807:(AFSWP), as the Navy and Air Force were vetoing each other's candidate. On 11 March he and Lilienthal were summoned to the White House where Truman told them, "I know you two hate each other’s guts." Truman directed that "the primary objective of the AEC was to develop and produce atomic weapons". Lilienthal was told he would have to "forgo your desire to place a bottle of milk on every doorstop and get down to the business of producing atomic weapons". Nichols had been looking forward to "a long relaxing career as a professor during a long period of peace" but saw increased tension with the Soviet Union in February and March.
676:
710:
46:
800:
accepted a new military position). Nichols wished the military, rather than the AEC, to have custody of (atomic) weapons. Lilienthal's opponents in
Congress objected to the departure of the two men best informed about atomic matters. With a retirement age of 65 he looked forward to almost 26 years of "pleasant and comfortable" academic life with a house on the Hudson, and to Jackie "a wonderful place to raise Jan and David". He was to leave as deputy manager of the AEC in January 1947.
451:
111:
517:
905:, which commenced operation in 1961 and 1968 respectively. They were both experimental and not expected to be competitive with coal and oil, but later became more so due to inflation and large increases in coal and oil prices. He was critical of over-regulation and protracted hearings, which meant that by the 1980s similar boiling-water or pressurized-water plants took almost twice as long to build in the United States as in France, Japan, Taiwan or South Korea.
2604:
861:. In a harshly worded memorandum to the AEC on 12 June 1954, subsequent to the hearing, Nichols recommended that Oppenheimer's security clearance not be reinstated. In five "security findings", Nichols said that Oppenheimer was "a Communist in every sense except that he did not carry a party card," and that he "is not reliable or trustworthy." The commission agreed, and Oppenheimer was stripped of his security clearance. A second scandal was the
513:(MED), and had received authorization to staff it by drawing on officers and civilians working for the Syracuse Engineer District, which was now winding down as the major part of its construction program was nearing completion. Marshall started by designating Nichols as his Deputy District Engineer, which became effective when the Manhattan District was officially formed on 16 August 1942.
761:(AFSWP). It was generally assumed that Nichols would become the AEC's Director of Military Application, but while Nichols's relationship with the AEC was cordial and the commissioners were impressed with his administrative skills, it also became clear that Nichols did not agree with the commissioners' concept of the Director of Military Application as a staff rather than a line function.
620:, which was in desperately short supply in wartime. When Nichols initially said he needed six thousand tons of silver, neither of them could initially convert the weight to troy ounces. When Nichols said, "What difference does it make how we express the quantity?", Bell replied, "Young man, you may think of silver in tons, but the Treasury will always think of silver in troy ounces."
309:, responsible for the military aspects of atomic weapons, including logistics, handling and training. He was deputy director for the Atomic Energy Matters, Plans and Operations Division of the Army's general staff, and was the senior Army member of the military liaison committee that worked with the Atomic Energy Commission.
733:
tests conducted to investigate their effects on warships. Like many of his contemporaries in an Army that was dramatically reduced in size as it rapidly demobilized, Nichols was reduced in rank, reverting to his substantive rank of lieutenant colonel on 30 June 1946. On return from Bikini, he found
799:
In
February 1947 Nichols was appointed Professor of Mechanics at West Point, a move mooted in November 1946. He had been rejected for a new position at the AEC by Lilienthal; though he agreed to be available for consultation on atomic matters as Groves was planning to retire (although he then
756:
appointed its five commissioners on 28 October 1946, and Groves appointed
Nichols as the military liaison officer to the AEC. Nichols's main responsibility was to help organize an orderly transfer of assets and responsibilities from the MED to the AEC. Military aspects were taken over by the
631:. Groves immediately moved on the most urgent issues. He promptly approved the purchase of the site at Oak Ridge and negotiated for the project to be given a AAA priority rating. Groves soon decided to establish his project headquarters on the fifth floor of the
316:. He was appointed chief of research and development when it was reorganized in 1952. In 1953, he became the general manager of the Atomic Energy Commission, where he promoted the construction of nuclear power plants. He played a key role in the
822:
advised him not to ask for them as there had been criticism from some senior colonels. Nichols also became Senior Army Member of the
Military Liaison Committee to the AEC, and Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff of the Army (G-3) for Atomic Energy.
850:. He was appointed Chief of Research and Development when it was reorganized in 1952. Nichols retired from the Army on 31 October 1953. For his services from 1948 to 1953, he was belatedly awarded a second Distinguished Service Medal in 1956.
642:
project, was promoted to colonel on 22 May 1943. On 13 August, he replaced
Marshall as District Engineer of the Manhattan Engineer District. As District Engineer, Nichols was responsible for both the uranium production facility at the
407:
He returned to the
Waterways Experiment Station in 1933. The next year he received a fellowship awarded by the Institute of International Education to study European Hydraulic Research Methods for a year at the
764:
In
December 1946, Nichols recommended the closing down of the alpha tracks of the Y-12 plant, thereby cutting the Tennessee Eastman payroll from 8,600 to 1,500 and saving $ 2 million a month. Henceforth,
655:. One of his first tasks as district engineer was to move the district headquarters to Oak Ridge, although its name did not change. For his wartime work on the Manhattan Project, Nichols was awarded the
690:, Nichols became Groves' deputy, although he also continued as district engineer. Asked to spend more time on weapons production and storage, Nichols established a new underground assembly plant at the
530:
The first major decision confronting the new district, which unlike other engineer districts had no geographic limits, was the choice of construction site. On 30 June
Nichols and Marshall set out for
810:
In April 1948, Nichols was appointed to command the AFSWP, with the rank of major general, becoming the youngest major general in the Army at the time. Although his rank entitled him to quarters at
2479:
2696:
422:
award. On returning to the United States he received another one-year posting to the
Waterways Experiment Station. From September 1936 to June 1937 he was a student officer at
486:
on 10 October 1941 and lieutenant colonel on 1 February 1942, when
Marshall asked him to take on additional responsibility as area engineer in charge of construction of a new
2541:
1574:
Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume VIII 1930–1940
2666:
1596:
Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume IX 1940–1950
785:
2656:
1883:
2651:
866:
374:. For his service on the expedition, Nichols was awarded the Nicaraguan Medal of Merit "for exceptional service rendered the Republic of Nicaragua."
2681:
901:. Nichols was involved with the construction of the Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Station, the first privately owned pressurized-water plant, and the
2661:
550:
was chosen, but Marshall delayed purchase while he awaited scientific results that justified a full-scale plant. Afterwards, Nichols visited the
602:
2494:
1783:
1619:
543:
781:
objected, but Nichols pointed out that the proposal had been included in their briefing when the commission visited Oak Ridge in November.
735:
191:
562:. Seeing the problems of overcrowding there, Nichols, on his own authority, arranged for a new experimental site to be established in the
2059:
1921:
1613:
830:
should have custody of nuclear weapons. The administration's policy remained firmly in favor of AEC control. This was tested during the
2676:
1777:
2386:
2706:
1511:
815:
656:
184:
546:) as possessing the desirable attributes of abundant electric power, water and transportation with sparse population. A site at
301:
in 1947. He was the military liaison officer with the Atomic Energy Commission from 1946 to 1947. After briefly teaching at the
1753:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
1723:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
1693:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
902:
746:
317:
298:
324:'s security clearance being revoked. In later life, Nichols became an engineering consultant on private nuclear power plants.
349:
1594:
2686:
2636:
1572:
804:
758:
340:, Ohio, one of four children of Wilbur L. Nichols and his wife Minnie May Colbrunn. He graduated fifth in his class at the
306:
156:
2641:
842:
nuclear weapons tests, but Nichols successfully argued for their continuation. In 1950, he became deputy director of the
827:
419:
313:
404:
While at Cornell he married Jacqueline (Jackie) Darrieulat. Their marriage produced a daughter (Jan) and a son (David).
2691:
357:
2711:
2671:
2646:
1939:
1854:
1823:
1758:
1728:
1698:
1663:
898:
894:
624:
1880:
1914:
2701:
1538:
750:
660:
613:
563:
520:
341:
302:
684:
364:
146:
2546:
854:
703:
594:
390:
2514:
1479:
913:
882:
567:
510:
454:
439:
275:
160:
97:
502:
as major contractors, and dealt with Leslie Groves, now the colonel in charge of military construction.
2607:
1907:
1893:
535:
491:
2489:
2484:
742:
853:
Nichols became General Manager of the AEC on 2 November 1953. In this capacity he initiated the AEC
2571:
2104:
1963:
1590:
1568:
908:
Nichols died of respiratory failure on 21 February 2000 at the Brighton Gardens retirement home in
687:
632:
551:
435:
367:. A fellow officer in the expedition, who would later figure prominently in Nichols's career, was
2566:
2463:
2018:
1685:
926:
479:
465:
458:
170:
418:. While there he was promoted to first lieutenant on 1 October 1934. The thesis he wrote won an
2345:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1978:
644:
423:
394:
287:
279:
247:
1795:
2586:
2411:
2154:
2099:
1631:
963:
858:
555:
483:
410:
321:
2631:
2626:
2396:
2391:
2250:
2124:
870:
862:
726:
648:
547:
539:
524:
431:
382:
333:
283:
231:
1751:
Atoms for Peace and War, Volume III, 1953–1961 Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission
885:, specializing in commercial atomic energy research and development. His clients included
8:
2255:
2210:
2170:
1993:
1843:
839:
811:
778:
683:
Nichols was promoted to brigadier general on 22 January 1946. Following the departure of
664:
297:
Nichols remained with the Manhattan Project after the war until it was taken over by the
218:
1515:
2320:
2144:
2114:
2054:
1746:
1716:
1681:
940:
909:
766:
717:
mushroom cloud rising from the lagoon with the Bikini Island visible in the background.
691:
598:
499:
472:
398:
378:
312:
In 1950, General Nichols became deputy director of the Guided Missiles Division of the
291:
251:
227:
214:
128:
85:
397:, in June 1932. In August he continued his studies at Cornell, where he completed his
2535:
2524:
2431:
2290:
2285:
2235:
2084:
2079:
2069:
1930:
1860:
1850:
1829:
1819:
1787:
1764:
1754:
1734:
1724:
1704:
1694:
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1623:
935:
793:
770:
628:
468:
386:
345:
271:
259:
255:
222:
2335:
1652:
2556:
2355:
2340:
2305:
2280:
2134:
2089:
1816:
The Road to Trinity: A Personal Account of How America's Nuclear Policies Were Made
695:
638:
Nichols, who concentrated his attention on ore procurement, feed materials and the
574:
506:
368:
360:
20:
881:
Nichols left the Atomic Energy Commission in 1955 and opened a consulting firm on
709:
2561:
2401:
2365:
2295:
2230:
2220:
2195:
2074:
2049:
1887:
1473:
831:
826:
In his new role Nichols clashed with the AEC over the issue of whether it or the
753:
487:
438:. He became an instructor at West Point in August 1937, where he was promoted to
2310:
2504:
2499:
2270:
2215:
2205:
2200:
2119:
2044:
1973:
843:
730:
605:
559:
476:
803:
But in January 1948 he returned to the army to replace Groves as chief of the
777:
and the new K-27, which had commenced operation in January 1946. AEC Chairman
2620:
2519:
2381:
2350:
2330:
2275:
2265:
2175:
2064:
2039:
1983:
1647:
847:
590:
586:
582:
578:
371:
195:
116:
1894:
War and Peace in the Nuclear Age; Dawn; Interview with Kenneth Nichols, 1986
1833:
1791:
1768:
1708:
2576:
2458:
2315:
2260:
2240:
2225:
2129:
1953:
1738:
819:
722:
652:
475:
Engineer District to become area engineer in charge of construction of the
267:
174:
1673:
1627:
2406:
2360:
2325:
2300:
2245:
2149:
2139:
2023:
1864:
931:
789:
699:
263:
305:
at West Point, he was promoted to major general and became chief of the
2509:
2453:
2190:
2180:
2109:
209:
749:(AEC) to take over the functions and assets of the Manhattan Project.
45:
2551:
2417:
2185:
1988:
1881:
1965 Audio Interview with Colonel Kenneth Nichols by Stephane Groueff
796:
train a team of naval engineers at Oak Ridge in nuclear propulsion.
675:
639:
635:
in Washington, D.C., where Marshall had maintained a liaison office.
531:
509:
Marshall had recently been appointed as district engineer of the new
353:
337:
201:
68:
1899:
2591:
2424:
1958:
890:
505:
In June 1942, Nichols was again summoned by Marshall, this time to
189:
United States Atomic Energy Commission Distinguished Service Award
2581:
2448:
1539:"Oppenheimer cast: Full list of actors in Christopher Nolan film"
450:
924:
Nichols is played by Christopher Muncke in the BBC presentation
838:
bombers to Europe. For a time there was talk of calling off the
1967:
617:
609:
495:
415:
516:
1306:
1304:
886:
573:
Nichols took charge of ore procurement. He arranged with the
2529:
1998:
865:, a political controversy that became a major issue in the
835:
774:
1340:
1301:
1241:
1008:
538:
and looked over prospective sites in the foothills of the
377:
Nichols returned to the United States in 1931 and went to
278:. Nichols led both the uranium production facility at the
274:, and from 13 August 1943 as the District Engineer of the
1615:
The Corps of Engineers: Construction in the United States
788:
operating with $ 60 million worth of research grants for
243:
36:
318:
security clearance hearing against J. Robert Oppenheimer
2697:
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
1207:
1205:
857:
on the loyalty and trustworthiness of atomic scientist
1654:
Now it Can be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project
1599:. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press
1577:. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press
1417:
1415:
846:
Division of the Department of Defense, overseeing the
332:
Kenneth David Nichols was born on 13 November 1907 in
601:, and its shipment in 100-ton lots. Nichols met with
1202:
1025:
1023:
998:
996:
994:
992:
1412:
1842:
1651:
1020:
989:
597:Company for the purchase of ore from its mine in
2667:Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
2618:
608:and arranged for the transfer of 14,700 tons of
344:at West Point in 1929 and was commissioned as a
1680:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1112:
1100:
585:for the purchase of 1,200 tons of ore from the
612:from the West Point Depository for use in the
363:whose purpose was to conduct a survey for the
2657:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
1915:
1784:United States Army Center of Military History
1715:
1620:United States Army Center of Military History
1611:
1382:
1370:
1334:
1322:
1136:
1088:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
651:and the plutonium production facility at the
544:Office of Scientific Research and Development
542:that had been identified (by scouts from the
389:. He became assistant to the Director of the
246:(13 November 1907 – 21 February 2000) was an
2652:United States Army personnel of World War II
1468:
1466:
736:Commander of the Order of the British Empire
426:. He then became a student again, using his
192:Commander of the Order of the British Empire
1745:
1537:Moss, Molly; Knight, Lewis (22 July 2023).
1457:
1445:
959:
957:
490:plant, the Pennsylvania Ordnance Works, in
286:, and the plutonium production facility at
270:. He served as Deputy District Engineer to
1922:
1908:
1840:
1612:Fine, Lenore; Remington, Jesse A. (1972).
1536:
1433:
1035:
968:
869:, resulting in Nichols appearing before a
44:
1463:
1849:. New York, New York: Harper & Row.
1841:Stern, Philip; Green, Harold P. (1969).
1818:. New York: William Morrow and Company.
954:
816:Chief of Staff of the United States Army
708:
674:
589:that was being stored in a warehouse on
515:
449:
1845:The Oppenheimer Case: Security on Trial
1810:
1779:Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb
1498:
1421:
1406:
1394:
1358:
1346:
1310:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1184:
1172:
1124:
1064:
1029:
1014:
1002:
534:, where they met with officials of the
494:. On this project, Nichols worked with
2662:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
2619:
1646:
1589:
1567:
1259:
1160:
1052:
983:
903:Connecticut Yankee Nuclear Power Plant
725:to represent the Manhattan Project at
401:in civil engineering on 10 June 1933.
16:United States Army general (1907–2000)
1929:
1903:
1775:
1427:
1196:
1148:
1076:
350:United States Army Corps of Engineers
2682:Technische Universität Berlin alumni
805:Armed Forces Special Weapons Project
759:Armed Forces Special Weapons Project
577:for export controls to be placed on
307:Armed Forces Special Weapons Project
157:Armed Forces Special Weapons Project
1721:Atomic Shield, Volume II, 1947–1952
420:American Society of Civil Engineers
13:
2387:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1687:The New World, Volume I, 1939–1946
734:that he had been made an honorary
566:which would eventually become the
14:
2723:
2677:Military personnel from Cleveland
1873:
899:Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Station
895:Westinghouse Electric Corporation
623:In September 1942, Groves, now a
2603:
2602:
855:Personnel Security Board hearing
356:as part of an expedition led by
109:
50:Major General Kenneth D. Nichols
2707:20th-century American engineers
1890:Voices of the Manhattan Project
1530:
1504:
1492:
1451:
1439:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1328:
1316:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1229:
1217:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1118:
1106:
1094:
445:
1082:
1070:
1058:
721:In June 1946, Nichols went to
661:United States Secretary of War
614:Y-12 National Security Complex
603:Undersecretary of the Treasury
521:Y-12 National Security Complex
342:United States Military Academy
303:United States Military Academy
1:
1684:; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962).
1560:
919:
876:
365:Inter-Oceanic Nicaragua Canal
336:, which later became part of
327:
2547:Oppenheimer security hearing
704:United States Army Air Corps
595:Eldorado Mining and Refining
593:. Nichols arranged with the
391:Waterways Experiment Station
19:For the Irish academic, see
7:
2687:United States Army generals
2637:American military engineers
1480:Arlington National Cemetery
1436:, pp. 394–398, 400–401
1373:, pp. 169–172, 354–355
1296:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
1284:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
1272:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
1113:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
1101:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
914:Arlington National Cemetery
706:to the Manhattan District.
679:Nichols at his desk in 1945
670:
657:Distinguished Service Medal
633:New War Department Building
568:Argonne National Laboratory
511:Manhattan Engineer District
455:Argonne National Laboratory
352:. In 1929, Nichols went to
276:Manhattan Engineer District
185:Distinguished Service Medal
161:Manhattan Engineer District
98:Arlington National Cemetery
10:
2728:
2642:American nuclear engineers
1719:; Duncan, Francis (1969).
769:would be performed by the
536:Tennessee Valley Authority
492:Williamsport, Pennsylvania
430:thesis as the basis for a
18:
2692:University of Iowa alumni
2600:
2490:Bismuth phosphate process
2485:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
2472:
2441:
2374:
2163:
2032:
1946:
1937:
1448:, pp. 64–65, 102–108
1383:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1371:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1335:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1323:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1137:Fine & Remington 1972
1089:Fine & Remington 1972
743:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
627:, became director of the
258:who worked on the secret
208:
180:
166:
152:
142:
134:
122:
104:
92:
75:
55:
43:
30:
2712:Engineers from Cleveland
2672:Manhattan Project people
2647:American civil engineers
1749:; Holl, Jack M. (1989).
947:
792:1947. He helped Captain
747:Atomic Energy Commission
702:be transferred from the
552:Metallurgical Laboratory
471:summoned Nichols to the
457:established in 1946, in
436:State University of Iowa
299:Atomic Energy Commission
2567:S-1 Executive Committee
2515:Einstein–Szilard letter
1886:5 February 2015 at the
1776:Jones, Vincent (1985).
1458:Hewlett & Holl 1989
1446:Hewlett & Holl 1989
698:, and recommended that
554:, or "Met Lab", at the
459:DuPage County, Illinois
171:Occupation of Nicaragua
2009:Salt Wells Pilot Plant
1434:Stern & Green 1969
834:, when Truman ordered
718:
680:
645:Clinton Engineer Works
527:
461:
424:Fort Belvoir, Virginia
395:Vicksburg, Mississippi
381:, where he received a
288:Hanford Engineer Works
280:Clinton Engineer Works
262:, which developed the
2702:J. Robert Oppenheimer
2587:X-10 Graphite Reactor
2542:Nobel Prize laureates
2412:509th Composite Group
1514:. BFI. Archived from
1475:Kenneth David Nichols
859:J. Robert Oppenheimer
828:Department of Defense
786:national laboratories
712:
678:
556:University of Chicago
519:
482:. He was promoted to
453:
428:Technische Hochschule
411:Technische Hochschule
314:Department of Defense
241:Kenneth David Nichols
135:Years of service
2495:British contribution
2397:Operation Peppermint
2392:Operation Crossroads
2251:Maria Goeppert Mayer
1782:. Washington, D.C.:
1658:. New York: Harper.
1618:. Washington, D.C.:
1512:"Christopher Muncke"
1017:, pp. 249, 257.
871:United States Senate
863:Dixon-Yates contract
773:plants, the wartime
727:Operation Crossroads
581:and negotiated with
558:, where he met with
548:Oak Ridge, Tennessee
540:Cumberland Mountains
525:Oak Ridge, Tennessee
523:established 1943 at
432:Doctor of Philosophy
284:Oak Ridge, Tennessee
2256:George Kistiakowsky
2211:Charles Critchfield
1812:Nichols, Kenneth D.
1747:Hewlett, Richard G.
1717:Hewlett, Richard G.
1682:Hewlett, Richard G.
1349:, pp. 257–259.
1313:, pp. 244–247.
1262:, pp. 394–398.
1250:, pp. 243–244.
912:. He was buried at
840:Operation Sandstone
812:Fort Myer, Virginia
779:David E. Lilienthal
713:Aerial view of the
665:Robert P. Patterson
500:Stone & Webster
2321:Henry DeWolf Smyth
2100:Robert Oppenheimer
2055:Priscilla Duffield
1518:on 12 January 2022
1501:, pp. 343–345
1460:, pp. 127–133
1424:, pp. 298–299
1409:, pp. 288–291
1397:, pp. 280–284
1274:, pp. 648–651
1238:, pp. 243–244
1226:, pp. 232–233
1214:, pp. 226–229
1139:, pp. 659–661
1091:, pp. 655–658
910:Bethesda, Maryland
767:uranium enrichment
719:
692:Mound Laboratories
681:
599:Port Hope, Ontario
528:
462:
379:Cornell University
358:Lieutenant Colonel
252:United States Army
228:University of Iowa
215:Cornell University
129:United States Army
86:Bethesda, Maryland
2614:
2613:
2536:Los Alamos Primer
2525:Interim Committee
2480:African Americans
2432:The Great Artiste
2291:Isidor Isaac Rabi
2286:Norman Ramsey Jr.
2085:Franklin Matthias
2024:Heavy water sites
1931:Manhattan Project
1634:on 1 January 2012
1591:Cullum, George W.
1569:Cullum, George W.
1187:, pp. 99–101
936:Christopher Nolan
794:Hyman G. Rickover
784:Nichols kept the
771:gaseous diffusion
629:Manhattan Project
625:brigadier general
469:James C. Marshall
442:on 13 June 1939.
387:civil engineering
383:bachelor's degree
346:second lieutenant
320:that resulted in
272:James C. Marshall
260:Manhattan Project
238:
237:
2719:
2606:
2605:
2557:Quebec Agreement
2341:John von Neumann
2281:George B. Pegram
2090:Dorothy McKibbin
1924:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1868:
1848:
1837:
1807:
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1798:on 7 August 2020
1794:. Archived from
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1630:. Archived from
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1103:, pp. 85–86
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1074:
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1056:
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1033:
1032:, pp. 28–29
1027:
1018:
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1006:
1005:, pp. 25–26
1000:
987:
981:
966:
965:Familysearch.org
961:
696:Miamisburg, Ohio
575:State Department
507:Washington, D.C.
434:degree from the
369:First Lieutenant
361:Daniel I. Sultan
292:Washington state
200:Medal of Merit (
124:
115:
113:
112:
82:
79:21 February 2000
66:13 November 1907
65:
63:
48:
28:
27:
21:Kenneth Nicholls
2727:
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2722:
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2720:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2596:
2562:RaLa Experiment
2468:
2437:
2402:Project Alberta
2370:
2366:Chien-Shiung Wu
2296:James Rainwater
2231:Richard Feynman
2221:John R. Dunning
2196:Norris Bradbury
2159:
2145:Stafford Warren
2115:William Purnell
2095:Kenneth Nichols
2075:Ernest Lawrence
2050:James B. Conant
2028:
1942:
1933:
1928:
1898:
1888:Wayback Machine
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844:Guided Missiles
832:Berlin Blockade
754:Harry S. Truman
731:nuclear weapons
673:
448:
399:master's degree
334:West Park, Ohio
330:
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93:Place of burial
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32:Kenneth Nichols
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2497:
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2473:Related topics
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2060:Thomas Farrell
2057:
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2045:Arthur Compton
2042:
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2033:Administrators
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2016:
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1874:External links
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873:subcommittee.
867:1954 elections
729:, a series of
688:Thomas Farrell
672:
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606:Daniel W. Bell
564:Argonne Forest
560:Arthur Compton
464:In June 1941,
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2356:Robert Wilson
2354:
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1760:0-520-06018-0
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1385:, p. 159
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1360:
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1115:, p. 153
1114:
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1097:
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1061:
1055:, p. 593
1054:
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1039:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1016:
1011:
1004:
999:
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993:
986:, p. 778
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978:
976:
974:
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960:
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953:
945:
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942:
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917:
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739:
737:
732:
728:
724:
716:
711:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
686:
685:Major General
677:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:Staten Island
588:
587:Belgian Congo
584:
583:Edgar Sengier
580:
579:uranium oxide
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
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541:
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417:
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405:
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388:
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372:Leslie Groves
370:
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196:Great Britain
193:
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172:
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162:
158:
155:
151:
148:
147:Major General
145:
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137:
133:
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127:
121:
118:
117:United States
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
78:
74:
70:
58:
54:
47:
42:
38:
29:
26:
22:
2592:Y-12 Project
2577:Smyth Report
2572:S-50 Project
2534:
2530:K-25 Project
2459:Pumpkin bomb
2430:
2423:
2416:
2346:John Wheeler
2316:Louis Slotin
2311:Emilio Segrè
2261:George Koval
2241:James Franck
2226:Enrico Fermi
2171:Luis Alvarez
2130:Paul Tibbets
2105:Deak Parsons
2094:
1844:
1815:
1811:
1800:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1778:
1750:
1720:
1686:
1653:
1636:. Retrieved
1632:the original
1614:
1601:. Retrieved
1595:
1579:. Retrieved
1573:
1546:. Retrieved
1542:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:the original
1506:
1499:Nichols 1987
1494:
1483:, retrieved
1474:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1422:Nichols 1987
1407:Nichols 1987
1402:
1395:Nichols 1987
1390:
1378:
1366:
1359:Nichols 1987
1354:
1347:Nichols 1987
1342:
1330:
1325:, p. 28
1318:
1311:Nichols 1987
1291:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1248:Nichols 1987
1243:
1236:Nichols 1987
1231:
1224:Nichols 1987
1219:
1212:Nichols 1987
1199:, p. 88
1192:
1185:Nichols 1987
1180:
1175:, p. 67
1173:Nichols 1987
1168:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1127:, p. 42
1125:Nichols 1987
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1067:, p. 31
1065:Nichols 1987
1060:
1030:Nichols 1987
1015:Nichols 1987
1010:
1003:Nichols 1987
939:
925:
923:
907:
880:
852:
848:Nike Project
825:
820:Omar Bradley
809:
802:
798:
783:
763:
745:created the
740:
723:Bikini Atoll
720:
714:
682:
653:Hanford Site
637:
622:
616:in place of
572:
529:
504:
463:
446:World War II
427:
409:
406:
403:
376:
331:
311:
296:
268:World War II
240:
239:
175:World War II
167:Battles/wars
81:(2000-02-21)
71:, Ohio, U.S.
25:
2632:2000 deaths
2627:1907 births
2407:Silverplate
2361:Leona Woods
2326:Leo Szilard
2301:Bruno Rossi
2246:Klaus Fuchs
2150:Ed Westcott
2140:Harold Urey
1543:Radio Times
1260:Groves 1962
1161:Groves 1962
1053:Cullum 1950
984:Cullum 1940
941:Oppenheimer
932:Dane DeHaan
927:Oppenheimer
790:fiscal year
700:Sandia Base
322:Oppenheimer
264:atomic bomb
2621:Categories
2510:Demon core
2454:Little Boy
2375:Operations
2191:Niels Bohr
2181:Hans Bethe
2164:Scientists
2110:Boris Pash
1989:Los Alamos
1561:References
1485:16 October
1197:Jones 1985
1149:Jones 1985
1077:Jones 1985
920:Portrayals
877:Later life
818:, General
328:Early life
210:Alma mater
105:Allegiance
62:1907-11-13
2552:Plutonium
2418:Enola Gay
2236:Val Fitch
2186:Aage Bohr
2135:Bud Uanna
2004:Oak Ridge
1603:6 October
1581:6 October
751:President
649:Oak Ridge
640:plutonium
532:Tennessee
480:Air Depot
354:Nicaragua
338:Cleveland
202:Nicaragua
138:1929–1953
69:Cleveland
2608:Category
2464:Thin Man
2425:Bockscar
2019:Wendover
1999:New York
1994:Montreal
1984:Inyokern
1959:Berkeley
1940:Timeline
1884:Archived
1834:15223648
1814:(1987).
1802:10 March
1792:10913875
1769:82275622
1709:26583399
1650:(1962).
1638:10 March
1593:(1950).
1571:(1940).
944:(2023).
897:and the
891:Gulf Oil
883:K Street
671:Post war
473:Syracuse
254:, and a
153:Commands
123:Service/
2582:Uranium
2449:Fat Man
2442:Weapons
2014:Trinity
1979:Hanford
1964:Chicago
1739:3717478
1548:24 July
1522:29 July
659:by the
466:Colonel
440:captain
348:in the
266:during
250:in the
248:officer
1974:Dayton
1968:Site A
1863:
1853:
1832:
1822:
1790:
1767:
1757:
1737:
1727:
1707:
1697:
1674:537684
1672:
1662:
1628:834187
1626:
814:, the
618:copper
610:silver
496:DuPont
416:Berlin
181:Awards
125:branch
114:
88:, U.S.
1947:Sites
1865:31389
1691:(PDF)
948:Notes
887:Alcoa
484:major
1954:Ames
1861:OCLC
1851:ISBN
1830:OCLC
1820:ISBN
1804:2012
1788:OCLC
1765:OCLC
1755:ISBN
1735:OCLC
1725:ISBN
1705:OCLC
1695:ISBN
1670:OCLC
1660:ISBN
1640:2012
1624:OCLC
1605:2015
1583:2015
1550:2023
1524:2023
1487:2010
836:B-29
775:K-25
741:The
715:Able
498:and
477:Rome
143:Rank
76:Died
56:Born
938:'s
934:in
694:in
647:at
488:TNT
414:in
393:in
385:in
290:in
282:at
244:CBE
232:PhD
194:, (
187:(2)
37:CBE
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1478:,
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1037:^
1022:^
991:^
970:^
956:^
916:.
893:,
889:,
738:.
667:.
663:,
570:.
294:.
223:MS
221:,
219:BS
1970:)
1966:(
1923:e
1916:t
1909:v
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