551:. She left the unfinished hymn on the table. Theophilus found her cell and entered it alone. He looked for her but she was not there; she was hiding in a closet, watching him. Theophilus, overcome with sadness, cried and regretted that moment of pride when he rejected such a beautiful and intellectual woman; then he noticed the papers on the table and read them. When he had finished reading, he sat and added one line to the hymn; then he left. The line attributed to the Emperor is the line "those feet whose sound Eve heard at dusk in Paradise and hid herself for fear." Legend says that as he was leaving he noticed Kassia in the closet but did not speak to her, out of respect for her wished privacy. Kassia emerged when the emperor was gone, read what he had written and finished the hymn.
721:, preferring to discuss more individual and personal issues. In addition to ethnical ideals, the themes Kassia covers include ethnical ideals and weaknesses (her examples include 'foolishness' and 'friendship'); social structures; femininity (particularly 'beauty'); and the defense of women's rights. This approach would have made the genre more relevant and accessible to the Byzantine people, though the extent of her epigrams' circulation remains unclear. Her epigrams are particularly reminiscent of similar works by her colleague Theodore the Studite, and are characterized by a concise and straight forward presentation, often including witty or humorous elements. According to Mellas, it is probable that they were "a form
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418:, which was to play a central role in re-editing the Byzantine liturgical books in the 9th and 10th centuries, thus ensuring the survival of her work (Kurt Sherry, p. 56). However, since the monastic life was a common vocation in her day, religious zeal is as likely a motive as either depression or aspiration for artistic renown.
706:, among others. The works are generally rooted in the long tradition, though they include her own unique innovations. In this genre, she is credited with first synthesizing secular and sacred values. While the works are secular in character, they promoted ethical teachings for the lives of Christians. Byzantinist
483:, while she was still a young girl, and he was impressed by her learning and literary style. She not only wrote spiritual poetry, but composed music to accompany it. She is regarded as an "exceptional and rare phenomenon" among composers of her day At least twenty-three genuine hymns are ascribed to her. Her
736:
Many fictitious stories were created around her relationship with
Emperor Theophilos. Contemporary historians such as Glykas, Ptochoprodromos, Kodinos, Zonaras, and Georgios Amartolos described her exile in Italy during the Iconoclasy wars and later settled and died in Kasos sometime between 867 and
679:, which she studied early in life. These literary genres were chiefly dominated by men, so her contributions would have been unusual; Byzantinist Andrew Mellas noted that "perhaps this was an advantage for Kassia and accounts for her originality".
554:
The music for the hymn is slow, sorrowful and plaintive, lasting about ten to twenty minutes, depending on tempo and style of execution. It requires a very wide vocal range, and is considered one of the most demanding pieces — if not
546:
when she realized that the commotion she heard was because the imperial retinue had arrived. She was still in love with him but was now devoted to God and hid away because she did not want to let her old passion overcome her
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198:, though at least 26 have uncertain attribution. The authenticity issues are due to many hymns being anonymous, and others ascribed to different authors in different manuscripts. She was an
559:
most demanding one — of solo
Byzantine chant, and cantors take great pride in delivering it well. It is also sung by choirs in unison, often underpinned by Byzantine vocal bass drone.
221:
are attributed to her, at least 261. Kassia is notable as one of at least two women in the middle
Byzantine period known to have written in their own names, the other being
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279:. Modern English-language references to her as a composer generally use the name "Kassia," while references to her religious life tend to use Kassia or Kassiani.
1542:
1483:
Evangelatou, Maria (2014). "Threads of Power: Clothing
Symbolism, Human Salvation, and Female Identity in the Illustrated Homilies by Iakobos of Kokkinobaphos".
331:. Smitten by Kassia's beauty, the young emperor approached her and said: "Through a woman the baser ," referring to the sin and suffering coming as a result of
1054:
1910:
2718:
538:
Tradition says that in his later years the
Emperor Theophilus, still in love with her, wished to see her one more time before he died, so he rode to the
1915:
707:
1637:
2358:
1930:
323:" (the means by which Byzantine princes/emperors sometimes chose a bride, by giving a golden apple to his choice) organized for the young bachelor
728:
Kassia's gnomic verses were much shorter, usually a single-verse teachings. They often include moral adages and like the epigrams, were succinct.
2270:
441:. In spite of this, she remained outspoken in defence of the Orthodox Faith, at one point saying, "I hate silence when it is time to speak."
2052:
335:'s transgression. Kassia promptly responded, "And through a woman the better ," referring to the hope of salvation resulting from the
459:, where she died sometime between 867 and 890. In the city of Panaghia, there is a church where Kassia's tomb/reliquary may be found.
1818:
1298:
410:. Although many scholars attribute this to bitterness at having failed to marry Theophilos and to become empress, a letter from
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indicates that she had other motivations for wanting a monastic life. It had a close relationship with the nearby monastery of
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described this approach as "An osmosis of ancient wisdom and monastic truth". Kassia abandoned typical themes found in Greek
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671:. Never set to music, they were written during the reigns of Theophilos and Michael III. Akin to the rest of her
857:. Christophorus, Germany 2009. 18 tracks, with full sung texts in Greek script, German and English translations.
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into a wealthy family and grew to be exceptionally beautiful and intelligent. Three
Byzantine chroniclers,
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1836:
651:
425:, and any residual feelings he may have had for Kassia did not preserve her from the imperial policy of
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2433:
2415:
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2100:
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826:, USA 1997. Includes an instrumental arrangement of Kassia's "Using the Apostate Tyrant as His Tool".
292:
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2325:
1940:
1804:
750:
516:
328:
452:. Together they ended the second iconoclastic period (814-842); peace was restored to the empire.
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1890:
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89:
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870:. Various recordings of the Troparion of Kassiani and When Augustus Reigned. Released in 2011.
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1963:
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480:
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324:
296:
226:
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233:, the earliest surviving manuscripts of her works are dated centuries after her lifetime.
8:
2469:
2370:
2030:
2009:
1870:
1692:"Kassia's hymnography in the light of patristic sources and earlier hymnographical works"
1589:"Kassia's hymnography in the light of patristic sources and earlier hymnographical works"
791:
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683:
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1953:
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843:: Vespers of 25 December (Athens MS 883) which is also recorded on the album by VocaMe.
745:
116:
97:
1614:
Touliatos-Banker, Diane (Spring 1984). "Women
Composers of Medieval Byzantine Chant".
287:
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2004:
1983:
1946:
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109:
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1978:
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877:
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93:
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Kassia traveled to Italy briefly, but eventually settled on the Greek Island of
2160:
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Voice of Women in
Byzantine Music Within the Greek Orthodox Churches in America
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Museum of
Ancient Greek, Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Musical Instruments
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261 works of secular literature are attributed to Kassia, consisting of
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1368:. The Service Books of the Orthodox Church. Translated by Mother Mary;
1356:. The Service Books of the Orthodox Church. Translated by Mother Mary;
840:
794:(the First Sunday of Great Lent), because of her strong defence of the
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698:. Their exact organization was unformalized, ranging from the use of
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1572:"Life According to Nature: Ascetic Ideals in a Sticheron by Kassia"
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365:
179:
62:
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1032:, Buena Vista CO: Holy Apostles Convent, 1991, pp. 374–381,
833:. Dorian, USA 2001. Album contains one piece by Kassia, Augustus-
831:
Sacred Women, Women as
Composers and Performers of Medieval Chant
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399:
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Unsatisfied with her response, Theophilos rejected her and chose
214:
203:
194:. Approximately fifty of her hymns are extant, most of which are
2617:
1422:
Touliatos, Diane (1996). "Kassia". In Schleifer, Martha Furman;
813:
The following are commercial recordings of the music of Kassia:
2115:
449:
407:
245:. It is variously spelled Κασσιανή (contemporary pronunciation
199:
66:
1316:
Liturgy and the Emotions in Byzantium: Compunction and Hymnody
1114:
Kasia the Melodist. And the Making of a Byzantine Hymnographer
448:
became Eastern Roman Emperor, with Empress Theodora acting as
2105:
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589:
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where she resided. Kassia was alone in her cell, writing her
456:
371:
352:
79:
25:
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43:
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CD released 2008. Includes a recording of the Kassia Hymn.
779:
of Saint Kassiani is celebrated by the Orthodox Church on
1227:
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included a song told from her point of view on his album
332:
38:
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Dyck, Andrew R. (1986). "On Cassia, κυριε Ηεν πολλαις".
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for her nuns and perhaps any friends of the monastery."
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1372:. South Canaan, PA: St. Tikhon's Seminary Press. 2002.
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Among the other hymns she composed are the following:
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Kassiani wrote many hymns which are still used in the
2570:
1430:. Vol. 1: Composers Born Before 1599. New York:
1205:
690:, being defined as somewhere in between the scope of
504:
The most famous of her compositions is the eponymous
406:, near the Constantinian Walls, and became its first
2366:
1269:
Byzantine hymns of the first female composer: Kassia
949:
926:
914:
891:
855:
Kassia - Byzantine hymns of the first woman composer
675:, her writings demonstrate influence from classical
241:
Her name is a feminine Greek form of the Latin name
1186:
444:After the death of Theophilos in 842 his young son
433:of icons. Among other things, she was subjected to
190:as the only known woman whose music appears in the
153:
16:
Byzantine-Greek composer and hymnographer (810–865)
1636:
1503:
876:, hymns of Christmas, the Triodion and Holy Week.
1383:Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience 800-1200
487:as a whole demonstrates influence from classical
2630:
1613:
991:
2699:Byzantine saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
1364:
1150:
1095:
1576:Annual Journal of the Centre of Church Studies
1352:
1135:
2352:
1812:
1377:Silvas, Anna M. (2006). "Kassia the Nun". In
861:Choral Settings of Kassiani: with members of
1117:(Thesis). Columbia University. p. 174.
801:In 2022, Kassia was officially added to the
1735:"Tears of Compunction in Byzantine Hymnody"
1482:
479:to this day. She became known to the great
319:, claim that she was a participant in the "
2719:Christian female saints of the Middle Ages
2359:
2345:
1819:
1805:
1748:Kassia: The Legend, the Woman and her Work
1745:
1393:
967:
770:
757:In August 2019, English singer-songwriter
37:
1707:
1634:
1604:
1421:
1180:
908:
1290:
1231:
1052:
286:
1657:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40895
1537:
1428:Women Composers: Music Through The Ages
1299:Southern Illinois University Carbondale
1199:
1110:
682:The genre of epigrams had existed from
327:by his stepmother, the Empress Dowager
303:Kassia was born between 805 and 810 in
2631:
1732:
1696:Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta
1593:Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta
1376:
1313:
1216:
979:
955:
943:
920:
383:
364:
186:and poet. She holds a unique place in
2340:
1800:
1689:
1586:
1569:
1511:(1991–1992). "Women and Iconoclasm".
1055:"The Tomb of Saint Kassiani in Kasos"
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
880:, Alexander Lingas. Released in 2021.
246:
162:
1457:
1400:. Taylor & Francis. p. 66.
803:Episcopal Church liturgical calendar
598:Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar
531:and the lamp-lighting psalms of the
1826:
1245:"General Convention Virtual Binder"
1086:(Byzantine Melodies, 1983), p. 108.
658:
491:, which she studied early in life.
13:
1682:
1548:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1360:. London: Faber & Faber. 1977.
1030:The Lives of the Spiritual Mothers
1015:
846:Deborah Kayser & Nick Tsiavos
515:), which is chanted each year for
14:
2755:
1766:
1451:Encyclopedia and journal articles
805:with a feast day on 7 September.
499:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2557:
2556:
2321:
2320:
1962:
1780:
1291:Brashier, Rachel Nicole (2012).
421:Emperor Theophilos was a fierce
385:[c(e)ekʝyneˈkostaˈkrito]
343:. According to tradition, the
1545:. In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.).
1262:
1237:
1104:
1073:
1046:
494:
315:(a.k.a. George the Sinner) and
291:19th century representation by
1733:Mellas, Andrew (1 June 2018).
1394:Stephenson, Paul, ed. (2010).
1084:of the Eastern Orthodox Church
997:
823:Early Music (Lachrymæ Antiquæ)
562:
1:
2659:9th-century Byzantine writers
1587:Simic, Kosta (January 2011).
1523:10.1515/byzs.1992.84-85.2.391
884:
808:
786:She is often depicted on the
731:
638:Her longest composition is a
615:(liturgical book used during
398:By 843, Kassia had founded a
168:
2654:9th-century Christian saints
2303:School of Ecclesiastic Music
1792:Princeton University Library
1746:Tripolitis, Antonia (1992).
1674:UK public library membership
1111:Zugravu, Gheorghita (2013).
523:occurring at the end of the
7:
2729:9th-century Greek musicians
2674:9th-century women composers
1779:(public domain audiobooks)
588:Numerous hymns in honor of
467:
366:[ekʝyne'kosta'çiro]
309:Pseudo-Symeon the Logothete
154:
10:
2760:
2744:Saints from Constantinople
2664:9th-century Byzantine nuns
2371:writers of the Middle Ages
1320:Cambridge University Press
1278:
606:Nativity of the Forerunner
373:Kαὶ ἐκ γυναικὸς τὰ κρείττω
372:
353:
2739:Constantinopolitan Greeks
2649:9th-century women writers
2554:
2516:
2488:
2450:
2432:
2414:
2398:
2377:
2311:
2263:
2227:
2186:
2153:
2101:Byzantine Musical Symbols
2083:
2018:
1997:
1971:
1960:
1843:
1834:
1635:Touliatos, Diane (2001).
1514:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
748:of the television series
293:Valentine Cameron Prinsep
143:
115:
103:
85:
73:
51:
36:
23:
517:Great and Holy Wednesday
462:
225:. Like her predecessors
2714:Byzantine hymnographers
2689:Byzantine women writers
1891:Joseph the Hymnographer
1649:Oxford University Press
1616:College Music Symposium
1553:Oxford University Press
1314:Mellas, Andrew (2020).
1009:11 October 2007 at the
771:Religious commemoration
633:Great and Holy Saturday
629:Great and Holy Thursday
611:Among her hymns in the
429:for her defence of the
282:
236:
90:Eastern Orthodox Church
2508:Mechthild of Magdeburg
2255:Thrasyvoulos Stanitsas
2128:Hagiopolitan Octoechos
2123:Neobyzantine Octoechos
1881:Theophanes the Branded
1517:. 84–85 (2): 391–408.
1004:"Other Women's Voices"
389:
300:
2709:Christian hymnwriters
2694:Greek women composers
2669:9th-century composers
2286:Monastery of Stoudios
2235:Greek Byzantine Choir
1750:. New York: Garland.
1690:Kosta, Simić (2011).
1570:Simic, Kosta (2009).
1485:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
1328:10.1017/9781108767361
992:Touliatos-Banker 1984
867:English Chamber Choir
650:, to be chanted at a
533:Presanctified Liturgy
349:
337:Incarnation of Christ
290:
2315:*also music theorist
2250:Konstantinos Pringos
2096:72 equal temperament
1896:Joseph the Confessor
1876:Theodore the Studite
1851:Romanos the Melodist
1739:Histories of Emotion
1709:10.2298/ZRVI1148007S
1606:10.2298/ZRVI1148007S
1053:Sanidopoulos, John.
740:She is portrayed by
654:(memorial services).
596:(fixed cycle of the
481:Theodore the Studite
412:Theodore the Studite
354:Ἐκ γυναικὸς τὰ χείρω
227:Romanos the Melodist
174:– before 865) was a
2679:Byzantine composers
2470:Hildegard of Bingen
1871:Stephen the Sabaite
1397:The Byzantine World
1366:The Lenten Triodion
796:veneration of icons
792:Sunday of Orthodoxy
684:classical antiquity
646:, consisting of 32
508:(also known as the
213:Additionally, many
2704:Christian abbesses
2644:9th-century deaths
2639:9th-century births
2536:Christine de Pizan
2531:Catherine of Siena
2503:Gertrude the Great
2245:Iakovos Nafpliotis
2240:Nikodimos Kabarnos
2199:Solon Hadjisolomos
1954:Janus Plousiadenos
1911:Nikephoros Ethikos
1644:Grove Music Online
1539:Kazhdan, Alexander
1387:Ashgate Publishing
1354:The Festal Menaion
1284:Books and chapters
317:Leo the Grammarian
301:
248:[kaˈsçani]
164:[kasia'ni]
98:Anglican Communion
2724:Women hymnwriters
2568:
2567:
2541:Julian of Norwich
2526:Bridget of Sweden
2334:
2333:
2297:Only-begotten Son
2214:Miloš Velimirović
2133:Papadic Octoechos
2005:Paschal troparion
1984:George Pachymeres
1947:Manuel Chrysaphes
1837:List of composers
1757:978-0-8240-2990-6
1672:(subscription or
1666:978-1-56159-263-0
1562:978-0-19-504652-6
1441:978-0-8161-0926-5
1337:978-1-108-76736-1
1156:, p. 646–51.
1101:, p. 540–42.
1061:on 28 August 2019
982:, pp. 24–25.
874:Hymns of Kassiani
704:iambic pentameter
192:Byzantine liturgy
152:
125:
124:
86:Venerated in
2751:
2621:
2620:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2587:Byzantine Empire
2585:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2560:
2559:
2480:Trota of Salerno
2361:
2354:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2324:
2323:
1989:Manuel Bryennios
1966:
1950:
1921:John Koukouzelis
1916:Gregorios Glykys
1866:Cosmas of Maiuma
1861:John of Damascus
1821:
1814:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1784:
1783:
1761:
1742:
1729:
1711:
1677:
1670:
1640:
1631:
1610:
1608:
1583:
1566:
1534:
1500:
1479:
1445:
1424:Glickman, Sylvia
1418:
1416:
1414:
1390:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1310:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
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1203:
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1184:
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1148:
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1123:10.7916/d82806kh
1108:
1102:
1093:
1087:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1057:. Archived from
1050:
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1043:
1026:
1013:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
924:
918:
912:
906:
848:The Fallen Woman
716:
708:Marc Lauxtermann
688:Byzantine empire
677:Greek literature
659:Secular writings
489:Greek literature
387:
382:
375:
374:
368:
363:
356:
355:
250:
173:
170:
166:
161:
157:
147:
145:
110:Pre-congregation
41:
21:
20:
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2758:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2734:Anglican saints
2684:Byzantine poets
2629:
2628:
2627:
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1856:Andrew of Crete
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1828:Byzantine music
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1788:Works by Kassia
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1683:Further reading
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1370:Ware, Kallistos
1358:Ware, Kallistos
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2041:Byzantine Rite
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1768:
1767:External links
1765:
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1391:
1379:Garland, Lynda
1374:
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1297:. Carbondale:
1287:
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1273:
1261:
1236:
1221:
1219:, p. 143.
1204:
1185:
1181:Touliatos 1996
1158:
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1141:, p. 254.
1137:Festal Menaion
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506:Hymn of Kassia
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500:Hymn of Kassia
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379:Medieval Greek
360:Medieval Greek
347:dialogue was:
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1234:, p. 13.
1233:
1232:Brashier 2012
1228:
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1196:
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1039:0-944359-05-1
1035:
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1023:
1021:
1019:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1000:
994:, p. 65.
993:
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981:
976:
970:, p. 66.
969:
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938:
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764:No Man's Land
760:
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747:
743:
738:
729:
726:
724:
720:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
686:and into the
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
669:gnomic verses
666:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
607:
603:
599:
595:
592:found in the
591:
587:
585:
584:Christmas Eve
581:
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569:
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560:
558:
552:
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419:
417:
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409:
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396:
395:as his wife.
394:
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289:
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274:
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266:
262:
258:
254:
251:), Κασ(σ)ία (
249:
244:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:gnomic verses
216:
211:
209:
205:
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197:
193:
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185:
181:
177:
165:
156:
150:
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137:
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106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
54:
50:
46:of St. Kassia
45:
40:
35:
27:
22:
19:
2518:14th century
2490:13th century
2460:Anna Komnene
2452:12th century
2434:11th century
2416:10th century
2405:
2295:
2276:Protopsaltes
2219:Egon Wellesz
2138:Nana (echos)
1885:
1747:
1738:
1702:(48): 7–37.
1699:
1695:
1642:
1622:(1): 62–80.
1619:
1615:
1599:(48): 7–37.
1596:
1592:
1579:
1575:
1546:
1512:
1488:
1484:
1463:
1459:
1427:
1411:. Retrieved
1396:
1382:
1365:
1353:
1315:
1293:
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1248:
1239:
1200:Kazhdan 2005
1183:, p. 2.
1151:
1146:
1136:
1131:
1113:
1106:
1096:
1091:
1080:
1075:
1065:17 September
1063:. Retrieved
1059:the original
1048:
1029:
999:
987:
975:
963:
951:
916:
873:
860:
854:
847:
830:
821:
812:
800:
785:
774:
763:
759:Frank Turner
756:
749:
739:
735:
727:
681:
672:
662:
566:
556:
553:
549:monastic vow
543:
537:
509:
505:
503:
495:Sacred music
484:
471:
454:
443:
420:
397:
390:
350:
339:through the
302:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:), Εικασία (
252:
242:
240:
223:Anna Comnena
212:
184:hymnographer
135:
131:
127:
126:
61:(modern-day
18:
2399:9th century
2378:8th century
2271:Akolouthiai
2166:Cretan lyra
2154:Instruments
1936:John Kladas
1491:: 241–323.
1385:. Farnham:
1271:, vocame.de
1217:Mellas 2020
980:Mellas 2020
956:Mellas 2020
944:Mellas 2020
921:Mellas 2020
781:7 September
711: [
696:epic poetry
608:, 24 June.
600:), such as
573:Doxastichon
563:Other hymns
521:doxastichon
513:of Kassiani
446:Michael III
427:persecution
341:Virgin Mary
259:), Ικασία (
121:7 September
2633:Categories
2424:Hrotsvitha
2390:Sahakdukht
2228:Performers
2053:Koinonikon
2036:Cherubikon
1647:. Oxford:
1582:: 111–121.
1551:. Oxford:
1432:G. K. Hall
1413:5 February
885:References
841:Doxastikon
809:Recordings
746:5th season
732:Portrayals
627:Canons of
619:) are the
617:Great Lent
431:veneration
423:iconoclast
329:Euphrosyne
325:Theophilos
321:bride show
297:Theophilos
172: 810
160:pronounced
2111:Octoechos
2075:Sticheron
2070:Troparion
2058:Kontakion
2026:Aposticha
2010:Octoechos
1972:Theorists
1844:Composers
1726:0584-9888
1718:2406-0917
1676:required)
1541:(2005) .
1531:191604164
1470:: 63–76.
1460:Byzantion
1346:225623021
1307:810092479
1082:Hymnology
838:Idiomelon
835:Sticheron
777:feast day
723:Catechism
540:monastery
525:aposticha
511:Troparion
474:Byzantine
435:scourging
176:Byzantine
149:romanized
105:Canonized
2562:Category
2326:Category
2187:Scholars
2173:Thaboura
2063:Akathist
2046:Kathisma
1777:LibriVox
1638:"Kassia"
1628:40374217
1543:"Kassia"
1497:24643760
1476:44160984
1426:(eds.).
1007:Archived
865:and the
700:couplets
665:epigrams
652:Parastas
648:strophes
644:Departed
642:for the
623:for the
613:Triodion
577:Vesperal
468:Overview
416:Stoudios
393:Theodora
345:verbatim
299:' choice
277:Kassiana
273:Cassiane
265:Kassiani
215:epigrams
196:stichera
180:composer
155:Kassianí
144:Κασσιανή
136:Kassiani
63:Istanbul
2573:Portals
2465:Héloïse
2264:Related
2178:Organon
2091:Petasti
1998:Liturgy
1790:at the
1468:Peeters
1381:(ed.).
1279:Sources
1254:22 July
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