Monaghan, Paul (2017).
4087:ABC Religion and Ethics
3743:10.1073/pnas.1211927110
3484:10.1073/pnas.2026132118
3081:Callaway, Ewen (2011).
3050:10.1126/science.1211177
2849:10.47248/hpgg2202010001
914:University of Cambridge
870:Maritime Southeast Asia
630:evaluated artefacts in
494:Prehistory of Australia
387:Torres Strait Islanders
289:Torres Strait Islanders
32:Torres Strait Islanders
7233:Kimberley Land Council
7083:Pama–Nyungan languages
7073:Loanwords into English
6990:Religion and mythology
6943:Torres Strait Islander
6794:Aboriginal Australians
5549:Aboriginal Australians
5486:Aboriginal Australians
5456:Aboriginal Australians
4050:Venbrux, Eric (1995).
3932:10.1098/rspb.2013.2747
3518:Cite journal requires
2615:Nature Human Behaviour
2162:. 2014. Archived from
1775:
1637:Indigenous Australians
1610:Aboriginal Australians
1368:
1094:continent of Australia
1064:
942:
826:
815:
345:Aboriginal Australians
341:
325:
47:Aboriginal Australians
36:Indigenous Australians
7572:Native Title Act 1993
7507:Cummeragunja walk-off
7253:Northern Land Council
7103:Torres Strait English
7030:Torres Strait Islands
5342:The Rangeland Journal
4528:Amnesty International
4298:Horton, David (1994)
3612:10.1093/molbev/msw293
3549:(19): 4219–4230.e10.
3438:10.1093/molbev/msw293
3097:10.1038/news.2011.551
2890:10.3390/genes13122373
2382:Australian Geographic
2227:. London: Routledge.
1769:
1760:Further information:
1570:Further information:
1488:(off Arnhem Land), NT
1421:Aboriginal Victorians
1362:
1261:Groups and sub-groups
1251:grammatical structure
1069:Pitjantjatjara people
1058:
939:
821:
810:
784:populations, such as
474:traditional languages
470:grammatical structure
368:language-based groups
357:Torres Strait Islands
331:
307:
293:Aboriginal Tasmanians
283:Related ethnic groups
18:Aboriginal Australian
7228:Central Land Council
5488:at Wikimedia Commons
4864:10.5172/jamh.3.3.138
3157:Updated Aug 22, 2018
1831:Civilizations portal
1710:spirits include the
1494:in central Australia
1243:Aboriginal languages
1074:Cambridge University
912:A 2016 study at the
643:Australian continent
618:inter-glacial period
462:Aboriginal languages
383:inter-glacial period
334:Hermannsburg Mission
62:. Together with the
6985:Outstation movement
6824:Western Australians
5533:Australian citizens
5396:. 24 December 2018.
4644:Griffith Law Review
4386:. pp. 10, 12.
4350:"General Reference"
3734:2013PNAS..110.1803P
3675:2016CBio...26..809B
3555:2021CBio...31E4219L
3477:(13): e2026132118.
3381:10.1038/nature18964
3373:2016Natur.538..201M
3308:2021Natur.596..543C
3191:10.1038/nature18299
3183:2016Natur.538..207M
3042:2011Sci...334...94R
2684:2018PLoSO..1302511M
2531:10.1038/nature22968
2523:2017Natur.547..306C
2385:. 23 September 2011
1780:outstation movement
1652:Culture and beliefs
1593:Aboriginal identity
1131:
1110:Hinchinbrook Island
732:Little Sandy Desert
690:Australian rock art
610:Australian mainland
580:Aboriginal rock art
443:Aboriginal identity
406:and shared through
353:Australian mainland
48:
7678:Stolen Generations
7668:Self-determination
7588:Stolen Generations
7522:Historical figures
7502:Caledon Bay crisis
7325:Fire-stick farming
7238:Maralinga Tjarutja
6857:Performing artists
6717:South Sea Islander
5229:4 May 2020 at the
5015:10.1111/sltb.12121
4801:. 17 February 2011
4278:Lourandos, Harry.
3926:(1779): 20132747.
3841:10.17863/CAM.20837
2948:10.1093/gbe/evv065
2411:. 22 December 2023
1935:Stolen Generations
1776:
1700:Northern Territory
1405:Northern Territory
1369:
1127:
1065:
1011:using large-scale
969:East Asian peoples
943:
854:Northern Territory
827:
816:
790:East Asian peoples
572:Northern Territory
349:Indigenous peoples
342:
338:Northern Territory
326:
318:Northern Territory
244:Australian English
98:Northern Territory
46:
7722:
7721:
7605:Western Australia
7340:Possum-skin cloak
7271:
7270:
7263:Tiwi Land Council
7098:Taboo on the dead
7063:Australian Creole
6804:Aboriginal groups
6744:
6743:
6707:Papua New Guinean
5484:Media related to
5451:Library resources
4772:978-1-921248-82-5
4710:on 8 October 2006
4587:on 5 October 2016
4445:978-1-876633-89-9
4067:978-0-521-47351-4
4037:Aboriginal person
3367:(7624): 201–206.
3302:(7873): 543–547.
3177:(7624): 207–214.
2622:(10): 1303–1313.
2517:(7663): 306–310.
2444:978-1-86254-552-6
2234:978-1-4724-4383-0
2135:978-90-481-8944-1
2118:Cultural Memories
1785:Howard government
1447:(or Pallawah) in
1401:Western Australia
1204:
1203:
1138:Number of persons
716:Western Australia
708:Monash University
372:continental shelf
314:Arltunga district
302:
301:
152:Western Australia
16:(Redirected from
7742:
7216:
7215:
7048:Avoidance speech
7010:Smoking ceremony
6771:
6764:
6757:
6748:
6747:
5566:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5493:
5492:
5483:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5421:
5409:
5397:
5394:Creative Spirits
5369:
5358:
5357:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5239:
5233:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5199:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5111:10.1111/ap.12367
5090:
5084:
5083:
5065:
5063:10.1111/ap.12277
5041:
5035:
5034:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4914:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4639:
4633:
4631:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4489:
4480:
4474:
4459:
4450:
4449:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4319:
4313:
4296:
4290:
4276:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4256:The Conversation
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4166:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4112:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4047:
4041:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4002:
4000:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3968:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3943:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3898:
3897:(text and audio)
3889:
3883:
3882:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3808:
3799:
3798:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3755:
3745:
3728:(5): 1803–1808.
3713:
3707:
3706:
3696:
3686:
3653:
3642:
3641:
3631:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3574:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3506:
3496:
3486:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3400:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3270:
3252:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3202:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3021:
3015:
3014:
2991:Human Immunology
2986:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2959:
2942:(5): 1206–1215.
2927:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2892:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2851:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2777:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2705:
2695:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2542:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2477:10.2307/27508560
2460:
2449:
2448:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2218:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2166:on 24 April 2015
2152:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2085:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2013:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1817:Australia portal
1814:
1813:
1812:
1352:and sociologist
1308:
1299:
1288:
1279:
1255:language revival
1132:
1126:
1022:
831:Papua New Guinea
798:Native Americans
788:, as well as to
766:Eastern Eurasian
750:
712:Kimberley region
671:geomorphologists
624:A 2017 paper in
549:
529:
512:
347:are the various
238:Several hundred
222:
220:
219:
204:
202:
201:
186:
184:
183:
168:
166:
165:
150:
148:
147:
132:
130:
129:
114:
112:
111:
96:
94:
93:
72:Total population
56:
49:
45:
21:
7750:
7749:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7739:
7725:
7724:
7723:
7718:
7658:Media portrayal
7621:1967 Referendum
7609:
7517:Gurindji Strike
7512:Day of Mourning
7464:
7374:
7267:
7214:
7112:
7068:Language groups
7034:
6876:
6828:
6780:
6775:
6745:
6740:
6726:
6661:
6483:
6481:
6475:
6240:
5843:
5715:
5567:
5558:
5535:
5525:
5520:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5434:
5432:
5424:
5412:
5400:
5388:
5385:
5383:Further reading
5362:
5361:
5354:10.1071/RJ07048
5338:
5334:
5324:
5322:
5312:
5308:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5276:
5272:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5240:
5236:
5231:Wayback Machine
5224:AIATSIS summary
5216:
5214:
5212:
5197:
5189:
5185:
5138:
5134:
5091:
5087:
5042:
5038:
4995:
4991:
4948:
4944:
4891:
4887:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4828:
4827:. 7 August 2001
4819:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4802:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4773:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4727:
4723:
4713:
4711:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4687:
4685:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4640:
4636:
4604:
4600:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4532:
4530:
4516:
4512:
4502:
4500:
4491:
4490:
4483:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4384:Wakefield Press
4372:
4368:
4358:
4356:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4333:
4331:
4322:Garde, Murray.
4320:
4316:
4297:
4293:
4277:
4270:
4260:
4258:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4202:. 12 March 2019
4194:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4177:
4176:. 14 March 2019
4168:
4167:
4160:
4150:
4148:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4125:
4123:
4114:
4113:
4102:
4092:
4090:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4048:
4044:
4027:
4025:
4016:
4015:
4011:
3998:
3996:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3912:
3908:
3896:
3890:
3886:
3853:
3849:
3828:
3824:
3809:
3802:
3787:
3773:
3769:
3714:
3710:
3663:Current Biology
3654:
3645:
3592:
3588:
3543:Current Biology
3535:
3531:
3519:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3467:
3463:
3418:
3414:
3353:
3349:
3288:
3284:
3228:
3224:
3167:
3163:
3150:
3148:
3137:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3079:
3075:
3022:
3018:
2987:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2928:
2924:
2869:
2865:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2775:10.5334/bha-624
2752:
2748:
2727:
2723:
2678:(9): e0202511.
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2576:
2572:
2507:
2500:
2471:(43): 125–126.
2461:
2452:
2445:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2348:
2344:
2307:
2300:
2257:
2250:
2235:
2219:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2153:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2110:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1783:the era of the
1764:
1758:
1742:
1740:Closing the Gap
1734:Main articles:
1732:
1712:Rainbow Serpent
1660:
1654:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1579:Anthropologists
1574:
1568:
1471:
1397:South Australia
1374:
1365:Bathurst Island
1354:Harry Lourandos
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1269:
1263:
1235:
1229:
1129:
1118:Kangaroo Island
1090:
1053:
1036:gene sequencing
1030:Current Biology
977:
850:Warlpiri people
762:
761:
760:
759:
758:
751:
740:
728:Carnarvon Range
714:in what is now
704:Lynette Russell
655:anthropologists
563:
562:
561:
560:
559:
550:
541:
540:
539:
530:
521:
520:
519:
513:
502:
496:
488:Main articles:
486:
322:porcupine grass
217:
215:
199:
197:
188:South Australia
181:
179:
170:New South Wales
163:
161:
145:
143:
127:
125:
109:
107:
91:
89:
78:
67:
44:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7748:
7738:
7737:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7687:
7686:
7685:
7683:Half-Caste Act
7675:
7673:Reconciliation
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7651:Protected Area
7648:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7617:
7615:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7596:
7595:
7585:
7580:
7578:Pilbara strike
7575:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7557:
7556:
7546:
7541:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7498:
7497:
7492:
7482:
7474:
7472:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7431:
7430:
7425:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7384:
7382:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7355:Spinifex resin
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7281:
7279:
7273:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7224:
7222:
7213:
7212:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7198:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7122:
7120:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7093:Sign languages
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7044:
7042:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6940:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6886:
6884:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6867:Visual artists
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6838:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6790:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6774:
6773:
6766:
6759:
6751:
6742:
6741:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6642:South Sudanese
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6487:
6485:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6279:Northern Irish
6276:
6271:
6266:
6256:
6250:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6231:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5965:Fuzhou/Hokchiu
5962:
5952:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5935:
5925:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5898:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5853:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5681:Sierra Leonean
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5577:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5545:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5519:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:External links
5443:
5442:
5441:
5422:
5410:
5398:
5384:
5381:
5360:
5359:
5332:
5306:
5292:
5270:
5256:
5234:
5210:
5183:
5132:
5105:(3): 171–186.
5085:
5036:
5009:(1): 111–140.
4989:
4962:(2): 118–125.
4942:
4905:(3): 188–198.
4885:
4858:(3): 138–145.
4838:
4812:
4786:
4771:
4752:
4741:(2): 158–178.
4721:
4695:
4670:
4650:(2): 310–335.
4634:
4614:(3): 275–284.
4598:
4566:
4555:. 5 March 2018
4540:
4510:
4481:
4451:
4444:
4426:
4419:
4399:
4392:
4366:
4341:
4314:
4291:
4268:
4242:
4213:
4187:
4158:
4133:
4122:. 4 April 2023
4100:
4073:
4066:
4042:
4009:
3980:
3955:
3906:
3884:
3865:(2): 211–218.
3847:
3822:
3800:
3785:
3767:
3708:
3669:(6): 809–813.
3643:
3606:(4): 889–902.
3586:
3529:
3520:|journal=
3461:
3432:(4): 889–902.
3412:
3347:
3282:
3222:
3161:
3131:
3117:
3073:
3016:
2997:(9): 954–969.
2978:
2922:
2863:
2822:
2797:
2746:
2721:
2656:
2600:
2570:
2498:
2469:Labour History
2450:
2443:
2422:
2396:
2368:
2356:Yidaki History
2342:
2298:
2271:(6): 789–808.
2248:
2233:
2204:
2177:
2147:
2134:
2101:
2075:
2045:
2028:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1985:
1971:
1961:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1820:
1804:
1801:
1757:
1754:
1731:
1728:
1696:Western desert
1656:Main article:
1653:
1650:
1605:
1602:
1597:Main article:
1594:
1591:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1532:Pitjantjatjara
1529:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1486:Groote Eylandt
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1451:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1410:
1407:
1373:
1370:
1346:anthropologist
1313:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1259:
1231:Main article:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1122:Groote Eylandt
1089:
1086:
1052:
1049:
976:
973:
951:South Sulawesi
922:supercontinent
755:East Eurasians
752:
745:
744:
743:
742:
741:
739:
736:
700:in Australia.
682:oral histories
667:climatologists
651:archaeologists
551:
544:
543:
542:
531:
524:
523:
522:
514:
507:
506:
505:
504:
503:
485:
482:
439:Southeast Asia
300:
299:
285:
284:
280:
279:
260:
259:
255:
254:
235:
234:
230:
229:
226:
212:
211:
208:
194:
193:
190:
176:
175:
172:
158:
157:
154:
140:
139:
136:
122:
121:
118:
104:
103:
100:
86:
85:
81:
80:
77:984,000 (2021)
74:
73:
69:
68:
57:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7747:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7715:
7714:Voting rights
7712:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7612:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7569:
7567:
7566:Native police
7564:
7562:
7559:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7529:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7471:
7467:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7393:Bark painting
7391:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7377:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7305:Bush medicine
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7278:
7274:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7220:Land councils
7217:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7119:
7118:Organisations
7115:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
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7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7041:
7037:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6970:Message stick
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6910:Deadly Awards
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6879:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
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6807:
6805:
6802:
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6797:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6772:
6767:
6765:
6760:
6758:
6753:
6752:
6749:
6739:
6735:
6732:according to
6729:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6701:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6695:New Zealander
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6478:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6290:
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6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6255:
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6251:
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6243:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
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6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6049:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5989:East Timorese
5987:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5686:South African
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5565:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5524:
5517:
5512:
5510:
5505:
5503:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5487:
5482:
5478:
5477:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5336:
5321:
5317:
5310:
5295:
5293:9781925022902
5289:
5285:
5281:
5274:
5259:
5257:9781925022902
5253:
5249:
5245:
5238:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5213:
5211:9780855756697
5207:
5203:
5196:
5195:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4993:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4889:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4842:
4826:
4822:
4816:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4756:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4583:
4576:
4570:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4514:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4478:
4475:(1986) 1(20)
4472:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4447:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4422:
4420:9780855752415
4416:
4412:
4411:
4403:
4395:
4393:9781743054994
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4310:0-85575-234-3
4307:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4289:
4288:0-521-35946-5
4285:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4231:. 3 June 2015
4230:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4069:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4046:
4039:
4038:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4006:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3965:
3959:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3851:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3805:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3786:9789386057617
3782:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3525:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3127:
3121:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2983:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2410:
2409:The Telegraph
2406:
2400:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2005:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1965:
1956:
1952:
1941:
1940:Supply Nation
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1821:
1818:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:The Dreamtime
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1573:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:, including:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1350:archaeologist
1347:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1298:
1287:
1278:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1062:
1057:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
986:
982:
972:
970:
966:
963:
958:
954:
952:
948:
938:
934:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
824:
820:
813:
809:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
756:
749:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:archaeobotany
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
628:
622:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
576:Yolngu people
573:
569:
558:
554:
548:
538:
534:
528:
517:
511:
501:
495:
491:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
403:
400:
394:
392:
388:
384:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
339:
335:
330:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
256:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
231:
227:
225:
213:
209:
207:
195:
191:
189:
177:
173:
171:
159:
155:
153:
141:
137:
135:
123:
119:
117:
105:
101:
99:
87:
82:
75:
70:
65:
61:
55:
50:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7689:
7646:Native title
7600:Tent embassy
7583:Pintupi Nine
7570:
7490:Bathurst War
7477:
7460:Yininmadyemi
7445:Sandpainting
7440:Papunya Tula
7435:NATSIA Award
7423:Music groups
7345:Scarred tree
7315:Dugout canoe
7005:Sacred sites
6920:The Dreaming
6862:Sportspeople
6793:
6484:North Africa
6259:Anglo-Celtic
5812:Puerto Rican
5548:
5455:
5433:. Retrieved
5429:
5417:
5405:
5393:
5364:
5363:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5323:. Retrieved
5319:
5309:
5297:. Retrieved
5283:
5273:
5261:. Retrieved
5247:
5237:
5215:. Retrieved
5193:
5186:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5102:
5098:
5088:
5056:(1): 13–22.
5053:
5049:
5039:
5006:
5002:
4992:
4959:
4955:
4945:
4902:
4898:
4888:
4855:
4851:
4841:
4829:. Retrieved
4824:
4815:
4803:. Retrieved
4798:
4789:
4761:
4755:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4712:. Retrieved
4708:the original
4698:
4686:. Retrieved
4682:
4673:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4589:. Retrieved
4582:the original
4569:
4557:. Retrieved
4552:
4543:
4531:. Retrieved
4523:
4513:
4501:. Retrieved
4496:
4476:
4470:
4463:Fesl, Eve D.
4435:
4429:
4409:
4402:
4379:
4369:
4357:. Retrieved
4353:
4344:
4332:. Retrieved
4327:
4317:
4299:
4294:
4279:
4259:. Retrieved
4255:
4245:
4233:. Retrieved
4228:
4204:. Retrieved
4199:
4190:
4178:. Retrieved
4173:
4149:. Retrieved
4145:
4136:
4124:. Retrieved
4119:
4091:. Retrieved
4086:
4076:
4052:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4026:. Retrieved
4021:
4012:
4004:
3997:. Retrieved
3992:
3983:
3971:. Retrieved
3958:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3900:
3887:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3831:
3825:
3816:
3776:
3770:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3666:
3662:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3511:cite journal
3474:
3464:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3240:
3237:BMC Genomics
3236:
3225:
3200:10754/622366
3174:
3170:
3164:
3156:
3149:. Retrieved
3144:
3134:
3120:
3108:. Retrieved
3086:
3076:
3033:
3029:
3019:
2994:
2990:
2969:. Retrieved
2939:
2935:
2925:
2883:(12): 2373.
2880:
2876:
2866:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2813:. Retrieved
2809:
2800:
2765:
2759:
2749:
2741:ResearchGate
2734:
2724:
2716:ResearchGate
2714:– via
2675:
2669:
2659:
2647:. Retrieved
2619:
2613:
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2583:
2573:
2514:
2510:
2468:
2434:
2425:
2413:. Retrieved
2408:
2399:
2387:. Retrieved
2380:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2355:
2345:
2318:
2314:
2268:
2264:
2223:
2195:. Retrieved
2190:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2164:the original
2150:
2139:, retrieved
2117:
2092:. Retrieved
2066:. Retrieved
2061:
2025:. June 2023.
2020:
1988:
1983:figs. 7–11).
1974:
1964:
1955:
1789:
1777:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1684:Papunya Tula
1682:—especially
1661:
1645:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1584:
1575:
1482:Anindilyakwa
1472:
1458:Tiwi Islands
1395:in northern
1375:
1334:
1236:
1205:
1114:Tiwi Islands
1091:
1066:
1045:
1041:
1028:
1026:
1006:
998:Y chromosome
978:
959:
955:
944:
911:
890:Neanderthals
883:
859:
847:
843:Wallace line
828:
782:Australasian
763:
702:
698:stock routes
679:
675:hydrologists
636:
625:
623:
607:
584:
564:
557:East Journey
537:Injalak Arts
447:
432:
404:
395:
361:
344:
343:
43:Ethnic group
40:
7641:Land rights
7544:King plates
7360:Sweet foods
7330:Food groups
7300:Bush tucker
7040:Language(s)
6975:NAIDOC Week
6925:Enumeration
6834:Individuals
6799:Communities
6678:Indo-Fijian
6546:Palestinian
6480:Middle East
6406:Montenegrin
6182:Singaporean
6019:Indo-Fijian
5884:Bangladeshi
5879:Azerbaijani
5596:Cameroonian
4524:Amnesty.org
4359:29 November
4093:12 December
4028:12 December
3999:12 December
3973:16 December
2842:(1): 1–32.
2810:science.org
2540:2440/107043
2431:Rebe Taylor
2094:25 November
1604:Terminology
1462:Arnhem Land
1384:, known as
1215:Demographic
1208:2021 census
962:Philippines
778:Melanesians
663:geneticists
587:Pleistocene
568:Arnhem Land
533:Arnhem Land
516:Arnhem Land
450:2021 census
312:man of the
308:An Eastern
7532:Prehistory
7455:Visual art
7408:Didgeridoo
7320:Fibrecraft
7295:Bush bread
7161:Mass media
7088:Placenames
6965:Marn Grook
6955:Kurdaitcha
6938:Aboriginal
6900:Corroboree
6819:Victorians
6809:Tasmanians
6690:Ni-Vanuatu
6421:Portuguese
6396:Macedonian
6391:Lithuanian
6306:Belarusian
6224:Vietnamese
6187:Sri Lankan
6051:Indonesian
5827:Venezuelan
5817:Salvadoran
5802:Paraguayan
5797:Panamanian
5782:Guatemalan
5777:Ecuadorian
5711:Zimbabwean
5676:Senegalese
5541:Indigenous
4831:3 February
4805:3 February
4714:8 February
4688:21 October
3110:16 January
2315:Te Kaharoa
2191:Britannica
2062:Britannica
2000:References
1646:Indigenous
1630:Aboriginal
1619:Aboriginal
1265:See also:
1082:metabolism
1013:genotyping
1002:haplogroup
989:stone tool
926:New Guinea
886:Denisovans
866:South Asia
862:DNA sample
794:South Asia
776:, such as
724:Karnatukul
659:ecologists
599:New Guinea
595:sea levels
553:Didgeridoo
498:See also:
134:Queensland
7554:Black War
7549:Massacres
7388:Artefacts
7285:Boomerang
7277:Bushcraft
7201:Sorry Day
7015:Songlines
6890:Astronomy
6847:Musicians
6842:Activists
6521:Jordanian
6471:Ukrainian
6411:Norwegian
6376:Icelandic
6371:Hungarian
6316:Bulgarian
6145:Pakistani
6135:Mongolian
6130:Maldivian
6108:Malaysian
6076:Sundanese
5955:Taiwanese
5943:Cantonese
5938:Hong Kong
5923:Cambodian
5896:Bhutanese
5822:Uruguayan
5767:Colombian
5757:Brazilian
5747:Argentine
5691:Tanzanian
5661:Mauritian
5611:Ethiopian
5601:Congolese
5591:Burundian
5435:28 August
5376:CC BY 4.0
5325:16 August
5299:17 August
5263:17 August
5217:17 August
5162:0025-729X
5127:150362243
5119:0005-0067
5080:151609217
5072:0005-0067
5023:0363-0234
4976:1838-7357
4921:2242-3982
4872:1446-7984
4781:819819283
4664:147150152
4628:145479418
3795:990782127
3620:0737-4038
3389:0028-0836
3324:0028-0836
3259:1471-2164
3243:(1): 70.
3209:0028-0836
3105:1476-4687
2899:2073-4425
2858:2770-5005
2815:19 August
2792:225577563
2784:2047-6930
2644:233458467
2565:205257212
2549:0028-0836
2485:0023-6942
2361:30 August
2337:1178-6035
2293:149824646
2285:1356-2517
2243:951371681
1708:ancestral
1692:Ngangkari
1676:songlines
1635:The term
1623:Aborigine
1615:Aborigine
1608:The term
1522:Ngunnawal
1382:geography
1363:Men from
1342:ancestral
1247:phonology
1227:Languages
1098:Australia
1078:thyroxine
905:known as
774:Oceanians
688:stories,
593:when the
466:phonology
416:songlines
399:languages
364:Australia
265:Christian
263:Majority
233:Languages
7729:Category
7561:Missions
7413:Dreaming
7310:Coolamon
7181:Politics
7025:Tjurunga
6647:Sudanese
6627:Mandaean
6593:Chaldean
6573:Assyrian
6566:Tunisian
6541:Moroccan
6531:Lebanese
6506:Egyptian
6501:Bahraini
6496:Algerian
6431:Romanian
6346:Estonian
6321:Croatian
6296:Austrian
6284:Scottish
6254:Albanian
6113:Bruneian
6083:Japanese
6071:Madurese
6066:Javanese
6061:Balinese
6056:Acehnese
6024:Malayali
6014:Gujarati
5999:Georgian
5994:Filipino
5874:Armenian
5834:Jamaican
5807:Peruvian
5787:Honduran
5752:Bolivian
5732:Canadian
5727:American
5720:Americas
5696:Togolese
5666:Nigerian
5651:Malawian
5646:Liberian
5626:Ghanaian
5616:Gabonese
5606:Eritrean
5586:Beninese
5378:license.
5227:Archived
5178:28327004
5031:25227155
4984:77905930
4929:17655060
4880:71578621
4591:1 August
4533:5 August
4503:12 April
4465:(1986).
4324:"bininj"
3950:24478298
3901:ABC News
3879:13575330
3817:ABC News
3762:23319617
3703:26923783
3638:28074030
3581:34388371
3503:33753512
3456:28074030
3407:27654912
3342:34433944
3277:25757516
3217:27654914
3151:13 March
3068:21940856
3011:11543898
2966:25877615
2917:36553640
2712:30231025
2671:PLOS ONE
2636:33927367
2584:ABC News
2557:28726833
2493:27508560
2433:(2002).
1803:See also
1720:Dirawong
1704:wandjina
1547:Warlpiri
1510:Muruwari
1504:Gunggari
1492:Arrernte
1449:Tasmania
1417:Victoria
1386:demonyms
1320:Tasmania
1316:Victoria
1102:Tasmania
1061:Adelaide
947:Holocene
879:Makassan
839:Malaysia
804:region.
786:Negritos
738:Genetics
686:Dreaming
647:Tasmania
614:Holocene
428:Dreaming
424:ontology
391:Makassar
389:and the
380:Holocene
376:Tasmania
310:Arrernte
273:Catholic
269:Anglican
267:(mainly
258:Religion
224:Victoria
116:Tasmania
7593:Apology
7527:History
7470:History
7370:Woomera
7146:AIATSIS
7000:Seasons
6950:Kinship
6915:Deities
6905:Country
6882:Culture
6872:Writers
6786:Peoples
6666:Oceania
6652:Turkish
6622:Kurdish
6613:Israeli
6608:Iranian
6526:Kuwaiti
6511:Emirati
6461:Swedish
6456:Spanish
6451:Slovene
6441:Serbian
6436:Russian
6401:Maltese
6386:Latvian
6381:Italian
6356:Finnish
6326:Cypriot
6311:Bosnian
6301:Belgian
6269:English
6264:Cornish
6214:Turkmen
6165:Punjabi
6160:Pashtun
6118:Kadazan
6103:Laotian
6029:Punjabi
6009:Bengali
5977:Tibetan
5928:Chinese
5901:Burmese
5889:Bengali
5867:Pashtun
5792:Mexican
5762:Chilean
5706:Zambian
5701:Ugandan
5671:Rwandan
5636:Ivorian
5631:Guinean
5621:Gambian
5581:Angolan
5418:AIATSIS
5406:AIATSIS
5348:: 123.
5202:AIATSIS
5170:1035404
4937:1720215
4559:19 July
4497:The Age
4334:20 June
4151:25 July
4126:25 July
3941:3924073
3753:3562786
3730:Bibcode
3694:4819516
3671:Bibcode
3629:5400393
3572:8596304
3551:Bibcode
3494:8020671
3447:5400393
3398:5161557
3369:Bibcode
3333:8387238
3304:Bibcode
3268:4342813
3179:Bibcode
3145:History
3059:3991479
3038:Bibcode
3030:Science
2957:4453060
2908:9778601
2703:6145509
2680:Bibcode
2519:Bibcode
2197:19 July
2160:AIATSIS
2068:19 July
1980:qpGraph
1694:in the
1672:stories
1668:dancing
1553:Yamatji
1540:in the
1524:in the
1516:Luritja
1445:Palawah
1439:Noongar
1338:peoples
1245:in the
1206:In the
1197:163,557
1194:812,728
1183:100,803
1180:649,171
1166:548,368
1152:455,028
1017:Mamanwa
965:Negrito
930:hominin
907:Mamanwa
902:Siberia
898:Siberia
852:in the
823:Noongar
730:in the
570:in the
484:Origins
464:in the
454:English
448:In the
435:Papuans
412:stories
408:dancing
351:of the
297:Papuans
7697:Treaty
7636:Health
7614:Issues
7078:Palawa
6934:Flags
6930:Elders
6722:Tongan
6712:Samoan
6685:Niuean
6673:Fijian
6657:Yezidi
6632:Nubian
6617:Jewish
6598:Darfur
6588:Coptic
6583:Berber
6561:Syrian
6556:Somali
6536:Libyan
6446:Slovak
6426:Romani
6416:Polish
6361:German
6351:French
6336:Danish
6246:Europe
6177:Pathan
6170:Sindhi
6155:Hazara
6150:Baloch
6140:Nepali
6098:Kyrgyz
6093:Korean
6088:Kazakh
6044:Telugu
6034:Sindhi
6004:Indian
5982:Uyghur
5862:Hazara
5857:Afghan
5656:Malian
5641:Kenyan
5573:Africa
5453:about
5430:ARTARK
5290:
5254:
5208:
5176:
5168:
5160:
5125:
5117:
5078:
5070:
5029:
5021:
4982:
4974:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4878:
4870:
4779:
4769:
4662:
4626:
4442:
4417:
4390:
4308:
4286:
4261:3 July
4235:3 July
4206:3 July
4180:3 July
4064:
4034:s 4: "
3948:
3938:
3877:
3793:
3783:
3760:
3750:
3701:
3691:
3636:
3626:
3618:
3579:
3569:
3501:
3491:
3454:
3444:
3405:
3395:
3387:
3361:Nature
3340:
3330:
3322:
3296:Nature
3275:
3265:
3257:
3215:
3207:
3171:Nature
3103:
3088:Nature
3066:
3056:
3009:
2964:
2954:
2915:
2905:
2897:
2856:
2790:
2782:
2710:
2700:
2642:
2634:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2511:Nature
2491:
2483:
2441:
2415:21 May
2389:21 May
2335:
2291:
2283:
2241:
2231:
2170:18 May
2141:21 May
2132:
1772:Maloga
1724:Bunjil
1716:Baiame
1559:Yolngu
1538:Wangai
1498:Bininj
1393:Anangu
1367:, 1939
1328:Cairns
1324:Darwin
1169:93,340
1155:45,025
1135:Census
1112:, the
894:allele
835:Borneo
673:, and
632:Kakadu
627:Nature
616:, the
478:health
418:, and
340:, 1923
221:
203:
185:
167:
149:
131:
113:
95:
7707:Voice
7702:Truth
7631:Crime
7418:Music
7403:Dance
7365:Waddy
7350:Soaks
7335:Humpy
7126:ATSIC
6700:Māori
6603:Dinka
6551:Saudi
6516:Iraqi
6466:Swiss
6366:Greek
6341:Dutch
6331:Czech
6289:Welsh
6274:Irish
6229:Hmong
6219:Uzbek
6204:Tatar
6199:Tajik
6192:Tamil
6123:Temoq
6039:Tamil
5970:Hoklo
5960:Hakka
5933:Hmong
5911:Karen
5772:Cuban
5198:(PDF)
5174:S2CID
5123:S2CID
5076:S2CID
4980:S2CID
4933:S2CID
4876:S2CID
4660:S2CID
4624:S2CID
4585:(PDF)
4578:(PDF)
3967:(PDF)
2971:8 May
2877:Genes
2788:S2CID
2768:(1).
2649:7 May
2640:S2CID
2593:7 May
2561:S2CID
2489:JSTOR
2321:(1).
2289:S2CID
1947:Notes
1796:CSIRO
1664:tribe
1433:Nunga
1427:Murri
1413:Koori
1218:olds.
1200:25.2
1186:18.4
1172:20.5
1158:11.0
981:dingo
920:(the
918:Sahul
802:Sahul
603:Sahul
252:Kriol
102:30.3%
7450:Vibe
7428:Rock
7380:Arts
7290:Buka
7210:TSRA
6995:Riji
6895:Bora
6736:and
6637:Nuer
6578:Bari
6491:Arab
6234:Mien
6209:Thai
5950:Mien
5906:Chin
5849:Asia
5437:2023
5372:text
5327:2020
5301:2020
5288:ISBN
5265:2020
5252:ISBN
5219:2020
5206:ISBN
5166:PMID
5158:ISSN
5115:ISSN
5068:ISSN
5027:PMID
5019:ISSN
4972:ISSN
4925:PMID
4917:ISSN
4868:ISSN
4833:2020
4807:2020
4777:OCLC
4767:ISBN
4716:2019
4690:2019
4593:2016
4561:2021
4553:NITV
4535:2020
4505:2010
4440:ISBN
4415:ISBN
4388:ISBN
4361:2016
4336:2019
4306:ISBN
4284:ISBN
4263:2020
4237:2020
4208:2020
4200:ABED
4182:2020
4153:2023
4128:2023
4095:2019
4062:ISBN
4030:2019
4001:2019
3975:2019
3946:PMID
3875:PMID
3791:OCLC
3781:ISBN
3758:PMID
3699:PMID
3634:PMID
3616:ISSN
3577:PMID
3524:help
3499:PMID
3452:PMID
3403:PMID
3385:ISSN
3338:PMID
3320:ISSN
3273:PMID
3255:ISSN
3213:PMID
3205:ISSN
3153:2020
3112:2016
3101:ISSN
3064:PMID
3007:PMID
2973:2022
2962:PMID
2913:PMID
2895:ISSN
2854:ISSN
2817:2022
2780:ISSN
2708:PMID
2651:2021
2632:PMID
2595:2021
2553:PMID
2545:ISSN
2481:ISSN
2439:ISBN
2417:2024
2391:2024
2363:2020
2333:ISSN
2281:ISSN
2239:OCLC
2229:ISBN
2199:2023
2172:2015
2143:2021
2130:ISBN
2096:2021
2070:2023
1978:The
1778:The
1738:and
1722:and
1678:and
1464:(NT)
1460:off
1454:Tiwi
1403:and
1249:and
1191:2021
1177:2016
1163:2011
1149:2006
1120:and
979:The
868:and
837:and
492:and
468:and
271:and
228:0.9%
210:1.9%
192:2.5%
174:3.4%
156:3.9%
138:4.6%
120:5.5%
58:The
6482:and
5916:Mon
5350:doi
5150:doi
5107:doi
5058:doi
5011:doi
4964:doi
4907:doi
4860:doi
4743:doi
4652:doi
4616:doi
3936:PMC
3928:doi
3924:281
3867:doi
3836:doi
3748:PMC
3738:doi
3726:110
3689:PMC
3679:doi
3624:PMC
3608:doi
3567:PMC
3559:doi
3489:PMC
3479:doi
3475:118
3442:PMC
3434:doi
3393:PMC
3377:doi
3365:538
3328:PMC
3312:doi
3300:596
3263:PMC
3245:doi
3195:hdl
3187:doi
3175:538
3093:doi
3054:PMC
3046:doi
3034:334
2999:doi
2952:PMC
2944:doi
2903:PMC
2885:doi
2844:doi
2770:doi
2698:PMC
2688:doi
2624:doi
2535:hdl
2527:doi
2515:547
2473:doi
2323:doi
2273:doi
2122:doi
1680:art
1617:to
1484:on
1456:on
994:SNP
812:PCA
706:of
420:art
7731::
5428:.
5416:.
5404:.
5392:.
5346:30
5344:.
5318:.
5172:.
5164:.
5156:.
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