250:
20:
325:
1458:
398:
106:, though the latter are no older than the 14th century. The oldest inscription in Sanskrit is from the 5th century and the oldest one in ancient Khmer is from the 7th century. Apart from the stele of Phimanakas, there are no bilingual steles in Cambodia properly speaking; the part in ancient Khmer does not translate but sometimes paraphrases the narrative part in sanskrit with more material and technical details.
151:
405:
In Khmer epigraphy, there is no such text as dealing with art according to Pou
Saveros. Information about music and dance found therein is of an incidental nature. Among the many rites and offerings, many artists, dancers, musicians, and singers, are to mentioned to serve the gods in daily worship.
340:
Unfortunately, the Khmer epigraphy does not provide sufficient documentation for a definitive view of a hierarchical Khmer marketing network, but only clues. Khmer epigraphy is never explicit about issues of money and markets. Instead of reflecting a transaction system adapted to a complex society,
135:
Khmer
Inscription K-127: the significance of this inscription made in AD 683, is that it indicates that at present knowledge, the first zero is an ancient Khmer invention, while the first known use of a numerical zero in India was dated to the mid-ninth century, an era that coincided with the Arab
179:
Sanskrit is used in Khmer inscriptions as the language of the gods, especially for poems and prayers offered in their honour. Their structure is fixed: after an introductory invocation of the divinity, comes the praise of the founder or benefactor of the sanctuary before ending with
195:
Ancient Khmer first appears on inscriptions at the end of the 7th century. Khmer inscriptions written in ancient Khmer are most often in prose and are usually a more or less detailed inventory of the offerings received by a sanctuary. These inscriptions, such as the
210:
It is believed that the population expressed some sort of resistance with regard to the
Sanskrit language, which necessitated the use of indigenous language to make known the royal orders and the charters which affected the life of the autochthonous populations.
79:
More than 1,200 Khmer inscriptions of varying length have been collected. There was an 'explosion' of Khmer epigraphy from the seventh century, with the earliest recorded Khmer stone inscription dating from 612 AD at
142:
465:. It was taught to sophomore students who pursued a degree in history, Khmer literature and linguistics. Today, the teachings have spread to many other universities including the private academic institutions.
114:
Sanskrit inscriptions, from the 5th to the 14th century, are found all over
Cambodia, and they are proof of the flourishing state of Sanskrit learning. These inscriptions exhibit the knowledge of different
257:
The Khmer inscriptions written in
Sanskrit are often religious invocations which reveal the influence of philosophical and theological conceptions rooted in Indian texts such as the
469:'s 2013 textbook on the old Khmer inscriptions was the first authentic textbook written in Khmer while Sotheara has also conducted studies of Khmer epigraphy using Khmer language.
341:
the
Angkorian period inscriptions show less concern with monetary values than before. Markets and marketing in Angkor are first mentioned at the end of the 12th century in the
450:, and his study on the pre-Angkorian corpus, and Philp Jenner, and his study in collaboration with Vong Sotheara, as well as Gerdi Gerschheimer leading the project of the
443:
Since the death of the latter in 1969, epigraphist
Kamaleswar Bhattacharya has claimed that "not a single scholar has turned up who can read both Sanskrit and Khmer".
214:
Khmer inscriptions use an alphabet stemming from
Southern India. This early alphabet evolved into the modern form of Khmer script. At the end of the 9th century, King
233:. The presence of Pali in Khmer epigraphy effectively replaced that of Sanskrit from the 14th century onwards and it was regarded as a sacred language.
187:
Useful archeological information is most often found in the central part, which often reveals the name of the ruling king, and the dates of his reign.
1442:
446:
Others such as
Matsuura Fumiaki reject the claim that the field of Khmer epigraphy is moribund since the 1960s quoting the works of scholars such as
293:
Khmer inscriptions are indicative of the prompt movement of religious idea across the Indian Ocean. One example is that the Indian philosopher
226:
Pali epigraphy in Khmer provinces is extremely scarce; only a dozen Pali inscriptions have been found, engraved in a span of twelve centuries.
1878:
203:
reveal precious information about the culture of
Cambodia. Their content has also been found at least in one instance to match that of the
241:
Khmer inscriptions attest to the existence of every type of ancient literature - scientific, historical, epic and especially religious.
49:
are a corpus of post-5th century historical texts engraved on materials such as stone and metal ware found in a wide range of mainland
1316:
1540:
631:"What Information can be Gleaned from Cambodian Inscriptions about Practices Relating to the Transmission of Sanskrit Literature?"
1437:
421:
The publication of Khmer inscriptions kicked off with the foundational work of Bart and Bergaigne who published their classic
218:
attempted to introduce a new form of script probably from Northern India, but this attempt did not last beyond his own reign.
2029:
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559:
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2019:
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but rather commodity settlements and various available foreign currencies, and that its economy could be described as a
1979:
1712:
1707:
1432:
1329:
414:
The study of Indo-Cambodian epigraphy began in 1879 with the decipherment of some Sanskrit records by H. Kern from the
1427:
1103:
1010:
956:
929:
848:
695:
164:
style is the larger than in any other country in Southeast Asia. Khmer inscriptions in Sanskrit make us of the
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665:
576:
902:
229:
There is no trace of Pali texts proper in ancient Cambodian epigraphy, except epigraphs consisting of the formula:
184:
verses aimed at anyone who would not protect the premises of the temple and wishing them the chastisement of hell.
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of Indian inscriptions. Their language and grammar is also more correct than most Indian inscriptions.
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The Khmer epigraphy has preserved some significant evidences which directly mention medical science.
81:
249:
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1302:
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76:
Khmer inscriptions are the only local written sources for the study of ancient Khmer civilization.
1887:
1664:
1591:
985:
Money and Sovereignty: An Exploration of the Economic, Political and Monetary History of Cambodia
629:
Goodall, Dominic (2017), Vergiani, Vincenzo; Cuneo, Daniele; Formigatti, Camillo Alessio (eds.),
1928:
1918:
1628:
1623:
1581:
1457:
637:, Material, Textual, and Historical Investigations (1 ed.), De Gruyter, pp. 131–160,
286:
and more specifically of its "five timely observances", as well as indications of syncretistic
377:, and servants are mentioned in ancient Khmer epigraphy, which can be linked to the idea that
2024:
1835:
1800:
1763:
1727:
1598:
1571:
1466:
605:
Traces of Trauma: Cambodian Visual Culture and National Identity in the Aftermath of Genocide
378:
350:
124:
69:) and relating to the Khmer civilization. The study of Khmer inscriptions is known as Khmer
1913:
1810:
1783:
1773:
1618:
1554:
1535:
1410:
1012:
Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange
462:
328:
Markets and marketing in Angkor are first mentioned at the end of the 12th century in the
8:
1972:
1953:
1850:
1790:
1722:
1652:
1566:
1405:
1337:
904:
Explorations in Early Southeast Asian History: The Origins of Southeast Asian Statecraft
749:
Buddhist Legacies in Mainland Southeast Asia: Mentalities, Interpretations and Practices
426:
1868:
1858:
1778:
1679:
1415:
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Beyond their archeological significance, Khmer inscriptions have become a marker of
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270:
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1993:
1903:
1603:
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1249:
1178:
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from 1937 to 1954, whose goal was collate the known data about Khmer epigraphy.
1908:
1873:
1699:
1400:
346:
333:
301:
116:
50:
32:
297:, who died about 750 AD, is mentioned in a 9th-century Cambodian inscription.
282:
Cambodian epigraphy provides a comparatively large and early documentation on
2008:
1923:
1863:
1232:
1080:
825:
642:
630:
525:
501:
349:. Khmer inscriptions confirm that the Khmer empire did not use a centralized
324:
1224:
817:
517:
1365:
466:
294:
215:
1518:
1208:
801:
397:
1355:
1065:"Music and Dance in Ancient Cambodia as Evidenced by Old Khmer Epigraphy"
287:
283:
1088:
1064:
958:
Economic Development, Integration, and Morality in Asia and the Americas
502:"Recherches sur le vocabulaire des inscriptions sanskrites du Cambodge"
259:
415:
372:
354:
313:
165:
98:
The languages used on Khmer inscriptions are either ancient Khmer or
70:
28:
1294:
23:
The Sambor Inscription, containing the oldest, firmly dated use of "
1325:
401:
Ancient Khmer military band as depicted on the walls of Angkor Wat.
342:
329:
276:
120:
99:
62:
54:
40:
1039:
Traditional Medicine in South-East Asia and Indian Medical Science
366:
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93:
58:
1360:
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150:
357:
based on exchange, as evidenced by the Wat Baset inscription.
1938:
181:
160:
931:
Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia
381:
in India was used rather more flexibly in Ancient Cambodia.
103:
66:
429:, who laid the foundations of Khmer epigraphy in his book
172:
in number first noticed in the 7th century, including the
664:
Sharan, Mahesh Kumar; Publications, Abhinav (June 2003).
1157:"Discovering history through INSCRIPTIONS - Khmer Times"
1105:
Milestones in Archaeology: A Chronological Encyclopedia
457:
Khmer epigraphy began to be taught as a subject at the
300:
Khmer inscriptions in Pali language, however, refer to
119:
and the most developed poetic rules and conventions of
316:
to maintain land borders and to settle land disputes.
1129:
Bhattacharya, Kamaleswar; Golzio, Karl-Heinz (2009).
1015:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 472.
543:
173:
127:. Khmer inscriptions are more philosophical than the
24:
1009:
Manguin, Pierre-Yves; Mani, A.; Wade, Geoff (2011).
667:
Studies In Sanskrit Inscriptions Of Ancient Cambodia
578:
A Short History of Cambodia: From empire to survival
16:
Corpus of historical carved writings of Khmer origin
1132:A Selection of Sanskrit Inscriptions from Cambodia
1128:
663:
290:which would be peculiar to ancient Cambodia.
158:The number of such inscriptions written in ornate
2006:
901:Hall, Kenneth R.; Whitmore, John K. (May 1976).
752:. École française d'Extrême-Orient. p. 54.
190:
1008:
772:
423:Inscriptions sanscrites de Campa et du Cambodge
506:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
94:Language: Sanskrit, old Khmer, and rarely Pali
35:, referring to the year it was made. Found in
1310:
773:Caillat, Colette; Casparis, J. G. de (1991).
900:
689:
687:
499:
934:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 202.
907:. University of Michigan Press. p. 8.
659:
657:
312:Khmer epigraphy records the use of a state
109:
1317:
1303:
635:Indic Manuscript Cultures through the Ages
608:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 11.
1042:. Sri Satguru Publications. p. 160.
988:. National Bank of Cambodia. p. 48.
961:. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 174.
745:
723:"Did ancient Cambodians invent the zero?"
720:
684:
880:. Cornell University Press. p. 42.
654:
396:
323:
248:
18:
1206:
1135:. Center for Khmer Studies. p. 6.
981:
873:
799:
628:
436:Their work was enriched by the work of
221:
2007:
1101:
1035:
853:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 240.
693:
1324:
1298:
877:Early Southeast Asia: Selected Essays
846:
574:
554:(in French). Flammarion. p. 73.
544:Geoffroy, Bérénice; Jacques, Claude;
1247:
1176:
954:
927:
700:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 214.
670:. Abhinav Publications. p. 47.
539:
537:
535:
495:
493:
253:Prasat Kraven - Doorway Inscriptions
102:while a few have also been found in
1062:
850:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism
776:Middle Indo-Aryan and Jaina Studies
425:from 1885 to 1893 with the help of
384:
13:
601:
551:L'ABCdaire d'Angkor et l'art khmer
392:
14:
2051:
1278:"Corpus des Inscriptions Khmères"
1270:
581:. Allen & Unwin. p. 14.
532:
500:Bhattacharya, Kamaleswar (1964).
490:
409:
236:
27:" as a decimal figure. The date "
1879:Courtship, marriage, and divorce
1456:
1282:École française d'Extrême-Orient
149:
140:
1376:French protectorate of Cambodia
1200:
1170:
1149:
1122:
1095:
1056:
1029:
1002:
975:
948:
928:Hall, Kenneth R. (2019-03-31).
921:
894:
867:
840:
793:
766:
721:McPherson, Poppy (2014-08-09).
452:Corpus des Inscriptions khmeres
1433:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)
1428:People's Republic of Kampuchea
1207:Jacques, Claude (2002-05-01).
800:Jacques, Claude (2002-05-01).
739:
714:
622:
595:
568:
459:Royal University of Phnom Penh
307:
1:
982:Gardere, Jean-Daniel (2010).
874:Wolters, O. W. (2018-08-06).
484:
191:Inscriptions in ancient Khmer
2030:National symbols of Cambodia
746:Lagirarde, François (2006).
694:Sircar, D. C. (2017-01-01).
360:
205:Royal Chronicles of Cambodia
7:
955:Wood, Donald (2009-04-09).
847:Flood, Gavin (2008-04-15).
472:
418:prepared by Jules Harmand.
244:
199:Grande Inscription d'Angkor
10:
2056:
2020:Historiography of Cambodia
1036:Pandey, Gyanendra (1997).
319:
1966:
1849:
1749:
1740:
1660:
1651:
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1553:
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1465:
1454:
1336:
1108:. ABC-CLIO. p. 234.
602:Ly, Boreth (2019-11-30).
479:Ram Khamhaeng Inscription
31:" (683 CE) is written in
1479:Administrative divisions
1423:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
110:Inscriptions in Sanskrit
1225:10.1111/1468-0033.00362
818:10.1111/1468-0033.00362
518:10.3406/befeo.1964.1589
1713:Special Economic Zones
1708:Science and technology
402:
337:
254:
43:
2035:Sanskrit inscriptions
1254:(in Khmer). Ysʹodhr.
1251:មូលដ្ឋានរៀនខ្មែរបុរាណ
1183:(in Khmer). Ysʹodhr.
1180:មូលដ្ឋានរៀនខ្មែរបុរាណ
1063:Pou, Saveros (1997).
779:. BRILL. p. 17.
727:www.phnompenhpost.com
400:
327:
252:
22:
2015:Cambodian literature
1541:World Heritage Sites
1411:Democratic Kampuchea
1248:អាំង, ជូលាន (2013).
1213:Museum International
1177:អាំង, ជូលាន (2013).
1102:Murray, Tim (2007).
806:Museum International
575:Tully, John (2006).
222:Inscriptions in Pali
1831:Social organization
1381:Japanese occupation
275:for Vaisnavism and
1718:Telecommunications
1416:Cambodian genocide
1371:Post-Angkor period
463:Khmer Rouge Regime
403:
365:We know that only
338:
255:
89:national identity.
47:Khmer inscriptions
44:
2002:
2001:
1962:
1961:
1796:Human trafficking
1736:
1735:
1695:Natural resources
1647:
1646:
1634:Political parties
1577:Foreign relations
1549:
1548:
1438:State of Cambodia
1261:978-99963-818-0-5
1209:"Khmer Epigraphy"
1190:978-99963-818-0-5
1142:978-99950-51-07-5
1115:978-1-57607-186-1
1049:978-81-7030-569-9
1022:978-981-4311-16-8
995:978-99963-511-2-9
968:978-1-84855-543-3
941:978-0-8248-8208-2
914:978-0-89148-011-2
887:978-1-5017-3115-0
860:978-0-470-99868-7
802:"Khmer Epigraphy"
786:978-90-04-09426-0
759:978-974-88143-1-5
707:978-81-208-4103-1
677:978-81-7017-006-8
615:978-0-8248-5609-0
588:978-1-74115-857-1
561:978-2-08-012555-2
351:monopole currency
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1075:(1/4): 229–248.
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1219:(1–2): 37–43.
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866:
859:
839:
812:(1–2): 37–43.
792:
785:
765:
758:
738:
713:
706:
683:
676:
653:
621:
614:
594:
587:
567:
560:
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488:
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410:Historiography
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394:
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347:Jayavarman VII
334:Jayavarman VII
321:
318:
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246:
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237:Literary genre
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192:
189:
170:decimal system
156:
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148:
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139:
137:
111:
108:
95:
92:
51:Southeast Asia
33:Khmer numerals
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2052:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
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2013:
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2010:
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1965:
1955:
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1939:Ornamentation
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1927:
1925:
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1917:
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1912:
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1907:
1905:
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1897:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1888:royal cuisine
1885:
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1877:
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1857:
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1769:Ethnic groups
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1499:Deforestation
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1417:
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1409:
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1402:
1399:
1397:
1393:Sihanouk era
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
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1352:
1351:Early history
1349:
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1331:
1327:
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1315:
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1308:
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1204:
1192:
1186:
1182:
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1158:
1152:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:East and West
1066:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1005:
997:
991:
987:
986:
978:
970:
964:
960:
959:
951:
943:
937:
933:
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916:
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851:
843:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
788:
782:
778:
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769:
761:
755:
751:
750:
742:
728:
724:
717:
709:
703:
699:
698:
690:
688:
679:
673:
669:
668:
660:
658:
644:
643:j.ctvbkjzkh.7
640:
636:
632:
625:
617:
611:
607:
606:
598:
590:
584:
580:
579:
571:
563:
557:
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433:(1901–1904).
432:
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72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
2025:Khmer Empire
1898:
1859:Architecture
1826:Social class
1806:Prostitution
1759:Demographics
1675:Child labour
1587:Human rights
1386:Puppet state
1366:Khmer Empire
1285:. Retrieved
1281:
1250:
1216:
1212:
1201:Bibliography
1179:
1172:
1161:. Retrieved
1159:. 2018-08-02
1151:
1131:
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1104:
1097:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1038:
1031:
1011:
1004:
984:
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923:
903:
896:
876:
869:
849:
842:
809:
805:
795:
775:
768:
748:
741:
730:. Retrieved
726:
716:
696:
666:
646:, retrieved
634:
624:
604:
597:
577:
570:
550:
509:
505:
467:Ang Choulean
461:even before
456:
451:
445:
442:
438:George Cœdès
435:
430:
422:
420:
413:
404:
388:
373:
367:
364:
339:
314:court system
311:
299:
295:Adi Shankara
292:
281:
271:
264:
258:
256:
240:
230:
228:
225:
216:Yasovarman I
213:
209:
197:
194:
186:
178:
159:
157:
128:
113:
97:
86:
82:Angkor Borei
78:
75:
46:
45:
29:605 Saka era
1924:Mat weaving
1919:Manuscripts
1665:Agriculture
1356:Nokor Phnom
512:(1): 1–72.
308:Legislation
284:Pancharatra
182:imprecatory
2009:Categories
1914:Literature
1702:(currency)
1629:Parliament
1582:Government
1504:Ecoregions
1287:2022-02-26
1163:2022-02-26
732:2022-02-26
648:2022-02-27
485:References
416:estampages
374:kshatriyas
288:Vaisnavism
136:Caliphate.
1904:Jewellery
1899:Epigraphy
1836:Squatting
1801:Languages
1764:Education
1599:Judiciary
1572:Elections
1519:Tonlé Sap
1467:Geography
1406:Civil War
1395:(1953–70)
1241:218510207
1233:1350-0775
1081:0012-8376
834:218510207
826:1350-0775
526:0336-1519
361:Sociology
355:catallaxy
260:Upanishad
231:Ye dhamma
166:Shaka era
71:epigraphy
1989:Category
1909:Keyboard
1874:Clothing
1811:Religion
1784:HIV/AIDS
1774:Gambling
1619:Monarchy
1614:Military
1555:Politics
1536:Wildlife
1346:Timeline
1330:articles
1326:Cambodia
1089:29757323
548:(1997).
473:See also
431:Cambodge
368:brahmins
343:Ta Prohm
330:Ta Prohm
277:Shaivism
269:and the
245:Religion
174:number 0
168:and the
121:rhetoric
100:sanskrit
63:Thailand
55:Cambodia
41:Cambodia
1973:Outline
1954:Theatre
1884:Cuisine
1851:Culture
1791:Hunting
1742:Society
1723:Tourism
1670:Banking
1653:Economy
1567:Cabinet
1509:Islands
1484:Borders
1338:History
320:Economy
129:mangala
125:prosody
59:Vietnam
2040:Steles
1994:Portal
1869:Cinema
1779:Health
1690:Mining
1680:Energy
1531:Rivers
1489:Cities
1361:Chenla
1328:
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266:Purana
263:, the
117:metres
1980:Index
1949:Sport
1934:Music
1929:Media
1894:Dance
1841:Youth
1816:Women
1754:Crime
1700:Riel
1624:Motto
1514:Lakes
1443:UNTAC
1237:S2CID
1085:JSTOR
830:S2CID
639:JSTOR
379:caste
272:Agama
161:kavya
1592:LGBT
1256:ISBN
1229:ISSN
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882:ISBN
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672:ISBN
610:ISBN
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123:and
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1221:doi
814:doi
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