Kava - Knowledge

1691:), characterised by dry and scaly skin covering the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and back. The first symptom to appear is usually dry, peeling skin; some Pacific Islanders deliberately consume large quantities of kava for several weeks in order to get the peeling effect, resulting in a layer of new skin. These effects appeared at consumption levels between 31 grams (1.1 oz) to 440 grams (0.97 lb) a week of kava powder. Despite numerous studies, the mechanism that causes kava dermopathy is poorly understood "but may relate to interference with cholesterol metabolism". The condition is easily treatable with abstinence or lowering of kava intake as the skin appears to be returning to its normal state within a couple of weeks of reduced or no kava use. Kava dermopathy should not be confused with rare instances of allergic reactions to kava that are usually characterised by itchy rash or puffy face. 710: 888: 763:, which are not present in any significant concentration in the noble varieties), have led to legislation prohibiting exports from countries such as Vanuatu. Likewise, efforts have been made to educate non-traditional customers about the difference between noble and non-noble varieties and that non-noble varieties do not offer the same results as noble cultivars. In recent years, government regulatory bodies and non-profit NGOs have been set up with the declared aim of monitoring kava quality; producing regular reports; certifying vendors selling proper, noble kava; and warning customers against products that may contain tudei varieties. 44: 919:. As noted by the Kava Society of New Zealand, "in all likelihood, the kava plant was known to the first settlers of Aotearoa . It is also possible that (just like the Polynesian migrants that settled in Hawaii) the Maori explorers brought some kava with them. Unfortunately, most of New Zealand is simply too cold for growing kava and hence the Maori settlers lost their connection to the sacred plant." Further, "in New Zealand, where the climate is too cold for kava, the Maori gave the name kawa-kawa to another 1845:

pharmaceutical preparations are currently prescription drugs. Furthermore, patient and professional information brochures have been redesigned to warn about potential side effects. These strict measures have been opposed by some of the leading kava scientists. In early 2016, a court case was filed against the Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM/German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices), arguing that the new regulatory regime is too strict and not justified.

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lateral root. Crown roots are the large-diameter pieces that look like 1.5 to 5 inches (38 to 127 mm)-diameter wooden poker chips. Most kava plants consist of approximately 80% crown root upon harvesting. Lateral roots are smaller-diameter roots that look more like a typical root. A mature kava plant is about 20% lateral roots. Kava lateral roots have the highest content of kavalactones in the kava plant. "Waka" grade kava is made of lateral roots only.

1365: 923:, in memory of the kava plants they undoubtedly brought with them and unsuccessfully attempted to cultivate. The Maori word kawa also means "ceremonial protocol", recalling the stylized consumption of the drug typical of Polynesian societies". Kawakawa is commonly used in Maori traditional medicine for the treatment of skin infections, wounds, and cuts, and (when prepared as a tea) for stomach upsets and other minor illnesses. 1670:: One of levodopa's chronic side effects that Parkinson's patients experience is the "on-off phenomenon" of motor fluctuations, where there will be periods of oscillations between "on", where the patient experiences symptomatic relief, and "off", where the therapeutic effect wears off early. When taking levodopa and kava together, it has been shown that there is an increased frequency of this "on-off phenomenon". 1868:

water extractions prepared from these roots) can legally be sold as food or dietary supplements in New Zealand. The aerial parts of the plant (growing up and out of the ground), unlike the roots, contain relatively small amounts of kavalactones; instead, they contain a mildly toxic alkaloid, pipermethysticine. While not normally consumed, the sale of aerial plant sections and non-water based extract (such as CO

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such as the cultivar used (and the related specific composition of kavalactones), age of the plant, and method of consumption. However, it can be stated that in general, noble kava produces a state of calmness, relaxation, and well-being without diminishing cognitive performance. Kava may produce an initial talkative period, followed by muscle relaxation and eventual sleepiness.

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allowed, under licence for medical or scientific purposes. These restrictions were introduced in 2007 after concern about abuse of kava in indigenous communities. Initially, the import limit was 2 kg per person; it was raised to 4 kg in December 2019, and a pilot program allowing for commercial importation was implemented on 1 December 2021.

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Adverse reactions may result from the poor quality of kava raw material used in the manufacturing of various kava products. In addition to the potential for hepatotoxicity, adverse reactions from chronic use may include visual impairment, rashes or dermatitis, seizures, weight loss, and malnutrition,

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Tudei varieties have traditionally not been grown in Hawaii and Fiji, but in recent years there have been reports of farmers attempting to grow "isa" or "palisi" non-noble cultivars in Hawaii, and of imports of dried tudei kava into Fiji for further re-exporting. The tudei cultivars may be easier and

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The perceived benefits of noble cultivars explain why only these cultivars were spread around the Pacific by Polynesian and Melanesian migrants, with presence of non-noble cultivars limited to the islands of Vanuatu, from which they originated. More recently, it has been suggested that the widespread

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advises against the consumption of ethanolic and acetonic kavalactone extracts, and says that "products should be developed from water-based suspensions of kava". The government of Australia prohibits the sales of such kavalactone extracts, and only permits the sale of kava products in their natural

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The mature roots of the kava plant are harvested after a minimum of four years (at least five years, ideally) for peak kavalactone content. Most kava plants produce around 50 kg (110 lb) of root when they are harvested. Kava root is classified into two categories: crown root (or chips) and

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In Australia, the supply of kava is regulated through the National Code of Kava Management. Travellers to Australia are allowed to bring up to 4 kg of kava in their baggage, provided they are at least 18 years old and the kava is in root or dried form. Commercial import of larger quantities is

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In Vanuatu, exportation of kava is strictly regulated. Only cultivars classified as noble are allowed to be exported. Only the most desirable cultivars for everyday drinking are classified as noble to maintain quality control. In addition, their laws mandate that exported kava must be at least five

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The nature of effects will largely depend on the cultivar of the kava plant and the form of its consumption. Traditionally, only noble kava cultivars have been consumed, as they are accepted as safe and produce desired effects. The specific effects of various noble kavas depend on various factors,

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While some bars have been committed to only serving the traditional forms and types of kava, other establishments have been accused of serving non-traditionally consumed non-noble kava varieties, which are cheaper but far more likely to cause unpleasant effects and adverse reactions, or of serving

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Also, "chemical solvents used do not extract the same compounds as the natural water extracts in traditional use. The extraction process may exclude important modifying constituents soluble only in water". In particular, it has been noted that, unlike traditional water-based preparations, products

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When used traditionally, kava is regulated as a food under the Food Standards Code. Kava may also be used as an herbal remedy, where it is currently regulated by the Dietary Supplements Regulations. Only traditionally consumed forms and parts of the kava plant (i.e., pure roots of the kava plant,

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to reconsider the evidence base for banning kava-based pharmaceutical products. On 10 June 2014, the German Administrative Court overturned the 2002 ban, making selling kava as a medicine legal (personal possession of kava has never been illegal), albeit strictly regulated. In Germany, kava-based

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Until August 2018, Poland was the only EU country with an "outright ban on kava" and where the mere possession of kava was prohibited and may have resulted in a prison sentence. Under the new legislation, kava is no longer listed among prohibited substances and it is therefore legal to possess,

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In general, kavalactone content is greatest in the roots and decreases higher up the plant into the stems and leaves. Relative concentrations of 15%, 10%, and 5% have been observed in the root, stump, and basal stems, respectively. The relative content of kavalactones depends not only on plant

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One group of scholars say that organic solvents introduce compounds that may affect the liver into the standardized product; these compounds are not extracted by water and are consequently largely absent from kava prepared with water. For instance, when compared with water extraction, organic

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As noted in one of the earliest Western publications on kava (1886): "A well prepared Kava potion drunk in small quantities produces only pleasant changes in behavior. It is therefore a slightly stimulating drink which helps relieve great fatigue. It relaxes the body after strenuous efforts,

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Traditionally, plants are harvested around four years of age, as older plants have higher concentrations of kavalactones. After reaching about 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height, plants grow a wider stalk and additional stalks, but not much taller. The roots can reach a depth of 60 centimetres

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Kava prepared as described above is much more potent than processed kava. Chewing produces the strongest effect because it produces the finest particles. Fresh, undried kava produces a stronger beverage than dry kava. The strength also depends on the species and techniques of cultivation.

748:). Traditionally, only noble kavas have been used for regular consumption, due to their more favourable composition of kavalactones and other compounds that produce more pleasant effects and have lower potential for causing negative side effects, such as nausea, or "kava hangover". 878:

which have been acclimated and adapted to grow well in South Florida's unique soil and climate and have significant resistance to pest and disease pressures. As of 2024, cultivation of these varieties is limited to a small number of commercial farms and backyard growers.

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Alcohol: It has been reported that combined use of alcohol and kava extract can have additive sedative effects. Regarding cognitive function, kava has been shown to have additive cognitive impairments while taken with alcohol when compared to taking placebo and alcohol

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On the basis of research findings and long history of safe use across the South Pacific, experts recommend using water-based extractions of high-quality peeled rhizome and roots of the noble kava cultivars to minimize the potential of adverse reactions to chronic use.

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The Pacific island-state of Vanuatu has passed legislation to regulate the quality of its kava exports. Vanuatu prohibits the export or consumption of non-noble kava varieties or the parts of the plant that are unsuitable for consumption (such as leaves and stems).

732:. Today it comprises hundreds of different cultivars grown across the Pacific. Each cultivar has not only different requirements for successful cultivation, but also displays unique characteristics both in terms of its appearance and its psychoactive properties. 1483: 915:) plant, known also as "Māori kava", may be confused with kava. While the two plants look similar and have similar names, they are different, but related, species. Kawakawa is a small tree endemic to New Zealand, having importance to traditional medicine and 2283:

Kuchta K, Schmidt M, Nahrstedt A (1 December 2015). "German Kava Ban Lifted by Court: The Alleged Hepatotoxicity of Kava (Piper methysticum) as a Case of Ill-Defined Herbal Drug Identity, Lacking Quality Control, and Misguided Regulatory Politics".

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Following discussions on the safety of certain pharmaceutical products derived from kava and sold in Germany, the EU imposed a temporary ban on imports of kava-based pharmaceutical products in 2002. The sale of kava plant became regulated in

16332: 1852:, it is a criminal offence to sell, supply, or import any medicinal product containing kava for human consumption. It is legal to possess kava for personal use or to import it for purposes other than human consumption (e.g., for animals). 1820:. Some Pacific Island States who had been benefiting from the export of kava to the pharmaceutical companies have attempted to overturn the EU ban on kava-based pharmaceutical products by invoking international trade agreements at the 841:

kavain. This sacred variety was so important to them that no one but royalty could ever experience it, "lest they suffer an untimely death". The reverence for Hiwa in old Hawaiʻi is evident in this portion of a chant recorded by

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in the 2000s, the Western Australian Health Department announced the lifting of the ban in February 2017, bringing Western Australia "into line with other States" where it has always remained legal, albeit closely regulated.

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use of tudei cultivars in the manufacturing of several kava products might have been the key factor contributing to the rare reports of adverse reactions to kava observed among the consumers of kava-based products in Europe.

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Kava is used for medicinal, religious, political, cultural, and social purposes throughout the Pacific. These cultures have a great respect for the plant and place a high importance on it. In Fiji, for example, a formal

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of kavalactone droplets in starch. The taste is slightly pungent, while the distinctive aroma depends on whether it was prepared from dry or fresh plant, and on the variety. The colour is grey to tan to opaque greenish.

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Recent usage of kava has been documented in forensic investigations by quantitation of kavain in blood specimens. The principal urinary metabolite, conjugated 4'-OH-kavain, is generally detectable for up to 48 hours.

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itself. Due to the importance of kava in religious rituals and the seemingly (from the Western point of view) unhygienic preparation method, its consumption was discouraged or even banned by Christian missionaries.

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and quoted by E. S. Craighill and Elizabeth Green Handy: "This refers to the cup of sacramental ʻawa brewed from the strong, black ʻawa root (ʻawa hiwa), which was drunk sacramentally by the kumu hula":

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Sarris J, Stough C, Teschke R, et al. (1 November 2013). "Kava for the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder RCT: Analysis of Adverse Reactions, Liver Function, Addiction, and Sexual Effects".

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There is limited safety information available on the effects of kava consumption, but in general, moderate consumption appears unlikely to be harmful, while there is evidence of harm from heavy use.

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Pukui and Elbert translated this as "a knowledge from kava offerings". Winter explains that ʻawa, especially of the Hiwa variety, was offered to hula deities in return for knowledge and inspiration.

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solvents extract vastly larger amounts of flavokavains, compounds associated with adverse reactions to kava that are present in very low concentrations in noble kava, but significant in non-noble.

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It has also been argued that kavalactone extracts have often been made from low-quality plant material, including the toxic aerial parts of the plant that contain the hepatotoxic alkaloid

17235: 15264: 8404: 8268: 19092: 18218: 2147:"Kavalactone content and chemotype of kava beverages prepared from roots and rhizomes of Isa and Mahakea varieties and extraction efficiency of kavalactones using different solvents" 17952: 8414: 5183:"Standard 2.6.3 – Kava – Food Standards (Proposal P1025 – Code Revision) Variation—Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Amendment No. 154 - 2015-gs1906 - New Zealand Gazette" 1891:

issued a Consumer Advisory: "Kava-Containing Dietary Supplements May be Associated with Severe Liver Injury". No legal action was taken, and this advisory has since been archived.

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Scholars make a distinction between the so-called noble and non-noble kava. The latter category comprises the so-called tudei (or "two-day") kavas, medicinal kavas, and wild kava (

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The concerns about the adverse effects of non-noble varieties, produced by their undesirable composition of kavalactones and high concentrations of potentially harmful compounds (

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Lebot V, Do TK, Legendre L (15 May 2014). "Detection of flavokavins (A, B, C) in cultivars of kava (Piper methysticum) using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)".

2907: 1383:, made by pounding sun-dried kava root into a fine powder, straining and mixing it with cold water. Traditionally, grog is drunk from the shorn half-shell of a coconut, called a 362:

Moderate consumption of kava in its traditional form, i.e., as a water-based suspension of kava roots, has been deemed to present an "acceptably low level of health risk" by the

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issued an order prohibiting the sale of any product containing kava. While the restrictions on kava were lifted in 2012, Health Canada lists five kava ingredients as of 2017.

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Anxiolytics (CNS depressants such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates): Kava may have potential additive CNS depressant effects (such as sedation and anxiolytic effects) with

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Receptor binding assays with botanical extracts have revealed direct interactions of leaf extracts of kava (which appear to be more active than root extracts) with the

19358: 18263: 17972: 10646: 10515: 9144: 5087:"Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 17 sierpnia 2018 r. w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych" 20182: 15309: 15299: 13951: 13902: 8263: 1323:. Traditionally, it is prepared by either chewing, grinding, or pounding the roots of the kava plant. Grinding is done by hand against a cone-shaped block of dead 12667: 12512: 8409: 7069: 20167: 19469: 19257: 16665: 8308: 3635:"Flavokawain B, the hepatotoxic constituent from kava root, induces GSH-sensitive oxidative stress through modulation of IKK/NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways" 3149:

Ligresti A, Villano R, Allarà M, et al. (2012). "Kavalactones and the endocannabinoid system: the plant-derived yangonin is a novel CB₁ receptor ligand".

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In the Netherlands, for unknown reasons, the ban was never lifted, and it is still prohibited to prepare, manufacture, or trade kava or goods containing kava.

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Baum SS, Hill R, Rommelspacher H (1998). "Effect of kava extract and individual kavapyrones on neurotransmitter levels in the nucleus accumbens of rats".

19464: 18338: 15289: 13719: 13008: 4899: 11392: 11387: 5281: 792:. In Vanuatu, Tudei ("two-day") kava is reserved for special ceremonial occasions and exporting it is not allowed. "Palisi" is a popular Tudei variety. 19581: 10239: 4667:

Showman AF, Baker JD, Linares C, et al. (1 January 2015). "Contemporary Pacific and Western perspectives on 'awa (Piper methysticum) toxicology".

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Garrett KM, Basmadjian G, Khan IA, et al. (2003). "Extracts of kava (Piper methysticum) induce acute anxiolytic-like behavioral changes in mice".

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and peripheral effects. As noted in one literature review: "Peripherally, kava is indicated in traditional Pacific medicine for urogenital conditions (

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cheaper to grow: while it takes up to 5 years for noble kava to mature, non-noble varieties can often be harvested just one year after being planted.

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Lebot V, Lèvesque J (1 January 1989). "The origin and distribution of kava (Piper methysticum Forst. F., Piperaceae): A phytochemical approach".

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In Vanuatu, a strong kava drink is normally followed by a hot meal or tea. The meal traditionally follows some time after the drink so that the

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Showman AF, Baker JD, Linares C, et al. (2015). "Contemporary Pacific and Western perspectives on 'awa (Piper methysticum) toxicology".

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Fijian kava ceremony being performed for tourists (2015). Traditionally, kava grog is drunk from the shorn half-shell of a coconut, called a

5229: 1759:, with significant subtlety and nuance attending the precise strain, plant component (leaf, stem, root) and preparative method to be used". 1234:

effects the plant can produce. Changes in the activity of 5-HT neurons could explain the sleep-inducing action. However, failure of the GABA

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Brown AC (September 2017). "Liver toxicity related to herbs and dietary supplements: Online table of case reports. Part 2 of 5 series".

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Kraft M, Spahn TW, Menzel J, et al. (2001). "Fulminantes Leberversagen nach Einnahme des pflanzlichen Antidepressivums Kava-Kava".

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Heathcote GM, Diego VP, Ishida H, et al. (2012). "An osteobiography of a remarkable protohistoric Chamorro man from Taga, Tinian".

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Jappe U, Franke I, Reinhold D, et al. (1998). "Sebotropic drug reaction resulting from kava-kava extract therapy: A new entity?".

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LaPorte E, Sarris J, Stough C, et al. (1 March 2011). "Neurocognitive effects of kava (Piper methysticum): a systematic review".

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Several adverse interactions with drugs have been documented, both prescription and nonprescription — including, but not limited to,

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With kava's increasing popularity, bars serving the plant in its liquid state are beginning to open up outside of the South Pacific.

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Dinh LD, Simmen U, Bueter KB, et al. (2001). "Interaction of various Piper methysticum cultivars with CNS receptors in vitro".

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segment but also on the kava plant variety, plant maturity, geographic location, and time of harvest. The kavalactones present are

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Cairney S., Maruff P., Clough A. R., et al. (2003). "Saccade and cognitive impairment associated with kava intoxication".

5359:"UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics: The narcotic pepper - The chemistry and pharmacology of Piper methysticum and related species" 5358: 20202: 20187: 19965: 13888: 12378: 10767: 10636: 10510: 9100: 8637: 8521: 5586: 4872: 4115: 3894: 3781: 3563: 3241: 2599: 2427: 2120: 2076: 1560:

Despite its psychoactive effects, kava is not considered to be physically addictive and its use does not lead to dependency.

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Olsen LR, Grillo MP, Skonberg C (2011). "Constituents in kava extracts potentially involved in hepatotoxicity: a review".

17200: 16602: 12691: 5157: 5112: 3833: 20217: 20162: 13620: 10925: 10447: 7503: 2874: 2847: 1707:— sleep-inducing, and sleep-enhancing properties. Preliminary analysis of kava effects in people with short-term 2936:

Sarris J, LaPorte E, Schweitzer I (2011). "Kava: a comprehensive review of efficacy, safety, and psychopharmacology".

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import, and consume the plant, but it remains illegal to sell it within Poland for the purpose of human consumption.

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has no psychoactive properties. Its connection to kava is linked to its similarity in appearance and bitter taste.

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Kava: Medicine Hunting in Paradise: The Pursuit of a Natural Alternative to Anti-Anxiety Drugs and Sleeping Pills

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Kava: Medicine Hunting in Paradise: The Pursuit of a Natural Alternative to Anti-Anxiety Drugs and Sleeping Pills

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Herbal Supplements: Efficacy, Toxicity, Interactions with Western Drugs, and Effects on Clinical Laboratory Tests

1032:(or kavapyrones) have been identified to date, at least 15 of which are active. However, six of them, including 20192: 18884: 10810: 8331: 8288: 8169: 7560: 7219: 5429: 4613:

Wheatley D (1 June 2001). "Stress-induced insomnia treated with kava and valerian: singly and in combination".

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Whitton PA, Lau A, Salisbury A, et al. (1 October 2003). "Kava lactones and the kava-kava controversy".

1141: 1072:— have also been identified, as well as a toxic alkaloid (not present in the consumable parts of the plant), 7395: 2387: 1230:

effects of kava, while elevation of dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens likely underlie the moderately

18082: 16576: 13947: 10857: 10037: 9632: 9308: 9218: 9036: 9021: 8993: 8950: 8434: 8053: 7606: 2261:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization, Rome, Italy. 2016. 1428: 1137: 19835: 20157: 19830: 19821: 19652: 16300: 15411: 13927: 10294: 10277: 9955: 9604: 9181: 9112: 8960: 8880: 8389: 8218: 8149: 8109: 7973: 7570: 7545: 7196: 7091: 6741: 5207: 3423:

Viorica LA (1997). "Supercritical fluid extraction of kava lactones from Piper methysticum (kava) herb".

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Numerous scholars and regulatory bodies have raised concerns over the safety profile of such products.

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years old and farmed organically. Their most popular noble cultivars are "Borogu" or "Borongoru" from

20147: 20142: 20127: 20001: 19960: 19082: 18072: 17797: 17115: 13913: 13487: 12810: 12708: 12392: 11904: 10442: 9108: 9051: 8602: 8531: 8449: 8278: 7905: 7834: 7247: 6497: 5086: 1470: 442: 363: 15436: 15431: 15426: 7686: 20132: 20122: 19052: 18994: 18454: 18213: 17458: 15993: 15989: 15162: 13815: 13733: 13634: 13551: 13420: 12843: 12740: 12572: 12341: 10805: 10082: 9637: 9318: 8551: 8033: 7930: 7849: 7759: 7426: 6823: 6637: 5307: 5304:"Consumer Advisory: Kava-Containing Dietary Supplements May be Associated with Severe Liver Injury" 4450:

Izzo AA, Ernst E. Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: a systematic review"

887: 843: 466: 19978: 3106:

Singh YN, Singh NN (2002). "Therapeutic potential of kava in the treatment of anxiety disorders".

64: 20152: 19848: 19632: 19047: 17671: 17453: 13761: 13697: 13033: 10939: 10585: 9802: 9393: 9164: 8940: 8843: 8444: 8248: 7893: 7646: 4334:

Spinella M (2002). "The importance of pharmacological synergy in psychoactive herbal medicines".

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Baker JD (1 June 2011). "Tradition and toxicity: evidential cultures in the kava safety debate".

1744: 20040: 7252: 2415: 475:, used to make a similar mildly psychoactive bitter drink in Austronesian rituals. Cognates for 20137: 19939: 19783: 18459: 17473: 17448: 17347: 14178: 13565: 13501: 12892: 11858: 11849: 11413: 11400: 11382: 11324: 10948: 10460: 10325: 9847: 9627: 9580: 9213: 9096: 8873: 8699: 8499: 8454: 8211: 8003: 7966: 7595: 7518: 7390: 6956: 6895: 6709: 5669: 5139: 1944: 1736: 450: 239: 5393: 4740: 1249:

Heavy, long-term use of kava has been found to be free of association with reduced ability in

20014: 18614: 16910: 16523: 16201: 13529: 13430: 10864: 10112: 9203: 9170: 8910: 8838: 8632: 8313: 8234: 8018: 7819: 7666: 7590: 7585: 7464: 7304: 6877: 6691: 5035: 3776:. Suva, Fiji: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. pp. 17–20. 3231: 2110: 1986: 621: 457:

in the sense of a "bitter root" or "potent root ". It may have been related to reconstructed

405: 168: 26: 7726: 7287: 20107: 19856: 16690: 16670: 16305: 14931: 14806: 13123: 11654: 11589: 11569: 10117: 10047: 9980: 9975: 9950: 9842: 9418: 9153: 8925: 8828: 8704: 8642: 8622: 8607: 8504: 8384: 8164: 8068: 7989: 7026: 6544: 4466:"Originally published as Volume 1, Issue 8703Kava-induced dermopathy: a niacin deficiency?" 3704: 1728: 412: 18427: 17770: 16636: 15395: 4245:

Teschke R, Schulze J (2010). "Risk of Kava Hepatotoxicity and the FDA Consumer Advisory".

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of the base form is indicative of falsehood or likeness, in the sense of "false kava". In

8: 20117: 19755: 19341: 19187: 19147: 18474: 18293: 18273: 17571: 17533: 17488: 16431: 16314: 15441: 15367: 14456: 14298: 14006: 13774: 11912: 11316: 9313: 9303: 9071: 8975: 8896: 8484: 8303: 8293: 8199: 8139: 8063: 7600: 7493: 6512: 6507: 6074: 5631: 2680:

Teschke R, Lebot V (1 October 2011). "Proposal for a Kava Quality Standardization Code".

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Kava: The Pacific Elixir: The Definitive Guide to Its Ethnobotany, History, and Chemistry

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Hu Z, Yang X, Ho PC, et al. (2005). "Herb-drug interactions: a literature review".

3708: 20074: 19287: 18594: 18283: 18017: 17907: 17561: 17241: 17025: 16865: 16825: 16628: 16408: 16071: 15969: 15626: 15259: 14631: 14233: 12184: 12179: 12082: 11789: 11559: 10283: 10244: 10107: 9873: 9642: 9156: 9046: 8970: 8657: 8647: 8581: 8536: 8479: 8336: 8258: 8058: 8048: 8038: 8028: 7580: 7535: 7385: 6943: 6373: 6289: 5654: 5497: 5487: 5422: 4792:. Therapeutic Goods Administration, Government of Australia. April 2005. Archived from 4736: 4646: 4495: 4428: 4405: 4386: 4313: 4192: 4140: 4086: 4035: 3814: 3669: 3634: 3615: 3487: 3454: 3325: 3282: 3212: 3131: 3018: 2961: 2589: 2551: 2516: 2391: 2317: 2223: 2171: 2146: 1949: 1791: 1787:

has recommended no more than 250 mg of kavalactones be taken in a 24‑hour period.

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The lexicon of Proto Oceanic: The culture and environment of ancestral Oceanic society

1354:

are absorbed into the bloodstream more quickly. Traditionally, no flavoring is added.

43: 20009: 19077: 18469: 18464: 18238: 17483: 17045: 16680: 16551: 16322: 16265: 16206: 15974: 15546: 14641: 14418: 14413: 13961: 13833: 13444: 13118: 12762: 12634: 11881: 11774: 10908: 9092: 8965: 8955: 8945: 8935: 8783: 8469: 8134: 8091: 8013: 7947: 7925: 7913: 7829: 7799: 7513: 7453: 6336: 6294: 6127: 5802: 5797: 5462: 4710: 4692: 4684: 4638: 4630: 4595: 4535: 4487: 4482: 4465: 4433: 4378: 4374: 4343: 4305: 4270: 4262: 4227: 4184: 4176: 4111: 4078: 4070: 4027: 4019: 3984: 3976: 3935: 3927: 3890: 3818: 3777: 3747: 3728: 3720: 3674: 3656: 3619: 3607: 3599: 3559: 3492: 3474: 3470: 3366: 3317: 3274: 3237: 3216: 3204: 3166: 3123: 3119: 3053: 3010: 3002: 2953: 2856: 2825: 2697: 2595: 2555: 2520: 2496: 2423: 2352: 2309: 2301: 2228: 2176: 2116: 2072: 2019: 1795: 1424: 1328: 968: 800: 525: 514: 495: 471: 435: 352: 7443: 4650: 4390: 4317: 4196: 4090: 4039: 3329: 3286: 3135: 2965: 2395: 2321: 1246:-like effects are not contributing to the pharmacological profile of kava extracts. 600: 532: 20197: 20079: 19477: 19414: 19237: 18953: 18879: 18604: 18333: 18087: 17927: 17641: 16900: 16227: 15893: 15380: 15157: 15127: 15059: 14966: 14636: 14516: 14408: 14120: 14110: 13611: 13108: 13023: 12823: 12542: 12331: 11669: 10415: 10209: 9041: 8998: 8920: 8833: 8733: 8652: 8576: 8561: 7764: 7565: 7508: 7485: 7448: 6477: 6087: 4676: 4622: 4587: 4527: 4499: 4477: 4423: 4413: 4370: 4297: 4254: 4219: 4168: 4062: 4011: 3966: 3923: 3919: 3806: 3712: 3664: 3646: 3591: 3482: 3466: 3432: 3356: 3309: 3266: 3196: 3158: 3115: 3045: 3022: 2992: 2945: 2817: 2689: 2660: 2543: 2508: 2383: 2344: 2293: 2256:"Kava: a review of the safety of traditional and recreational beverage consumption" 2218: 2210: 2166: 2158: 2064: 2041: 1708: 1104:

activity (by kavain, dihydrokavain, methysticin, dihydromethysticin, and yangonin).

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This article is about the plant. For the class of pharmacological derivatives, see

9122: 7671: 7523: 7380: 4762: 2371: 1972: 1840:

argued that the ban was imposed with insufficient evidence. The pressure prompted

916: 434:, where it cannot grow. Consumption of kava is also believed to be the reason why 20112: 19127: 18654: 18609: 17957: 17932: 16975: 16905: 16760: 16651: 16625: 16519: 16384: 16368: 16356: 16310: 16261: 16076: 16051: 16046: 15860: 15593: 15446: 14248: 14243: 14105: 14038: 13863: 13858: 13828: 13657: 13652: 13255: 13220: 13210: 13175: 12782: 12757: 12224: 11917: 11799: 10954: 10916: 8803: 8714: 8571: 8556: 7888: 7854: 7824: 7691: 7458: 7282: 7242: 7110: 7062: 6976: 6798: 6763: 6562: 6440: 6358: 6353: 6331: 6213: 5722: 5556: 5378: 5255: 4814: 4680: 3884: 2949: 2821: 2348: 1732: 1688: 1646: 1631: 1619: 1611: 1586: 1463: 1073: 694: 510: 487: 223: 215: 102: 19067: 18223: 17463: 8758: 7188: 5610: 5182: 2723: 1004: 616: 20022: 19429: 18754: 18052: 18032: 18027: 17832: 17090: 17050: 17040: 17000: 16895: 16860: 16765: 16740: 16695: 16531: 16360: 16269: 16136: 16131: 15555: 14443: 14348: 14223: 14188: 14183: 14069: 14034: 13838: 13794: 13385: 13285: 13195: 12869: 12725: 12668: 12513: 12469: 12424: 12169: 12159: 11779: 11699: 11296: 11199: 10772: 10757: 9927: 9827: 9413: 9223: 8818: 8738: 8566: 8541: 8526: 8494: 7859: 7696: 7651: 7555: 7375: 6882: 6810: 6696: 6607: 6557: 6501: 6472: 6461: 6445: 6341: 5822: 5767: 5664: 5649: 5619: 5329: 4553: 3162: 1849: 1623: 1582: 1541: 1420: 1254: 1243: 1204: 1197: 1115: 1097: 911: 893: 837:

variety, which had a strong cerebral effect due to a predominant amount of the

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Kava remains legal in most countries. Regulations often treat it as a food or

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of kava extracts, and concerns about this led to kava being omitted from the

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Traditional use of sakau (kava) in Pohnpei: lessons for integrative medicine

538:, the cognates have come to mean "bitter", "sour", or "acrid" to the taste. 20066: 19740: 19675: 19601: 19409: 18984: 18949: 18749: 18554: 18413: 18007: 18002: 17897: 17872: 17867: 17691: 17616: 17362: 17317: 17170: 17165: 17120: 17020: 16855: 16820: 16815: 16399: 16141: 16091: 16061: 16006: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15944: 15939: 15868: 15526: 15491: 15486: 15456: 15405: 15332: 15024: 15014: 14786: 14781: 14771: 14766: 14696: 14521: 14511: 14403: 14363: 14328: 14308: 14293: 14278: 14213: 14208: 14193: 14163: 14158: 14143: 14089: 14079: 13720: 13468: 13380: 13370: 13280: 13215: 13113: 13043: 12978: 12968: 12923: 12547: 12532: 12479: 12434: 12289: 12244: 12229: 12219: 12204: 12144: 11784: 11764: 11704: 11254: 11109: 10969: 10782: 10490: 10138: 9510: 9428: 8773: 7814: 7809: 7721: 7370: 7299: 7257: 7234: 7177: 7079: 7074: 6984: 6887: 6838: 6773: 6701: 6652: 6597: 6592: 6398: 6315: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6264: 6259: 6221: 6117: 6107: 6039: 5953: 5895: 5880: 5782: 5742: 5732: 5712: 5707: 5697: 5687: 5457: 4696: 4642: 4382: 4347: 4309: 4274: 4258: 4231: 4188: 4082: 4031: 3988: 3971: 3954: 3939: 3732: 3678: 3611: 3496: 3387:, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 803–804. 3370: 3361: 3344: 3321: 3208: 3170: 3127: 3057: 3014: 2957: 2845: 2829: 2701: 2665: 2356: 2313: 2297: 2232: 2180: 1929: 1752: 1700: 1650: 1598:

but there is only limited high-quality research on these possible effects.

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Tomlinson M (2007). "Everything and Its Opposite: Kava Drinking in Fiji".

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companies extract kavalactones from the kava plant using solvents such as

1357:

In Papua New Guinea, the locals in Madang province refer to their kava as

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actions have been reported for kava and/or its major active constituents:

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The Office of Drug Control, Department of Health, Government of Australia

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Water extraction is the traditional method for preparation of the plant.

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A few notable potential drug interactions are, but are not limited to:

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Johnston E, Rogers H, Association for Hawaiian ʻAwa (1 January 2006).

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Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

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Long-term and heavy kava consumption is associated with a reversible

1495: 1439:

to produce pills standardized with between 30% and 90% kavalactones.

1320: 1312: 1304: 678: 674: 662: 419: 309: 297: 125: 19777: 4626: 4301: 3455:"Kava, the anxiolytic herb: back to basics to prevent liver injury?" 2255: 20061: 19800: 19725: 19517: 19262: 19172: 19152: 19142: 19097: 19026: 18819: 18729: 18714: 18679: 18669: 18549: 18373: 18268: 18243: 18182: 18167: 18077: 17997: 17967: 17947: 17917: 17862: 17842: 17807: 17696: 17621: 17606: 17528: 17508: 17377: 17372: 17357: 17327: 17297: 17257: 17125: 17015: 16960: 16870: 16805: 16775: 16660: 16561: 16494: 16471: 16420: 16416: 16412: 16352: 16326: 16186: 16146: 16126: 16106: 16096: 16036: 16031: 15845: 15807: 15757: 15722: 15687: 15682: 15666: 15661: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15618: 15506: 15314: 15191: 15177: 15152: 15147: 15137: 15109: 14896: 14891: 14871: 14851: 14846: 14646: 14601: 14581: 14546: 14536: 14423: 14378: 14368: 14273: 14168: 14148: 14064: 13514: 13320: 13315: 13275: 13190: 13038: 12913: 12851: 12234: 12199: 12104: 11719: 11649: 11619: 11579: 11473: 11264: 11224: 11204: 10777: 9893: 9807: 9787: 9742: 9717: 9479: 9433: 9403: 9383: 9333: 9323: 8848: 8808: 8627: 7656: 7627: 7530: 7479: 7344: 7272: 7151: 7142: 7036: 6788: 6517: 6487: 6413: 6348: 6203: 6180: 6175: 6140: 5993: 5925: 5787: 5702: 5606: 5602: 5512: 4827: 4711:"Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code - Standard 2.6.3 - Kava" 3748:"Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code - Standard 2.6.3 - Kava" 2900:"Māori Plant Use Database Plant Use Details of Macropiper excelsum" 2805: 1667: 1660: 1627: 1487: 1339: 1119: 1111: 1077: 1057: 1049: 975:, which are higher in the roots than in the stems and leaves, with 972: 344: 336: 289: 19926: 19874: 7339: 5361:. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 1973. pp. Issue 2 5258:. HealthLink BC, Government of British Columbia. 23 September 2021 5036:"The Medicines for Human Use (Kava-kava) (Prohibition) Order 2002" 2443:

Lebot V, Lèvesque J (1989). "The Origin and Distribution of Kava (

874:

More recently, specialized kava varieties have been introduced to

825: 728:

Kava consists of sterile cultivars cloned from its wild ancestor,

619:. It is seen as a symbol of death, corresponding to the rangiora ( 19843: 19690: 19571: 19449: 19132: 19016: 18794: 18784: 18012: 17942: 17877: 17827: 17686: 17438: 17412: 17402: 17387: 17292: 17105: 17080: 16830: 16710: 16508: 16498: 16257: 16196: 16171: 16166: 16041: 16021: 16001: 15822: 15812: 15797: 15782: 15767: 15752: 15747: 15732: 15717: 15598: 15337: 15197: 14651: 14358: 14059: 13583: 13405: 13205: 12730: 12129: 12067: 11729: 11709: 11405: 11276: 10744: 10525: 10001: 9898: 9883: 9822: 9797: 9767: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9540: 9500: 9454: 9388: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 8813: 8778: 8728: 8719: 7844: 7779: 7681: 7614: 7309: 7096: 6833: 6647: 6522: 6418: 6325: 6044: 5777: 1934: 1841: 1837: 1663: 1531: 1436: 1432: 1407: 1376: 1308: 1250: 646: 588: 423: 367: 317: 305: 285: 265: 10666: 5306:. US Food and Drug Administration. 25 March 2002. Archived from 3953:

Cairney S, Clough AR, Maruff P, et al. (14 February 2003).

1402:

Kava root being prepared for consumption in Asanvari village on

1242:

to reverse the anxiolytic effects of kava in mice suggests that

19861: 19700: 19685: 19680: 19551: 19444: 19107: 18774: 18589: 18248: 18172: 18157: 18147: 17922: 17513: 17392: 17010: 16890: 16441: 16404: 16026: 15979: 15850: 15832: 15792: 15476: 15274: 13409: 12673:

Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel

12522: 12518:

Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel

12194: 12114: 11997: 11987: 11769: 11538: 10745: 10656: 10621: 10616: 10565: 10495: 10409: 10380: 10375: 10193: 10158: 10102: 10006: 9985: 9878: 9832: 9792: 9737: 9647: 9565: 9550: 9423: 9398: 9363: 9338: 9228: 8743: 7839: 7789: 7334: 7228:

List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania

7147: 6299: 6195: 5502: 4909:. Staatsblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden. Archived from 3299: 1813: 1748: 1563: 1398: 1332: 1279: 1033: 964: 936: 796: 682: 608: 438:, ubiquitous elsewhere, was lost for Austronesians in Oceania. 427: 321: 301: 273: 235: 8679:

Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium

2981:"Review article: herbal and dietary supplement hepatotoxicity" 2372:"Validation of Piper Methysticum var. wichmannii (Piperaceae)" 1414: 19705: 19307: 19202: 18944: 18699: 18564: 17937: 17887: 17847: 17611: 17302: 17246: 17155: 16840: 16835: 15802: 13889: 12379: 12149: 12002: 10667: 10455: 10315: 10021: 9712: 9585: 9288: 8798: 8753: 7733: 7716: 7701: 7319: 7172: 6492: 3694: 2643: 2497:"The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress" 1919: 1833: 1829: 1403: 1324: 1159: 1150:

reversible inhibition (by all six of the major kavalactones).

948: 932: 669:

distribution showed it was cultivated on numerous islands of

658: 654: 404:). Kava originated in Fiji and spread through the pacific by 245: 207: 76: 16646: 12797: 1274: 426:

and is not found in other Austronesian groups. Kava reached

18709: 13725:

Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

13647: 12692: 12350: 12312: 12095: 10601: 10480: 7804: 7784: 7774: 7754: 7711: 7676: 7661: 7277: 7262: 5639: 4963:"The Pacific Island Nations: Towards Shared Representation" 4577: 3555:

Assessment of the Risk of Hepatotoxicity with Kava Products

3223: 3148: 2855:. Hilo, Hawaii: Association for Hawaiian ʻAwa. p. 34. 1939: 1825: 1388: 1287: 1155: 864: 650: 332: 257: 13621: 10926: 4001: 7437: 4966: 4666: 3952: 3581: 3452: 3342: 2334: 1821: 1790:

Kava possession is limited to 2 kg per adult in the

1455:

obtained with the use of organic solvents do not contain

11891: 5158:"Dunne: Kava unaffected by Psychoactive Substances Bill" 4157: 2568: 1024:-O- bridge and with all possible C=C double bonds shown. 355:

concluded it had a small effect for treating short-term

12582: 12402: 5407: 5385: 3230:

Amitava Dasgupta, Catherine A. Hammett-Stabler (2011).

2935: 2534:

Lynch J (2002). "Potent Roots and the Origin of kava".

2388:

10.3417/1055-3177(2006)16[3:VOPMVW]2.0.CO;2

1557:

clarifies the mind and sharpens the mental faculties".

1482: 1257:, but has been associated with elevated liver enzymes. 553:

are also applied to the unrelated members of the genus

13991: 10192: 9928: 4897: 3955:"Saccade and Cognitive Function in Chronic Kava Users" 3860:"South Florida Kava Bars Unworried about Two-Day Kava" 3633:

Zhou P, Gross S, Liu JH, et al. (December 2010).

3345:"Saccade and cognitive function in chronic kava users" 3186: 2422:. Vol. 3. Pacific Linguistics. pp. 389–426. 2282: 12879: 10020: 9933: 7012: 4938:. The World Trade Review. August 2005. Archived from 3256: 1699:

Kava is under preliminary research for its potential

4990:(in German). Pharmazeutische Zeitung. 16 August 2015 4518:

Norton SA, Ruze P (1 July 1994). "Kava dermopathy".

3774:

My Village, My World: Everyday Life in Nadoria, Fiji

3343:

Cairney S, Clough AR, Maruff P, et al. (2003).

2978: 2613: 2611: 2591:

Music, Lapita, and the Problem of Polynesian Origins

2144: 2108: 2058: 10295: 9605: 9182: 9152: 3771: 3035: 2447:Forst. F., Piperaceae): A Phytochemical Approach". 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2196: 2145:Wang J, Qu W, Bittenbender HC, et al. (2013). 2059:Lebot V, Merlin M, Lindstrom L (23 December 1992). 10427: 4851:"Islanders shocked as Australia moves to ban kava" 4848: 3453:Teschke R, Sarris J, Glass X, et al. (2016). 2849:Hawaiian ʻawa: views of an ethnobotanical treasure 2803: 2409: 2407: 2405: 16544:Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators: 13914: 13488: 7218: 5113:"Kava zalegalizowana. Marihuana będzie następna?" 4873:"Kava legal in WA, marketed at troubled sleepers" 4830:. Northern Territory Government. 12 December 2016 4713:. Federal Register of Legislation. 5 October 2006 2841: 2839: 2673: 2608: 1118:(by kavain and methysticin) and possibly also of 230:, meaning 'bitter'; other names for kava include 20094: 19768:(met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer) 13552: 4662: 4660: 2804:Teschke R, Sarris J, Lebot V (15 January 2011). 2464: 2462: 2265: 2115:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. 58. 1299:Kava is consumed in various ways throughout the 13952:Transient receptor potential channel modulators 5137: 4513: 4511: 4509: 3909: 3385:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man 3182: 3180: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2402: 2369: 1755:), skin diseases and topical wounds, and as an 867:prayer for inspiration that contains the line, 16624: 5601: 5384:from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project ( 4580:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 4520:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 4244: 3632: 2979:Bunchorntavakul C, Reddy KR (1 January 2013). 2836: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2197:Pittler MH, Ernst E (2003). Pittler MH (ed.). 1925:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia 567:refer to other species belonging to the genus 388:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia 347:properties. Its active ingredients are called 20168:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators 16610: 13977: 13894:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels 12384:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel 10893: 9138: 8881: 8219: 7974: 7204: 6616:Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors 5587: 5423: 4657: 4329: 4327: 4130: 3903: 2562: 2459: 2442: 882: 852:The day of revealing shall see what it sees: 441:According to Lynch (2002), the reconstructed 335:of the plant is used to produce a drink with 12802:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel 10841:(FAAH-like anandamide transporter inhibitor) 10829:(directly potentiates activity of 2-AG at CB 4853:. Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), Sydney 4506: 4360: 3551: 3448: 3446: 3336: 3293: 3259:Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 3177: 3142: 3099: 3029: 2922: 2679: 2494: 2488: 2040:Balick, Michael J. and Leem, Roberta (2002) 1618:(central nervous system depressants such as 1564:Toxicity, safety, and potential side effects 20183:Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors 13993: 12700:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel 7005: 3250: 2790: 2376:Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 2054: 2052: 1723:A traditional Fijian yaqona bundle of roots 1415:Supplements and pharmaceutical preparations 735: 16617: 16603: 13984: 13970: 13626:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel 11918:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine) 10931:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels 10907: 10900: 10886: 9145: 9131: 8888: 8874: 8226: 8212: 7981: 7967: 7211: 7197: 5594: 5580: 5430: 5416: 4517: 4333: 4324: 3398:"Fiji -> In depth -> Food and Drink" 3105: 2985:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2772:"Vanuatu kava cleared for European market" 2581: 2046:Alternative Therapies, Vol. 8, No.4. p. 96 1975:. Merriam–Webster Online Dictionary. 2018. 1727:Over centuries, kava has been used in the 1592: 1294: 807:). Some of the most popular cultivars are 799:, there are many other cultivars of kava ( 42: 8233: 4481: 4427: 4417: 3970: 3796: 3668: 3650: 3486: 3443: 3425:Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3360: 2996: 2716:"Drink the right mix - Fiji Times Online" 2664: 2527: 2436: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2222: 2192: 2190: 2170: 1657:can cause a semicomatose state in humans. 1605: 1547: 856:An insight won by the black sacred 'awa, 713:Painting showing women preparing kava by 625:), which is the symbol of life. However, 11896:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels 7988: 4612: 3831: 3459:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 2644:Vincent Lebot, Patricia Siméoni (2004). 2418:. In Ross M, Pawley A, Osmond M (eds.). 2370:Applequist WL, Lebot V (25 April 2006). 2049: 1910:List of herbs with known adverse effects 1718: 1711:indicated a small level of improvement. 1486:A sign showing a "Kava licence area" at 1481: 1397: 1363: 1273: 1003: 935:. Dried root contains approximately 43% 931:Fresh kava root contains on average 80% 886: 854:A seeing of facts, a sifting of rumors, 708: 637:Kava was historically grown only in the 418:after contact eastward into the rest of 12590:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel 12410:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel 10202: 8895: 5330:"Vanuatu - Legislation - Kava Act 2002" 4403: 3857: 3834:"In Brooklyn, a Hare Krishna Reckoning" 3422: 2653:Ethnobotany Research & Applications 2203:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2109:Lebot V, Merlin M, Lindstrom L (1997). 1714: 1576: 1568: 20095: 5008: 4703: 4103: 3882: 3745: 3514:"Kava: A Human Health Risk Assessment" 2746:"Vanuatu hopes for kava export growth" 2587: 2239: 2187: 2151:Journal of Food Science and Technology 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 1630:, diuretics, and drugs metabolized by 1540:kava with other substances, including 1469:In the context of these concerns, the 396:indicating Kava was domesticated from 19782: 19781: 16598: 13965: 12884:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels 10881: 9126: 8869: 8207: 7962: 7366:"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei) 7192: 5575: 5411: 5280:. Health Canada. 2017. Archived from 5059: 4209: 4052: 3878: 3876: 3690: 3688: 3577: 3575: 3547: 3545: 3508: 3506: 3236:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 57. 3064: 2533: 1967: 1965: 1080:are present in the roots and leaves. 897:) plant may have been named by early 20002:893f34bb-cfcd-45fb-9357-3cd8710cc865 16585:GABA metabolism/transport modulators 12819:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate 10536:Redafamdastat (JZP-150, PF-04457845) 9091:For other topics including Oceanian 7499:French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands 5403:. Vol. 14 (9th ed.). 1882. 5212:Canadian Adverse Reaction Newsletter 4463: 4110:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. 3889:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. 2904:maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz 2413: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 1794:. While it was previously banned in 381: 16202:Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) 11913:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine) 10300:Tooltip Endocannabinoid transporter 9613:Tooltip Cannabinoid receptor type 2 9190:Tooltip Cannabinoid receptor type 1 5140:"Warenwetbesluit Kruidenpreparaten" 4849:Armbruster, Stefan (10 July 2015). 3772:Biturogoiwasa S, Walker AR (2001). 3584:Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 2199:"Kava extract for treating anxiety" 2129: 1581:There is published evidence of the 1226:receptor activity may underlie the 1122:(by kavain and desmethoxyyangonin). 1083: 13: 15265:11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain 10432:Tooltip Fatty acid amide hydrolase 8435:Austral Islands (French Polynesia) 4988:"Comeback unter strengen Auflagen" 4960: 4936:"Fiji takes kava ban fight to WTO" 4739:. 17 December 2019. Archived from 4238: 3873: 3685: 3572: 3542: 3503: 2328: 1962: 1674: 1474:form or produced with cold water. 766: 632: 581:, it was applied to the kawakawa ( 531:. In some languages, most notably 14: 20239: 18585:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol) 17913:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol) 16866:Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene) 16851:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol) 16012:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate 13919:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels 13493:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel 6321:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate 5351: 2085: 2012:"Embassy of the Republic of Fiji" 1987:"Nā Puke Wehewehe ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi" 1915:Alcohol and Drugs History Society 1653:. Kava taken in combination with 1158:(i.e., main) binding site of the 214:'intoxicating') is a crop of the 20054:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:198437-2 18965:Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether 13557:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel 7899:World Invitational Hula Festival 5322: 4375:10.2165/00003495-200565090-00005 3471:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03775.x 3120:10.2165/00023210-200216110-00002 2623:Te Mära Reo: The Language Garden 2474:Te Mära Reo: The Language Garden 1875: 1785:Therapeutic Goods Administration 905:due to its similarities to kava. 615:. It is a sacred tree among the 63: 18960:Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether 16432:Menthyl isovalerate (validolum) 7419:Australian Aboriginal astronomy 5296: 5270: 5248: 5222: 5200: 5175: 5150: 5131: 5105: 5079: 5053: 5028: 5002: 4980: 4954: 4928: 4898:C.I.J.M. Ross-van Dorp (2003). 4891: 4865: 4842: 4820: 4782: 4755: 4725: 4606: 4571: 4546: 4457: 4444: 4397: 4354: 4281: 4203: 4151: 4124: 4097: 4046: 3995: 3946: 3851: 3832:Laterman K (22 December 2017). 3825: 3790: 3765: 3739: 3626: 3416: 3390: 3377: 2972: 2892: 2867: 2764: 2738: 2708: 2637: 2363: 1683:known as "kava dermopathy", or 1477: 1269: 999: 994: 744:, the ancestor of domesticated 366:. However, consumption of kava 18885:Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide 15381:Allopregnanolone (brexanolone) 11375:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA) 10778:Orlistat (tetrahydrolipstatin) 8916:Federated States of Micronesia 8799:Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi) 8490:Federated States of Micronesia 8254:Federated States of Micronesia 8009:Federated States of Micronesia 7504:Federated States of Micronesia 3924:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.120 3558:. WHO Regional Office Europe. 2034: 2004: 1979: 1862: 1816:, and in prepared form in the 1379:commonly share a drink called 1142:voltage-gated calcium channels 926: 643:Federated States of Micronesia 559:. In other languages, such as 1: 18860:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine) 18053:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin) 17662:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine) 17091:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin) 16577:Receptor/signaling modulators 15133:Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin) 13948:Receptor/signaling modulators 11350:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID) 10858:Receptor/signaling modulators 9329:Gallocatechol (gallocatechin) 7220:Culture of indigenous Oceania 5009:Joshua J (17 February 2016). 4592:10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70547-X 4532:10.1016/S0190-9622(94)70142-3 4410:J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 3717:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00381-9 3523:. 25 May 2016. Archived from 3521:Technical Report Series No 30 3271:10.1016/s0278-5846(98)00062-1 1955: 1762: 1138:voltage-gated sodium channels 1008:The general structure of the 858:A vision like that of a god! 788:), and "Palarasul" kava from 718: 20203:Polynesian words and phrases 20188:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors 18083:N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon 16327:ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine) 15412:anabolic-androgenic steroids 14194:Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital 13999:receptor positive modulators 8638:Oceanian legendary creatures 5236:. Health Canada. 26 May 2016 5060:Garae L (27 December 2017). 4681:10.1016/j.fitote.2014.11.012 4483:10.1016/0140-6736(90)91458-M 2950:10.3109/00048674.2010.522554 2822:10.1016/j.phymed.2010.10.002 2682:Food and Chemical Toxicology 2349:10.1016/j.fitote.2014.11.012 1889:Food and Drug Administration 1774: 1525: 1429:supercritical carbon dioxide 1361:("wild cognac" in English). 1260: 1219:receptor was also observed. 1196:. Weak interaction with the 1144:(by kavain and methysticin). 704: 545:, the reduplicated forms of 469:. It originally referred to 288:). Kava is consumed for its 7: 20223:Taxa named by Georg Forster 19736:β-Lipotropin (proendorphin) 19364:((pF)Phe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH 18745:Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29) 17231:Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone 14967:Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904) 10867:(cannabinoids by structure) 10521:Paracetamol (acetaminophen) 10361:Paracetamol (acetaminophen) 9113:Category:Culture of Oceania 6847:Tetracyclic antidepressants 6661:Tetracyclic antidepressants 4763:"Import requirements: Kava" 3858:Swanson J (20 March 2014). 3087:. Drugs.com. 3 January 2018 2495:Blust R, Trussel S (2013). 1903: 1694: 1517:(gift) and drinking of the 1442: 607:, is derived from the same 10: 20244: 19756:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) 19376:-NH)Gly)Nociceptin(1-13)NH 18480:Adrenorphin (metorphamide) 17647:Methylsamidorphan chloride 16881:Dimethylaminopivalophenone 16706:Adrenorphin (metorphamide) 15295:5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin 12911:Antiarrhythmics (class I): 8720:Chatham Islander (Moriori 7628:Weriyeng navigation school 3163:10.1016/j.phrs.2012.04.003 1894: 1529: 1501: 1387:. Grog is very popular in 883:Relationship with kawakawa 591:to New Zealand and nearby 385: 20: 20218:Austronesian spirituality 20163:Ceremonial food and drink 19790: 19676:Racecadotril (acetorphan) 19624: 19536: 19351: 19340: 19083:Buprenorphine/samidorphan 19040: 18995:Tricyclic antidepressants 18437: 18426: 18206: 18073:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl 17780: 17769: 17426: 17116:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl 16635: 16570: 16220: 15988: 15925: 15892: 15859: 15831: 15545: 15487:Pregnanolone (eltanolone) 15366: 15323: 15234: 15206: 15118: 15000: 14442: 14129: 14030:Chlorobutanol (cloretone) 14005: 13941: 13912: 13887: 13880: 13814: 13807: 13760: 13732: 13718: 13696: 13633: 13619: 13610: 13564: 13550: 13528: 13500: 13486: 13429: 13421:Tricyclic antidepressants 12891: 12877: 12868: 12842: 12809: 12795: 12739: 12707: 12690: 12571: 12430:Glibenclamide (glyburide) 12391: 12377: 12340: 11903: 11889: 11880: 11848: 10938: 10915: 10849: 10795: 10743: 10665: 10584: 10443:4-Nonylphenylboronic acid 10425: 10408: 10276: 10191: 10126: 10030: 10019: 9994: 9943: 9926: 9866: 9620: 9603: 9493: 9442: 9197: 9180: 9163: 9089: 9007: 8984: 8903: 8862: 8692: 8671: 8590: 8427: 8345: 8322: 8241: 8198: 8182: 8100: 8077: 7996: 7955: 7946: 7868: 7742: 7639: 7472:traditions and ceremonies 7404: 7353: 7233: 7226: 7050: 7003: 6975: 6942: 6922: 6868: 6824:Tricyclic antidepressants 6809: 6797: 6740: 6682: 6638:Tricyclic antidepressants 6606: 6543: 6531: 6460: 6308: 6245: 6212: 6194: 6126: 6073: 6030: 6002: 5944: 5821: 5678: 5630: 5618: 5549: 5521: 5478: 5471: 5445: 4224:10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.001 4104:Kilham CS (1 June 1996). 4055:Social Studies of Science 3799:Anthropological Quarterly 3314:10.1007/s00213-003-1520-0 2694:10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.075 2416:"Other cultivated plants" 2215:10.1002/14651858.CD003383 2163:10.1007/s13197-013-1047-2 2063:. Yale University Press. 1802: 1471:World Health Organization 639:Pacific islands of Hawaii 392:Kava is conspecific with 364:World Health Organization 174: 167: 60:Scientific classification 58: 50: 41: 36: 20228:Austronesian agriculture 20178:Calcium channel blockers 19661:Dexecadotril (retorphan) 19633:Enkephalinase inhibitors 19562:BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094) 19544:(Nphe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH 19460:Nociceptin (orphanin FQ) 16581:GABA receptor modulators 16491:sulfonmethane (sulfonal) 10806:Phosphatidylethanolamine 10083:Lysophosphatidylinositol 9521:Falcarinol (carotatoxin) 9062:Northern Mariana Islands 8522:Northern Mariana Islands 8400:Northern Mariana Islands 8155:Northern Mariana Islands 7931:Festival of Pacific Arts 6409:Sulfonmethane (sulfonal) 5437: 5138:Koninkrijksrelaties Mv. 4615:Human Psychopharmacology 4419:10.1136/jnnp.52.suppl.29 4067:10.1177/0306312710395341 4004:Human Psychopharmacology 3883:Kilham C (1 June 1996). 3552:Organization WH (2007). 1028:A total of 18 different 844:Nathaniel Bright Emerson 736:Noble and non-noble kava 20173:Sodium channel blockers 19359:(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin 18630:Dynorphin B (rimorphin) 17672:Nalorphine dinicotinate 13034:Eslicarbazepine acetate 10516:Palmitoylisopropylamide 9027:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 8365:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 8120:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7894:Merrie Monarch Festival 6896:Atypical antipsychotics 6710:Atypical antipsychotics 5400:Encyclopædia Britannica 5062:"Kava banned in Poland" 4464:Ruze P (16 June 1990). 4406:"The on-off phenomenon" 3959:Neuropsychopharmacology 3746:Health (11 July 2011). 3437:10.1002/jhrc.1240201007 3349:Neuropsychopharmacology 1593:Other adverse reactions 1295:Traditional preparation 804: 685:, whereas specimens of 463:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian 449:, was derived from the 210:'pepper' and Latinized 18975:Spiradoline (U-62,066) 18920:Pethidine (meperidine) 18113:Pethidine (meperidine) 17803:ADL-5747 (PF-04856881) 17449:4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide 17348:Tetrahydropapaveroline 17263:Pethidine (meperidine) 16467:Retigabine (ezogabine) 15743:Lirequinil (Ro41-3696) 15310:7,8-Dihydromethysticin 15300:5,6-Dehydromethysticin 14179:Benzylbutylbarbiturate 12778:Rottlerin (mallotoxin) 10909:Ion channel modulators 10461:Arachidonoyl serotonin 10326:Arachidonoyl serotonin 9728:GW-405,833 (L-768,242) 8844:Torres Strait Islander 8235:Literature of Oceania 7596:Micronesian Navigation 7070:Chlorophenylalkyldiols 6878:Typical antipsychotics 6692:Typical antipsychotics 4813:20 August 2006 at the 4259:10.1001/jama.2010.1689 3972:10.1038/sj.npp.1300052 3752:www.legislation.gov.au 3362:10.1038/sj.npp.1300052 2666:10.17348/era.2.0.19-28 2594:. Polynesian Origins. 2298:10.1055/s-0035-1558295 1737:central nervous system 1724: 1606:Potential interactions 1548:Effects of consumption 1499: 1411: 1373: 1291: 1025: 921:Piperaceae M. excelsum 906: 861: 725: 563:, compound terms like 461:(in Proto-Oceanic and 430:, but it is absent in 25:. For other uses, see 20193:CB1 receptor agonists 19666:Ecadotril (sinorphan) 19153:CERC-501 (LY-2456302) 19053:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 18615:Dinalbuphine sebacate 18490:Alazocine (SKF-10047) 18214:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 18173:Thiobromadol (C-8813) 17813:Alazocine (SKF-10047) 17459:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 17439:2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol 16911:Dinalbuphine sebacate 11135:Ryodipine (riodipine) 10113:Palmitoylethanolamide 10038:2-AGE (noladin ether) 9638:3,3'-Diindolylmethane 9633:2-AGE (noladin ether) 9219:2-AGE (noladin ether) 9010:and other territories 8814:Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i) 8700:Indigenous Australian 8598:Australian Aboriginal 8348:and other territories 8103:and other territories 7990:Languages of Oceania 7591:Polynesian Navigation 7571:Torres Strait Islands 4161:Phytotherapy Research 3811:10.1353/anq.2007.0054 2938:Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2625:. Benton Family Trust 2476:. Benton Family Trust 1722: 1485: 1401: 1367: 1277: 1007: 890: 869:He ʻike pū ʻawa hiwa. 849: 712: 622:Brachyglottis repanda 411:It was spread by the 406:Polynesian navigation 27:Kava (disambiguation) 19523:Sunobinop (S-117957) 19258:N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic 18590:Diamorphine (heroin) 17923:Diamorphine (heroin) 16891:Diamorphine (heroin) 16691:Acetyldihydrocodeine 16671:7-Hydroxymitragynine 16666:7-Acetoxymitragynine 16522:constituents (e.g., 16306:Deuterated etifoxine 15368:Neuroactive steroids 15338:Apronal (apronalide) 15190:constituents (e.g., 14807:N-Desalkylflurazepam 13124:Valproate semisodium 11655:Carboxyamidotriazole 11590:Gabapentin enacarbil 11570:Arbaclofen placarbil 10048:Abnormal cannabidiol 9951:Abnormal cannabidiol 9783:Lenabasum (anabasum) 9154:Cannabinoid receptor 8897:Religion in Oceania 8829:Taiwanese aborigines 8188:Languages of Oceania 7027:Gabapentin enacarbil 6075:Neuroactive steroids 6045:Apronal (apronalide) 5472:Chemical composition 5278:"Ingredients - Kava" 5011:"New Kava Challenge" 4454:2001;61(15):2163-75. 4412:. Suppl (9): 29–37. 4290:Hum. Psychopharmacol 3652:10.1096/fj.10-163311 3596:10.1055/s-2001-16966 3201:10.1055/s-2001-14334 2548:10.1353/ol.2002.0010 2513:10.1353/ol.2013.0016 2069:10.2307/j.ctt211qwxb 1743:infections, chronic 1729:traditional medicine 1715:Traditional medicine 1577:Effects on the liver 1569:General observations 1315:, and some parts of 1278:Kava root drying in 1222:Potentiation of GABA 603:name for the plant, 445:term for the plant, 19726:Ubenimex (bestatin) 19470:Nociceptin (1-13)NH 19078:β-Chlornaltrexamine 19048:4′-Hydroxyflavanone 18470:β-Chlornaltrexamine 18344:N-Benzylnaltrindole 18239:β-Chlornaltrexamine 18158:TAN-67 (SB-205,607) 17823:AR-M100390 (ARM390) 17484:β-Chlornaltrexamine 17454:4′-Hydroxyflavanone 16681:α-Chlornaltrexamine 16315:dihydroergocryptine 15627:Pyrazolopyrimidines 15285:5,6-Dihydroyangonin 15270:7,8-Dihydroyangonin 14457:3-Hydroxyphenazepam 14299:Methylphenobarbital 13775:1,10-Phenanthroline 12332:Spooky toxin (SsTx) 11317:Tetrahydropalmatine 9648:α-Amyrin · β-Amyrin 9304:Dimethylheptylpyran 9229:α-Amyrin · β-Amyrin 9097:indigenous currency 7391:Sāmoa 'ava ceremony 4916:on 27 February 2008 4877:The West Australian 4743:on 17 December 2019 4554:"Kava Side Effects" 4476:(8703): 1442–1445. 3709:2003PChem..64..673W 3530:on 11 February 2016 2536:Oceanic Linguistics 2501:Oceanic Linguistics 2470:"*Kava ~ *Kavakava" 1945:Samoa 'ava ceremony 1327:; the hand forms a 1238:receptor inhibitor 1213:benzodiazepine site 1148:Monoamine oxidase B 899:Polynesian voyagers 863:Winter describes a 422:. It is endemic to 160:P. methysticum 20158:Culture of Vanuatu 19288:Norbinaltorphimine 18595:Diacetylnalorphine 18284:Diacetylnalorphine 17908:Desmethylclozapine 17562:Diacetylnalorphine 17242:Papaver somniferum 16826:Chloroxymorphamine 16409:4-O-methylhonokiol 16072:Dichloralphenazone 15970:Methylmethaqualone 15547:Nonbenzodiazepines 15260:Desmethoxyyangonin 15255:11-Hydroxyyangonin 15250:11-Methoxyyangonin 15245:10-Methoxyyangonin 14632:Ethyl carfluzepate 14234:Cyclopentobarbital 13785:7,8-Benzoquinoline 13780:4,7-Phenanthroline 13770:1,7-Phenanthroline 13146:Local anesthetics: 12678:ML-297 (VU0456810) 12185:Diallyl trisulfide 12180:Dextropropoxyphene 12083:Tetraethylammonium 11790:Pinaverium bromide 11560:4-Methylpregabalin 10245:Oleoylethanolamide 10179:Tetrahydromagnolol 10108:Oleoylethanolamide 9874:4-O-Methylhonokiol 9853:Tetrahydromagnolol 9808:Olorinab (APD-371) 9643:4-O-Methylhonokiol 7707:Polynesian sailing 7092:Diethylpropanediol 6374:Dichloralphenazone 6290:Methylmethaqualone 6128:Nonbenzodiazepines 5655:Diethylpropanediol 5498:Dihydromethysticin 5488:Desmethoxyyangonin 5374:Kava ban documents 5144:wetten.overheid.nl 5066:Vanuatu Daily Post 5040:Legislation.gov.uk 5015:Vanuatu Daily Post 4942:on 29 October 2013 4879:. 13 February 2017 3838:The New York Times 3302:Psychopharmacology 3038:Chem. Res. Toxicol 2778:. 12 November 2015 2752:. 11 November 2015 2016:www.fijiembassy.be 1950:Samoan plant names 1887:In 2002, the U.S. 1792:Northern Territory 1769:dietary supplement 1725: 1703:— primarily 1500: 1492:Northern Territory 1412: 1374: 1338:The extract is an 1292: 1179:δ-opioid receptors 1054:desmethoxyyangonin 1046:dihydromethysticin 1026: 985:dihydromethysticin 947:, 12% water, 3.2% 907: 831:precolonial Hawaii 776:, "Melomelo" from 726: 20213:Polynesian drinks 20208:Melanesian drinks 20090: 20089: 20010:Open Tree of Life 19822:Piper methysticum 19792:Piper methysticum 19784:Taxon identifiers 19775: 19774: 19620: 19619: 19465:Nociceptin (1-11) 19336: 19335: 18465:14-Methoxymetopon 18422: 18421: 18339:Methylnaltrindole 17765: 17764: 17434:(3S,4S)-Picenadol 17046:Levacetylmethadol 16592: 16591: 16552:MRK-409 (MK-0343) 16323:dihydroergotamine 16266:potassium bromide 16260:compounds (e.g., 16207:Trichloroethylene 15975:Nitromethaqualone 15894:Pyrazolopyridines 15396:3α-Androstanediol 15290:7,8-Dihydrokavain 14642:Ethyl loflazepate 14419:Thiotetrabarbital 14035:Ethanol (alcohol) 13959: 13958: 13937: 13936: 13876: 13875: 13872: 13871: 13834:Meclofenamic acid 13803: 13802: 13714: 13713: 13606: 13605: 13602: 13601: 13546: 13545: 13482: 13481: 13356:RG7893 (GDC-0287) 13119:Valproate pivoxil 13009:Acetylpheneturide 12864: 12863: 12860: 12859: 12791: 12790: 12763:Meclofenamic acid 12726:Ethanol (alcohol) 12686: 12685: 12635:Minoxidil sulfate 12373: 12372: 11876: 11875: 11872: 11871: 11775:Otilonium bromide 11700:Ethanol (alcohol) 11464:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC 11200:Phenylalkylamines 10875: 10874: 10791: 10790: 10404: 10403: 10272: 10271: 10268: 10267: 10187: 10186: 10015: 10014: 9922: 9921: 9599: 9598: 9120: 9119: 9085: 9084: 9077:Wallis and Futuna 8985:Associated states 8582:Wallis and Futuna 8423: 8422: 8415:Wallis and Futuna 8323:Associated states 8194: 8193: 8178: 8177: 8170:Wallis and Futuna 8078:Associated states 7926:Pacific Community 7914:Pasifika Festival 7647:Aboriginal dugout 7586:Wallis and Futuna 7186: 7185: 6938: 6937: 6736: 6735: 6456: 6455: 6337:Potassium bromide 6295:Nitromethaqualone 5803:Thiotetrabarbital 5650:Ethanol (alcohol) 5569: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5463:Coconut shell cup 5380:Piper methysticum 5284:on 11 August 2022 5091:prawo.sejm.gov.pl 4808:Download PDF 44KB 4790:"Kava fact sheet" 4769:. 1 December 2021 4218:(Pt A): 472–501. 4212:Food Chem Toxicol 4167:(11): 1723–1728. 4117:978-1-62055-034-2 3896:978-0-89281-640-8 3783:978-982-02-0160-6 3645:(12): 4722–4732. 3639:The FASEB Journal 3565:978-92-4-159526-1 3243:978-0-470-92275-0 3050:10.1021/tx100412m 2998:10.1111/apt.12109 2910:on 11 August 2016 2776:Radio New Zealand 2750:Radio New Zealand 2720:www.fijitimes.com 2688:(10): 2503–2516. 2619:"Kawa ~ Kawakawa" 2601:978-0-473-28873-0 2588:McLean M (2014). 2445:Piper methysticum 2429:978-0-85883-589-4 2292:(18): 1647–1653. 2122:978-0-89281-726-9 2078:978-0-300-23898-3 1796:Western Australia 1709:anxiety disorders 1425:herbal supplement 969:demethoxyyangonin 746:Piper methysticum 472:Zingiber zerumbet 436:betel nut chewing 402:Piper subbullatum 394:Piper wichmannii, 382:History and names 353:systematic review 203:Piper methysticum 191: 190: 178:Piper methysticum 52:Piper methysticum 20235: 20148:Culture of Tonga 20143:Culture of Samoa 20128:Medicinal plants 20083: 20082: 20070: 20069: 20057: 20056: 20044: 20043: 20031: 20030: 20018: 20017: 20005: 20004: 19995: 19994: 19982: 19981: 19969: 19968: 19956: 19955: 19943: 19942: 19930: 19929: 19917: 19916: 19904: 19903: 19891: 19890: 19878: 19877: 19865: 19864: 19852: 19851: 19839: 19838: 19826: 19825: 19824: 19811: 19810: 19809: 19779: 19778: 19655: 19582:Nociceptin (1-7) 19478:Norbuprenorphine 19415:Dihydroetorphine 19349: 19348: 19238:Methylnaltrexone 19148:Catechin gallate 18880:Norbuprenorphine 18605:Dihydroetorphine 18475:β-Funaltrexamine 18435: 18434: 18334:Methylnaltrexone 18274:Catechin gallate 18088:Norbuprenorphine 17928:Dihydroetorphine 17778: 17777: 17642:Methylnaltrexone 17534:Catechin gallate 17489:β-Funaltrexamine 16901:Dihydroetorphine 16644: 16643: 16619: 16612: 16605: 16596: 16595: 16311:Dihydroergolines 16228:3-Hydroxybutanal 15861:Piperidinediones 15594:Imidazopyridines 15128:6-Methylapigenin 15060:Hydroxyphenamate 14932:SH-053-R-CH3-2′F 14637:Ethyl dirazepate 14517:Chlordiazepoxide 14409:Thiobutabarbital 14121:Trifluoroethanol 14111:Trichloroethanol 14101:-Pentanol (2M2B) 13995: 13986: 13979: 13972: 13963: 13962: 13920: 13916: 13895: 13891: 13885: 13884: 13812: 13811: 13730: 13729: 13726: 13722: 13631: 13630: 13627: 13623: 13617: 13616: 13562: 13561: 13558: 13554: 13498: 13497: 13494: 13490: 13109:Sodium valproate 13024:Chlorphenacemide 13006:Anticonvulsants: 12889: 12888: 12885: 12881: 12875: 12874: 12824:Arachidonic acid 12807: 12806: 12803: 12799: 12705: 12704: 12701: 12697: 12674: 12670: 12591: 12587: 12543:Dextromethorphan 12519: 12515: 12411: 12407: 12389: 12388: 12385: 12381: 11901: 11900: 11897: 11893: 11887: 11886: 11859:L-type-selective 11670:Dimeditiapramine 11632:Others/unsorted: 11414:T-type-selective 11401:R-type-selective 11383:P-type-selective 11335:ω-Conotoxin GVIA 11325:N-type-selective 10955:Dihydropyridines 10949:L-type-selective 10936: 10935: 10932: 10928: 10922: 10921: 10902: 10895: 10888: 10879: 10878: 10748: 10670: 10433: 10429: 10423: 10422: 10419: 10301: 10297: 10291: 10290: 10287: 10240:N-Oleoyldopamine 10210:2-Oleoylglycerol 10200: 10199: 10196: 10118:THC (dronabinol) 10028: 10027: 10024: 9981:THC (dronabinol) 9941: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9843:THC (dronabinol) 9618: 9617: 9614: 9610: 9443:Inverse agonists 9419:THC (dronabinol) 9195: 9194: 9191: 9187: 9178: 9177: 9174: 9147: 9140: 9133: 9124: 9123: 9067:Pitcairn Islands 9037:French Polynesia 9022:Christmas Island 8951:Papua New Guinea 8931:Marshall Islands 8904:Sovereign states 8890: 8883: 8876: 8867: 8866: 8784:Norfolk Islander 8729:Fijian (iTaukei) 8532:Papua New Guinea 8405:Pitcairn Islands 8375:French Polynesia 8360:Christmas Island 8289:Papua New Guinea 8269:Marshall Islands 8242:Sovereign states 8228: 8221: 8214: 8205: 8204: 8160:Pitcairn Islands 8130:French Polynesia 8115:Christmas Island 8044:Papua New Guinea 8024:Marshall Islands 7997:Sovereign states 7983: 7976: 7969: 7960: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7938:Papua New Guinea 7601:Marshall Islands 7551:Pitcairn Islands 7546:Papua New Guinea 7486:Lomilomi massage 7432:Caroline Islands 7305:Papua New Guinea 7213: 7206: 7199: 7190: 7189: 7111:muscle relaxants 7014: 7011: 6807: 6806: 6541: 6540: 6478:4-Fluorophenibut 6214:Piperidinediones 6088:Allopregnanolone 5670:Trichloroethanol 5628: 5627: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5573: 5572: 5476: 5475: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5396: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4915: 4904: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4824: 4818: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4664: 4655: 4654: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4558:The Kava Library 4550: 4544: 4543: 4515: 4504: 4503: 4485: 4461: 4455: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4431: 4421: 4404:Lees AJ (1989). 4401: 4395: 4394: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4331: 4322: 4321: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4173:10.1002/ptr.4916 4155: 4149: 4148: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4016:10.1002/hup.1180 3999: 3993: 3992: 3974: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3692: 3683: 3682: 3672: 3654: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3579: 3570: 3569: 3549: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3529: 3518: 3510: 3501: 3500: 3490: 3450: 3441: 3440: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3402:www.frommers.com 3394: 3388: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3364: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3081: 3062: 3061: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3000: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2933: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2906:. Archived from 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2854: 2843: 2834: 2833: 2801: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2722:. Archived from 2712: 2706: 2705: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2650: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2615: 2606: 2605: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2466: 2457: 2456: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2411: 2400: 2399: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2280: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2252: 2237: 2236: 2226: 2194: 2185: 2184: 2174: 2157:(2): 1164–1169. 2142: 2127: 2126: 2106: 2083: 2082: 2056: 2047: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2018:. Archived from 2008: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1969: 1331:and the coral a 1096:Potentiation of 1084:Pharmacodynamics 786:Pentecost Island 774:Pentecost Island 723: 720: 691:Papua New Guinea 597:Lord Howe Island 443:Proto-Polynesian 398:Piper wichmannii 372:organic solvents 312:, some parts of 290:sedating effects 180: 68: 67: 46: 34: 33: 16:Species of plant 20243: 20242: 20238: 20237: 20236: 20234: 20233: 20232: 20133:Oceanian drinks 20123:Culture of Fiji 20093: 20092: 20091: 20086: 20078: 20073: 20065: 20060: 20052: 20047: 20039: 20034: 20026: 20021: 20013: 20008: 20000: 19998: 19990: 19985: 19977: 19972: 19964: 19959: 19951: 19946: 19938: 19933: 19925: 19920: 19912: 19907: 19899: 19894: 19886: 19881: 19873: 19868: 19860: 19855: 19847: 19842: 19834: 19829: 19820: 19819: 19814: 19805: 19804: 19799: 19786: 19776: 19771: 19653: 19616: 19547: 19532: 19473: 19395: 19387: 19379: 19375: 19367: 19344: 19332: 19128:Binaltorphimine 19073:6β-Naltrexol-d4 19036: 18655:Ethylketazocine 18610:Dihydromorphine 18430: 18418: 18229:6β-Naltrexol-d4 18202: 17958:Ethylketazocine 17933:Dihydromorphine 17773: 17761: 17469:6β-Naltrexol-d4 17422: 17221:Oxymorphonazine 16976:Furanylfentanyl 16906:Dihydromorphine 16761:Benzhydrocodone 16650: 16648: 16639: 16631: 16626:Opioid receptor 16623: 16593: 16588: 16566: 16524:isovaleric acid 16487:Sulfonylalkanes 16385:Hopantenic acid 16369:tolfenamic acid 16357:flufenamic acid 16319:dihydroergosine 16262:lithium bromide 16221:Others/unsorted 16216: 16077:Dichloromethane 16052:Chloral hydrate 16047:Chloral betaine 15984: 15921: 15888: 15855: 15827: 15556:Cyclopyrrolones 15541: 15447:Etiocholanolone 15362: 15319: 15280:5-Hydroxykavain 15230: 15202: 15114: 14996: 14444:Benzodiazepines 14438: 14249:Ethallobarbital 14244:Enallylpropymal 14125: 14106:Tribromoethanol 14093:-Butanol (2M2P) 14039:alcoholic drink 14001: 13998: 13990: 13960: 13955: 13933: 13918: 13908: 13893: 13868: 13864:Trifluoperazine 13859:Tolfenamic acid 13829:Flufenamic acid 13799: 13756: 13724: 13710: 13692: 13658:Flufenamic acid 13653:Ethacrynic acid 13625: 13598: 13556: 13542: 13524: 13492: 13478: 13425: 13256:Metabutoxycaine 13221:Diphenhydramine 13211:Cyclomethycaine 13176:Levobupivacaine 12883: 12856: 12838: 12801: 12787: 12783:Tolfenamic acid 12758:Flufenamic acid 12753: 12735: 12721: 12699: 12696: 12682: 12672: 12589: 12586: 12567: 12517: 12409: 12406: 12383: 12369: 12354: 12336: 12316: 12225:Norpropoxyphene 12102:11.1)-specific: 12101: 11895: 11868: 11844: 11800:Rhynchophylline 11550: 10930: 10911: 10906: 10876: 10871: 10845: 10832: 10787: 10739: 10661: 10580: 10451: 10431: 10413: 10412: 10400: 10299: 10281: 10280: 10264: 10183: 10122: 10011: 9990: 9931: 9918: 9862: 9612: 9609: 9595: 9489: 9438: 9202: 9199: 9189: 9186: 9168: 9167: 9159: 9151: 9121: 9116: 9081: 9009: 9003: 8986: 8980: 8961:Solomon Islands 8899: 8894: 8858: 8688: 8667: 8586: 8552:Solomon Islands 8419: 8347: 8341: 8324: 8318: 8299:Solomon Islands 8237: 8232: 8190: 8174: 8102: 8096: 8079: 8073: 8054:Solomon Islands 7992: 7987: 7942: 7889:Aloha Festivals 7864: 7738: 7697:Paopao (Tuvalu) 7687:Māori migration 7635: 7607:Stick charts of 7561:Solomon Islands 7444:Chatham Islands 7406: 7400: 7349: 7229: 7222: 7217: 7187: 7182: 7046: 7009: 6999: 6971: 6934: 6918: 6864: 6811:Antidepressants 6802: 6793: 6764:Dexmedetomidine 6745: 6732: 6678: 6608:Antidepressants 6602: 6563:Diphenhydramine 6536: 6527: 6465: 6452: 6441:Isovaleric acid 6404:Sulfonylalkanes 6359:Chloral hydrate 6354:Chloral betaine 6332:Lithium bromide 6304: 6241: 6208: 6190: 6122: 6069: 6026: 5998: 5940: 5823:Benzodiazepines 5817: 5723:Ethallobarbital 5674: 5623: 5614: 5600: 5570: 5561: 5557:Pipermethystine 5545: 5517: 5467: 5441: 5436: 5391: 5364: 5362: 5357: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5287: 5285: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5261: 5259: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5234:www.hc-sc.gc.ca 5228: 5227: 5223: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5191: 5189: 5187:gazette.govt.nz 5181: 5180: 5176: 5166: 5164: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5136: 5132: 5122: 5120: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5094: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5042: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4943: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4902: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4880: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4815:Wayback Machine 4799: 4797: 4796:on 20 July 2006 4788: 4787: 4783: 4772: 4770: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4665: 4658: 4627:10.1002/hup.299 4611: 4607: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4516: 4507: 4462: 4458: 4449: 4445: 4402: 4398: 4359: 4355: 4332: 4325: 4302:10.1002/hup.532 4286: 4282: 4243: 4239: 4208: 4204: 4156: 4152: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4102: 4098: 4051: 4047: 4000: 3996: 3951: 3947: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3881: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3856: 3852: 3842: 3840: 3830: 3826: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3744: 3740: 3693: 3686: 3631: 3627: 3590:(36): 970–972. 3580: 3573: 3566: 3550: 3543: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3504: 3451: 3444: 3431:(10): 555–559. 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3382: 3378: 3341: 3337: 3298: 3294: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3228: 3224: 3185: 3178: 3147: 3143: 3104: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3083: 3082: 3065: 3044:(7): 992–1002. 3034: 3030: 2977: 2973: 2934: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2852: 2844: 2837: 2816:(2–3): 96–103. 2802: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2726:on 30 June 2016 2714: 2713: 2709: 2678: 2674: 2648: 2642: 2638: 2628: 2626: 2617: 2616: 2609: 2602: 2586: 2582: 2567: 2563: 2532: 2528: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2414:Ross M (2008). 2412: 2403: 2368: 2364: 2333: 2329: 2281: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2253: 2240: 2209:(1): CD003383. 2195: 2188: 2143: 2130: 2123: 2107: 2086: 2079: 2057: 2050: 2039: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2022:on 10 June 2018 2010: 2009: 2005: 1995: 1993: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1971: 1970: 1963: 1958: 1906: 1897: 1878: 1871: 1865: 1805: 1783:The Australian 1777: 1765: 1733:Pacific Islands 1717: 1697: 1689:Fijian language 1677: 1675:Kava dermopathy 1647:benzodiazepines 1620:benzodiazepines 1612:anticonvulsants 1608: 1595: 1587:US Pharmacopeia 1579: 1571: 1566: 1550: 1534: 1528: 1506: 1480: 1464:Pipermethystine 1445: 1417: 1297: 1272: 1263: 1255:cognitive tests 1237: 1225: 1218: 1208: 1201: 1193: 1186: 1170: 1163: 1130: 1125:Binding to the 1101: 1090:pharmacological 1086: 1074:pipermethystine 1023: 1019: 1015: 1012:, without the R 1002: 997: 929: 885: 860: 857: 855: 853: 769: 767:Growing regions 742:Piper wichmanii 738: 730:Piper wichmanii 721: 707: 701:(2.0 ft). 697:, and Vanuatu. 695:Solomon Islands 635: 633:Characteristics 390: 384: 292:throughout the 216:Pacific Islands 187: 182: 176: 163: 62: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 20241: 20231: 20230: 20225: 20220: 20215: 20210: 20205: 20200: 20195: 20190: 20185: 20180: 20175: 20170: 20165: 20160: 20155: 20153:Drugs in Tonga 20150: 20145: 20140: 20135: 20130: 20125: 20120: 20115: 20110: 20105: 20088: 20087: 20085: 20084: 20080:wfo-0000486456 20071: 20058: 20045: 20032: 20019: 20006: 19996: 19983: 19970: 19957: 19944: 19931: 19918: 19905: 19892: 19879: 19866: 19853: 19840: 19827: 19812: 19796: 19794: 19788: 19787: 19773: 19772: 19770: 19769: 19759: 19758: 19753: 19748: 19743: 19738: 19729: 19728: 19723: 19718: 19713: 19708: 19703: 19698: 19693: 19688: 19683: 19678: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19658: 19656:-Phenylalanine 19650: 19645: 19640: 19628: 19626: 19622: 19621: 19618: 19617: 19615: 19614: 19609: 19604: 19599: 19594: 19589: 19584: 19579: 19574: 19569: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19545: 19540: 19538: 19534: 19533: 19531: 19530: 19525: 19520: 19515: 19510: 19505: 19500: 19495: 19490: 19485: 19483:Racemethorphan 19480: 19475: 19471: 19467: 19462: 19457: 19452: 19447: 19442: 19437: 19432: 19430:Levomethorphan 19427: 19422: 19417: 19412: 19407: 19402: 19397: 19393: 19389: 19385: 19381: 19377: 19373: 19369: 19365: 19361: 19355: 19353: 19346: 19338: 19337: 19334: 19333: 19331: 19330: 19325: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19300: 19295: 19290: 19285: 19280: 19275: 19270: 19265: 19260: 19255: 19250: 19245: 19240: 19235: 19230: 19225: 19220: 19215: 19210: 19205: 19200: 19195: 19190: 19185: 19180: 19175: 19170: 19165: 19160: 19155: 19150: 19145: 19140: 19135: 19130: 19125: 19120: 19115: 19110: 19105: 19100: 19095: 19090: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19065: 19060: 19055: 19050: 19044: 19042: 19038: 19037: 19035: 19034: 19029: 19024: 19019: 19014: 18992: 18987: 18982: 18977: 18972: 18967: 18962: 18957: 18947: 18942: 18937: 18935:Racemethorphan 18932: 18927: 18922: 18917: 18912: 18907: 18902: 18897: 18892: 18887: 18882: 18877: 18872: 18867: 18862: 18857: 18852: 18847: 18842: 18837: 18832: 18827: 18822: 18817: 18812: 18807: 18802: 18797: 18792: 18787: 18782: 18777: 18772: 18767: 18762: 18757: 18755:Levomethorphan 18752: 18747: 18742: 18737: 18732: 18727: 18722: 18717: 18712: 18707: 18702: 18697: 18692: 18687: 18682: 18677: 18672: 18667: 18662: 18657: 18652: 18647: 18642: 18637: 18632: 18627: 18622: 18617: 18612: 18607: 18602: 18597: 18592: 18587: 18582: 18577: 18572: 18567: 18562: 18557: 18552: 18547: 18542: 18537: 18532: 18527: 18522: 18517: 18512: 18507: 18502: 18497: 18492: 18487: 18482: 18477: 18472: 18467: 18462: 18457: 18452: 18447: 18441: 18439: 18432: 18424: 18423: 18420: 18419: 18417: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18391: 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18331: 18326: 18321: 18316: 18311: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18281: 18276: 18271: 18266: 18261: 18256: 18251: 18246: 18241: 18236: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18216: 18210: 18208: 18204: 18203: 18201: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18160: 18155: 18150: 18145: 18140: 18135: 18130: 18125: 18123:Racemethorphan 18120: 18115: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18070: 18065: 18060: 18055: 18050: 18045: 18040: 18035: 18033:Levomethorphan 18030: 18028:Leu-enkephalin 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17995: 17990: 17985: 17980: 17975: 17970: 17965: 17960: 17955: 17950: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17930: 17925: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17900: 17895: 17890: 17885: 17880: 17875: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17815: 17810: 17805: 17800: 17795: 17790: 17784: 17782: 17775: 17767: 17766: 17763: 17762: 17760: 17759: 17754: 17749: 17744: 17739: 17734: 17729: 17724: 17719: 17714: 17709: 17707:Naltrexonazine 17704: 17699: 17694: 17689: 17684: 17679: 17674: 17669: 17664: 17659: 17654: 17649: 17644: 17639: 17634: 17629: 17624: 17619: 17614: 17609: 17604: 17599: 17594: 17589: 17584: 17579: 17574: 17569: 17564: 17559: 17554: 17549: 17544: 17541: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17521: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17501: 17496: 17491: 17486: 17481: 17476: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17441: 17436: 17430: 17428: 17424: 17423: 17421: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17405: 17400: 17395: 17390: 17385: 17380: 17375: 17370: 17365: 17360: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17340: 17335: 17330: 17325: 17320: 17315: 17310: 17308:Racemethorphan 17305: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17275: 17270: 17265: 17260: 17255: 17250: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17168: 17163: 17158: 17153: 17148: 17143: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17093: 17088: 17083: 17078: 17073: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17051:Levomethorphan 17048: 17043: 17041:Leu-enkephalin 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17008: 17003: 17001:Hydromorphinol 16998: 16993: 16988: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16958: 16953: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16898: 16896:Dihydrocodeine 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16861:Dextromoramide 16858: 16853: 16848: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16823: 16818: 16813: 16808: 16803: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16766:Benzylmorphine 16763: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16696:Acetylfentanyl 16693: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16668: 16663: 16657: 16655: 16641: 16633: 16632: 16622: 16621: 16614: 16607: 16599: 16590: 16589: 16571: 16568: 16567: 16565: 16564: 16559: 16554: 16549: 16540: 16539: 16532:valerenic acid 16517: 16512: 16502: 16484: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16361:mefenamic acid 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16270:sodium bromide 16255: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16224: 16222: 16218: 16217: 16215: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16189: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16139: 16137:Methoxypropane 16134: 16132:Methoxyflurane 16129: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16092:Ethyl chloride 16089: 16084: 16079: 16074: 16069: 16064: 16059: 16054: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15998: 15996: 15986: 15985: 15983: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15942: 15937: 15931: 15929: 15927:Quinazolinones 15923: 15922: 15920: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15898: 15896: 15890: 15889: 15887: 15886: 15881: 15876: 15871: 15865: 15863: 15857: 15856: 15854: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15837: 15835: 15829: 15828: 15826: 15825: 15820: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15670: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15639: 15634: 15622: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15589: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15551: 15549: 15543: 15542: 15540: 15539: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15454: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15372: 15370: 15364: 15363: 15361: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15335: 15329: 15327: 15321: 15320: 15318: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15241: 15239: 15232: 15231: 15229: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15212: 15210: 15204: 15203: 15201: 15200: 15195: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15124: 15122: 15116: 15115: 15113: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15006: 15004: 14998: 14997: 14995: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14448: 14446: 14440: 14439: 14437: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14349:Propylbarbital 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14224:Crotylbarbital 14221: 14216: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14189:Brophebarbital 14186: 14184:Brallobarbital 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14135: 14133: 14127: 14126: 14124: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14095: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14070:Methylpentynol 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14011: 14009: 14003: 14002: 13996: 13989: 13988: 13981: 13974: 13966: 13957: 13956: 13942: 13939: 13938: 13935: 13934: 13932: 13931: 13923: 13921: 13910: 13909: 13907: 13906: 13898: 13896: 13882: 13878: 13877: 13874: 13873: 13870: 13869: 13867: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13839:Mefenamic acid 13836: 13831: 13826: 13820: 13818: 13809: 13805: 13804: 13801: 13800: 13798: 13797: 13795:Phenanthridine 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13766: 13764: 13758: 13757: 13755: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13738: 13736: 13727: 13716: 13715: 13712: 13711: 13709: 13708: 13702: 13700: 13694: 13693: 13691: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13639: 13637: 13628: 13614: 13608: 13607: 13604: 13603: 13600: 13599: 13597: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13570: 13568: 13559: 13548: 13547: 13544: 13543: 13541: 13540: 13534: 13532: 13526: 13525: 13523: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13506: 13504: 13495: 13484: 13483: 13480: 13479: 13477: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13443:Atracotoxins ( 13441: 13435: 13433: 13427: 13426: 13424: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13403: 13398: 13389: 13388: 13386:Zetekitoxin AB 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13359: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13304: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13286:Proxymetacaine 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13196:Chloroprocaine 13193: 13188: 13183: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13142: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13002: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12907: 12906: 12897: 12895: 12886: 12872: 12866: 12865: 12862: 12861: 12858: 12857: 12855: 12854: 12848: 12846: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12815: 12813: 12804: 12793: 12792: 12789: 12788: 12786: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12751: 12745: 12743: 12737: 12736: 12734: 12733: 12728: 12719: 12713: 12711: 12702: 12694: 12688: 12687: 12684: 12683: 12681: 12680: 12663: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12584: 12577: 12575: 12569: 12568: 12566: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12508: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12470:Glyclopyramide 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12425:Chlorpropamide 12422: 12417: 12404: 12397: 12395: 12386: 12375: 12374: 12371: 12370: 12368: 12367: 12362: 12352: 12346: 12344: 12338: 12337: 12335: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12314: 12308: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12170:Clarithromycin 12167: 12162: 12160:Chlorpromazine 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12099: 12091: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11909: 11907: 11898: 11884: 11878: 11877: 11874: 11873: 11870: 11869: 11867: 11866: 11854: 11852: 11846: 11845: 11843: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11780:Paramethadione 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11628: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11555:gabapentinoids 11548: 11542: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456:Non-selective: 11452: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11409: 11408: 11396: 11395: 11393:ω-Agatoxin IVB 11390: 11388:ω-Agatoxin IVA 11378: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11345:Huwentoxin XVI 11342: 11337: 11332: 11320: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11297:Cyproheptadine 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11055:Levniguldipine 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10995:Dexniguldipine 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10944: 10942: 10933: 10919: 10913: 10912: 10905: 10904: 10897: 10890: 10882: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10869: 10861: 10854: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10843: 10835: 10830: 10819: 10818: 10816:Diacylglycerol 10813: 10808: 10799: 10797: 10793: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10773:Oleanolic acid 10770: 10765: 10760: 10758:Betulinic acid 10751: 10749: 10741: 10740: 10738: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10673: 10671: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10590: 10588: 10582: 10581: 10579: 10578: 10569: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10436: 10434: 10420: 10406: 10405: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10304: 10302: 10288: 10274: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10206: 10204: 10197: 10189: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10130: 10128: 10124: 10123: 10121: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10034: 10032: 10025: 10017: 10016: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9998: 9996: 9992: 9991: 9989: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9947: 9945: 9938: 9924: 9923: 9920: 9919: 9917: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9870: 9868: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9828:Serinolamide A 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9624: 9622: 9615: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9497: 9495: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9446: 9444: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9414:Serinolamide A 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9224:11-Hydroxy-THC 9221: 9216: 9210: 9208: 9192: 9184: 9175: 9161: 9160: 9150: 9149: 9142: 9135: 9127: 9118: 9117: 9090: 9087: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9057:Norfolk Island 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9017:American Samoa 9013: 9011: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8990: 8988: 8987:of New Zealand 8982: 8981: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8907: 8905: 8901: 8900: 8893: 8892: 8885: 8878: 8870: 8864: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8723: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8696: 8694: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8686: 8681: 8675: 8673: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8594: 8592: 8588: 8587: 8585: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8513: 8512: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8395:Norfolk Island 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8355:American Samoa 8351: 8349: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8328: 8326: 8325:of New Zealand 8320: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8238: 8231: 8230: 8223: 8216: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8186: 8184: 8180: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8150:Norfolk Island 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8110:American Samoa 8106: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8083: 8081: 8080:of New Zealand 8075: 8074: 8072: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8000: 7998: 7994: 7993: 7986: 7985: 7978: 7971: 7963: 7957: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7940: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7923: 7922: 7921: 7916: 7908: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7883: 7882: 7881: 7879:Garma Festival 7872: 7870: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7730: 7729: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7652:Alingano Maisu 7649: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7624: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7536:Norfolk Island 7533: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7468: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7429: 7424: 7423: 7422: 7410: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7357: 7355: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7263:kapa (Hawaiʻi) 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7239: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7216: 7215: 7208: 7201: 7193: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7158:Passion flower 7155: 7145: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7018: 7016: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6981: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6948: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6908: 6903: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6885: 6883:Chlorpromazine 6874: 6872: 6870:Antipsychotics 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6854: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6836: 6831: 6821: 6815: 6813: 6804: 6800: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6750: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6722: 6717: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6699: 6697:Chlorpromazine 6688: 6686: 6684:Antipsychotics 6680: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6668: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6650: 6645: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6612: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6558:Cyproheptadine 6555: 6549: 6547: 6545:Antihistamines 6538: 6534: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6502:sodium oxybate 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6473:1,4-Butanediol 6469: 6467: 6463: 6458: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6446:Valerenic acid 6443: 6438: 6428: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6342:Sodium bromide 6339: 6334: 6323: 6318: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6251: 6249: 6247:Quinazolinones 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6132: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6079: 6077: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5950: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5827: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5768:Propylbarbital 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5684: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5665:Methylpentynol 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5636: 5634: 5625: 5621: 5616: 5615: 5599: 5598: 5591: 5584: 5576: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5527: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5484: 5482: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5442: 5435: 5434: 5427: 5420: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5389: 5376: 5371: 5353: 5352:External links 5350: 5347: 5346: 5334:faolex.fao.org 5321: 5310:on 3 June 2009 5295: 5269: 5247: 5221: 5199: 5174: 5149: 5130: 5104: 5078: 5052: 5027: 5001: 4979: 4953: 4927: 4890: 4864: 4841: 4819: 4781: 4754: 4724: 4702: 4656: 4621:(4): 353–356. 4605: 4570: 4545: 4505: 4456: 4443: 4396: 4369:(9): 1239–82. 4353: 4342:(2): 130–137. 4336:Altern Med Rev 4323: 4296:(7): 525–533. 4280: 4253:(19): 2174–5. 4237: 4202: 4150: 4139:(2): 223–281. 4123: 4116: 4096: 4061:(3): 361–384. 4045: 4010:(2): 102–111. 3994: 3965:(2): 389–396. 3945: 3912:Food Chemistry 3902: 3895: 3872: 3850: 3824: 3805:(4): 1065–81. 3789: 3782: 3764: 3738: 3703:(3): 673–679. 3697:Phytochemistry 3684: 3625: 3571: 3564: 3541: 3502: 3465:(3): 445–448. 3442: 3415: 3389: 3376: 3335: 3292: 3265:(7): 1105–20. 3249: 3242: 3222: 3176: 3151:Pharmacol. Res 3141: 3114:(11): 731–43. 3098: 3063: 3028: 2971: 2921: 2891: 2879:kavasociety.nz 2866: 2835: 2789: 2763: 2737: 2707: 2672: 2636: 2607: 2600: 2580: 2561: 2542:(2): 493–513. 2526: 2507:(2): 493–523. 2487: 2458: 2435: 2428: 2401: 2362: 2327: 2264: 2238: 2186: 2128: 2121: 2084: 2077: 2048: 2033: 2003: 1978: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1861: 1850:United Kingdom 1804: 1801: 1776: 1773: 1764: 1761: 1751:, coughs, and 1716: 1713: 1696: 1693: 1681:skin condition 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1658: 1643: 1634:in the liver. 1624:antipsychotics 1607: 1604: 1594: 1591: 1583:hepatotoxicity 1578: 1575: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1549: 1546: 1527: 1524: 1502:Main article: 1479: 1476: 1444: 1441: 1421:Pharmaceutical 1416: 1413: 1296: 1293: 1271: 1268: 1262: 1259: 1244:benzodiazepine 1235: 1223: 1216: 1206: 1199: 1191: 1184: 1168: 1165:receptor, the 1161: 1152: 1151: 1145: 1136:Inhibition of 1134: 1133:(by yangonin). 1128: 1123: 1116:norepinephrine 1105: 1099: 1088:The following 1085: 1082: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 987:also present. 928: 925: 912:Piper excelsum 909:The Kawakawa ( 894:Piper excelsum 884: 881: 850: 790:Espiritu Santo 768: 765: 737: 734: 706: 703: 689:were all from 667:P. methysticum 634: 631: 593:Norfolk Island 584:Piper excelsum 416:Lapita culture 383: 380: 370:produced with 189: 188: 183: 172: 171: 165: 164: 157: 155: 151: 150: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 113: 106: 105: 100: 93: 92: 87: 80: 79: 74: 70: 69: 56: 55: 48: 47: 39: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20240: 20229: 20226: 20224: 20221: 20219: 20216: 20214: 20211: 20209: 20206: 20204: 20201: 20199: 20196: 20194: 20191: 20189: 20186: 20184: 20181: 20179: 20176: 20174: 20171: 20169: 20166: 20164: 20161: 20159: 20156: 20154: 20151: 20149: 20146: 20144: 20141: 20139: 20138:Piper (plant) 20136: 20134: 20131: 20129: 20126: 20124: 20121: 20119: 20116: 20114: 20111: 20109: 20106: 20104: 20101: 20100: 20098: 20081: 20076: 20072: 20068: 20063: 20059: 20055: 20050: 20046: 20042: 20037: 20033: 20029: 20024: 20020: 20016: 20011: 20007: 20003: 19997: 19993: 19988: 19984: 19980: 19975: 19971: 19967: 19962: 19958: 19954: 19949: 19945: 19941: 19936: 19932: 19928: 19923: 19919: 19915: 19910: 19906: 19902: 19897: 19893: 19889: 19884: 19880: 19876: 19871: 19867: 19863: 19858: 19854: 19850: 19845: 19841: 19837: 19832: 19828: 19823: 19817: 19813: 19808: 19802: 19798: 19797: 19795: 19793: 19789: 19785: 19780: 19767: 19764: 19761: 19760: 19757: 19754: 19752: 19751:Pronociceptin 19749: 19747: 19746:Proenkephalin 19744: 19742: 19739: 19737: 19734: 19731: 19730: 19727: 19724: 19722: 19719: 19717: 19714: 19712: 19709: 19707: 19704: 19702: 19699: 19697: 19694: 19692: 19689: 19687: 19684: 19682: 19679: 19677: 19674: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19636: 19634: 19630: 19629: 19627: 19623: 19613: 19610: 19608: 19605: 19603: 19600: 19598: 19595: 19593: 19590: 19588: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19573: 19570: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19550: 19548: 19542: 19541: 19539: 19535: 19529: 19526: 19524: 19521: 19519: 19516: 19514: 19511: 19509: 19506: 19504: 19501: 19499: 19496: 19494: 19491: 19489: 19486: 19484: 19481: 19479: 19476: 19474: 19468: 19466: 19463: 19461: 19458: 19456: 19453: 19451: 19448: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19436: 19433: 19431: 19428: 19426: 19423: 19421: 19418: 19416: 19413: 19411: 19408: 19406: 19405:Buprenorphine 19403: 19401: 19398: 19396: 19390: 19388: 19382: 19380: 19370: 19368: 19362: 19360: 19357: 19356: 19354: 19350: 19347: 19343: 19339: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19291: 19289: 19286: 19284: 19281: 19279: 19276: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19266: 19264: 19261: 19259: 19256: 19254: 19251: 19249: 19246: 19244: 19241: 19239: 19236: 19234: 19231: 19229: 19226: 19224: 19221: 19219: 19216: 19214: 19211: 19209: 19206: 19204: 19201: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19191: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19181: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19166: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19138:Buprenorphine 19136: 19134: 19131: 19129: 19126: 19124: 19121: 19119: 19116: 19114: 19111: 19109: 19106: 19104: 19101: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19089: 19088:Amentoflavone 19086: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19056: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19046: 19045: 19043: 19039: 19033: 19030: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19020: 19018: 19015: 19012: 19011:nortriptyline 19008: 19004: 19000: 18999:amitriptyline 18996: 18993: 18991: 18988: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18976: 18973: 18971: 18968: 18966: 18963: 18961: 18958: 18955: 18951: 18948: 18946: 18943: 18941: 18938: 18936: 18933: 18931: 18928: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18903: 18901: 18898: 18896: 18893: 18891: 18888: 18886: 18883: 18881: 18878: 18876: 18873: 18871: 18868: 18866: 18863: 18861: 18858: 18856: 18853: 18851: 18848: 18846: 18843: 18841: 18838: 18836: 18833: 18831: 18828: 18826: 18823: 18821: 18818: 18816: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18806: 18803: 18801: 18798: 18796: 18793: 18791: 18788: 18786: 18783: 18781: 18778: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18756: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18746: 18743: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18731: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18713: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18705:Hydromorphone 18703: 18701: 18698: 18696: 18693: 18691: 18688: 18686: 18683: 18681: 18678: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18646: 18643: 18641: 18638: 18636: 18633: 18631: 18628: 18626: 18623: 18621: 18620:Diprenorphine 18618: 18616: 18613: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18600:Difelikefalin 18598: 18596: 18593: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18580:Cyprenorphine 18578: 18576: 18573: 18571: 18568: 18566: 18563: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18551: 18548: 18546: 18543: 18541: 18538: 18536: 18533: 18531: 18528: 18526: 18525:Big dynorphin 18523: 18521: 18518: 18516: 18513: 18511: 18508: 18506: 18503: 18501: 18498: 18496: 18493: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18483: 18481: 18478: 18476: 18473: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18445:3CS-nalmefene 18443: 18442: 18440: 18436: 18433: 18429: 18425: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18330: 18327: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18289:Diprenorphine 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18272: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18211: 18209: 18205: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18136: 18134: 18131: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18064: 18061: 18059: 18056: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18046: 18044: 18041: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17993:Hydromorphone 17991: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17969: 17966: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17903:Deltorphin II 17901: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17841: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17821: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17806: 17804: 17801: 17799: 17796: 17794: 17791: 17789: 17788:3CS-nalmefene 17786: 17785: 17783: 17779: 17776: 17772: 17768: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17738: 17735: 17733: 17730: 17728: 17725: 17723: 17720: 17718: 17715: 17713: 17710: 17708: 17705: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17663: 17660: 17658: 17655: 17653: 17650: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17637:Methocinnamox 17635: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17597:Ginsenoside R 17595: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17567:Diprenorphine 17565: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17555: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17512: 17510: 17507: 17505: 17502: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17444:3CS-nalmefene 17442: 17440: 17437: 17435: 17432: 17431: 17429: 17425: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17273:Phencyclidine 17271: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17248: 17244: 17243: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17216:Oxymorphazone 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17006:Hydromorphone 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16957: 16954: 16952: 16951:Ethylmorphine 16949: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16941:Endomorphin-2 16939: 16937: 16936:Endomorphin-1 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16917: 16916:Diphenoxylate 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16801:Butyrfentanyl 16799: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16786:Buprenorphine 16784: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16701:Acrylfentanyl 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16676:ψ-Akuammigine 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16645: 16642: 16638: 16634: 16630: 16627: 16620: 16615: 16613: 16608: 16606: 16601: 16600: 16597: 16587: 16586: 16582: 16578: 16575: 16569: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16542: 16541: 16537: 16533: 16529: 16528:isovaleramide 16525: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16510: 16506: 16503: 16500: 16496: 16492: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16422: 16418: 16414: 16410: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16370: 16366: 16365:niflumic acid 16362: 16358: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16328: 16324: 16320: 16316: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16291:Clomethiazole 16289: 16287: 16286:Chlormezanone 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16276:Carbamazepine 16274: 16271: 16267: 16263: 16259: 16256: 16253: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16225: 16223: 16219: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16152:Nitrous oxide 16150: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16082:Diethyl ether 16080: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15999: 15997: 15995: 15991: 15987: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15933: 15932: 15930: 15928: 15924: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15899: 15897: 15895: 15891: 15885: 15884:Pyrithyldione 15882: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15866: 15864: 15862: 15858: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15838: 15836: 15834: 15830: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15675: 15672: 15671: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15629: 15628: 15624: 15623: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15596: 15595: 15591: 15590: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15558: 15557: 15553: 15552: 15550: 15548: 15544: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15373: 15371: 15369: 15365: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15330: 15328: 15326: 15322: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15233: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15213: 15211: 15209: 15205: 15199: 15196: 15193: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15125: 15123: 15121: 15117: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15090:Phenprobamate 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15055:Hexapropymate 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15030:Difebarbamate 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15007: 15005: 15003: 14999: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14842:Nortetrazepam 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14702:Flutoprazepam 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14682:Flunitrazolam 14680: 14678: 14677:Flunitrazepam 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14667:Flubromazolam 14665: 14663: 14662:Flubromazepam 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14562:Cloniprazepam 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14452:2-Oxoquazepam 14450: 14449: 14447: 14445: 14441: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14394:Thialbarbital 14392: 14390: 14389:Tetrabarbital 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14374:Spirobarbital 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14354:Proxibarbital 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14344:Propallylonal 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14324:Phenobarbital 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14314:Pentobarbital 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14304:Narcobarbital 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14269:Heptobarbital 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14239:Difebarbamate 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14229:Cyclobarbital 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14174:Benzobarbital 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14136: 14134: 14132: 14128: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14100: 14096: 14094: 14092: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14045:Ethchlorvynol 14043: 14040: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14012: 14010: 14008: 14004: 14000: 13987: 13982: 13980: 13975: 13973: 13968: 13967: 13964: 13954: 13953: 13949: 13946: 13940: 13929: 13925: 13924: 13922: 13917: 13911: 13904: 13900: 13899: 13897: 13892: 13886: 13883: 13879: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13849:Niflumic acid 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13821: 13819: 13817: 13813: 13810: 13806: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13767: 13765: 13763: 13759: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13742:Glibenclamide 13740: 13739: 13737: 13735: 13731: 13728: 13723: 13717: 13707: 13704: 13703: 13701: 13699: 13695: 13689: 13688:Niflumic acid 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13673:Glibenclamide 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13640: 13638: 13636: 13632: 13629: 13624: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13609: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13571: 13569: 13567: 13563: 13560: 13555: 13549: 13539: 13536: 13535: 13533: 13531: 13527: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13507: 13505: 13503: 13499: 13496: 13491: 13485: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13469:Grayanotoxins 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13459:Batrachotoxin 13457: 13454: 13450: 13446: 13445:ω-Atracotoxin 13442: 13440: 13437: 13436: 13434: 13432: 13428: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13411: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13396:Buprenorphine 13394: 13391: 13390: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13361: 13360: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13306: 13305: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13151: 13147: 13144: 13143: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13129:Valproic acid 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13074:Oxitriptyline 13072: 13070: 13069:Oxcarbazepine 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13059:Licarbazepine 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13014:Carbamazepine 13012: 13010: 13007: 13004: 13003: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12909: 12908: 12905: 12902: 12901:Antianginals: 12899: 12898: 12896: 12894: 12890: 12887: 12882: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12867: 12853: 12850: 12849: 12847: 12845: 12841: 12835: 12834:Norfluoxetine 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12816: 12814: 12812: 12808: 12805: 12800: 12794: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12768:Niflumic acid 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12747: 12746: 12744: 12742: 12738: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12715: 12714: 12712: 12710: 12706: 12703: 12698: 12689: 12679: 12676: 12671: 12665: 12664: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12620:Levcromakalim 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12588: 12579: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12570: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12516: 12510: 12509: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12415:Acetohexamide 12413: 12408: 12399: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12390: 12387: 12382: 12376: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12348: 12347: 12345: 12343: 12339: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12310: 12309: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12260:Roxithromycin 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12097: 12093: 12092: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11953:Charybdotoxin 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11910: 11908: 11906: 11902: 11899: 11894: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11879: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11856: 11855: 11853: 11851: 11847: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11835:Trimethadione 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11675:Diproteverine 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11630: 11629: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11552: 11544: 11543: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11534:Ruthenium red 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11509:Levetiracetam 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11459:ω-Agatoxin TK 11457: 11454: 11453: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11429:Niflumic acid 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11411: 11410: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11398: 11397: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11380: 11379: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11322: 11321: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11050:Levamlodipine 11048: 11046: 11045:Lercanidipine 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10952: 10950: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10941: 10937: 10934: 10929: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10903: 10898: 10896: 10891: 10889: 10884: 10883: 10880: 10868: 10866: 10862: 10860: 10859: 10855: 10852: 10851: 10848: 10842: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10827: 10824: 10821: 10820: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10794: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10763:Maslinic acid 10761: 10759: 10756: 10753: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10742: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10664: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10583: 10577: 10574: 10571: 10570: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10430: 10424: 10421: 10417: 10411: 10407: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10306: 10305: 10303: 10298: 10292: 10289: 10285: 10279: 10275: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10201: 10198: 10195: 10190: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10125: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10029: 10026: 10023: 10018: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9999: 9997: 9993: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9925: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9865: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9708:Caryophyllene 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9619: 9616: 9611: 9602: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9492: 9486: 9485:Zevaquenabant 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9441: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9374:Levonantradol 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9196: 9193: 9188: 9179: 9176: 9172: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9155: 9148: 9143: 9141: 9136: 9134: 9129: 9128: 9125: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9088: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9052:New Caledonia 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9032:Easter Island 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9006: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8983: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8908: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8891: 8886: 8884: 8879: 8877: 8872: 8871: 8868: 8865: 8861: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8691: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8670: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8589: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8511: 8508: 8507: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8500:New Caledonia 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8455:Easter Island 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8390:New Caledonia 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8370:Easter Island 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8321: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8229: 8224: 8222: 8217: 8215: 8210: 8209: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8145:New Caledonia 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8125:Easter Island 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7984: 7979: 7977: 7972: 7970: 7965: 7964: 7961: 7958: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7936: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7927: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7867: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7741: 7735: 7732: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7667:Dugout (boat) 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7618: 7617: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7608: 7604: 7603: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7514:New Caledonia 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7488: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7454:Easter Island 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7405:Geo-specific, 7403: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354:Broad culture 7352: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7221: 7214: 7209: 7207: 7202: 7200: 7195: 7194: 7191: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7153: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7137: 7136:Methocarbamol 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7126:Mephenoxalone 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7116:Chlorphenesin 7114: 7113: 7112: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7085:Phenaglycodol 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7002: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6829:Amitriptyline 6827: 6826: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6796: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6739: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6643:Amitriptyline 6641: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6578:Methapyrilene 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6530: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6483:Aceburic acid 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6459: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6436:Isovaleramide 6434: 6433: 6432: 6431:Sesquiterpene 6429: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6369:Clomethiazole 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6232:Pyrithyldione 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5984:Phenprobamate 5982: 5980: 5979:Methocarbamol 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5969:Hexapropymate 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5886:Flutoprazepam 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5871:Flunitrazepam 5869: 5867: 5866:Flunitrazolam 5864: 5862: 5861:Flubromazolam 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5763:Phenobarbital 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5753:Pentobarbital 5751: 5749: 5748:Narcobarbital 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5738:Mephobarbital 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5718:Cyclobarbital 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5660:Ethchlorvynol 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5617: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5592: 5590: 5585: 5583: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5541:Flavokavain C 5539: 5537: 5536:Flavokavain B 5534: 5532: 5531:Flavokavain A 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5493:Dihydrokavain 5491: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5426: 5421: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5402: 5401: 5395: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5360: 5356: 5355: 5335: 5331: 5325: 5309: 5305: 5299: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5257: 5251: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5145: 5141: 5134: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5016: 5012: 5005: 4989: 4983: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4912: 4908: 4907:Sdu Uitgevers 4901: 4894: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4852: 4845: 4829: 4823: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4712: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4661: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4328: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3898: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3879: 3877: 3861: 3854: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3785: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3689: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3576: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3548: 3546: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3509: 3507: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3386: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3355:(2): 389–96. 3354: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3195:(4): 306–11. 3194: 3190: 3183: 3181: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3086: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2850: 2842: 2840: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2810:Phytomedicine 2807: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2640: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2612: 2603: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2584: 2577:(2): 131–213. 2576: 2572: 2565: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2463: 2455:(2): 223–281. 2454: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2431: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286:Planta Medica 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2257: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2191: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2080: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2055: 2053: 2045: 2044: 2037: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2007: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1974: 1968: 1966: 1961: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1882:Health Canada 1876:North America 1873: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1851: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1781: 1772: 1770: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1731:of the South 1730: 1721: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1603: 1599: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1574: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1545: 1543: 1537: 1533: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1505: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1475: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1452: 1448: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1352:psychoactives 1348: 1344: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301:Pacific Ocean 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1267: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1233: 1229: 1220: 1214: 1210: 1202: 1195: 1187: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1164: 1157: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1091: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1070:flavokavain C 1067: 1066:flavokavain B 1063: 1062:flavokavain A 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038:dihydrokavain 1035: 1031: 1011: 1006: 992: 988: 986: 982: 978: 977:dihydrokavain 974: 970: 966: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 941:dietary fiber 938: 934: 924: 922: 918: 917:Māori culture 914: 913: 904: 900: 896: 895: 889: 880: 877: 876:South Florida 872: 870: 866: 859: 848: 845: 840: 836: 832: 828: 827: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 791: 787: 784:in the north 783: 779: 775: 764: 762: 757: 753: 749: 747: 743: 733: 731: 716: 715:John La Farge 711: 702: 698: 696: 692: 688: 687:P. wichmannii 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 630: 628: 624: 623: 618: 614: 611:as kava, but 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 585: 580: 576: 575:reduplication 572: 571: 566: 565:kavakava atua 562: 558: 557: 552: 548: 544: 539: 537: 534: 530: 527: 523: 520: 516: 512: 508: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 482: 478: 474: 473: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 451:Proto-Oceanic 448: 444: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 414: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 389: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 294:Pacific Ocean 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 242: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 204: 199: 195: 186: 181: 179: 173: 170: 169:Binomial name 166: 162: 161: 156: 153: 152: 149: 148: 144: 141: 140: 137: 134: 131: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 108: 107: 104: 101: 98: 95: 94: 91: 90:Tracheophytes 88: 85: 82: 81: 78: 75: 72: 71: 66: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 40: 35: 32: 28: 24: 19: 19791: 19762: 19741:Prodynorphin 19733:Propeptides: 19732: 19631: 19602:Thienorphine 19425:JNJ-19385899 19410:Cebranopadol 19392:Ac-RYYRIK-NH 19384:Ac-RYYRWK-NH 19068:6β-Naltrexol 18985:Thienorphine 18950:Salvinorin A 18750:Levallorphan 18555:Cebranopadol 18414:Thienorphine 18224:6β-Naltrexol 18008:JNJ-20788560 18003:Isomethadone 17898:Deltorphin I 17893:Deltorphin A 17873:Cebranopadol 17868:Casokefamide 17702:Naltrexazone 17692:Naloxonazine 17617:Levallorphan 17464:6β-Naltrexol 17363:Thienorphine 17318:Remifentanil 17240: 17171:Nicomorphine 17166:Nicodicodine 17121:Morphiceptin 17021:Ketobemidone 16856:Desomorphine 16841:DAMGO (DAGO) 16821:Cebranopadol 16816:Casokefamide 16573: 16572: 16543: 16400:Lavender oil 16142:Nitric oxide 16062:Cryofluorane 16007:Acetophenone 15965:Methaqualone 15960:Mecloqualone 15955:Mebroqualone 15945:Diproqualone 15940:Cloroqualone 15869:Glutethimide 15673: 15625: 15592: 15554: 15527:Testosterone 15492:Progesterone 15457:Hydroxydione 15406:Androsterone 15333:Acecarbromal 15238:constituents 15235: 15025:Cyclarbamate 15015:Carisoprodol 14787:Metaclazepam 14782:Menitrazepam 14772:Meclonazepam 14767:Lormetazepam 14697:Flutemazepam 14522:Ciclotizolam 14512:Carburazepam 14404:Thiobarbital 14364:Secobarbital 14329:Phetharbital 14309:Nealbarbital 14294:Methohexital 14279:Hexobarbital 14214:Butallylonal 14209:Butobarbital 14164:Barbexaclone 14159:Aprobarbital 14144:Allobarbital 14131:Barbiturates 14098: 14090: 14080:Petrichloral 13944: 13943: 13854:Talniflumate 13392: 13381:Tetrodotoxin 13371:Neosaxitoxin 13362: 13307: 13281:Propoxycaine 13216:Dimethocaine 13149: 13145: 13114:Valnoctamide 13044:Fosphenytoin 13005: 12979:Procainamide 12969:Pilsicainide 12924:Disopyramide 12910: 12900: 12748: 12716: 12666: 12580: 12548:Ethosuximide 12533:Cloperastine 12511: 12480:Metahexamide 12475:Glycyclamide 12435:Glibornuride 12400: 12349: 12311: 12290:Thioridazine 12245:Promethazine 12230:Orphenadrine 12220:Ketoconazole 12205:Erythromycin 12094: 11857: 11785:Phensuximide 11765:Ochratoxin A 11705:Ethosuximide 11631: 11553:-selective ( 11545: 11455: 11412: 11399: 11381: 11330:ω-Conotoxins 11323: 11273: 11255:Norverapamil 11220:Dexverapamil 11198: 11172:derivatives: 11168: 11165:Vatanidipine 11160:Trombodipine 11125:Palonidipine 11110:Nitrendipine 11065:Mepirodipine 10970:Azelnidipine 10953: 10947: 10865:Cannabinoids 10863: 10856: 10840: 10828: 10822: 10802: 10783:Ursolic acid 10754: 10676: 10593: 10572: 10491:JNJ-42165279 10439: 10307: 10139:CID-16020046 9511:Cannabigerol 9429:WIN 55,212-2 9200: 9008:Dependencies 8994:Cook Islands 8705:Austronesian 8450:Cook Islands 8346:Dependencies 8332:Cook Islands 8101:Dependencies 8087:Cook Islands 7910:New Zealand 7765:fire dancing 7626: 7619: 7605: 7484: 7470: 7463: 7449:Cook Islands 7435: 7396:Wood carving 7371:Kava culture 7365: 7258:Cook Islands 7178:Valnoctamide 7080:Metaglycodol 7075:Fenpentadiol 6985:Daridorexant 6888:Thioridazine 6839:Trimipramine 6774:Medetomidine 6702:Thioridazine 6653:Trimipramine 6598:Propiomazine 6593:Promethazine 6399:Petrichloral 6384:Kavalactones 6316:Acetophenone 6285:Methaqualone 6280:Mecloqualone 6275:Mebroqualone 6265:Diproqualone 6260:Cloroqualone 6222:Glutethimide 6118:Progesterone 6108:Hydroxydione 6040:Acecarbromal 5954:Carisoprodol 5896:Lormetazepam 5881:Flutemazepam 5783:Secobarbital 5743:Methohexital 5733:Hexobarbital 5713:Butobarbital 5708:Butabarbital 5698:Aprobarbital 5688:Allobarbital 5680:Barbiturates 5523:Flavokavains 5480:Kavalactones 5458:Kava culture 5452: 5438: 5398: 5394:"Kava" 5379: 5363:. 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Retrieved 2724:the original 2719: 2710: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2656: 2652: 2639: 2627:. Retrieved 2622: 2590: 2583: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2478:. Retrieved 2473: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2419: 2379: 2375: 2365: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2289: 2285: 2206: 2202: 2154: 2150: 2111: 2060: 2042: 2036: 2024:. Retrieved 2020:the original 2015: 2006: 1994:. Retrieved 1991:wehewehe.org 1990: 1981: 1930:Kava culture 1898: 1886: 1879: 1866: 1858: 1854: 1847: 1806: 1789: 1782: 1778: 1766: 1753:tuberculosis 1726: 1701:psychoactive 1698: 1684: 1678: 1651:barbiturates 1636: 1609: 1600: 1596: 1580: 1572: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1538: 1535: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1504:Kava culture 1478:Kava culture 1468: 1461: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1418: 1392: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1369: 1359:waild koniak 1358: 1356: 1349: 1345: 1337: 1303:cultures of 1298: 1270:Preparations 1264: 1248: 1232:psychotropic 1221: 1153: 1087: 1030:kavalactones 1027: 1010:kavalactones 1000:Constituents 995:Pharmacology 989: 961: 945:kavalactones 930: 920: 910: 908: 892: 873: 868: 862: 851: 834: 833:coveted the 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 794: 781: 770: 761:flavokavains 758: 754: 750: 745: 741: 739: 729: 727: 699: 686: 666: 636: 626: 620: 617:Māori people 613:reduplicated 604: 587:), which is 582: 568: 564: 554: 550: 546: 543:Cook Islands 540: 535: 528: 521: 506: 483: 476: 470: 458: 454: 446: 440: 413:Austronesian 410: 401: 397: 393: 391: 376:liver injury 361: 349:kavalactones 330: 300:, including 296:cultures of 281: 277: 269: 261: 253: 249: 240: 231: 219: 202: 201: 197: 193: 192: 177: 175: 159: 158: 146: 109: 96: 83: 51: 31: 18: 20108:Anxiolytics 20028:kew-2569602 19974:NatureServe 19909:iNaturalist 19816:Wikispecies 19671:Kelatorphan 19648:Candoxatril 19537:Antagonists 19488:Racemorphan 19455:NNC 63-0532 19440:Lexanopadol 19435:Levorphanol 19313:Quadazocine 19298:Pawhuskin A 19293:Noribogaine 19283:Navacaprant 19273:Naltrindole 19193:Epicatechin 19158:Clocinnamox 19041:Antagonists 19003:desipramine 18970:Samidorphan 18940:Racemorphan 18925:Phenazocine 18915:Pentazocine 18895:Norketamine 18890:Noribogaine 18850:Nalfurafine 18815:Mirtazapine 18805:Metkefamide 18765:Lexanopadol 18760:Levorphanol 18740:Laudanosine 18725:ICI-204,448 18720:ICI-199,441 18690:Hemorphin-4 18650:Erinacine E 18635:Eluxadoline 18625:Dynorphin A 18570:Cyclazocine 18545:Butorphanol 18530:Bremazocine 18505:Asimadoline 18495:Allomatrine 18485:Akuammicine 18394:Quadazocine 18389:Pawhuskin A 18384:Noribogaine 18369:Naltrindole 18309:Epicatechin 18304:Eluxadoline 18279:Clocinnamox 18207:Antagonists 18138:Samidorphan 18128:Racemorphan 18108:Oxymorphone 18068:Mitragynine 18063:Metkefamide 18043:Lexanopadol 18038:Levorphanol 18023:Laudanosine 17988:Hydrocodone 17983:Hemorphin-4 17883:Cyclazocine 17858:Butorphanol 17833:β-Endorphin 17752:Samidorphan 17747:Quadazocine 17737:Pawhuskin A 17727:Noribogaine 17717:Naltrindole 17652:Naldemedine 17582:Epicatechin 17539:Clocinnamox 17427:Antagonists 17398:Tubotaiwine 17383:Trimebutine 17313:Racemorphan 17283:Piritramide 17268:Phenazocine 17253:Pentazocine 17226:Oxymorphone 17191:Oliceridine 17176:Norketamine 17161:Nicocodeine 17146:Naltalimide 17111:Mitragynine 17101:Metkefamide 17071:Loxicodegol 17061:Lexanopadol 17056:Levorphanol 17031:Laudanosine 16996:Hydrocodone 16991:Hodgkinsine 16981:Hemorphin-4 16971:Frakefamide 16931:Embutramide 16926:Dynorphin A 16886:Eluxadoline 16876:Dimenoxadol 16811:Carfentanil 16796:Butorphanol 16771:Bezitramide 16741:β-Endorphin 16731:Anileridine 16721:Akuammidine 16716:Akuammicine 16686:α-Narcotine 16482:Stiripentol 16477:Seproxetine 16447:Niacinamide 16427:Loreclezole 16248:Avermectins 16212:Vinyl ether 16182:Sevoflurane 16162:Paraldehyde 16112:Halopropane 15935:Afloqualone 15917:Tracazolate 15912:ICI-190,622 15902:Cartazolate 15879:Piperidione 15874:Methyprylon 15841:Fospropofol 15763:Pipequaline 15571:Pazinaclone 15561:Eszopiclone 15417:Cholesterol 15401:Androstenol 15325:Monoureides 15305:Methysticin 15105:Tetrabamate 15085:Pentabamate 15075:Meprobamate 15045:Febarbamate 15010:Carisbamate 14962:Triflubazam 14952:Tolufazepam 14912:Rilmazafone 14907:Remimazolam 14882:Proflazepam 14867:Pivoxazepam 14827:Nitrazepate 14817:Nimetazepam 14752:Lopirazepam 14722:Haloxazolam 14672:Fludiazepam 14617:Doxefazepam 14592:Delorazepam 14572:Clotiazepam 14567:Clorazepate 14532:Cinolazepam 14429:Vinbarbital 14384:Tetrabamate 14339:Probarbital 14319:Phenallymal 14284:Metharbital 14259:Febarbamate 14154:Amobarbital 14055:Isopropanol 14025:Chloralodol 13520:Triamterene 13474:Poneratoxin 13464:Ciguatoxins 13351:Raxatrigine 13346:Ralfinamide 13341:PF-05089771 13336:PF-04531083 13308:Analgesics: 13266:Piperocaine 13251:Meprylcaine 13246:Mepivacaine 13201:Cinchocaine 13180:Ropivacaine 13172:Bupivacaine 13099:Sipatrigine 13084:Pheneturide 13079:Phenacemide 13064:Mephenytoin 13049:Lamotrigine 13029:Elpetrigine 12984:Propafenone 12929:Dronedarone 12505:Tolbutamide 12495:Repaglinide 12490:Nateglinide 12485:Mitiglinide 12465:Glisoxepide 12450:Glimepiride 12440:Glicaramide 12420:Carbutamide 12322:Linopirdine 12305:Vernakalant 12295:Tolterodine 12285:Terfenadine 12275:Tamulotoxin 12270:Solifenacin 12240:PNU-282,987 12215:Haloperidol 12210:Gigactonine 12190:Domperidone 12175:Darifenacin 12140:Bedaquiline 12125:Azaspiracid 12088:Vernakalant 12023:Linopirdine 11983:Dronedarone 11973:Dendrotoxin 11958:Clamikalant 11830:Tolperisone 11825:Tetrandrine 11815:Sipatrigine 11810:Silperisone 11795:Prenylamine 11735:Lidoflazine 11690:Elpetrigine 11600:Mirogabalin 11504:Lamotrigine 11499:Flunarizine 11494:Efonidipine 11484:Cinnarizine 11479:Cilnidipine 11434:NNC 55-0396 11360:Ralfinamide 11307:Fantofarone 11302:Dronedarone 11287:Budiodarone 11282:Brinazarone 11245:Levemopamil 11145:Sornidipine 11140:Sagandipine 11130:Pranidipine 11105:Nisoldipine 11095:Nilvadipine 11085:Niguldipine 11075:Nicardipine 11040:Lemildipine 11025:Iganidipine 11020:Furnidipine 10985:Cronidipine 10980:Clevidipine 10975:Barnidipine 10965:Aranidipine 10803:Precursors: 10755:Inhibitors: 10677:Inhibitors: 10652:Pristimerin 10594:Inhibitors: 10573:Activators: 10486:JNJ-1661010 10471:Biochanin A 10466:BIA 10-2474 10440:Inhibitors: 10341:Guineensine 10336:Cannabidiol 10308:Inhibitors: 10278:Transporter 10260:PSN-632,408 10255:PSN-375,963 10174:PSB-SB-1203 10169:PSB-SB-1202 10134:Cannabidiol 10127:Antagonists 10078:GSK-494581A 9995:Antagonists 9971:Cannabidiol 9889:Cannabidiol 9867:Antagonists 9858:Virodhamine 9813:PF-03550096 9733:GW-842,166X 9698:AZ-11713908 9591:Virodhamine 9531:Ibipinabant 9526:Hemopressin 9506:Cannabidiol 9494:Antagonists 9460:Monlunabant 9409:Pravadoline 9324:Epicatechin 9279:AZ-11713908 9234:AB-CHMINACA 8941:New Zealand 8774:Micronesian 8764:Marshallese 8633:Micronesian 8505:New Zealand 8445:Austronesia 8279:New Zealand 8183:by category 8034:New Zealand 7919:Te Matatini 7770:firewalking 7519:New Zealand 7465:Lau Islands 7427:Austronesia 7295:nguzu nguzu 7283:New Zealand 7253:Austronesia 7163:Scopolamine 7107:Guaifenesin 7102:Fenadiazole 7058:Cannabidiol 7032:Mirogabalin 6990:Lemborexant 6967:Tasimelteon 6952:Agomelatine 6911:Risperidone 6857:Mirtazapine 6746:-Adrenergic 6725:Risperidone 6671:Mirtazapine 6621:Etoperidone 6588:Pheniramine 6573:Hydroxyzine 6394:Paraldehyde 6389:Loreclezole 6255:Afloqualone 6237:Piperidione 6227:Methyprylon 6156:Pazinaclone 6136:Eszopiclone 6098:Alphaxolone 6093:Alphadolone 6032:Monoureides 5974:Meprobamate 5911:Nitemazepam 5906:Nimetazepam 5851:Doxefazepam 5836:Cinolazepam 5808:Vinbarbital 5773:Proxibarbal 5758:Phenallymal 5693:Amobarbital 5645:Chloralodol 5508:Methysticin 5382:information 5365:19 February 5162:The Beehive 5123:12 December 5119:(in Polish) 5093:(in Polish) 5071:2 September 4883:13 February 4857:14 February 4834:14 February 4669:Fitoterapia 4563:8 September 3918:: 554–560. 3843:22 December 3757:2 September 3383:R. Baselt, 2991:(1): 3–17. 2571:Micronesica 2337:Fitoterapia 2026:22 December 1996:22 December 1863:New Zealand 1818:Netherlands 1810:Switzerland 1616:anxiolytics 1614:, alcohol, 1457:glutathione 1215:of the GABA 1042:methysticin 981:methysticin 955:, and 3.2% 927:Composition 903:New Zealand 839:kavalactone 829:(kings) of 778:Aoba Island 722: 1891 579:New Zealand 556:Pittosporum 432:New Zealand 326:Philippines 218:. The name 103:Angiosperms 23:Kavalactone 20118:Entheogens 20097:Categories 20023:Plant List 19766:Kyotorphin 19711:Spinorphin 19592:SB-612,111 19587:Nocistatin 19557:BAN-ORL-24 19508:SCH-486757 19503:SCH-221510 19342:Nociceptin 19303:PF-4455242 19278:Naringenin 19268:Naltrexone 19228:LY-2795050 19223:LY-2459989 19218:LY-2444296 19213:LY-2196044 19198:Hyperoside 19113:Aticaprant 19007:imipramine 18930:Proxorphan 18905:Oxilorphan 18875:Niravoline 18865:Nalorphine 18840:Nalbuphine 18825:Moxazocine 18800:Metazocine 18770:Lofentanil 18735:Ketazocine 18695:Herkinorin 18675:Gemazocine 18665:Fedotozine 18645:Eptazocine 18575:Cyclorphan 18560:Ciprefadol 18379:Naringenin 18359:Naltrexone 18354:Nalorphine 18329:LY-2196044 18319:ICI-174864 18314:ICI-154129 18259:Bevenopran 18234:α-Santolol 18198:Zenazocine 18178:Tonazocine 18133:RWJ-394674 18118:Proglumide 18058:Metazocine 18048:Lofentanil 17978:Fluorophen 17742:Rimonabant 17732:Oxilorphan 17722:Naringenin 17712:Naltrexone 17677:Naloxazone 17667:Nalorphine 17632:LY-2196044 17602:Hyperoside 17592:Gemazocine 17587:Eptazocine 17524:Bevenopran 17368:Tianeptine 17343:Tapentadol 17338:Sufentanil 17333:Sinomenine 17323:Salsolinol 17278:Piminodine 17196:Oxycodegol 17186:Octreotide 17181:Nufenoxole 17131:Nalbuphine 17086:Meptazinol 17066:Loperamide 17036:Lefetamine 16986:Herkinorin 16966:Fluorophen 16921:Dipipanone 16846:Dermorphin 16736:Apparicine 16726:Alfentanil 16649:(abridged; 16629:modulators 16515:Topiramate 16505:Terpenoids 16462:Propanidid 16452:Org 25,435 16380:Flupirtine 16375:Fluoxetine 16281:Chloralose 16252:ivermectin 16157:Norflurane 16122:Isoflurane 16067:Desflurane 16057:Chloroform 16017:Aliflurane 15950:Etaqualone 15778:SB-205,384 15708:CP-615,003 15703:CL-218,872 15657:Panadiplon 15647:Lorediplon 15576:Suproclone 15537:Zuranolone 15497:Renanolone 15482:Posovolone 15462:Minaxolone 15452:Ganaxolone 15391:Alfaxalone 15386:Alfadolone 15376:Acebrochol 15343:Bromisoval 15221:Metomidate 15208:Imidazoles 15168:Hispidulin 15120:Flavonoids 15080:Nisobamate 15070:Mebutamate 15040:Ethinamate 15035:Emylcamate 15002:Carbamates 14972:Tuclazepam 14947:Tetrazepam 14902:Reclazepam 14877:Premazepam 14857:Phenazepam 14837:Nordazepam 14832:Nitrazolam 14822:Nitrazepam 14802:Motrazepam 14757:Loprazolam 14747:Lofendazam 14732:Imidazenil 14692:Flutazolam 14687:Flurazepam 14657:Fletazepam 14612:Dimdazenil 14607:Diclazepam 14587:Cyprazepam 14577:Cloxazolam 14557:Clonazolam 14552:Clonazepam 14542:Climazolam 14502:Brotizolam 14497:Bromazolam 14492:Bromazepam 14487:Bretazenil 14482:Bentazepam 14472:Arfendazam 14467:Alprazolam 14462:Adinazolam 14434:Vinylbital 14414:Thiopental 14289:Methitural 14204:Buthalital 14199:Butalbital 14050:Isobutanol 13824:Bumetanide 13762:Activators 13752:Piretanide 13747:Lonidamine 13698:Activators 13683:Mibefradil 13678:Mefloquine 13668:Furosemide 13663:Fluoxetine 13643:Crofelemer 13530:Activators 13453:Versutoxin 13449:Robustoxin 13431:Activators 13416:Safinamide 13366:Conotoxins 13301:Trimecaine 13296:Tetracaine 13271:Prilocaine 13261:Orthocaine 13236:Iontocaine 13231:Hexylcaine 13226:Etidocaine 13167:Benzocaine 13157:Amylocaine 13139:Zonisamide 13134:Valpromide 13104:Topiramate 13094:Rufinamide 13054:Lacosamide 13019:Cenobamate 12974:Prajmaline 12964:Moricizine 12959:Mexiletine 12954:Lorcainide 12939:Flecainide 12904:Ranolazine 12844:Activators 12829:Fluoxetine 12773:Nimesulide 12755:-specific: 12741:Activators 12723:-specific: 12675:-specific: 12655:Rilmakalim 12645:Nicorandil 12605:Cromakalim 12592:-specific: 12573:Activators 12563:Tipepidine 12553:Ifenprodil 12528:Caramiphen 12520:-specific: 12500:Tolazamide 12460:Gliquidone 12445:Gliclazide 12412:-specific: 12365:Retigabine 12360:Flupirtine 12357:-specific: 12342:Activators 12319:-specific: 12300:Vanoxerine 12280:Terodiline 12265:Sertindole 12255:Ranolazine 12120:Astemizole 12110:Amiodarone 12078:Terikalant 12053:Pinokalant 12038:Nifekalant 12033:Maurotoxin 12028:Lolitrem B 12018:Kaliotoxin 11978:Dofetilide 11968:Dalazatide 11963:Conotoxins 11933:Amiodarone 11928:Almokalant 11850:Activators 11840:Valperinol 11820:Terodiline 11760:Naftopidil 11750:Mesuximide 11680:Enpiperate 11660:Cycleanine 11645:Bevantolol 11635:Bencyclane 11625:Pregabalin 11615:PD-299,685 11610:PD-217,014 11605:PD-200,347 11595:Imagabalin 11585:Gabapentin 11575:Atagabalin 11565:Arbaclofen 11524:Mibefradil 11519:Loperamide 11514:Lomerizine 11489:Dotarizine 11469:Benidipine 11449:Zonisamide 11365:Safinamide 11340:Caroverine 11292:Celivarone 11240:Gallopamil 11195:Siratiazem 11185:Iprotiazem 11175:Clentiazem 11155:Tiamdipine 11150:Teludipine 11115:Olradipine 11100:Nimodipine 11090:Niludipine 11080:Nifedipine 11070:Mesudipine 11060:Manidipine 11035:Lacidipine 11030:Isradipine 11015:Flordipine 11010:Felodipine 11005:Elnadipine 11000:Elgodipine 10990:Darodipine 10960:Amlodipine 10506:LY-2183240 10501:Kaempferol 10416:modulators 10346:LY-2183240 10311:5'-DMH-CBD 10284:modulators 10230:AS-1269574 10225:AR-231,453 10215:Anandamide 10164:PSB-SB-487 10068:CID1792579 10063:CID1252842 10058:CID1011163 9966:Anandamide 9914:WIN 56,098 9909:WIN 54,461 9904:SR-144,528 9703:Cannabinol 9693:Anandamide 9576:Selonabant 9571:Rosonabant 9536:LY-320,135 9475:Taranabant 9470:Surinabant 9465:Rimonabant 9284:Cannabinol 9269:Anandamide 9201:(abridged, 9157:modulators 8794:Polynesian 8769:Melanesian 8710:Sama-Bajau 8643:Polynesian 8623:Melanesian 8608:Mangarevan 8485:Micronesia 8200:Literature 7875:Australia 7621:navigation 7131:Metaxalone 7121:Mephenesin 7042:Pregabalin 7022:Gabapentin 6995:Suvorexant 6930:Niaprazine 6906:Quetiapine 6901:Olanzapine 6784:Tizanidine 6779:Romifidine 6769:Lofexidine 6759:Detomidine 6720:Quetiapine 6715:Olanzapine 6626:Nefazodone 6568:Doxylamine 6553:Captodiame 6364:Chloralose 6328:compounds 6270:Etaqualone 6166:Suproclone 6146:Lirequinil 6113:Minaxolone 6103:Eltanolone 6083:Acebrochol 6050:Bromisoval 6017:Metomidate 6004:Imidazoles 5964:Ethinamate 5959:Emylcamate 5946:Carbamates 5921:Nitrazolam 5916:Nitrazepam 5891:Loprazolam 5876:Flurazepam 5846:Clonazolam 5841:Climazolam 5831:Brotizolam 5813:Vinylbital 5798:Thiopental 5218:(4). 2002. 5167:24 October 5045:26 October 4972:26 October 4961:Bowman C. 4946:26 October 4920:7 February 4773:7 February 4747:21 January 4717:22 October 4470:The Lancet 4214:(Review). 4133:Allertonia 3404:. Frommers 3189:Planta Med 3091:12 January 2629:15 January 2480:15 January 2449:Allertonia 2382:(1): 3–4. 1956:References 1763:Regulation 1705:anxiolytic 1655:alprazolam 1530:See also: 1317:Micronesia 1240:flumazenil 1228:anxiolytic 1181:, and the 1108:Inhibition 891:Kawakawa ( 671:Micronesia 504:Rarotongan 467:metathesis 386:See also: 345:euphoriant 341:anesthetic 324:, and the 316:, such as 314:Micronesia 284:(parts of 136:Piperaceae 116:Magnoliids 19721:Tynorphin 19716:Thiorphan 19696:Opiorphan 19638:Amastatin 19567:J-113,397 19528:TH-030418 19498:Ro65-6570 19493:Ro64-6198 19420:Etorphine 19328:Zyklophin 19318:Taxifolin 19208:LY-255582 19168:Cyclofoxy 19118:Axelopran 19032:Xorphanol 19022:U-54,494A 18990:Tifluadom 18980:TH-030418 18910:Oxycodone 18900:Oripavine 18870:Naltriben 18855:Nalmefene 18810:Mianserin 18780:Lufuradom 18685:GR-103545 18660:Etorphine 18640:Enadoline 18540:Butorphan 18535:BRL-52537 18500:Apadoline 18409:Taxifolin 18404:SoRI-9409 18364:Naltriben 18349:Nalmefene 18324:LY-255582 18254:Axelopran 18193:Xorphanol 18163:TH-030418 18143:SB-235863 18103:Oxycodone 18098:Oripavine 17963:Etorphine 17853:Butorphan 17818:Amoxapine 17757:Taxifolin 17682:Naloxegol 17657:Nalmefene 17627:LY-255582 17557:Cyprodime 17552:Cyclofoxy 17519:Axelopran 17499:Alvimopan 17494:Akuammine 17479:α-Gliadin 17418:Xorphanol 17408:Valorphin 17353:TH-030418 17211:Oxycodone 17206:Oripavine 17141:Nalmexone 17096:Methadone 17076:LS-115509 16956:Etorphine 16946:Eseroline 16791:Butorphan 16652:full list 16574:See also: 16536:valerenol 16457:Phenytoin 16437:Monastrol 16395:Lanthanum 16390:KRM-II-81 16353:Fenamates 16348:Etifoxine 16343:Etazepine 16338:Efavirenz 16296:Darigabat 16192:Teflurane 16177:Roflurane 16172:Propylene 16117:Halothane 16102:Fluroxene 16087:Enflurane 15990:Volatiles 15907:Etazolate 15818:Viqualine 15773:RWJ-51204 15738:L-838,417 15728:Imepitoin 15698:CGS-20625 15693:CGS-13767 15678:Adipiplon 15652:Ocinaplon 15614:Saripidem 15609:Necopidem 15586:Zopiclone 15581:Suriclone 15566:Pagoclone 15472:ORG-21465 15467:ORG-20599 15358:Ectylurea 15348:Carbromal 15226:Propoxate 15216:Etomidate 15143:Baicalein 15100:Styramate 15095:Procymate 15065:Lorbamate 15050:Felbamate 15020:Clocental 14992:Zomebazam 14987:Zolazepam 14982:Zapizolam 14977:Uldazepam 14957:Triazolam 14942:Temazepam 14937:Sulazepam 14927:Ro48-8684 14922:Ro48-6791 14917:Ripazepam 14887:Pyrazolam 14862:Pinazepam 14812:Nifoxipam 14797:Midazolam 14792:Mexazolam 14777:Medazepam 14762:Lorazepam 14742:Ketazolam 14737:Irazepine 14727:Iclazepam 14717:Halazepam 14712:Gidazepam 14707:Fosazepam 14627:Estazolam 14622:Elfazepam 14597:Demoxepam 14527:Cinazepam 14507:Camazepam 14477:Avizafone 14399:Thiamylal 14334:Primidone 14264:Heptabarb 14254:Eterobarb 14219:Carbubarb 14116:Triclofos 14015:Brometone 13945:See also: 13844:Mepacrine 13790:Ivacaftor 13706:Carbachol 13589:Ibuprofen 13579:Amiloride 13538:Solnatide 13510:Amiloride 13439:Aconitine 13401:Evenamide 13376:Saxitoxin 13291:Risocaine 13241:Lidocaine 13186:Butacaine 13162:Articaine 13089:Phenytoin 12999:Tocainide 12994:Sparteine 12989:Quinidine 12949:Lorajmine 12944:Lidocaine 12934:Encainide 12919:Aprindine 12660:Sarakalim 12650:Pinacidil 12640:Naminidil 12630:Minoxidil 12625:Mazokalim 12610:Diazoxide 12600:Bimakalim 12595:Aprikalim 12558:Tertiapin 12538:Clozapine 12455:Glipizide 12250:Quinidine 12200:Ergtoxins 12165:Cisapride 12155:BRL-32872 12135:Azimilide 12098:(KCNH2, K 12073:Tedisamil 12058:Quinidine 12048:Paxilline 12013:Inakalant 12008:Ibutilide 11993:Hanatoxin 11948:Bunaftine 11943:Bretylium 11938:Azimilide 11923:Adekalant 11882:Potassium 11864:Bay K8644 11805:Sesamodil 11755:Monatepil 11745:Manoalide 11740:Magnesium 11725:Imepitoin 11715:Fendiline 11695:Ethadione 11685:Eperisone 11665:Dauricine 11640:Berbamine 11551:δ subunit 11355:PD-173212 11270:Verapamil 11260:Ronipamil 11250:Nexopamil 11235:Falipamil 11230:Etripamil 11215:Devapamil 11210:Dagapamil 11190:Nictiazem 11180:Diltiazem 11170:Diltiazem 11120:Oxodipine 10833:receptor) 10476:Genistein 10073:CP 55,940 9838:Tedalinab 9818:S-444,823 9778:L-759,656 9773:L-759,633 9723:CP 55,940 9663:A-836,339 9658:A-834,735 9653:A-796,260 9561:PF-514273 9556:Otenabant 9546:NESS-0327 9516:Drinabant 9379:Menabitan 9369:L-759,633 9299:CP 55,940 9294:CP 47,497 9204:full list 8911:Australia 8834:Tokelauan 8663:Vanuatuan 8591:Mythology 8547:Slit drum 8537:Polynesia 8480:Melanesia 8440:Australia 8249:Australia 8004:Australia 7948:Languages 7869:Festivals 7795:kapa haka 7692:Outrigger 7414:Australia 7386:Polynesia 7361:areca nut 7248:Australia 7168:Trazodone 7109:-related 6962:Ramelteon 6957:Melatonin 6944:Melatonin 6852:Mianserin 6819:Trazodone 6754:Clonidine 6666:Mianserin 6631:Trazodone 6583:Perlapine 6426:Triclofos 6379:Gaboxadol 6186:Zopiclone 6171:Suriclone 6161:Saripidem 6151:Necopidem 6065:Ectylurea 6060:Carbromal 6022:Propoxate 6012:Etomidate 5989:Procymate 5936:Triazolam 5931:Temazepam 5901:Midazolam 5856:Estazolam 5793:Thiamylal 5728:Heptabarb 5607:sedatives 5603:Hypnotics 5117:www.rp.pl 4689:1873-6971 4675:: 56–67. 4635:1099-1077 4267:0098-7484 4181:1099-1573 4075:0306-3127 4024:1099-1077 3981:0893-133X 3932:0308-8146 3819:144600224 3725:0031-9422 3661:0892-6638 3620:260067545 3604:0012-0472 3479:0306-5251 3217:260281694 3108:CNS Drugs 3007:1365-2036 2659:: 19–28. 2556:145424062 2521:146739541 2343:: 56–67. 2306:1439-0221 1880:In 2002, 1775:Australia 1757:analgesic 1741:gonorrhea 1526:Kava bars 1496:Australia 1490:, in the 1321:Australia 1313:Melanesia 1305:Polynesia 1282:village, 1261:Detection 1209:receptors 1194:receptors 1078:Alkaloids 1058:chalcones 705:Cultivars 679:Polynesia 675:Melanesia 663:inventory 519:Marquesan 500:Tuamotuan 481:Pohnpeian 420:Polynesia 351:. A 2003 310:Melanesia 298:Polynesia 228:Marquesan 198:kava kava 154:Species: 126:Piperales 73:Kingdom: 20067:25001137 20062:Tropicos 19979:2.155089 19940:11059660 19927:198437-2 19801:Wikidata 19607:Trap-101 19597:SR-16430 19518:SR-16435 19372:(PheΨ(CH 19352:Agonists 19263:Naloxone 19173:Dezocine 19143:Catechin 19098:Apigenin 19027:U-69,593 18820:Morphine 18790:MB-1C-OH 18730:Ketamine 18715:Ibogaine 18680:GR-89696 18670:Fentanyl 18550:BW373U86 18438:Agonists 18428:κ-opioid 18374:Naloxone 18269:Catechin 18244:Apigenin 18183:Tramadol 18168:Thebaine 18078:Morphine 17998:Ibogaine 17968:Fentanyl 17948:DPI-3290 17918:Dezocine 17863:BW373U86 17843:Biphalin 17808:ADL-5859 17781:Agonists 17771:δ-opioid 17697:Naloxone 17622:Lobeline 17607:Ibogaine 17529:Catechin 17509:Apigenin 17378:Tramadol 17373:Tilidine 17358:Thebaine 17328:SC-17599 17298:Propiram 17258:Pericine 17201:OM-3-MNZ 17126:Morphine 17016:Ketamine 16961:Fentanyl 16871:Dezocine 16806:BW373U86 16776:Biphalin 16661:3-HO-PCP 16647:Agonists 16637:μ-opioid 16562:TCS-1205 16557:TCS-1105 16547:α-Pinene 16520:Valerian 16495:tetronal 16472:Safranal 16421:obovatol 16417:magnolol 16413:honokiol 16243:Alogabat 16238:AA-29504 16187:Synthane 16147:Nitrogen 16127:Kerosine 16107:Gasoline 16097:Ethylene 16037:Centalun 16032:Butylene 15846:Propofol 15808:U-89843A 15788:TGSC01AA 15758:NS-11394 15723:GBLD-345 15688:CGS-9896 15683:CGS-8216 15667:Zaleplon 15662:Taniplon 15642:Indiplon 15637:Fasiplon 15632:Divaplon 15619:Zolpidem 15522:SAGE-872 15517:SAGE-689 15512:SAGE-516 15507:SAGE-324 15502:SAGE-105 15410:Certain 15353:Capuride 15315:Yangonin 15192:baicalin 15188:Skullcap 15178:Luteolin 15153:Catechin 15148:Baicalin 15138:Apigenin 15110:Tybamate 14897:Quazepam 14892:QH-II-66 14872:Prazepam 14852:Oxazolam 14847:Oxazepam 14647:Etizolam 14602:Diazepam 14582:CP-1414S 14547:Clobazam 14537:Clazolam 14424:Valofane 14379:Talbutal 14369:Sigmodal 14274:Hexethal 14169:Barbital 14149:Alphenal 14139:(-)-DMBB 14085:Propanol 14075:Pentanol 14065:Methanol 14007:Alcohols 13930:instead. 13905:instead. 13816:Blockers 13808:Unsorted 13734:Blockers 13635:Blockers 13612:Chloride 13574:A-317567 13566:Blockers 13515:Benzamil 13502:Blockers 13331:NKTR-171 13326:GDC-0276 13321:Funapide 13316:DSP-2230 13311:AZD-3161 13276:Procaine 13191:Butamben 13039:Ethotoin 12914:Ajmaline 12893:Blockers 12852:Riluzole 12811:Blockers 12709:Blockers 12615:Emakalim 12393:Blockers 12235:Pimozide 12105:Ajmaline 11905:Blockers 11720:Fostedil 11650:Canadine 11620:Phenibut 11580:Baclofen 11529:NP078585 11474:Bepridil 11312:SR-33805 11265:Tiapamil 11225:Emopamil 11205:Anipamil 10940:Blockers 10853:See also 10607:JJKK 048 10597:ABX-1431 10366:SB-FI-26 10235:MBX-2982 10203:Agonists 10031:Agonists 9944:Agonists 9894:Honokiol 9788:Magnolol 9743:JTE 7-31 9718:CBS-0550 9621:Agonists 9480:TM-38837 9434:Yangonin 9404:Oleamide 9384:Nabilone 9334:Honokiol 9198:Agonists 9165:Receptor 9105:folklore 8926:Kiribati 8863:Religion 8849:Visayans 8824:Tahitian 8804:Rapa Nui 8734:Hawaiian 8715:Chamorro 8672:Research 8658:Tuvaluan 8648:Rapa Nui 8628:Menehune 8470:Kiribati 8264:Kiribati 8019:Kiribati 7885:Hawaiʻi 7860:'upa'upa 7800:Kiribati 7750:ʻAparima 7672:Hōkūleʻa 7494:Kiribati 7345:tivaevae 7325:taʻovala 7273:magimagi 7152:morphine 7143:Midaflur 7063:Cannabis 7037:Phenibut 6789:Xylazine 6518:Phenibut 6488:Baclofen 6414:Tetronal 6349:Centalun 6204:Propofol 6181:Zolpidem 6176:Zaleplon 6141:Indiplon 6055:Capuride 5994:Tybamate 5926:Quazepam 5788:Talbutal 5703:Barbital 5632:Alcohols 5513:Yangonin 4811:Archived 4697:25464054 4651:37457833 4643:12404572 4391:46963549 4383:15916450 4348:11991792 4318:21555220 4310:14533134 4275:21081732 4232:27402097 4197:19526418 4189:23348842 4145:23187398 4091:33364504 4083:21879526 4040:44657320 4032:21437989 3989:12589393 3940:24423570 3733:13679089 3679:20696856 3612:11544547 3497:21284704 3408:7 August 3371:12589393 3330:10805207 3322:12845414 3287:24377397 3209:11458444 3171:22525682 3136:34322458 3128:12383029 3058:21506562 3015:23121117 2966:42935399 2958:21073405 2861:77501873 2830:21112196 2702:21756963 2396:86552278 2357:25464054 2322:23708406 2314:26695707 2233:12535473 2181:25694734 1904:See also 1745:cystitis 1695:Research 1687:(in the 1685:kanikani 1668:levodopa 1661:Dopamine 1628:levodopa 1515:sevusevu 1488:Yirrkala 1443:Concerns 1406:Island, 1340:emulsion 1211:and the 1171:receptor 1131:receptor 1120:dopamine 1112:reuptake 1102:receptor 1050:yangonin 973:yangonin 957:minerals 801:Hawaiian 780:(called 627:kawakawa 605:kawakawa 551:kavakava 547:kawakawa 526:Hawaiian 515:Tahitian 496:Rapa Nui 479:include 368:extracts 337:sedative 222:is from 185:G.Forst. 132:Family: 20198:Opioids 20015:1081778 19961:MoBotPF 19888:3086358 19844:Ecocrop 19836:1109787 19807:Q161067 19763:Others: 19691:RB-3007 19643:BL-2401 19612:UFP-101 19577:NalBzOH 19572:JTC-801 19513:SR-8993 19450:MT-7716 19400:BU08070 19253:MR-2266 19233:MeJDTic 19163:CVL-354 19133:BU09059 19123:AZ-MTAB 19103:Arodyne 19063:6'-GNTI 19058:5'-GNTI 19017:U-50488 18997:(e.g., 18845:NalBzOH 18830:MR-2034 18795:Menthol 18785:Matrine 18520:BAM-22P 18515:BAM-18P 18510:BAM-12P 18450:6'-GNTI 18219:5'-NTII 18153:SNC-162 18093:NalBzOH 18013:KNT-127 17943:DPI-221 17878:Codeine 17838:BAM-18P 17828:AZD2327 17793:6'-GNTI 17687:Naloxol 17413:Viminol 17403:U-47700 17388:TRIMU 5 17293:Prodine 17236:OxyPNPH 17151:Neopine 17136:NalBzOH 17106:Metopon 17081:Matrine 16831:Codeine 16781:BU08070 16756:BAM-22P 16751:BAM-18P 16746:BAM-12P 16711:AH-7921 16509:borneol 16507:(e.g., 16499:trional 16489:(e.g., 16407:(e.g., 16405:Lignans 16355:(e.g., 16313:(e.g., 16258:Bromide 16250:(e.g., 16233:α-EMTBL 16197:Toluene 16167:Propane 16042:Chloral 16022:Benzene 16002:Acetone 15833:Phenols 15823:Y-23684 15813:U-90042 15798:TPA-023 15783:SX-3228 15768:ROD-188 15753:NS-2710 15748:NS-2664 15733:JM-1232 15718:ELB-139 15713:CTP-354 15599:Alpidem 15198:Wogonin 15173:Linarin 14652:FG-8205 14359:Reposal 14060:Menthol 14020:Butanol 13584:Aspirin 13406:Menthol 13393:Others: 13363:Toxins: 13206:Cocaine 12731:GAL-021 12351:KCNQ (K 12313:KCNQ (K 12130:AZD1305 12068:Sotalol 12063:ShK-186 12043:Notoxin 11730:JTV-519 11710:Fasudil 11439:ProTx I 11419:ABT-639 11406:SNX-482 11277:AH-1058 11274:Others: 10917:Calcium 10838:ARN-272 10823:Others: 10710:LEI-106 10685:JZP-430 10680:JZP-169 10657:URB-602 10627:JZP-361 10622:JZL-195 10617:JZL-184 10566:URB-597 10551:TAK 21d 10526:PF-3845 10496:JZL-195 10396:WOBE492 10391:WOBE491 10386:WOBE490 10376:URB-597 10371:UCM-707 10331:Arvanil 10321:AM-1172 10250:Olvanil 10002:PSB-CB5 9899:JTE-907 9884:BML-190 9823:SER-601 9798:Nabitan 9768:JWH-133 9758:JWH-018 9753:JWH-015 9748:JWH-007 9688:AM-2232 9683:AM-1241 9678:AM-1235 9673:AM-1221 9668:AM-1172 9541:MK-9470 9501:AM-6545 9455:INV-202 9389:Nabitan 9359:JWH-073 9354:JWH-018 9349:JWH-015 9344:JWH-007 9274:Arvanil 9264:AM-2232 9259:AM-2201 9254:AM-1235 9249:AM-1221 9244:AM-1220 9239:AM-1172 9171:ligands 9109:cuisine 9072:Tokelau 8976:Vanuatu 8819:Tagalog 8809:Rotuman 8779:Negrito 8749:Ivatans 8739:Ilocano 8724:Rekohu) 8577:Vanuatu 8562:Tokelau 8410:Tokelau 8314:Vanuatu 8165:Tokelau 8069:Vanuatu 7956:by area 7845:tautoga 7780:hivinau 7682:Karakoa 7581:Vanuatu 7407:general 7315:tā moko 7310:reimiro 7300:Oceania 7150:(e.g., 7148:Opioids 7097:Evoxine 6834:Doxepin 6648:Doxepin 6523:Tolibut 6419:Trional 6326:Bromide 6196:Phenols 5778:Reposal 5446:History 5314:28 June 5262:3 March 5097:12 June 5020:12 June 4994:25 July 4800:10 July 4600:9448214 4540:8021378 4500:9737032 4492:1972218 4438:1033307 4429:1033307 3865:28 July 3705:Bibcode 3670:2992378 3488:3045554 3279:9829291 3023:6949220 2224:6999799 2172:4325077 1935:Nakamal 1895:Vanuatu 1848:In the 1842:Germany 1838:Vanuatu 1664:agonist 1542:alcohol 1532:Nakamal 1437:ethanol 1433:acetone 1410:(2006). 1408:Vanuatu 1377:Fijians 1309:Vanuatu 1251:saccade 1110:of the 953:protein 951:, 3.6% 809:Mahakea 647:Vanuatu 589:endemic 561:Futunan 541:In the 517:, and 424:Oceania 357:anxiety 318:Pohnpei 306:Vanuatu 286:Vanuatu 276:), and 266:Pohnpei 236:Hawaiʻi 142:Genus: 122:Order: 77:Plantae 54:leaves 20113:Drinks 20036:PLANTS 19999:NZOR: 19992:130404 19966:285095 19914:166895 19862:596615 19701:Selank 19686:RB-120 19681:RB-101 19625:Others 19552:AT-076 19445:MCOPPB 19108:AT-076 18954:salvia 18835:N-MPPP 18775:LPK-26 18399:SDM25N 18249:AT-076 18188:TRV250 18148:SNC-80 18018:Kratom 17798:7-SIOM 17514:AT-076 17504:AM-251 17393:TRV734 17288:PL-017 17026:Kratom 17011:IBNtxA 16442:Niacin 16027:Butane 15980:SL-164 15851:Thymol 15793:TP-003 15674:Others 15477:P1-185 15437:5β-DHP 15432:5α-DHP 15427:3α-DHP 15275:Kavain 15183:Rc-OMe 13881:Others 12870:Sodium 12523:Barium 12327:XE-991 12195:E-4031 12145:BeKm-1 12115:AmmTX3 11998:HgeTx1 11988:E-4031 11770:Osthol 11539:TROX-1 11424:ML-218 10796:Others 10746:ABHD12 10735:WWL-70 10730:UCM710 10642:MJN110 10632:KML 29 10612:JW 642 10576:PDP-EA 10561:UCM710 10556:TC-F 2 10531:PF-750 10456:AM-404 10448:AACOCF 10410:Enzyme 10381:VDM-11 10356:OMDM-2 10351:O-2093 10316:AM-404 10220:APD668 10194:GPR119 10159:O-1918 10154:ML-193 10149:ML-192 10144:ML-191 10103:O-1602 10098:ML-186 10093:ML-185 10088:ML-184 10053:AM-251 10043:2-ALPI 10007:O-1918 9986:O-1602 9976:NADGly 9879:AM-630 9833:UR-144 9793:MDA-19 9763:JWH-73 9738:HU-308 9566:PipISB 9551:O-2050 9450:AM-251 9424:UR-144 9399:O-1812 9364:Kavain 9339:HU-210 9111:, see 9093:cinema 9047:Hawaii 8971:Tuvalu 8839:Tongan 8789:Papuan 8744:Igorot 8693:People 8653:Samoan 8603:Fijian 8572:Tuvalu 8557:Tahiti 8385:Hawaii 8309:Tuvalu 8140:Hawaii 8064:Tuvalu 7855:Tuvalu 7840:tāmūrē 7835:Tahiti 7825:Rotuma 7815:pa'o'a 7810:'ote'a 7790:kailao 7657:Bangka 7640:Canoes 7576:Tuvalu 7376:Lapita 7335:tattoo 7051:Others 6977:Orexin 6923:Others 6913:, etc. 6890:, etc. 6859:, etc. 6841:, etc. 6727:, etc. 6704:, etc. 6673:, etc. 6655:, etc. 6309:Others 6300:SL-164 5503:Kavain 5339:2 July 5288:1 July 5256:"Kava" 5240:3 July 5192:2 July 4828:"Kava" 4737:Xinhua 4695: 4687: 4649: 4641: 4633: 4598: 4538: 4498: 4490: 4436: 4426: 4389: 4381: 4346: 4316: 4308: 4273: 4265: 4230: 4195: 4187: 4179: 4143: 4114: 4089: 4081: 4073: 4038: 4030: 4022: 3987: 3979: 3938: 3930: 3893: 3817: 3780: 3731: 3723: 3677: 3667: 3659: 3618: 3610: 3602: 3562: 3534:25 May 3495: 3485: 3477: 3369: 3328: 3320: 3285: 3277: 3240: 3215: 3207: 3169: 3134: 3126: 3085:"Kava" 3056: 3021: 3013: 3005: 2964: 2956: 2914:2 July 2884:2 July 2859: 2828: 2782:29 May 2756:29 May 2730:29 May 2700: 2598: 2554: 2519: 2426: 2394: 2355: 2320: 2312: 2304: 2231: 2221: 2179: 2169: 2119: 2075: 1973:"Kava" 1836:, and 1814:France 1803:Europe 1749:asthma 1642:alone. 1632:CYP450 1519:yaqona 1511:yaqona 1435:, and 1333:pestle 1329:mortar 1290:(2005) 1284:Ovalau 1280:Lovoni 1173:, the 1068:, and 1052:, and 1034:kavain 983:, and 971:, and 965:kavain 949:sugars 943:, 15% 939:, 20% 937:starch 823:. The 819:, and 797:Hawaii 693:, the 683:Hawaii 681:, and 657:, and 655:Samoas 653:, the 609:etymon 573:. 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