1031:. I wish to recall here the excellent work done by Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger, rapporteur of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, in her two reports on this subject. I do not intend to comment on the ins and outs of this case which saw Yukos, a privately owned oil company, made bankrupt and broken up for the benefit of the state owned company Rosneft. The assets were bought at auction by a rather obscure financial group, Baikalfinansgroup, for almost €7 billion. It is still not known who is behind this financial group. A number of experts believe that the state-owned company Gazprom had a hand in the matter. The former heads of Yukos, Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev, were sentenced to eight years' imprisonment for fraud and tax evasion. Vasiliy Aleksanyan, former vice-chairman of the company, who is suffering from Aids, was released on bail in January 2009 after being held in inhuman conditions condemned by the European Court of Human Rights.3 Lastly, Svetlana Bakhmina, deputy head of Yukos's legal department, who was sentenced in 2005 to six and a half years' imprisonment for tax fraud, saw her application for early release turned down in October 2008, even though she had served half of her sentence, had expressed "remorse" and was seven months pregnant. Thanks to the support of thousands of people around the world and the personal intervention of the United States President, George W. Bush, she was released in April 2009 after giving birth to a girl on 28 November 2008."
688:. He also bought up privatization vouchers—documents distributed to every Russian citizen and entitling them to a share of the national wealth—which many Russians were happy to unload at a discount for ready cash. Khodorkovsky eventually acquired controlling stakes in some 30 companies. When Russia staged its greatest property giveaway ever, in 1995, Khodorkovsky was poised to take advantage of that too." As Gessen explained, the Russian government, after the fall of Communism, "still nominally controlled Russia's largest companies, though they had been variously re-structured, abandoned, or looted by their own executives." A dozen men, the "new oligarchs", including Khodorkovsky, hit upon the stratagem of lending the government money against collateral consisting of blocks of stock that amounted to controlling interests in those companies. The oligarchs and government both knew that the government would eventually default and that the firms would thus pass into the oligarchs' hands. "By this maneuver", wrote Gessen, "the Yeltsin administration privatized oil, gas, minerals, and other enterprises without parliamentary approval." This was how Khodorkovsky came to own Yukos.
1479:
930:
858:. He was taken to Moscow and charged with fraud, tax evasion, and other economic crimes. Gessen describes the trial as a "travesty" and "a Kafka-esque procedure", with the government spending months "on an incoherent account of alleged violations that were criminalized after they were committed, or that were in fact legal activities." In preparing the case, the government called in Yukos employees for questioning. Pavel Ivlev, a tax lawyer who went along as their attorney, later explained that officials had illegally interrogated him and threatened to arrest him. After leaving the prosecutor's office, he immediately fled the country. He and his family ended up settling in the U.S.
933:" - "Appeal of cultural figures, scientists, members of the public in connection with the verdict passed on the former leaders of the Yukos Oil Company", expressing support for the guilty verdict. The authors of the letter expressed dissatisfaction with the fact that "the voices of those who doubt the fairness of the decisions made sounded with renewed vigor", and the discussion of the verdict, in their opinion, "has the character of discrediting the entire judicial system, the state, and society and calls into question the foundations of law and order in the country". On 11 September 2009, four years after the publication of the "letter of the fifty", the famous figure skater
1396:"If the first set of charges was thin, the second was absurd", Gessen later wrote. "Khodorkovsky and Lebedev were now accused of having stolen all the oil that Yukos had produced in the years 1998 to 2003." At the end of the trial, in December 2010, both defendants were sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment. Gessen cited leading Russian lawyers as saying that Russian laws had been "passed specifically to enable persecution, or adjusted retroactively to sustain it." Many former Yukos employees were arrested and imprisoned and were therefore unemployable after their release, and Khodorkovsky "tried to provide financial support to those who have not found a way to make a living."
1808:, among others. According to media around the time of the launch event, Open Russia was intended to unite pro-European Russians in a bid to challenge Putin's grip on power. Khodorkovsky said that the organization would promote independent media, political education, rule of law, support for activists and journalists, free and fair elections, and a program to reform law enforcement and the Russian judicial system. He said that Putin's actions were "clearly leading Russia along the patriarchal Asian path to development" and called the State Duma “a bulwark of reactionaries”. He said that Open Russia was willing to support any candidate that sought to develop Russia along the
1286:
696:" or to become a fixture of "the Moscow playboy scene". To be sure, he did buy "a gated compound of seven houses on 50 forested acres about half an hour outside Moscow" in the late 1990s, calling it Apple Orchard and housing Yukos's leading executives, who lived together as "one large happy family". His social life consisted mostly of "Barbecuing for fellow Yukos managers". At nights he would stay up and "read until two". He later wrote that during this period "I saw business as a game. ... It was a game in which you wanted to win but losing was also an option. It was a game in which hundreds of thousands of people came to work in the morning to play with me."
83:
2032:
6030:
5997:
1566:
264:
1209:"No single cause has done more than Khodorkovsky's to inspire Russian speakers everywhere", Gessen wrote in 2012. "Three of Russia's best-selling writers have published their correspondence with Khodorkovsky; composers have dedicated symphonies to him, a dozen artists attended his trial and put together an exhibition of courtroom drawings." Gessen noted that "a group of Soviet-born classical musicians traveled to Strasbourg to mount a concert in honor of Khodorkovsky." While Khodorkovsky was imprisoned,
2092:
1675:
1628:, the largest Russian oil company at the time, to prominent banks and financial institutions. The Swiss court argued that handing over the documents would endanger his chance for a fair trial. Khodorkovsky also has personal ties to Switzerland where his wife Inna and two of his children reside. Soon after his step to freedom, he applied for a Swiss visa, which would allow him to travel to most European countries. This visa was approved by Swiss authorities, and Khodorkovsky arrived in
1314:: "He speaks with the authority of a chief executive of what was once Russia's largest oil company. He explains how Yukos and Russia's oil industry functioned, but he goes beyond business matters. What he is defending is not his long-lost business, but his human rights. The transformation of Mr. Khodorkovsky from a ruthless oligarch, operating in a virtually lawless climate, into a political prisoner and freedom fighter is one of the more intriguing tales in post-communist Russia."
1192:
play down the incident. In
January 2009, the same prisoner filed a lawsuit for 500,000 rubles (about $ 15,000) against Khodorkovsky, accusing him of homosexual harassment. Kuchma said in an interview that he was compelled to attack Khodorkovsky by two officers, beaten and threatened with death to commit the attack. In 2011, Kuchma admitted that he had been told to attack Khodorkovsky "by unknown persons who had come to the prison colony and beaten and threatened him."
543:
1012:(PACE) Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights published a report, which concluded, "the circumstances of the arrest and prosecution of leading Yukos executives suggest that the interest of the State's action in these cases goes beyond the mere pursuit of criminal justice, to include such elements as to weaken an outspoken political opponent, to intimidate other wealthy individuals and to regain control of strategic economic assets."
737:
404:. In response to his first application, which concerned events from 2003 to 2005, the court found that several violations were committed by the Russian authorities in their treatment of Khodorkovsky. Despite these findings, the court ultimately ruled that the trial was not politically motivated, but rather "that the charges against him were grounded in 'reasonable suspicion'". He was considered to be a
761:
to run it. By some estimates, he was supporting half of all non-governmental organizations in Russia, by others, he was funding 80 percent of them. In 2003, Yukos pledged $ 100 million over 10 years to the
Russian State Humanities University, the best liberal-arts school in the country—the first time a private company had contributed a significant amount of money to a Russian educational institution."
1135:
key role can save us from the emergence, in the process of this turn to the left turn, from a new ultra-authoritarian regime. The new
Russian authorities will have to address a left-wing agenda and meet an irrepressible demand by the people for justice. This will mean in the first instance the problems of legalizing privatization and restoring paternalistic programs and approaches in several areas."
2071:"It is the Singapore model, it is a term that people understand in Russia these days. It means that theoretically you have a free press, but in practice there is self-censorship. Theoretically you have courts, in practice the courts adopt decisions dictated from above. Theoretically there are civil rights enshrined in the constitution; in practice you are not able to exercise some of these rights."
500:. In 1986, he met an 18-year-old, Inna, a student at the Mendeleev Institute who was a colleague of Khodorkovsky's at the Komsomol organization. He courted her and slept in his car until she took him in. They had a daughter and twin sons. He and his first wife remained on good terms, and she would later take an active part in the campaign for his release from prison.
1400:
czar, whether he be kind or mean. Where the government will be accountable to the people and the courts will be accountable only to God and the law." He said, "I am not an ideal man, far from it. But I am a man of ideas. Like anyone, I have a hard time living in prison and I do not want to die here. But I will, if I need to, without a second thought."
728:, however, his bank went under and Yukos had serious problems owing to a drop in the price of oil. Realizing that "business could no longer be just a game" and that "capitalism could make people not only rich and happy but also poor and powerless", he "swore off his absolute faith in wealth just as he had sworn off his absolute faith in Communism."
897:, was also hit as some foreign investors questioned the stability of the Russian market. Media reaction in Moscow was almost universally negative in blanket coverage, some of the more enthusiastic pro-business press discussed the end of capitalism, while even the government-owned press criticised the "absurd" method of Khodorkovsky's arrest.
1546:, suggested reviving an old Soviet practice under which a maximum sentence for a person charged with different crimes should not exceed the sentence attached to the most serious charge: in Khodorkovsky's case, nine years. Since he has been in jail since October 2003, this would have meant releasing him in October 2012, which did not happen.
988:, was appointed by the former President Boris Yeltsin. He was not seen as particularly close to Putin, who had once tried to remove him. However, he was politically ambitious and prosecuting Russia's most prominent and successful tycoon was perceived as a boost to his political career and intended candidacy for the
1393:
Khodorkovsky's lawyer
Karinna Moskalenko, "The position of the prosecutors is also self-contradictory. ... Khodorkovsky is now serving a sentence for tax evasion, and if they are asserting that he stole all the oil his company produced, what did he go to prison for the first time if there was nothing to be taxed?"
865:, in which the Yukos leadership was accused of preparing a "plot of oligarchs" to overthrow Putin and establish a presidential-parliamentary republic in Russia instead of a presidential one. It was for this reason that Khodorkovsky and his colleagues allegedly sponsored several political parties at once -
1522:
In the second trial, the prosecutors asked the judge for a 14-year sentence, which was just one year less than the maximum. The judge, Danilkin, handed down the verdict on 30 December 2010 in which he upheld the prosecutors' statements. Taking into account the time already served, Khodorkovsky was to
1454:
On 24 May 2011, Khodorkovsky's appeal hearing was held, and Judge
Danilkin rejected the challenge. Following the rejection of the appeal, the human rights group Amnesty International declared Khodorkovsky and Lebedev as "prisoners of conscience", remarking in a statement that "Whatever the rights and
1411:
The verdict was originally scheduled for 15 December, but was delayed without explanation until 27 December. Just a few days before the verdict was read by the judge before the court, Vladimir Putin made public comments with regard to his opinion of
Khodorkovsky's guilt, saying "a thief should sit in
1134:
and others should decide whether to join the broad social-democratic coalition or to remain grumpy and without relevance on the political sidelines. In my opinion, they have to join because only the broadest composition of a coalition in which liberal-socialist (social-democratic) views will play the
800:
after ExxonMobil and would have been the fourth largest in the world in terms of production, pumping 2.3 million barrels (370,000 m) of crude a day. The combination of the companies closed in
October 2003, just prior to the arrest of Khodorkovsky, but through a series of questionable legal maneuvers,
756:
as one of its trustees. The
Foundation's mission statement declared: "The motivation for the establishment of the Open Russia Foundation is the wish to foster enhanced openness, understanding and integration between the people of Russia and the rest of the world." The following year it had its United
703:
on business and the Soviet economic-crimes unit began harassing
Nevzlin, who feared arrest under Soviet-era laws. He found the situation "terrifying", but when Khodorkovsky returned from Poland he said, "Let me go home, take a shower, get some sleep, and we'll talk about it tomorrow morning." Nevzlin
524:
The introduction of perestroika enabled
Khodorkovsky to use his connections within the communist structures to gain a foothold in the developing free market. With the help of some powerful people, he started his business activities under the cover of Komsomol. Friendship with another Komsomol leader,
2082:
Masha Gessen, writing in 2012, recalled meeting Khodorkovsky in 2002, "when he met with a group of young authors to try out what would become his stump speech as he traveled the country, urging the creation of a new kind of economy in Russia, one based on intellectual rather than mineral resources."
1827:
in New York. In the latter speech he among other things lamented the fact that "a picture of the West as a sort of moral example for ourselves" had "in the past ten to twenty years become much, much more blurry." He also said at Freedom House that "Russia has been wasting time these past 10 years...
1780:
to seize its assets and ordered it to repay Yukos shareholders a sum of roughly $ 50 billion. Roughly 30,000 former Yukos employees were to receive a large pension from the government. As of January 2015 the Russian government has not made any payments to Yukos shareholders or employees. On 20 April
1267:
On appeal, Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev's sentences were reduced from 11 years to 10 years and 10 months meaning they could be released in August 2014 and May 2014, respectively. Khodorkovsky's appeal read: "In this case, the usual mantra that everything is legal and well-grounded just won't do."
1191:
On 13 April 2006, Khodorkovsky was attacked by prison inmate Alexander Kuchma while he was asleep after a heated conversation. Kuchma cut Khodorkovsky's face with a knife and said that it was a response to sexual advances by the businessman. Western media accused the Russian authorities of trying to
979:
Nevzlin did just that and moved to Israel. Khodorkovsky remained in Russia. "In his value system, fleeing the country once Lebedev was in jail would have been immoral", Gessen wrote, "regardless of whether he could do anything to help his friend." Instead, Khodorkovsky began to give speeches arguing
760:
In addition to founding Open Russia, Khodorkovsky "funded Internet cafés in the provinces, to get people to talk to one another. He funded training sessions for journalists all over the country. He established a boarding school for disadvantaged children and pulled his own parents out of retirement
691:
When he came into possession of Yukos, a conglomerate consisting of over 20 firms, most of them were "in terrible condition", and he enjoyed the job of turning them into well-functioning units. According to Gellin, Khodorkovsky was "the most reticent among the oligarchs", choosing not to "buy yachts
2134:
Khodorkovsky stated in a December 2014 interview that he was not violating his promise to Putin to avoid politics, but was only engaged in "civil society work... politics is in essence a battle to get yourself elected, personally. I'm not interested in this. But to the question, are you ready to go
1589:
reported in December 2014 that Khodorkovsky had "promised Putin three things in a handwritten letter" in which he asked to be freed: "that he would leave Russia to spend time with his family, would stay away from politics, and would not attempt to win back his shares in Yukos ... or get involved in
817:
to establish an accounting system. Thanks partly to the rising oil prices, partly to modernized operations, and partly to its "new transparency", Yukos thrived. "By 2003, Khodorkovsky was the richest man in Russia, and potentially on his way to becoming the richest man in the world. In 2004, Forbes
637:
Many years later I talked with people and asked them, why didn't you start doing the same thing? Why didn't you go into it? Because any head of an institute had more possibilities than I had, by an order of magnitude. They explained that they had all gone through the period when the same system was
512:
But instead of following this path, he exploited "quasi-official and often extra-legal business opportunities" and began to make a business career for himself. With partners from Komsomol, and technically operating under its authority, Khodorkovsky opened his first business in 1986, a private café.
2111:
in April 2012, "lies a basic difference in character. Putin rarely says what he means and even less frequently trusts that others are saying what they mean. Khodorkovsky, in contrast, seems to have always taken himself and others at face value—he has constructed his identity in accordance with his
1573:
On 19 December 2013, president Vladimir Putin said he intended to pardon Khodorkovsky in the near future. He did so on the following day, stating that Khodorkovsky's mother was ill and Khodorkovsky had asked for clemency. Putin also felt that ten years in jail was still "a significant punishment".
1392:
described as "Compared with the previous version, only stylistic inaccuracy has been improved, and some of the paragraphs have been swapped." Others pointed out that the new charges were impossible given that he was previously convicted on tax evasion of the same allegedly stolen oil. According to
999:
Khodorkovsky and Lebedev were both declared guilty and sentenced to nine years in penal colonies. The verdict of the trial, repeating the prosecutors' indictments almost verbatim, was 662 pages long. As is customary in Russian trials, the judges read the verdict aloud, beginning on 16 May 2005 and
970:
Khodorkovsky's longtime business partner, Platon Lebedev, was arrested on 2 July 2003, and they were put on trial together. A few weeks later, Yukos's security head Alexei Pichugin was arrested and became the subject of a separate prosecution. Leonid Nevzlin of Menatep reportedly suggested at this
508:
After his graduation in 1986, Khodorkovsky began to work full-time for the Komsomol, which was a typical way of entering upon a Soviet political career. "After several years of working mostly to collect Komsomol dues from fellow students", noted Gessen, "he could expect to be appointed to a junior
1608:
stated that "The 50-year-old appeared composed at his first public appearance since his release, saying he shouldn't be viewed as a symbol that there are no more political prisoners in Russia. He added that he would do 'all I can do' to ensure the release of others." He again thanked Genscher, as
1224:
Detention Facility in Moscow, where, according to Gessen, "living conditions are far more punishing than those in a distant penal colony." Yet, Gessen noted, he "declined to describe" in any detail the conditions under which he was imprisoned, "arguing that he is no different from other inmates."
1061:
Germany began a petition campaign demanding that President Medvedev get an independent review of all criminal charges against Khodorkovsky, to coincide with the 60th anniversary of the European Convention on Human Rights. On 24 May 2011, Amnesty International criticized Lebedev and Khodorkovsky's
704:
told Gessen: "There was just no way to shake him, ever." Nevzlin described Khodorkovsky as a "data addict", a man with "an iron will," and "someone dependent on human stimulus for information and ideas." Although Khodorkovsky "has strong emotions," Nevzlin said, he is capable of turning them off.
1849:." During his U.S. trip, he said, "The question of Russian power won't be decided by democratic elections—forget about this. ... This is why, when we speak of strategic tasks, I speak of a constitutional conference that will redistribute power from the president" to other branches of government.
1556:
In December 2012, a Moscow court reduced Khodorkovsky's prison sentence by two years, so that he was due to be released in 2014. In the same court case Khodorkovsky's business partner Platon Lebedev had his prison sentence reduced by two years. The 2010 case would have had them released 13 years
1493:
It was predicted that he might be released by the middle of 2011, although Khodorkovsky was found guilty on 27 December 2010 of fresh charges of embezzlement and money laundering, which had the potential of leading to a new sentence of up to 22.5 years. "The second as well as the first case were
1399:
Khodorkovsky delivered his own summation at his second trial. He spoke of his countrymen's hopes "that Russia will finally become a land of freedom and the law, and the law will be more important than the bureaucrats", a country where "human rights will no longer be contingent on the whim of the
368:
then froze shares of Yukos shortly thereafter on tax charges. Putin's government took further actions against Yukos, leading to a collapse of the company's share price and the evaporation of much of Khodorkovsky's wealth. In May 2005, he was found guilty and sentenced to nine years in prison. In
1489:
According to his official site, Khodorkovsky would have been eligible for early release, but an alleged conspiracy involving jail guards and a cellmate resulted in a statement that he had violated one of the prison rules. This was sufficient for him to forfeit his rights, once the statement was
1163:
he still enjoys all electoral rights. Usually it takes around a year for an appeal to make its way through the Appeal Court, so there should have been enough time for Khodorkovsky to be elected. For a member of Russian parliament to be imprisoned, the parliament needs to vote to lift his or her
642:
It was during this period that Khodorkovsky acquired the Yukos oil company for about $ 300 million through a rigged auction. Khodorkovsky subsequently went on a campaign to raise investment funds abroad, borrowing hundreds of millions. When the 1998 financial crisis struck Russia, Khodorkovsky
995:
The first Khodorkovsky-Lebedev trial lasted 10 months. There were few defense witnesses, noted Gessen, "not only because the court turned down most of its motions but also because the prosecution's case seemed so flimsy." Also, it was perceived as risky to testify for the defense. "Ten people
529:, the State Bank of the USSR. Among the businesses in which Khodorkovsky "tried his hand" were "importing personal computers and, according to some sources, counterfeit alcohol." In addition, he "ventured into finance, devising ways to squeeze cash out of the Soviet planned-economy behemoth."
632:
He and his partners obtained a banking license, supposedly from money made from selling secondhand computers, to create Bank Menatep in 1989. As one of Russia's first privately owned banks, Menatep expanded quickly, by using most of the deposits raised to finance Khodorkovsky's import-export
911:
said Khodorkovsky's arrest "raised a number of concerns over the arbitrary use of the judicial system" and was likely to be very damaging to foreign investment in Russia, as it appeared there were "selective" prosecutions occurring against Yukos officials but not against others.
638:
allowed. And then, at best, people were unable to succeed in their career and, at worst, found themselves in jail. They were all sure that would be the case this time, and that is why they did not go into it. And I...I did not remember this! I was too young! And I went for it."
430:
In 2014, Khodorkovsky re-launched Open Russia to promote several reforms to Russian civil society, including free and fair elections, political education, protection of journalists and activists, endorsing the rule of law, and ensuring media independence. He was described by
1336:, Khodorkovsky argued that "Russia must make a historic choice. Either we turn back from the dead end toward which we have been heading in recent years – and we do it soon – or else we continue in this direction and Russia in its current form simply ceases to exist."
1164:
immunity. Thus he had a hope of avoiding prosecution. But the Court of Appeal, unusually, took only a couple of weeks to process Khodorkovsky's appeal, reducing his sentence by one year and invalidating any electoral plans on his part until the end of his sentence.
1179:. The labor camp is adjacent to a uranium mine, which it once served. Khodorkovsky was put to work in the colony's mitten factory. He slept in a barracks and often spent his days in a cold solitary cell in retribution for his supposed violating of various rules.
4377:
915:
A week after the arrest, the Prosecutor-General froze Khodorkovsky's shares in Yukos to prevent Khodorkovsky from selling his shares although he retained all the shares' voting rights and received dividends. In 2003, Khodorkovsky's shares in Yukos passed to
953:
expressed regret about his signature under this letter: "I have a feeling that I got into trouble then. In any case, there are insane acts that I am ashamed of ... If the interview with Radio Liberty is enough for my abdication, I am ready to say it now."
1247:'s victory in the US presidential elections is not simply the latest change of power in one individual country, albeit a superpower. We are standing on the threshold of a change in the paradigm of world development. The era whose foundations were laid by
764:
He also founded internet-training centres for teachers, a forum for the discussion by journalists of reform and democracy, and foundations which finance archaeological digs, cultural exchanges, summer camps for children and a boarding school for orphans.
1878:
reported that Khodorkovsky, living in Zurich, was "plotting the downfall of the man who put him behind bars for a decade." The newspaper cited him as claiming that Russian intelligence services were monitoring his communications. In early 2015, he told
1890:. The attacks included anonymous posters and banners flown across Russian cities likening opposition figures to unsavoury characters from history or labeling them as traitors to Russia. It has yet to be determined who is behind the organization, and
1578:
in Sochi might have played a role in the granting of the pardon. His guards told him to pack his things and he was flown at once to St. Petersburg, where he was given "a parka and a passport" and, switching planes on the tarmac, put on a flight to
1022:
In June 2009, the Council of Europe published a report which criticized the Russian government's handling of the Yukos case, entitled "Allegations of Politically Motivated Abuses of the Criminal Justice System in Council of Europe Member States":
1349:
conveyor belt, which has undermined justice is truly the gravedigger of modern Russian statehood. Because it turns many thousands of the country's most active, sensible and independent citizens against this statehood – with enviable regularity."
676:
In 1992, Khodorkovsky was appointed chairman of the Investment Promotion Fund of the fuel and power industry. He was appointed Deputy Minister of Fuel and Energy of Russia in March 1993. In 1996, Menatep acquired a major Russian oil producer,
1382:
Khodorkovsky became eligible for parole after having served half of his original sentence, however, in February 2007, state prosecutors began to prepare new charges of embezzlement, leading up to a second trial which began in March 2009.
626:
1259:
In May 2010, Khodorkovsky went on a two-day hunger-strike to protest what he said was a violation of the recent law against imprisonment of persons accused of financial crimes. The law was pushed by President Medvedev after the death of
668:, which stated in part: "It is time to stop living according to Lenin! ... Our guiding light is Profit, acquired in a strictly legal way. Our Lord is His Majesty, Money, for it is only He who can lead us to wealth as the norm in life."
1206:, who is ill and was held in jail and who was denied the medical treatment he needed. Aleksanyan was transferred from a pre-trial prison to an oncological hospital on 8 February 2008, after which Khodorkovsky called off his strike.
481:, or try to raise a contented conformist. They chose the second path, with results that far exceeded their expectations. Mikhail became a fervent Communist and Soviet patriot, a member of a species that had seemed all but extinct."
983:
Khodorkovsky was defended in court by an experienced team led by Yury Schmidt and including Karinna Moskalenko. The prosecutors claimed they were operating independently of the presidential administration. The Prosecutor-General,
2079:, which promoted student government to young adults. The scout program incorporated aspects of student government. Participants from throughout the country spent their holidays organizing student-governed bodies at summer camps.
5688:
962:
The charges against Khodorkovsky and his associates were that, in 1994, while chairman of Menatep, he "created an organized group of individuals with the intention of taking control of the shares in Russian companies during the
1407:
said: "it does seem odd to me that these new charges, which appear to be a repackaging of the old charges, should be surfacing now, years after these two individuals have been in prison and as they become eligible for parole."
419:. At the end of 2013, his personal estate was believed to be worth, as a rough estimate, $ 100–250 million. At the end of 2014, he was said to be worth about $ 500 million. In 2015, he moved to London. In December 2016, the
659:
by Communist hard-liners", Gessen wrote, "he was on the barricades in front of Moscow's White House, helping to defend the government." Shortly thereafter, having lost his faith in Communism, he and his business associate
1277:, detailing his time incarcerated. Khodorkovsky has spoken about how his incarceration has changed his "value system" in life, and that there are now, for an example, more important things for him than business pursuits.
4780:
231:
4385:
1158:
On 31 August 2005, he announced that he would run for parliament. This initiative was made possible by the legal loophole: a convicted felon cannot vote or stand for a parliament, but if his case is lodged with the
5020:
5948:
5270:
2123:
After being convicted for tax evasion, money-laundering, and embezzlement, Khodorkovsky maintained his innocence and said that his conviction was "retribution for financing political parties that opposed Putin".
1079:, never stopped defending Khodorkhovsky: "I think that any person becomes a political prisoner if the law is applied to him selectively, and this is an absolutely clear case. This is a glaringly lawless action."
2021:
633:
operations, which is a questionable practice in itself. Moreover, the government granted Bank Menatep the right to manage funds allocated for the victims of the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Khodorkovsky said:
2115:
In February 2003, at a televised meeting at the Kremlin, Khodorkovsky argued with Putin about corruption. He implied that major government officials were accepting millions in bribes. In early 2012, prior to
1228:
In prison, Khodorkovsky announced that he would research and write a PhD dissertation on the topic of Russian oil policy. The third part of Khodorkovsky's essay/thesis "Left Turn" with the subheading "Global
1199:. Khodorkovsky's supporters pointed out that the charges came just months before Khodorkovsky and Lebedev were to become eligible for parole, as well as a year before the next Russian presidential election.
4329:
2391:
3525:
4251:
602:. In addition to importing and reselling computers, the "scientific" center was involved in trading a wide range of other products. The opening of the center eventually made possible the founding of
5736:
1455:
wrongs of Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev's first convictions there can no longer be any doubt that their second trial was deeply flawed and politically motivated." On 25 October 2013, the
1213:, the Estonian composer, wrote his Symphony no. 4, and dedicated it to him. The symphony had its premiere on 10 January 2009 in Los Angeles at the Walt Disney Concert Hall, under the direction of
6782:
361:, a reform-minded organization intending to "build and strengthen civil society" in the country. In October 2003, he was arrested by Russian authorities and charged with fraud. The government of
5874:
5292:
3116:
4019:
789:, comprising some of the most valuable assets of a state-owned oil company. In a controversial auction process, Berezovsky acquired 50% of the company at what most agree was a very low price.
230:
3974:
1883:
that he held no desire to run for the presidency, or had any political ambition, although he still held ambitions of social changes; he called his efforts "civic activity" and not politics.
6772:
5310:
1321:, arguing that "authoritarianism in its current Russian form does not meet many key humanitarian requirements customary for any country that wishes to consider itself modern and European."
2016:
as well as some 50 others, met in Berlin and signed a joint declaration "in which they declared their commitment to fundamental positions, the first of which is the criminal nature of the
617:, worked very closely with his Menatep helping Menatep to list its stock in the United States. Natasha Gurfinkel Kagalovskaya, who is married to a former senior executive at Bank Menatep
1317:
Khodorkovsky asserts his political transformation in many of his own writings from prison. On 26 October 2009, he published a response to Dmitri Medvedev's "Forward, Russia!" article in
1446:
test, which indicated that she likely believes that Danilkin acted under pressure. Judge Danilkin responded that "the assertion by Natalya Vasilyeva was nothing more than slander".
1439:, said that the judge did not write the verdict, and had read it against his will. Essentially, Natalya Vasilyeva said the judge's verdict was "brought from the Moscow City Court".
5155:
3647:
1478:
5388:
4784:
1442:
In her statement she also noted that "everyone in the judicial community understands perfectly that this is a rigged case, a fixed trial". On 24 February Vasilyeva underwent a
861:
The arrest was preceded by the publication of an analytical report titled "An oligarchic coup is being prepared in Russia", prepared under the guidance of political strategist
232:
6832:
2647:
2436:
967:
through deceit." This was with particular reference to supposedly "illegal actions" he had taken in the privatisation of the State-owned mining and fertiliser company Apatit.
3806:
2196:
5028:
5193:
5181:
4617:
599:
4036:
3398:
1781:
2016 the District Court of The Hague quashed the decisions of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, ruling that it had no jurisdiction as provisional application of the
458:. They were both opponents of communism, though they kept this from their son, who was born in 1963. Having experienced a rise in state anti-Semitism and the death of
6837:
4664:
3450:
2184:
5004:
4320:
2200:
2063:" within Russia. Careful normally not to criticise the current leadership, he says the military and security services exercise too much authority. In 2010 he told
489:
136:
2395:
792:
When Berezovsky had a confrontation with Putin, and felt compelled to leave Russia for London (where he was granted asylum), he assigned his shares in Sibneft to
1945:
In November 2022 Khodorkovsky published on the internet, a book in both Russian and English languages entitled "HOW DO YOU SLAY A DRAGON? A Manual for Start-Up
3820:
777:, creating an oil company with reserves equal to those of Western petroleum multinationals. Khodorkovsky had been reported to be involved in negotiations with
4857:
6857:
3522:
1977:
4261:
1082:
A cartoonist present at the trial created a cartoon series depicting the events. These cartoons compared Khodorkovsky's trial to the trial of Franz Kafka's
3543:
2190:
1424:
1420:
1416:
2886:
1008:
Khodorkovsky received support from independent third parties who believed that he was a victim of a politicized judicial system. On 29 November 2004, the
6802:
6787:
1712:
3170:
6877:
6862:
6141:
5878:
3042:
2679:
4110:
3484:
2544:
629:
or "Mickey" Galitzine had previously headed the Eastern European business at the Bank of New York and travelled for the first time to Russia in 1990.
6179:
3907:
2001:
1436:
450:
Khodorkovsky's parents, Boris and Marina Khodorkovsky, were engineers at a factory making measuring instruments in Moscow. Khodorkovsky's father was
1255:
three decades ago is ending. Unconditionally including myself in that part of society that has liberal views, I see: ahead – is a Turn to the Left."
6842:
5708:
3971:
2247:
1908:
1897:
In August 2015, the Kremlin summoned Khodorkovsky's father for questioning. On 7 December 2015, Khodorkovsky received an official summons from the
4643:
4378:"25.10.2013 – Worldwide Reading in Solidarity with Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Platon Lebedev and all Political Prisoners in Russia – Worldwide Reading"
4166:
4016:
2847:
2135:
through to the very end: yes, I am. I see this as my civic duty." He said he was "offering myself as a crisis manager. Because that's what I am."
835:, Khodorkovsky's partner and the fourth largest shareholder in Yukos, was arrested on suspicion of illegally acquiring a stake in the state-owned
307:
activist, now residing in London. In 2003, Khodorkovsky was believed to be the wealthiest man in Russia, with a fortune estimated to be worth $ 15
5250:
2331:
2127:
On 20 December 2013, Putin signed a pardon freeing Khodorkovsky. Following his release, Khodorkovsky addressed the media at a news conference in
1732:
4923:
5750:
5232:
4589:
1973:
1613:, for their roles in securing his release. On 24 December, Khodorkovsky was interviewed in his Berlin hotel room on the BBC television program
893:. The Moscow stock market was closed for the first time ever for an hour to ensure stable trading as prices collapsed. Russia's currency, the
2587:
796:. Abramovich subsequently agreed to the merger. With 19.5 billion barrels (3 km) of oil and gas, the merged entity would have owned the
6035:
5834:
5650:
5328:
1054:, a Holocaust survivor and human rights activist, began a campaign to raise awareness of Khodorkovsky's trial and advocate for his release.
6867:
6257:
4757:
3252:
1104:, a prison in Moscow. On 1 August 2005, a political essay written by Khodorkovsky in his prison cell, titled "Left Turn", was published in
113:
5368:
4838:
4483:
3848:
3142:
415:
On being pardoned by Putin and released from prison at the end of 2013, Khodorkovsky immediately left Russia and was granted residency in
5486:
2020:." The Putin regime was "illegitimate and criminal", and stated that for this reason it "must be eliminated". The document was entitled "
881:), maintained close ties with journalists from various publications, and financed the annual Energy Prize and many educational programs.
4560:
975:"leave the country and try to bargain from a position of freedom. We should take our money out and start a new business and a new life."
6797:
6219:
5392:
3381:
2275:
937:
stated that she did not put her signature under this letter and condemned the very form of such an appeal. Another of the signatories,
4937:
4429:
3660:
724:
By 1998, Khodorkovsky had built an import-export business with an annual turnover of 80 million rubles (about US$ 10 million). In the
342:, in the mid-1990s, he accumulated considerable wealth by obtaining control of a number of Siberian oil fields unified under the name
6812:
5547:
1115:
980:
that Russia must modernize socially and espouse an open and transparent economy, promoting technology over purely natural resources.
874:
5528:
5076:
4063:
3336:
3310:
2075:
Khodorkovsky promoted social programs through Yukos in regions where the company operated, one example being "New Civilization", in
1698:, Khodorkovsky made only a few public appearances until the revolution broke out in Ukraine. On 9 March 2014, Khodorkovsky spoke at
6817:
5674:
4194:
1456:
1009:
996:
affiliated with Yukos, including two lawyers, had already been arrested. Nine more had evaded arrest only by fleeing the country."
5737:"Russian opposition convenes in Berlin, signs joint declaration of political goals. Navalny's Anti-Corruption Foundation abstains"
5463:
4991:
2906:
3581:
2493:
2417:
1918:. Also in May 2022, Khodorkovsky participated in the 8th "Russia Forum" in Vilnius, together with former Russian Prime Minister
5415:
4352:
3616:
1891:
917:
6077:
1886:
In March 2015, Khodorkovsky, along with other opposition figures, was a subject of attacks by a shadowy organization known as
1100:
On 30 May 2005, Mikhail Khodorkovsky was sentenced to nine years in a medium security prison. At the time, he was detained at
6172:
6062:
6088:
4040:
3013:
2358:
656:
6224:
4672:
3424:
3097:
2519:
1792:
movement, with a live teleconference broadcast featuring groups of civil society activists and pro-democracy opposition in
1621:
5777:
5670:
2112:
convictions and his life in accordance with his identity. That is what landed him in prison and what has kept him there."
1904:
In September 2016, Khodorkovsky launched an "Instead of Putin" website where visitors can vote for alternatives to Putin.
1601:
6792:
6716:
5808:
3501:
2775:
1000:
finishing on 31 May. Khodorkovsky's lawyers alleged that it was read as slowly as possible to minimize public attention.
4964:
1593:
After gaining his freedom, Khodorkovsky released a written statement in which he thanked former German foreign minister
1459:
held a worldwide reading in solidarity with Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Platon Lebedev and all political prisoners in Russia.
6731:
6711:
6290:
4994:
swissinfo.ch International Service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation. 23 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
2117:
1550:
223:
6083:
5722:
5050:
1659:, which claimed Khodorkovsky "spent much of his time in London", he said he was "definitely considering" applying for
843:
in 1994. The arrest was followed by purported investigations into taxation returns filed by Yukos, and a delay in the
5901:
4662:
An anti-Putin protest was being planned for the same day in Moscow, with 12,000 police and troops prepared for duty (
3711:
2857:
1898:
1644:
1482:
585:
525:
Alexey Golubovich, had a significant impact on his growing success, since Golubovich's parents held top positions in
6146:
3402:
2131:, Germany. He referred to himself as a "political prisoner", and stated he would not re-enter business or politics.
6165:
6151:
3457:
1930:
and others. The aim of the "anti-Putin summit" was to develop a strategy on how to "deputise" Russia and "slay the
1016:
462:, the Khodorkovskys were part of a generation of well-educated Soviets who were silently supportive of dissidents.
4223:
4118:
2301:
1837:
stated that Khodorkovsky planned "to bring about a constitutional conference that would shift power away from the
1694:
Following his pardon and release from prison on 20 December 2013 at the same time as members of the protest group
1386:
Prosecutors filed new charges against Khodorkovsky, alleging that he stole 350 million tons of oil, charges which
6691:
6214:
6131:
5551:
4199:
1927:
1172:
942:
552:
339:
6154:
English translation of the correspondence between Mikhail Khodorkovsky and the Russian writer Lyudmila Ulitskaya
6002:
5510:
1195:
On 5 February 2007, new charges of embezzlement and money laundering were brought against both Khodorkovsky and
6345:
2707:
1765:
1633:
786:
712:
For one week in 1994, he was the director of an online internet bank known as the European Union Bank based in
397:
6762:
6295:
3561:
2665:
2175:
Khodorkhovsky has been involved in various philanthropic endeavours since the beginning of the 21st century:
1044:
725:
465:
The family were moderately well off, living in a two-room flat in a concrete block in the suburbs of Moscow.
40:
4705:
3916:
3050:
2955:
2708:"Frontline/World - Moscow - Rich in Russia - Interview with Mikhail Khodorkovsky: Money, Power and Politics"
621:, supervised the Bank of New York's Eastern European business beginning in 1992. She had been a banker with
6822:
6706:
6661:
6285:
6250:
6101:
6084:
Centre for Eastern Studies report: "The Yukos Affair: its Motives and Implications" (in Polish and English)
5389:"Mikhail Khodorkovsky on Open Russia and Building Civil Society | A Conversation With Mikhail Khodorkovsky"
3954:
1915:
1824:
1777:
1720:
1332:
797:
785:
to sell one or the other of them a large stake in Yukos. Sibneft was created in 1995, at the suggestion of
17:
6111:
2051:, urging citizens to give the mutineers gasoline and for their opponents not to fight against the mutiny.
1285:
6807:
6701:
6696:
6300:
6229:
6209:
5346:
2017:
818:
placed him 16th on its list of the world's wealthiest people, with a fortune estimated at $ 16 billion."
643:
defaulted on some of his foreign debt and took his Yukos shares offshore to protect them from creditors.
312:
156:
6147:
Complete text transcript and audio (Russian) of Khodorkovsky's Closing Statement at Khamovnichesky Court
5934:
3763:
1302:
asserted in April 2010 that after six years in prison, Khodorkovsky had politically transformed from an
1035:
Statements of support for Khodorkovsky and criticism of the state's persecution have been passed by the
6872:
6852:
6726:
5205:
4912:
4565:
4452:
3992:
3937:
3481:
2680:"The Yukos affair: Baiting the bear: Russia is trying to impede enforcement of a massive damages award"
4408:
3873:
1643:
On 23 December 2015, a Russian court issued an international arrest warrant for Khodorkovsky whom the
949:
misled her about the letter's content. As part of the same Radio Liberty project, on 4 February 2011,
2040:
1842:
1640:
in July 2014, however Khodorkovsky was not a party to the legal action. In 2015, he moved to London.
1511:
On 22 August 2008, he was denied parole by Judge Igor Faliliyev, at the Ingodinsky district court in
5751:"Russia live updates: Putin accuses Wagner chief of 'mutiny' and vows mercenaries will face justice"
5313:[Russia: opponent Khodorkovsky launches a pro-European movement "Open Russia"] (in French).
5158:[Vladimir Putin's "magnanimous gesture" towards the Russian opposition]. France Télévisions.
3778:
6390:
5723:"Russian political opposition sign declaration in Europe against Putin's regime and war in Ukraine"
3746:[Former Vice-President of Yukos Aleksanyan transferred from jail to a specialized clinic].
2999:
1705:
In March 2014, Khodorkovsky was presented with the "Man of the Year" award by the Polish newspaper
1624:
which ruled in 2008 against the release of documents to the Russian authorities, that tied him and
1119:
385:
lobbied for his release, Putin pardoned Khodorkovsky, releasing him from jail on 20 December 2013.
82:
5169:
2608:
6847:
6234:
6188:
5693:
5441:
5420:
5314:
4289:. Vol. 398, no. 8721. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 19–25 February 2011. p. 28.
3621:[Khodorkovsky "distributed" to the 8th detachment of the "uranium" colony] (in Russian).
3603:
2566:
1666:
In December 2016, a court unfroze $ 100m of Khodorkovsky's assets that had been held in Ireland.
1543:
1512:
1505:
1168:
1063:
964:
351:
347:
4141:
3262:
2031:
6777:
5599:
4091:
2780:
2179:
1594:
1290:
745:
556:
405:
382:
170:
5572:
5496:
1863:, a collection of sketches about his life in prison, was published in 2014. John Lloyd of the
369:
December 2010, while he was still serving his sentence, Khodorkovsky and his business partner
6385:
6096:
5992:
3716:[Mikhail Khodorkovsky went on a hunger strike in solidarity with Vasily Aleksanyan].
3197:
2898:
1782:
1702:
in Kyiv, where he accused the Russian government of complicity in the killing of protesters.
1058:
908:
870:
810:
618:
484:
The young Khodorkovsky was ambitious and received excellent grades. He became deputy head of
409:
2798:
6767:
6676:
6440:
4437:
3941:
3933:
How The West Can Stop Putin, with Exiled Critic Mikhail Khodorkovsky | Intelligence Squared
3401:[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe]. Assembly.coe.int. Archived from
3284:
Cultural figures against "unhealthy tendencies" in connection with the Yukos case, Grani.ru
3202:
2013:
1740:
1699:
1575:
938:
496:
in 1986. While in college, Khodorkovsky married a fellow student, Yelena. They had a son,
493:
33:
6071:
5691:[At secret meetings, critics outline three scenarios for a Russia without Putin].
2593:
1155:
and heart problems, and keeping him in the punishment cell would be equivalent to murder.
567:
8:
6671:
6505:
6480:
6019:
3502:"Wiesel Kicks Off Campaign To Free Khodorkovsky – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty 2010"
3340:
3314:
3283:
2441:
2146:
2107:"At the root of the conflict between Putin and Khodorkovsky", stated writer and activist
2048:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1744:
1632:, on 5 January 2014. Yukos shareholders were awarded $ 50 billion in compensation by the
1600:
On 22 December 2013, two days after his release, he appeared at a news conference at the
1341:
1273:
1221:
1101:
1028:
862:
424:
362:
268:
6029:
5996:
3378:
1553:
as president of Russia, President Medvedev ordered a review of Khodorkovsky's sentence.
322:
apparatus, during the Soviet years, and started several businesses during the period of
6528:
6420:
6375:
6040:
6008:
4710:
4648:
4301:
3295:
Figure skater Irina Rodnina said she did not sign a letter against Khodorkovsky in 2005
2036:
1981:
1773:
1724:
1629:
1597:, who had played a critical role in diplomatic negotiations, for securing his release.
1307:
1036:
889:
Initially news of Khodorkovsky's arrest had a significant effect on the share price of
855:
513:
The enterprise was made possible by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's programme of
497:
389:
304:
4883:
3744:Бывший вице-президент "ЮКОСа" Алексанян переведен из СИЗО в специализированную клинику
3578:
3294:
3072:
2628:
693:
6736:
6634:
6599:
6500:
6490:
6470:
6410:
6370:
6325:
6263:
6116:
4594:
4068:
3878:
2853:
2659:
2009:
1993:
1648:
1303:
1252:
1214:
1203:
1152:
455:
300:
3626:
1565:
263:
6619:
6614:
6475:
6465:
6445:
6435:
6415:
6395:
6330:
6317:
6280:
6268:
5848:
5373:
4888:
4806:
4536:
4171:
3257:
3185:
2467:
2392:"Russian businessmen declared prisoners of conscience after convictions are upheld"
2226:
2160:
The Russian Conundrum: How the West Fell for Putin's Power Gambit—And How to Fix It
2060:
1953:
1919:
1755:
1748:
1605:
1590:
any court cases." However Khodorkovsky maintains that he had made no such promise.
1500:
1345:
about the "conveyor belt" of Russian justice. In this article, he states that the "
1261:
1176:
1127:
1122:, or the historical successors to these parties. The left-wing liberals, including
985:
950:
793:
685:
610:
378:
291:
6055:
5077:"Russia reopens 1998 murder probe; Putin critic Mikhail Khodorkovsky is a suspect"
3225:
2933:
2887:
Russian Money-Laundering Investigation Finds a Familiar Swiss Banker in the Middle
1415:
On 14 January 2020, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Russia violated
1015:
In addition, Khodorkovsky has received admiration and support from members of the
563:
6681:
6551:
6495:
6485:
6430:
6365:
6360:
6335:
6275:
6246:
6066:
5689:"Kritiker entwerfen auf Geheimtreffen drei Szenarien für ein Russland ohne Putin"
5128:
5102:
4918:
4023:
3978:
3585:
3529:
3488:
3385:
3174:
3101:
2982:
2163:
2100:
2096:
1865:
1707:
1660:
1620:
After his release Khodorkovsky acknowledged the support he had received from the
1311:
1160:
1076:
814:
753:
614:
423:
District Court unfroze $ 100m of Khodorkovsky's assets that had been held in the
388:
There was widespread concern internationally that the trials and sentencing were
3713:Михаил Ходорковский объявил голодовку в знак солидарности с Василием Алексаняном
3685:
904:. Kukes, who became the CEO of Yukos, was already an experienced oil executive.
6827:
6594:
6584:
6450:
6355:
5988:
5311:"Russie: l'opposant Khodorkovski lance un mouvement pro-européen "Open Russia""
3748:
3251:
Bell, Simon in Moscow; Kemeny, Lucinda and; Porter, Andrew (2 September 2003).
2960:
2911:
2902:
2091:
1965:
1961:
1938:, and not the president, should exercise power in Russia, Khodorkovsky said in
1809:
1674:
1326:
1196:
1144:
1131:
832:
749:
661:
370:
365:
272:
5435:
4970:
4737:[Putin pardoned Khodorkovsky] (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 18 December 2013
3931:
3721:
1515:. The basis for this was in part because Khodorkovsky "refused to attend jail
900:
Yukos moved quickly to replace Khodorkovsky with a Russian-born U.S. citizen,
6756:
6721:
6686:
6655:
6579:
6460:
6425:
6350:
6240:
6013:
5653:[Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Garry Kasparov declared "foreign agents"].
4457:
Press Centre for Defence Attorneys of Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev
4434:
Press Centre for Defence Attorneys of Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev
4430:"Statements: 'I'm constantly reminded that I'm in jail until further notice'"
4256:
4228:
2684:
1989:
1969:
1957:
1946:
1923:
1820:
1816:
1797:
1736:
1716:
1610:
1532:
1528:
1298:
1248:
1202:
On 28 January 2008, Khodorkovsky began a hunger strike to help his associate
1140:
1072:
946:
934:
894:
878:
782:
716:
after which it collapsed. Numerous banking regulators claimed it was a scam.
652:
459:
433:
150:
6112:"Unlikely Martyr: Mikhail Khodorkovsky as Noble Dissident in Putin's Russia"
1171:
YaG-14/10 (Исправительное учреждение общего режима ЯГ-14/10) in the town of
469:
wrote that they faced a dilemma raising Mikhail: “Speak your mind about the
6666:
6609:
6563:
6533:
6523:
6380:
6024:
5785:
5625:
5051:"Russian court orders arrest of Mikhail Khodorkovsky over contract killing"
4512:
3018:
2794:
2437:"Mikhail Khodorkovsky 'not a political prisoner', Human Rights court rules"
2252:
2120:, Khodorkovsky and Putin were said to have both underestimated each other.
2108:
2005:
1931:
1874:
1805:
1652:
1585:
1524:
1404:
1244:
651:
Khodorkovsky also served as an economic adviser to the first government of
622:
603:
470:
466:
374:
335:
117:
6157:
5905:
5651:"Михаила Ходорковского и Гарри Каспарова объявили "иностранными агентами""
4732:
3014:"Mother of jailed Russian oligarch Mikhail Khodorkovsky calls for UK help"
1942:, adding that the end of Putin’s government “will not be long in coming”.
1911:, which seeks to map the network of people operating in support of Putin.
1535:
condemned or expressed concern over Khodorkovsky's extended sentence. The
1210:
801:
the former Sibneft shareholders were able to get the transaction negated.
6741:
6455:
6400:
6203:
6107:
6074:
Ivan Eland discusses the international fallout from Khodorkovsky's arrest
5673:[The 8th Vilnius Russian Forum is taking place] (in Lithuanian).
5171:
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 9 March 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
4092:"Obama Raises Concerns About Freedom and Judicial Independence in Russia"
2562:
2215:
1997:
1985:
1793:
1789:
1536:
1495:
1362:
1358:
1230:
1088:. As of August 2015, these cartoons are on display at the Dox Gallery of
1066:, and called for their release on the expiry of their initial sentences.
1051:
901:
514:
478:
474:
416:
401:
393:
358:
330:
178:
5778:"Op-Ed: What do Julian Assange and Mikhail Khodorkovsky have in common?"
3143:"Khodorkovsky's gamble: from business to politics in the YUKOS conflict"
6624:
6543:
5295:[Mikhail Khodorkovsky Considers Becoming President of Russia].
4321:"Khodorkovsky verdict was ordered from above, claims judge's assistant"
2494:"Russia's trial of oil magnate Khodorkovsky not political, court rules"
2334:[Statement by Khodorkovsky: Thanks to Hans-Dietrich Genscher].
2025:
1935:
1758:
and received an award for his efforts to reform Russian civil society.
1728:
1695:
1679:
1388:
1184:
836:
778:
44:
4938:"Transcript of Mikhail Khodorkovsky's Open Press Conference in Berlin"
1914:
On 20 May 2022, Khodorkovsky was designated as 'foreign agent' by the
1110:, calling for a turn to a more socially responsible state. He stated:
6547:
6340:
5255:
4590:"U.S., Europe condemn Russia for tough Mikhail Khodorkovsky sentence"
4489:
3783:
3590:
3363:"Why Are Russian Verdicts So Long? They can take two weeks to read",
2359:"WikiLeaks: rule of law in Mikhail Khodorkovsky trial merely 'gloss'"
2220:
1769:
1637:
1443:
1235:
1182:
The second part of Khodorkovsky's essay "Left Turn" was published in
1106:
1084:
1040:
920:
under a deal that they had concluded prior to Khodorkovsky's arrest.
844:
5949:"EU Statement on the continued crackdown on civil society in Russia"
5573:"Exiled Russian Oligarch Launches Contest to Find Putin Alternative"
5329:"Mikhail Khodorkovsky Launches Movement to Challenge Vladimir Putin"
5156:"Le "geste magnanime" de Vladimir Poutine envers l'opposition russe"
2248:"Russian oligarch in London fatalistic about his safety from attack"
1188:
on 11 November 2005, in which he expressed social democratic views.
6569:
5875:"Khodorkovsky speaks out on plight of Russia's political prisoners"
5296:
5271:"Arbitration awards on multi-billion claims against Russia quashed"
5192:
Khodorkovsky Receives ‘Man of the Year’ Award from Gazeta Wyborcza
4668:
4252:"Broken Justice: how Khodorkovsky judge was pressured into verdict"
3622:
3362:
2471:
1819:, delivering the keynote address at a Washington, D.C., meeting of
1801:
1346:
925:
736:
518:
485:
440:
324:
319:
5709:"Russia does not need a president, says Khodorkovsky in Lithuania"
5529:"Russia summons Kremlin foe Khodorkovsky's father for questioning"
5005:
Freed Russian Applies for Swiss Visa Allowing Travel in 26 Nations
4839:"Mikhail Khodorkovsky on life after prison and Russia after Putin"
4618:"William Hague expresses concern at Mikhail Khodorkovsky sentence"
2545:Сколько денег у Ходорковского: попытка оценки Читайте подробнее на
1485:
No.922 granting pardon to Mikhail Khodorkovsky on 20 December 2013
1167:
As reported on 20 October 2005, Khodorkovsky was delivered to the
773:
In April 2003, Khodorkovsky announced that Yukos would merge with
6574:
6136:
5983:
5577:
5548:"Khodorkovsky 'Accused' In Case Tied To Siberian Mayor's Killing"
5491:
5293:"Mikhaïl Khodorkovski envisage de devenir président de la Russie"
4913:"Freed oil magnate Mikhail Khodorkovsky strikes magnanimous tone"
4167:"Khodorkovsky Was Denied Right to Fair Russian Trial, Court Says"
3825:
2076:
1939:
1754:
In May 2014, Khodorkovsky was praised by former Polish president
1687:
1467:
1463:
1366:
1123:
866:
774:
713:
526:
473:
and risk making your child miserable, with the constant need for
52:
4460:
3544:"Russian Dissident Opens New Chapter in His Anti-Putin Movement"
3098:"Berezovsky locks horns with Abramovich, and, indirectly, Putin"
854:
On the morning of 25 October 2003, Khodorkovsky was arrested at
6783:
D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia alumni
6604:
6589:
6559:
6555:
5655:
5233:"Russia ordered to pay $ 50bn in damages to Yukos shareholders"
5021:"Hague court awards $ 50 bn compensation to Yukos shareholders"
4484:"In brief: Clark Rockefeller; Kashmir; Somalia; Karadzic; Iraq"
3298:
2418:"European Court Rules That Khodorkovsky's Rights Were Violated"
2154:
How Do You Slay A Dragon? A Manual for Start-Up Revolutionaries
2128:
1580:
1516:
1089:
848:
840:
744:
After the price of oil began to rise again, he established the
700:
625:
since 1986 which was acquired by the Bank of New York in 1988.
420:
334:
in the late 1980s. In 1989, he became Chairman of the Board of
109:
5955:. The Permanent Delegation of Norway to the OSCE. 8 July 2021.
4195:"European Court Rules Russia's Khodorkovsky Denied Fair Trial"
4017:
Khodorkovsky: Conveyor Belt of Russian Justice Legalizes Abuse
3661:"Khodorkovsky's Cell Mate Names Names in 'Forced' 2006 Attack"
1542:
On 15 February 2011, Vyacheslav Lebedev, chairman of Russia's
1462:
In June 2011, Khodorkovsky was sent to prison colony No. 7 of
1435:
On 14 February 2011, Natalya Vasilyeva, an assistant to Judge
1069:
A two-hour documentary about his plight was released in 2011.
681:, which had debts exceeding $ 3.5 billion, for $ 309 million.
6629:
6538:
5971:
5600:"Russian secret-spilling site 'Dossier' steps into spotlight"
5437:
Mikhail Khodorkovsky Addresses European Parliament 2 Dec 2014
4538:Ходорковский получил 13,5 лет лишения свободы по второму делу
3425:"KHODORKOVSKY IMPRISONMENT HIGHLIGHTED IN BRITISH PARLIAMENT"
1788:
On 20 September 2014, Khodorkovsky officially relaunched the
1655:, who was murdered in June 1998. Speaking on the same day on
1625:
1449:
890:
678:
509:
position in city management someplace far from the capital."
381:. Khodorkovsky's prison sentence was extended to 2014. After
343:
163:
6773:
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Russia
3809:, Khodorkovsky Center, 7 November 2008 (English translation)
3781:[New Socialism: Left Turn – 3. Global Perestroika].
3779:"Новый социализм: Левый поворот – 3. Глобальная perestroika"
2332:"Erklärung von Chodorkowski: Dank an Hans-Dietrich Genscher"
2299:
1264:
who died in pre-trial detention in a Moscow prison in 2009.
1220:
Khodorkovsky spent more than half of his prison time in the
5979:
5487:"Giant Banners in Moscow Serve As Warning To Putin Critics"
5332:
5195:
Khodorkovsky.com. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
5183:
Khodorkovsky.com. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
4282:
3972:
Khodorkovsky's Opinion Editorial in Vedomosti: Generation M
2907:"Money Laundering Inquiry Uncovers a Woman's Meteoric Rise"
1683:
1139:
On 19 August 2005, Khodorkovsky announced that he was on a
989:
684:
In the 1990s, noted Gessen, "Khodorkovsky made millions in
600:
Center for Scientific and Technical Creativity of the Youth
451:
6097:
Keith Gessen on Khodorkovsky in the London Review of Books
5103:"Russia Khodorkovsky: Court orders exiled tycoon's arrest"
2205:
and the organization European Choice ("европейский выбор")
1114:"The next Russian administration will have to include the
699:
Nevzlin told Gessen about a time when Khodorkovsky was in
400:, seeking redress for alleged violations by Russia of his
4756:
Heritage, Timothy; Anishchuk, Alexei (19 December 2013).
3618:Ходорковского "распределили" в 8 отряд "урановой" колонии
3049:. Munich: Hubert Burda Media. p. 156. Archived from
2711:
2468:"Mikhail Khodorkovsky case: European Court faults Russia"
2059:
Khodorkovsky is openly critical of what he refers to as "
1880:
1656:
945:, explained her signature as a misunderstanding and that
252:
5935:"Russia Labels Khodorkovsky-Linked Groups 'Undesirable'"
5835:"Khodorkovsky Sees 1917-Like Crisis Nearing Under Putin"
5711:. Lithuanian National Radio and Television. 27 May 2022.
4849:
4409:"Mikhail Khodorkovsky Sent to Penal Colony Near Finland"
3849:"Russian ex-tycoon Khodorkovsky threatens hunger strike"
3337:"Letter against Khodorkovsky: Buinov follows Volochkova"
490:
D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia
137:
Mendeleev Russian University of Chemistry and Technology
6152:
Dialogues – Lyudmila Ulitskaya and Mikhail Khodorkovsky
5251:"Russia misses deadline for $ 50 billion Yukos payment"
4514:Ходорковского и Лебедева приговорили к 14 годам колонии
3718:
Press Center of Mikhail Khodorkovsky and Platon Lebedev
2589:
Rapperswil-Jona verliert seinen bekanntesten Einwohner.
2520:"Mikhail Khodorkovsky granted residency in Switzerland"
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
5416:"Putin Foe Mikhail Khodorkovsky Aims to Remake Russia"
3562:"'Rule By Madmen': The Khodorkovsky Trial in Cartoons"
2609:
Mikhail Khodorkovsky recovers $ 100m frozen in Ireland
2047:
On 24 June 2023, Khodorkovsky wrote in support of the
1828:
Now is when we must begin to make up this lost time."
1711:. Khodorkovsky also delivered keynote speeches at the
1339:
On 3 March 2010, Khodorkovsky published an article in
1019:
who have noted the decline of human rights in Russia.
295:; born 26 June 1963), sometimes known by his initials
6833:
European Court of Human Rights cases involving Russia
5335:
Convergence. Agence France-Presse. 20 September 2014.
2611:
7 December 2016 by: Vincent Boland and Neil Buckley,
1539:
said it brought Russia's legal system into question.
821:
5849:"Russia frees Khodorkovsky after Putin signs pardon"
4807:"Khodorkovsky arrives in Germany after Putin pardon"
4758:"Russia's jailed tycoon Khodorkovsky to be pardoned"
3186:Утро.ру: В России готовится олигархический переворот
2547:
by Леонид Бершидский,23 December 2013, Forbes Russia
2377:
1574:
Some opposition leaders suggested that the upcoming
1425:
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
1151:
of the jail. According to Khodorkovsky, Lebedev had
488:(the Communist Youth League) at his university, the
396:. Khodorkovsky lodged several applications with the
5815:. US: American Institute for Public Policy Research
5129:"Russian ex-tycoon Khodorkovsky may seek UK asylum"
4856:Martin, Michelle; Kelly, Lidia (26 December 2013).
4706:"Putin Says Tycoon Could Be Freed From Prison Soon"
4529:
3311:"Anastasia Volochkova goes to Mikhail Khodorkovsky"
2086:
1926:, the head of the US-government funded broadcaster
27:
Russian businessman and former oligarch (born 1963)
4930:
4911:
4884:"Khodorkovsky Will Work to Free Political Inmates"
4482:
4319:
4142:"Vladimir Putin Defends Central Control in Russia"
3955:"Mikhail Khodorkovsky's case: The Trial, part two"
3915:
3821:"Russia's Khodorkovsky ends two-day hunger strike"
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2654:. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014.
2300:Seth Mydans; Erin E. Arvedlund (26 October 2003).
1761:Khodorkovsky's mother died in the summer of 2014.
1560:
392:. The trial was criticized abroad for the lack of
6656:The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia
5369:"Khodorkovsky Declares Sudden Political Comeback"
4755:
2897:
2833:The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia
2326:
2324:
2322:
1403:During a visit to Moscow in July 2009, President
884:
731:
707:
6838:Plekhanov Russian University of Economics alumni
6754:
6003:Khodorkovsky & Lebedev Communications Center
5937:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 30 June 2021.
5841:
5464:"Kremlin critic: Not all Russians support Putin"
4858:"Inside Germany's campaign to free Khodorkovsky"
4064:"Russia seeks 14-year sentence for Khodorkovsky"
4039:. Kommersant Moscow. 1 July 2008. Archived from
3399:"Assemblée parlementaire du Conseil de l'Europe"
3250:
3034:
1027:"The Yukos affair epitomises this authoritarian
798:second-largest oil and gas reserves in the world
598:In 1987, Khodorkovsky and his partners opened a
441:Early years and entrepreneurship in Soviet Union
346:, one of the major companies to emerge from the
5010:. 24 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
4644:"Medvedev Orders Review of Tycoon's Conviction"
4090:Baker, Peter; Levy, Clifford J. (5 July 2009).
3504:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 25 June 2010
2873:
1852:On 2 December 2014, Khodorkovsky addressed the
5511:"Giant poster taunts Russian opposition radio"
4424:
4422:
4328:. London. Associated Press. 15 February 2011.
4302:"Natalia Vasilyeva Has Gone Through Polygraph"
2462:
2460:
2319:
2024:", and published in the form of a petition on
1508:, 4,000 miles (6,400 km) east of Moscow.
804:
373:were further charged with and found guilty of
348:privatization of state assets during the 1990s
6173:
4875:
4781:"Freed Russian oligarch has left for Germany"
4444:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
3874:"Russian court cuts Khodorkovsky's jail term"
3606:, CNN, 31 August 2005. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
3198:"Arrested oil tycoon passed shares to banker"
1916:Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation
1504:from a remand prison in the Siberian city of
1369:so long as Mr Khodorkovsky remains in jail."
957:
6858:Russian businesspeople in the United Kingdom
5877:. Euronews. 22 December 2013. Archived from
5366:
3991:Khodorkovsky, Mikhail B. (29 January 2010).
3990:
3807:"A Turn to the Left – 3: Global Perestroika"
3776:
3040:
2835:. New York: PublicAffairs. pp. 100–126.
2648:"50,000 March in Moscow Against Putin's War"
2035:Khodorkovsky speaking at a Russian rally on
1907:In November 2017, Khodorkovsky launched the
1143:in protest against his friend and associate
877:(although they refused to allocate money to
813:to reform Yukos's management structure, and
503:
437:as "the Kremlin's leading critic-in-exile".
6187:
6106:
5347:"Open Russia Announces Second Online Forum"
4855:
4419:
3000:"A vision for Russia", www.khodorkovsky.com
2457:
2434:
2276:"List of Billionaires Swells From 17 to 25"
2273:
2095:President Putin with Khodorkovsky (right),
1280:
941:, on 2 February 2011, in an interview with
929:newspaper published as an advertisement a "
492:, from which he graduated with a degree in
445:
6803:Russian businesspeople in the oil industry
6788:Recipients of Russian presidential pardons
6220:Economic history of the Russian Federation
6180:
6166:
6028:
5995:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5362:
5360:
5013:
4561:"Obama, Clinton blast Khodorkovsky ruling"
4541:(in Russian). NEWSru.com. 30 December 2010
4299:
4268:
4221:
3764:"Khodorkovsky Calls Off the Hunger Strike"
3523:Amnesty International document (in German)
3303:
3253:"Rothschild is the new power behind Yukos"
3117:"A New Twist in Russia's Yukos Oil Affair"
2949:
2947:
2891:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2646:Kara-Murza, Vladimir (26 September 2014).
2645:
2557:
2555:
2553:
1815:In October 2014, Khodorkovsky visited the
1604:in Berlin. Reporting on his comments, the
1450:Appeal and Amnesty International statement
1372:
566:. Please do not remove this message until
81:
6878:People listed in Russia as foreign agents
6863:Political prisoners according to Memorial
5775:
5206:"KHODORKOVSKY RECEIVES LECH WALESA AWARD"
4832:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4089:
3818:
3777:Khodorkovsky, Mikhail (7 November 2008).
3114:
3043:"FOCUS: Mikhail Khodorkovsky's Orphanage"
3041:Reitschuster, Boris (15 September 2008).
2604:
2602:
2582:
2580:
2538:
2245:
2022:Declaration of Russia’s Democratic Forces
1785:arbitration clause violated Russian law.
1609:well as the media, and German chancellor
1116:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
875:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
586:Learn how and when to remove this message
6080:with Marshall I. Goldman on Khodorkovsky
5899:
5675:Lithuanian National Radio and Television
5671:"Vyksta 8-asis Vilniaus Rusijos forumas"
5367:Nechepurenko, Ivan (21 September 2014).
4992:Khodorkovsky grateful for Swiss advocacy
4966:BBC HARDtalk Mikhail Khodorkovsky 241213
4903:
4778:
4665:"Moscow girds for post-election protest"
4641:
4615:
4517:(in Russian). Lenta.ru. 30 December 2010
4283:"The Khodorkovsky Case: Another verdict"
3650:, Khodorkovsky Center, 11 November 2005.
2846:Kotz, David Michael; Weir, Fred (2007).
2845:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2090:
2030:
1869:called it "vivid, humane and poignant".
1673:
1669:
1564:
1557:after the day of their arrests in 2003.
1477:
1457:Berlin International Literature Festival
1284:
1010:Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly
735:
664:wrote a "capitalist manifesto" entitled
562:Relevant discussion may be found on the
262:
6843:Russian emigrants to the United Kingdom
5920:
5776:Werbowski, Michael (11 December 2010).
5725:. Yahoo. Ukrayinska Pravda. 1 May 2023.
5715:
5484:
5357:
5285:
5153:
4962:
4909:
4881:
4779:Nataliya, Vailyeva (20 December 2013).
4450:
4111:"Court verdict on Khodorkovsky delayed"
3905:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3288:
3011:
3005:
2953:
2944:
2830:
2817:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2623:
2621:
2550:
2394:. Amnesty International. Archived from
2356:
2239:
1430:
971:moment that he and Khodorkovsky should
14:
6755:
6102:Foreign Policy article on second trial
6078:Council on Foreign Relations Interview
5941:
5827:
5729:
5545:
5413:
5230:
4926:from the original on 10 December 2022.
4836:
4821:
4704:Myers, Steven Lee (19 December 2013).
4406:
4300:Sadovskaya, Julia (25 February 2011).
4109:Belton, Catherine (15 December 2010).
4108:
3908:"Lunch with FT: Mikhail Khodorkovsky3"
3329:
2934:"Timeline: The rise and fall of Yukos"
2793:
2787:
2599:
2577:
2350:
1003:
768:
6161:
5444:from the original on 12 December 2021
5321:
5147:
4703:
4616:Oliphant, Roland (30 December 2010).
4350:
4139:
4061:
4037:"Style Improved in Khodorkovsky Case"
3541:
2784:, April 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
2639:
2561:
2512:
1549:On 5 March 2012, the day after Putin
1239:on 7 November 2008. In it he stated:
290:
5806:
5303:
4963:Gafarov, Anatol (28 December 2013).
4587:
4244:
4222:Chelisheva, Vera (15 January 2020).
4062:Loiko, Sergei L. (23 October 2010).
3894:
3846:
3140:
3115:Arvedlund, Erin E. (16 April 2004).
2725:
2618:
1952:On 30 April 2023 Khodorkovsky and a
1647:charged with ordering the murder of
1523:be released in 2017. U.S. President
1047:, among many other official bodies.
671:
613:, which was closely associated with
536:
299:, is an exiled Russian businessman,
6868:Defenders of the White House (1991)
5154:Brusini, Hervé (23 December 2013).
4882:Jordans, Frank (22 December 2013).
4451:Lebedev, Platon (11 October 2008).
4226:[No justice, no politics].
2954:Remnick, David (20 December 2010).
2302:"Police in Russia Seize Oil Tycoon"
2274:Maternovsky, Denis (1 March 2004).
2246:Gentleman, Amelia (20 March 2018).
1663:in the UK and felt safe in London.
1569:Khodorkovsky in 2013, after release
1324:In a 28 January 2010, op-ed for the
24:
6732:Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center
6291:1996 Russian presidential election
4910:Buckley, Neil (22 December 2013).
4837:Walker, Shaun (26 December 2014).
4783:. Associated Press. Archived from
4642:Schwirtz, Michael (5 March 2012).
4407:Kramer, Andrew E. (20 June 2011).
3906:Buckley, Neil (19 December 2014).
3226:"Russian tycoon 'names successor'"
822:Criminal charges and incarceration
757:States launch in Washington, D.C.
646:
25:
6889:
6798:Prisoners and detainees of Russia
6038:collected news and commentary at
6022:collected news and commentary at
6011:collected news and commentary at
5963:
5414:Whalen, Jeanna (3 October 2014).
5231:Rankin, Jennifer (28 July 2014).
4588:Zaks, Dmitry (31 December 2010).
4453:"Khodorkovsky Regressive Counter"
4140:Barry, Ellen (16 December 2010).
3686:"New fraud charges in Yukos case"
3022:. London: Guardian News and Media
3012:Harding, Luke (1 November 2009).
2357:Parfitt, Tom (27 December 2010).
2118:the Russian presidential election
1831:A 3 October 2014, article in the
1645:Investigative Committee of Russia
6813:Russian people of Jewish descent
6225:History of Russia (1991–present)
6137:Khodorkovsky Related Legal Cases
5893:
5867:
5800:
5769:
5743:
5701:
5681:
5663:
5643:
5618:
5592:
5565:
5546:Schrek, Carl (8 December 2015).
5539:
5521:
5503:
5485:Kaufman, Sarah (23 March 2015).
5478:
5456:
5428:
5407:
5391:. 6 October 2014. Archived from
5381:
5339:
5263:
5243:
5224:
5198:
5186:
5174:
5162:
5121:
5095:
5069:
5043:
4997:
4985:
4956:
4944:. MBK IP Limited. 6 January 2014
4799:
4772:
4749:
4725:
4697:
4332:from the original on 14 May 2022
4224:"Ни справедливости, ни политики"
3930:Interview Mikhail Khodorkovsky,
3819:Humphries, Conor (19 May 2010).
3566:Radio Free Europe: Radio Liberty
2087:Relationship with Vladimir Putin
1922:, the head of the US-think tank
1894:are concerned over the attacks.
1531:, and British Foreign Secretary
1498:", he said in an interview with
541:
311:billion, and was ranked 16th on
292:[mʲɪxɐˈilxədɐrˈkofskʲɪj]
228:
196:
6818:Russian prisoners and detainees
6717:Russia–United Kingdom relations
6215:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
6142:Michael Khodorkovsky Statements
5953:OSCE Permanent Council No. 1323
5552:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
5273:. Rechtspraak.nl. 20 April 2016
4688:
4635:
4609:
4581:
4553:
4505:
4475:
4400:
4370:
4344:
4312:
4293:
4215:
4200:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
4187:
4159:
4133:
4102:
4083:
4055:
4029:
4010:
3993:"A Time and a Place for Russia"
3984:
3965:
3947:
3924:
3866:
3840:
3812:
3800:
3770:
3756:
3736:
3704:
3678:
3653:
3641:
3609:
3604:Khodorkovsky to stand for Dumas
3597:
3572:
3554:
3542:Baker, Peter (2 October 2014).
3535:
3516:
3494:
3475:
3443:
3417:
3391:
3372:
3355:
3277:
3244:
3218:
3190:
3179:
3164:
3134:
3108:
3090:
3065:
2993:
2975:
2926:
2839:
2700:
2672:
2486:
2422:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2170:
2138:
1934:", meaning Vladimir Putin. The
1899:Russian Investigative Committee
1561:Upon release from prison (2013)
1365:or about modernisation will be
719:
340:dissolution of the Soviet Union
318:. He had worked his way up the
280:Mikhail Borisovich Khodorkovsky
6712:Russia–United States relations
4353:"Khodorkovsky appeal rejected"
3752:(in Russian). 8 February 2008.
3100:. NovayaGazeta. Archived from
2435:O'Flynn, Kevin (31 May 2011).
2428:
2410:
2293:
2267:
1766:Permanent Court of Arbitration
885:Reactions in Russia and abroad
826:
732:Early philanthropic activities
708:European Union Bank in Antigua
398:European Court of Human Rights
357:In 2001, Khodorkovsky founded
338:, which he founded. After the
13:
1:
6296:1998 Russian financial crisis
4734:Путин помиловал Ходорковского
4436:. 18 May 2008. Archived from
4351:Elder, Miriam (24 May 2011).
3944:/ Oct 2022, minutes 41:22–ff.
2338:(in German). 20 December 2013
2232:
1291:political prisoners in Russia
1045:U.S. House of Representatives
847:commission's approval of its
627:Vladimir Kirillovich Golitsyn
284:Михаил Борисович Ходорковский
41:Eastern Slavic naming customs
6737:Killing of Vladimir Petukhov
6662:List of Russian billionaires
6286:Petroleum industry in Russia
5837:. Bloomberg. 3 October 2014.
4809:. BBC News. 20 December 2013
3720:(in Russian). Archived from
3152:. London School of Economics
3002:. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
1825:Council on Foreign Relations
1721:Council on Foreign Relations
1466:, in the northern region of
1333:International Herald Tribune
1095:
224:Mikhail Khodorkovsky's voice
213:Pavel, Anastasia, Ilya, Gleb
7:
6692:Azerbaijan–Russia relations
6301:Russia under Vladimir Putin
6230:Presidency of Boris Yeltsin
6210:Economy of the Soviet Union
5902:"How Do You Slay a Dragon?"
5807:Aron, Leon (October 2003).
3379:Supporters around the World
2209:
2197:Future of Russia Foundation
2054:
2018:Russian war against Ukraine
1823:and giving a speech at the
1634:Permanent Arbitration Court
1293:, Moscow on 27 October 2013
805:2003: Richest man in Russia
748:, in 2001. It was based at
568:conditions to do so are met
10:
6894:
6793:Businesspeople from Moscow
6727:Genesis Philanthropy Group
6132:Khodorkovsky Legal Updates
5976:– official Russian website
5659:(in Russian). 20 May 2022.
5003:Nick Cumming-Bruce (2013).
4694:20 December 2012 BBC News
4566:United Press International
3847:Weir, Fred (18 May 2010).
2852:. Routledge. p. 116.
1473:
1377:
958:The first trial, 2004–2005
532:
39:In this name that follows
38:
31:
6647:
6514:
6316:
6309:
6195:
5697:(in German). 27 May 2022.
3853:Christian Science Monitor
2664:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2041:Embassy of Russia, Berlin
1678:Khodorkovsky speaking at
1602:Checkpoint Charlie Museum
1470:near the Finnish border.
1062:second trial, named them
504:First business activities
283:
247:
217:
209:
188:
157:Deputy Minister of Energy
142:
132:
124:
92:
80:
71:
64:
6707:Russia–Ukraine relations
6391:Viatcheslav Moshe Kantor
6065:20 December 2013 at the
6060:online, 28 December 2010
4733:
4537:
4513:
4493:. London. 23 August 2008
3743:
3712:
3617:
3584:23 December 2007 at the
3528:13 November 2010 at the
3369:. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
1281:Political transformation
446:Early life and education
72:
32:Not to be confused with
6702:Israel–Russia relations
6697:Cyprus–Russia relations
6235:Loans for shares scheme
6189:Privatization in Russia
6092:article on Khodorkovsky
6090:New York Times Magazine
6056:Guilty of Being Right,
5900:Khodorkovsky, Mikhail.
5421:The Wall Street Journal
4022:11 October 2010 at the
2831:Hoffman, David (2002).
2185:Khodorkovsky Foundation
1513:Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai
1373:Second trial, 2009–2010
1064:prisoners of conscience
5972:Mikhail Khodorkovsky's
5515:Observers.France24.com
3977:7 January 2010 at the
2596:vom 11. Dezember 2014.
2201:Future of Russia Trust
2180:Open Russia Foundation
2104:
2073:
2044:
1691:
1595:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
1570:
1486:
1294:
1257:
1137:
1033:
977:
811:McKinsey & Company
746:Open Russia Foundation
741:
666:The Man with the Ruble
640:
406:prisoner of conscience
383:Hans-Dietrich Genscher
276:
267:Khodorkovsky with the
195:Yelena Dobrovolskaya (
162:Chairman & CEO of
6386:Konstantin Kagalovsky
6072:Independent Institute
5739:. Meduza. 1 May 2023.
4382:worldwide-reading.com
4308:(in Russian). Moscow.
4026:– Khodorkovsky Center
3981:, Khodorkovsky Center
3491:– Khodorkovsky Center
3487:21 April 2010 at the
3388:– Khodorkovsky Center
2652:World Affairs Journal
2094:
2069:
2034:
1954:large group of exiles
1783:Energy Charter Treaty
1677:
1670:Life in exile (2013–)
1568:
1481:
1357:opined, "any talk by
1288:
1241:
1112:
1059:Amnesty International
1025:
973:
965:privatisation process
923:On 28 June 2005, the
909:U.S. State Department
871:Union of Right Forces
739:
635:
619:Konstantin Kagalovsky
454:, and his mother was
410:Amnesty International
390:politically motivated
275:, on 20 December 2002
266:
174:Columnist (2011–2014)
6763:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
6677:Liberalism in Russia
6441:Mikhael Mirilashvili
6406:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
6036:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
6020:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
6009:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
5989:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
5980:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
5630:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
5626:"The Dossier Center"
5452:– via YouTube.
5317:. 21 September 2014.
5299:. 20 September 2014.
4981:– via YouTube.
4043:on 30 September 2011
3942:Intelligence Squared
3920:on 10 December 2022.
3203:The Washington Times
3104:on 20 November 2015.
2797:(25 February 2010).
2776:"The Wrath of Putin"
2099:(behind center) and
2014:Anastasia Shevchenko
1859:Khodorkovsky's book
1741:World Economic Forum
1700:Maidan Nezalezhnosti
1576:2014 Winter Olympics
1527:, German Chancellor
1490:logged in his file.
1431:Judicial controversy
1289:Rally in support of
1147:'s placement in the
939:Anastasia Volochkova
831:In early July 2003,
740:Khodorkovsky in 2001
494:chemical engineering
350:(a scheme known as "
316:list of billionaires
238:Recorded 22 May 2014
87:Khodorkovsky in 2023
66:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
34:Michael Khodarkovsky
6823:Former billionaires
6672:Ukrainian oligarchs
6506:Vladimir Vinogradov
6481:Alexander Smolensky
5881:on 22 December 2019
5788:on 14 December 2010
5440:. 5 December 2014.
4787:on 20 December 2013
4622:The Daily Telegraph
3766:. 11 February 2008.
3384:23 May 2010 at the
3317:on 3 September 2011
3150:LSE Research Online
3141:Woodruff, David M.
3053:on 21 November 2009
2899:O'Brien, Timothy L.
2805:. LRB. pp. 3–7
2526:. UK. 30 March 2014
2442:The Daily Telegraph
2189:its subsidiary the
2147:My Fellow Prisoners
2049:Wagner Group mutiny
1978:Ivan Preobrazhensky
1861:My Fellow Prisoners
1854:European Parliament
1834:Wall Street Journal
1745:Stanford University
1719:Awards Dinner, the
1622:Swiss Federal Court
1483:Presidential Decree
1342:Nezavisimaya Gazeta
1274:My Fellow Prisoners
1233:" was published in
1222:Matrosskaya Tishina
1102:Matrosskaya Tishina
1029:abuse of the system
1004:Independent support
931:letter of the fifty
863:Stanislav Belkovsky
856:Novosibirsk airport
809:Khodorkovsky hired
769:Merger with Sibneft
555:of this section is
425:Republic of Ireland
269:president of Russia
202:Inna Khodorkovskaya
74:Михаил Ходорковский
6808:Russian dissidents
6421:Iskander Makhmudov
6376:Mikhail Gutseriyev
6258:Goskomimushchestvo
6041:The New York Times
5908:on 9 November 2022
5855:. 20 December 2013
5813:AEI Outlook Series
5809:"The YUKOS Affair"
5353:. 22 October 2014.
5315:France Télévisions
5259:. 16 January 2015.
5135:. 23 December 2015
5109:. 23 December 2015
5057:. 23 December 2015
5008:The New York Times
4973:on 20 October 2014
4711:The New York Times
4649:The New York Times
4569:. 27 December 2010
4463:on 10 October 2008
4413:The New York Times
4146:The New York Times
4096:The New York Times
3997:The New York Times
3665:theotherrussia.org
3629:on 20 October 2009
3548:The New York Times
3265:on 29 October 2014
3121:The New York Times
2905:(23 August 1999).
2565:(5 January 2015).
2398:on 13 October 2011
2191:Oxford Russia Fund
2105:
2103:(centre), May 2001
2045:
2037:Noon Against Putin
1982:Evgeny Chichvarkin
1956:, among whom were
1892:opposition figures
1872:In December 2014,
1839:Russian presidency
1774:Russian government
1725:Oslo Freedom Forum
1692:
1630:Basel, Switzerland
1571:
1551:won his third term
1487:
1308:political prisoner
1295:
1057:In November 2010,
1037:Italian Parliament
742:
726:1998 Russian crash
456:Orthodox Christian
277:
6873:Russian oligarchs
6853:Russian YouTubers
6750:
6749:
6643:
6642:
6635:Access Industries
6600:Novolipetsk Steel
6501:Viktor Vekselberg
6491:Gennady Timchenko
6471:Mikhail Prokhorov
6411:Alexander Knaster
6371:Vladimir Gusinsky
6326:Alexander Abramov
6264:Banking in Russia
5395:on 1 January 2016
5180:Khodorkovsky.com.
5081:Los Angeles Times
4595:The Vancouver Sun
4203:. 14 January 2020
4175:. 14 January 2020
4069:Los Angeles Times
3692:. 5 February 2007
3463:on 3 October 2009
3451:"edoc12038_visad"
3206:. 2 November 2003
2799:"Cell Block Four"
2594:Die Südostschweiz
2500:. UK. 31 May 2011
2195:the London-based
2061:managed democracy
2010:Evgenia Chirikova
1994:Andrei Illarionov
1928:Radio Free Europe
1713:Le Monde Festival
1649:Vladimir Petukhov
1271:He wrote a book,
1253:Margaret Thatcher
1215:Esa-Pekka Salonen
1204:Vasily Aleksanyan
1153:diabetes mellitus
1126:, and right-wing
692:or villas on the
672:Yukos acquisition
609:Employees of the
596:
595:
588:
261:
260:
233:
16:(Redirected from
6885:
6615:Rossiysky Kredit
6476:Arkady Rotenberg
6466:Vladimir Potanin
6446:Vadim Moshkovich
6436:Leonid Mikhelson
6416:Alexey Kuzmichev
6396:Suleyman Kerimov
6346:Boris Berezovsky
6331:Roman Abramovich
6314:
6313:
6281:Energy in Russia
6269:Semibankirschina
6251:Finance Minister
6182:
6175:
6168:
6159:
6158:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6032:
5999:
5975:
5974:
5957:
5956:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5931:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5904:. Archived from
5897:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5784:. Archived from
5773:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5535:. 5 August 2015.
5525:
5519:
5518:
5517:. 13 March 2015.
5507:
5501:
5500:
5499:on 23 July 2015.
5495:. Archived from
5482:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5374:The Moscow Times
5364:
5355:
5354:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5027:. Archived from
5017:
5011:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4969:. Archived from
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4915:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4889:Associated Press
4879:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4834:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4701:
4695:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4671:. Archived from
4660:
4658:
4656:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4486:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4459:. Archived from
4448:
4442:
4441:
4440:on 21 July 2011.
4426:
4417:
4416:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4388:on 19 April 2016
4384:. Archived from
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4323:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4279:
4266:
4265:
4260:. Archived from
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4172:The Moscow Times
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4117:. Archived from
4106:
4100:
4099:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4033:
4027:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3988:
3982:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3961:. 22 April 2010.
3951:
3945:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3914:. Archived from
3903:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3625:. Archived from
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3594:, 1 August 2005.
3576:
3570:
3569:
3568:. 6 August 2015.
3558:
3552:
3551:
3539:
3533:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3498:
3492:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3456:. Archived from
3455:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3395:
3389:
3376:
3370:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3339:. Archived from
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3313:. Archived from
3307:
3301:
3292:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3261:. Archived from
3258:The Sunday Times
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3194:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3147:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2895:
2889:
2884:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2791:
2785:
2772:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2655:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2625:
2616:
2606:
2597:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2567:"Remote Control"
2559:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2388:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2328:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2280:The Moscow Times
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2243:
2227:Semibankirschina
2039:in front of the
1920:Mikhail Kasyanov
1778:bankrupted Yukos
1749:Atlantic Council
1661:political asylum
1606:Associated Press
1501:The Sunday Times
1262:Sergei Magnitsky
1177:Zabaykalsky Krai
1120:Motherland Party
986:Vladimir Ustinov
951:Alexander Buinov
918:Jacob Rothschild
794:Roman Abramovich
787:Boris Berezovsky
686:currency trading
657:failed 1991 coup
611:Bank of New York
591:
584:
580:
577:
571:
545:
544:
537:
379:money laundering
352:Loans for Shares
310:
294:
289:
285:
257:
254:
235:
234:
198:
106:
102:
100:
85:
75:
62:
61:
21:
6893:
6892:
6888:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6746:
6682:Crime in Russia
6639:
6552:X5 Retail Group
6516:
6510:
6496:Alisher Usmanov
6486:Eugene Shvidler
6431:Alexander Mamut
6366:Arcadi Gaydamak
6361:Mikhail Fridman
6336:Vagit Alekperov
6305:
6276:Media in Russia
6247:Anatoly Chubais
6191:
6186:
6122:
6120:
6110:(31 May 2011).
6067:Wayback Machine
5970:
5969:
5966:
5961:
5960:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5933:
5932:
5921:
5911:
5909:
5898:
5894:
5884:
5882:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5858:
5856:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5818:
5816:
5805:
5801:
5791:
5789:
5782:Digital Journal
5774:
5770:
5760:
5758:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5634:
5632:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5609:
5607:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5583:
5581:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5556:
5554:
5544:
5540:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5483:
5479:
5469:
5467:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5447:
5445:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5412:
5408:
5398:
5396:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5365:
5358:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5276:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5229:
5225:
5215:
5213:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5191:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5167:
5163:
5152:
5148:
5138:
5136:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5112:
5110:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5086:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5058:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5034:
5032:
5031:on 30 July 2014
5019:
5018:
5014:
5002:
4998:
4990:
4986:
4976:
4974:
4961:
4957:
4947:
4945:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4919:Financial Times
4908:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4864:
4854:
4850:
4835:
4822:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4790:
4788:
4777:
4773:
4763:
4761:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4716:
4714:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4678:
4676:
4675:on 5 March 2012
4663:
4661:
4654:
4652:
4640:
4636:
4626:
4624:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4598:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4570:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4496:
4494:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4466:
4464:
4449:
4445:
4428:
4427:
4420:
4405:
4401:
4391:
4389:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4361:
4359:
4349:
4345:
4335:
4333:
4326:The Independent
4318:
4317:
4313:
4298:
4294:
4281:
4280:
4269:
4264:on 3 June 2011.
4250:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4150:
4148:
4138:
4134:
4124:
4122:
4115:Financial Times
4107:
4103:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4024:Wayback Machine
4015:
4011:
4001:
3999:
3989:
3985:
3979:Wayback Machine
3970:
3966:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3912:Financial Times
3904:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3882:. 6 August 2013
3872:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3845:
3841:
3831:
3829:
3817:
3813:
3805:
3801:
3791:
3789:
3775:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3725:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3693:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3648:"Left Turn – 2"
3646:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3602:
3598:
3586:Wayback Machine
3577:
3573:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3540:
3536:
3530:Wayback Machine
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3489:Wayback Machine
3480:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3431:. 15 March 2013
3423:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3386:Wayback Machine
3377:
3373:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3344:
3343:on 1 March 2012
3335:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3180:
3175:Wayback Machine
3169:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3145:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3113:
3109:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2952:
2945:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2915:
2903:Bonner, Raymond
2896:
2892:
2885:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2844:
2840:
2829:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2792:
2788:
2774:Gessen, Masha,
2773:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2688:. 15 April 2016
2678:
2677:
2673:
2657:
2656:
2644:
2640:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2613:Financial Times
2607:
2600:
2586:Pascal Büsser:
2585:
2578:
2560:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2433:
2429:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2212:
2173:
2164:Martin Sixsmith
2141:
2101:Mikhail Fridman
2097:Sergei Pugachev
2089:
2057:
2043:, 17 March 2024
2002:Elena Lukyanova
1947:Revolutionaries
1866:Financial Times
1841:and toward the
1708:Gazeta Wyborcza
1672:
1651:, the mayor of
1563:
1476:
1452:
1437:Viktor Danilkin
1433:
1380:
1375:
1353:In conclusion,
1312:freedom fighter
1283:
1161:Court of Appeal
1149:punishment cell
1098:
1077:Andrei Sakharov
1075:, the widow of
1006:
960:
887:
829:
824:
815:Pricewaterhouse
807:
771:
754:Henry Kissinger
752:in London with
734:
722:
710:
674:
649:
647:Yeltsin adviser
615:Bruce Rappaport
592:
581:
575:
572:
561:
546:
542:
535:
506:
448:
443:
308:
287:
251:
243:
242:
241:
240:
239:
236:
229:
226:
205:
184:
133:Alma mater
120:
107:
104:
98:
96:
88:
76:
73:
67:
60:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6891:
6881:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6848:Russian exiles
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6595:Surgutneftegas
6592:
6587:
6585:Norilsk Nickel
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6520:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6451:Leonid Nevzlin
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6356:Oleg Deripaska
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6322:
6320:
6311:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6261:
6254:
6244:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6185:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6086:
6081:
6075:
6069:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6033:
6017:
6006:
6000:
5986:
5977:
5965:
5964:External links
5962:
5959:
5958:
5940:
5919:
5892:
5866:
5840:
5826:
5799:
5768:
5757:. 24 June 2023
5742:
5728:
5714:
5700:
5680:
5677:. 27 May 2022.
5662:
5642:
5617:
5606:. 31 July 2018
5591:
5564:
5538:
5520:
5502:
5477:
5455:
5427:
5406:
5380:
5356:
5338:
5320:
5302:
5284:
5262:
5242:
5223:
5197:
5185:
5173:
5161:
5146:
5120:
5094:
5083:. 30 June 2015
5068:
5042:
5012:
4996:
4984:
4955:
4929:
4902:
4874:
4848:
4820:
4798:
4771:
4748:
4724:
4696:
4687:
4634:
4608:
4580:
4552:
4528:
4504:
4474:
4443:
4418:
4399:
4369:
4343:
4311:
4292:
4267:
4243:
4214:
4186:
4158:
4132:
4101:
4082:
4054:
4028:
4009:
3983:
3964:
3946:
3923:
3893:
3865:
3839:
3811:
3799:
3769:
3755:
3749:Echo of Moscow
3735:
3724:on 13 May 2009
3703:
3677:
3652:
3640:
3608:
3596:
3571:
3553:
3534:
3515:
3493:
3482:Global Leaders
3474:
3442:
3416:
3405:on 6 June 2011
3390:
3371:
3367:, 16 May 2006.
3365:Slate Magazine
3354:
3328:
3302:
3287:
3276:
3243:
3232:. 14 July 2003
3217:
3189:
3178:
3163:
3133:
3107:
3089:
3073:"Philanthropy"
3064:
3033:
3004:
2992:
2974:
2961:The New Yorker
2943:
2940:. 31 May 2005.
2925:
2912:New York Times
2890:
2872:
2858:
2838:
2816:
2786:
2724:
2699:
2671:
2638:
2617:
2598:
2576:
2571:The New Yorker
2549:
2537:
2511:
2485:
2456:
2427:
2424:. 31 May 2011.
2409:
2376:
2349:
2318:
2306:New York Times
2292:
2266:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2193:
2187:
2182:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2156:
2150:
2140:
2137:
2088:
2085:
2056:
2053:
1966:Garry Kasparov
1962:Ilya Ponomarev
1909:Dossier Center
1810:European model
1764:In July 2014,
1690:, 9 March 2014
1671:
1668:
1562:
1559:
1475:
1472:
1451:
1448:
1432:
1429:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1327:New York Times
1282:
1279:
1197:Platon Lebedev
1145:Platon Lebedev
1097:
1094:
1050:In June 2010,
1005:
1002:
959:
956:
886:
883:
851:with Sibneft.
833:Platon Lebedev
828:
825:
823:
820:
806:
803:
770:
767:
750:Somerset House
733:
730:
721:
718:
709:
706:
673:
670:
662:Leonid Nevzlin
655:. "During the
648:
645:
594:
593:
549:
547:
540:
534:
531:
505:
502:
447:
444:
442:
439:
371:Platon Lebedev
366:Vladimir Putin
273:Vladimir Putin
259:
258:
249:
245:
244:
237:
227:
222:
221:
220:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
207:
206:
204:
203:
200:
192:
190:
186:
185:
183:
182:
175:
167:
160:
154:
146:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
126:
122:
121:
108:
94:
90:
89:
86:
78:
77:
69:
68:
65:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6890:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6778:Living people
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6722:Genesis Prize
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6687:Russian mafia
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6646:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6580:Metalloinvest
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6513:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6461:Stan Polovets
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6426:Vitaly Malkin
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6351:Len Blavatnik
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6205:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6183:
6178:
6176:
6171:
6169:
6164:
6163:
6160:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6014:The Economist
6010:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5967:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5936:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5907:
5903:
5896:
5880:
5876:
5870:
5854:
5850:
5844:
5836:
5830:
5814:
5810:
5803:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5772:
5756:
5752:
5746:
5738:
5732:
5724:
5718:
5710:
5704:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5684:
5676:
5672:
5666:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5646:
5631:
5627:
5621:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5568:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5516:
5512:
5506:
5498:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5481:
5465:
5459:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5431:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5410:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5363:
5361:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5272:
5266:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5238:
5234:
5227:
5211:
5207:
5201:
5194:
5189:
5182:
5177:
5170:
5165:
5157:
5150:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5030:
5026:
5025:Russia Herald
5022:
5016:
5009:
5006:
5000:
4993:
4988:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4959:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4914:
4906:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4878:
4863:
4859:
4852:
4844:
4840:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4808:
4802:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4759:
4752:
4736:
4728:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4700:
4691:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4638:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4584:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4540:
4532:
4516:
4508:
4492:
4491:
4485:
4478:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4414:
4410:
4403:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4315:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4288:
4287:The Economist
4284:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4257:openDemocracy
4253:
4247:
4231:
4230:
4229:Novaya Gazeta
4225:
4218:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4121:on 7 May 2015
4120:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4058:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4013:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3968:
3960:
3959:The Economist
3956:
3950:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3927:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3803:
3787:
3785:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3759:
3751:
3750:
3739:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3707:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3649:
3644:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3612:
3605:
3600:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3503:
3497:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3478:
3459:
3452:
3446:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3368:
3366:
3361:Levin, Josh.
3358:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3280:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3247:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3171:Archive index
3167:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2950:
2948:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2861:
2859:9780415701471
2855:
2851:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:Gessen, Keith
2790:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2687:
2686:
2685:The Economist
2681:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2629:"Open Russia"
2624:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2541:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2474:. 31 May 2011
2473:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2218:'s 2019 film
2217:
2214:
2213:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:Sergey Guriev
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1970:Leonid Gozman
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:Dmitry Gudkov
1955:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:Freedom House
1921:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1821:Freedom House
1818:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:St Petersburg
1795:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1776:deliberately
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:Chatham House
1734:
1733:Vilnius Forum
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1717:Freedom House
1714:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:Angela Merkel
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1544:Supreme Court
1540:
1538:
1534:
1533:William Hague
1530:
1529:Angela Merkel
1526:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1494:organized by
1491:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:The Economist
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1299:The Economist
1292:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1249:Ronald Reagan
1246:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:Krasnokamensk
1170:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:hunger strike
1136:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1073:Yelena Bonner
1070:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1039:, the German
1038:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1017:UK parliament
1013:
1011:
1001:
997:
993:
991:
987:
981:
976:
972:
968:
966:
955:
952:
948:
947:United Russia
944:
943:Radio Liberty
940:
936:
935:Irina Rodnina
932:
928:
927:
921:
919:
913:
910:
905:
903:
898:
896:
892:
882:
880:
879:United Russia
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
819:
816:
812:
802:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
783:ChevronTexaco
780:
776:
766:
762:
758:
755:
751:
747:
738:
729:
727:
717:
715:
705:
702:
697:
695:
689:
687:
682:
680:
669:
667:
663:
658:
654:
653:Boris Yeltsin
644:
639:
634:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
590:
587:
579:
569:
565:
559:
558:
554:
548:
539:
538:
530:
528:
522:
520:
516:
510:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
438:
436:
435:
434:The Economist
428:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:
327:
326:
321:
317:
315:
306:
302:
298:
293:
281:
274:
270:
265:
256:
250:
246:
225:
216:
212:
208:
201:
194:
193:
191:
187:
180:
176:
173:
172:
171:The New Times
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:Group Menatep
148:
147:
145:
141:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
105:(age 61)
95:
91:
84:
79:
70:
63:
58:
54:
51: and the
50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
19:
6667:New Russians
6654:
6610:Renova Group
6564:Rosvodokanal
6534:Bank Menatep
6517:& groups
6405:
6381:Zarakh Iliev
6267:
6256:
6239:
6202:
6123:14 September
6121:. Retrieved
6115:
6089:
6058:City Journal
6057:
6039:
6025:The Guardian
6023:
6012:
5952:
5943:
5910:. Retrieved
5906:the original
5895:
5883:. Retrieved
5879:the original
5869:
5857:. Retrieved
5852:
5843:
5829:
5817:. Retrieved
5812:
5802:
5790:. Retrieved
5786:the original
5781:
5771:
5759:. Retrieved
5754:
5745:
5731:
5717:
5703:
5692:
5683:
5665:
5654:
5645:
5633:. Retrieved
5629:
5620:
5608:. Retrieved
5603:
5594:
5584:18 September
5582:. Retrieved
5576:
5567:
5555:. Retrieved
5541:
5532:
5523:
5514:
5505:
5497:the original
5490:
5480:
5468:. Retrieved
5458:
5446:. Retrieved
5436:
5430:
5419:
5409:
5397:. Retrieved
5393:the original
5383:
5372:
5351:Khodorkovsky
5350:
5341:
5323:
5305:
5287:
5275:. Retrieved
5265:
5254:
5245:
5237:The Guardian
5236:
5226:
5214:. Retrieved
5212:. 9 May 2014
5210:Khodorkovsky
5209:
5200:
5188:
5176:
5164:
5149:
5137:. Retrieved
5132:
5123:
5111:. Retrieved
5106:
5097:
5085:. Retrieved
5080:
5071:
5059:. Retrieved
5054:
5045:
5033:. Retrieved
5029:the original
5024:
5015:
5007:
4999:
4987:
4975:. Retrieved
4971:the original
4965:
4958:
4946:. Retrieved
4942:Khodorkovsky
4941:
4932:
4917:
4905:
4893:. Retrieved
4887:
4877:
4865:. Retrieved
4861:
4851:
4843:The Guardian
4842:
4811:. Retrieved
4801:
4789:. Retrieved
4785:the original
4774:
4762:. Retrieved
4751:
4739:. Retrieved
4727:
4715:. Retrieved
4709:
4699:
4690:
4677:. Retrieved
4673:the original
4653:. Retrieved
4647:
4637:
4625:. Retrieved
4621:
4611:
4599:. Retrieved
4593:
4583:
4571:. Retrieved
4564:
4555:
4543:. Retrieved
4531:
4519:. Retrieved
4507:
4495:. Retrieved
4488:
4477:
4465:. Retrieved
4461:the original
4456:
4446:
4438:the original
4433:
4412:
4402:
4390:. Retrieved
4386:the original
4381:
4372:
4360:. Retrieved
4356:
4346:
4334:. Retrieved
4325:
4314:
4306:Nezavisimaya
4305:
4295:
4286:
4262:the original
4255:
4246:
4234:. Retrieved
4232:(in Russian)
4227:
4217:
4205:. Retrieved
4198:
4189:
4177:. Retrieved
4170:
4161:
4149:. Retrieved
4145:
4135:
4123:. Retrieved
4119:the original
4114:
4104:
4095:
4085:
4073:. Retrieved
4067:
4057:
4045:. Retrieved
4041:the original
4031:
4012:
4000:. Retrieved
3996:
3986:
3967:
3958:
3949:
3926:
3917:the original
3911:
3884:. Retrieved
3877:
3868:
3856:. Retrieved
3852:
3842:
3830:. Retrieved
3824:
3814:
3802:
3790:. Retrieved
3788:(in Russian)
3782:
3772:
3758:
3747:
3738:
3726:. Retrieved
3722:the original
3717:
3706:
3694:. Retrieved
3689:
3680:
3668:. Retrieved
3664:
3655:
3643:
3631:. Retrieved
3627:the original
3611:
3599:
3589:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3537:
3518:
3506:. Retrieved
3496:
3477:
3465:. Retrieved
3458:the original
3445:
3433:. Retrieved
3429:Khodorkovsky
3428:
3419:
3407:. Retrieved
3403:the original
3393:
3374:
3364:
3357:
3345:. Retrieved
3341:the original
3331:
3319:. Retrieved
3315:the original
3305:
3290:
3279:
3267:. Retrieved
3263:the original
3256:
3246:
3234:. Retrieved
3229:
3220:
3208:. Retrieved
3201:
3192:
3181:
3166:
3154:. Retrieved
3149:
3136:
3124:. Retrieved
3120:
3110:
3102:the original
3092:
3080:. Retrieved
3077:Khodorkovsky
3076:
3067:
3055:. Retrieved
3051:the original
3046:
3036:
3024:. Retrieved
3019:The Observer
3017:
3007:
2995:
2987:Khodorkovsky
2986:
2977:
2965:. Retrieved
2959:
2956:"Gulag Lite"
2937:
2928:
2916:. Retrieved
2910:
2893:
2863:. Retrieved
2848:
2841:
2832:
2807:. Retrieved
2802:
2789:
2779:
2715:. Retrieved
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2683:
2674:
2651:
2641:
2633:Khodorkovsky
2632:
2612:
2588:
2570:
2563:Ioffe, Julia
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2524:The Guardian
2523:
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2498:The Guardian
2497:
2488:
2476:. Retrieved
2447:. Retrieved
2440:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2402:29 September
2400:. Retrieved
2396:the original
2367:. Retrieved
2363:The Guardian
2362:
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2335:
2309:. Retrieved
2305:
2295:
2283:. Retrieved
2279:
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2253:The Guardian
2251:
2241:
2219:
2174:
2171:Philanthropy
2159:
2153:
2145:
2139:Publications
2133:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2109:Masha Gessen
2106:
2081:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2046:
2006:Marat Gelman
1974:Kirill Rogov
1951:
1944:
1932:Russian bear
1913:
1906:
1903:
1896:
1887:
1885:
1875:The Guardian
1873:
1871:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1851:
1832:
1830:
1814:
1806:Ekaterinburg
1787:
1763:
1760:
1753:
1706:
1704:
1693:
1665:
1653:Nefteyugansk
1642:
1619:
1614:
1599:
1592:
1586:The Guardian
1584:
1572:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1525:Barack Obama
1521:
1510:
1499:
1492:
1488:
1461:
1453:
1441:
1434:
1414:
1410:
1405:Barack Obama
1402:
1398:
1395:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1354:
1352:
1340:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1297:
1296:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1245:Barack Obama
1242:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1138:
1113:
1105:
1099:
1083:
1081:
1071:
1068:
1056:
1049:
1034:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1007:
998:
994:
982:
978:
974:
969:
961:
924:
922:
914:
906:
899:
888:
860:
853:
830:
808:
791:
772:
763:
759:
743:
723:
720:Bank failure
711:
698:
690:
683:
675:
665:
650:
641:
636:
631:
623:Irving Trust
608:
604:Bank Menatep
597:
582:
573:
551:
523:
511:
507:
483:
471:Soviet Union
467:Masha Gessen
464:
449:
432:
429:
414:
402:human rights
387:
375:embezzlement
356:
336:Bank Menatep
329:
323:
313:
296:
279:
278:
253:khodorkovsky
169:
118:Soviet Union
114:Russian SFSR
103:26 June 1963
57:Khodorkovsky
56:
48:
29:
18:Khodorkovsky
6768:1963 births
6742:Open Russia
6456:God Nisanov
6401:German Khan
6204:Perestroika
6108:Julia Ioffe
5885:30 December
5859:21 December
5635:2 September
5610:2 September
5399:24 December
5216:19 November
5139:24 December
5113:23 December
5087:23 December
5061:23 December
4813:20 December
4791:20 December
4764:20 December
4741:22 December
4717:19 December
4627:12 February
4601:12 February
4545:30 December
4521:30 December
4467:28 December
4336:15 February
4236:19 February
4207:19 February
4179:19 February
3886:22 December
3858:23 November
3832:23 November
3786:, 211(2233)
3728:28 December
3579:"Left Turn"
3508:28 December
3467:28 December
3435:19 November
3409:28 December
3082:19 November
2865:28 December
2781:Vanity Fair
2717:19 February
2369:28 December
2336:Der Spiegel
2216:Alex Gibney
1998:Mark Feigin
1986:Boris Zimin
1843:legislature
1794:Kaliningrad
1790:Open Russia
1756:Lech Wałęsa
1537:White House
1496:Igor Sechin
1363:rule of law
1359:the Kremlin
1231:Perestroika
1052:Elie Wiesel
902:Simon Kukes
827:2003 arrest
694:Côte d’Azur
515:perestroika
479:doublespeak
475:doublethink
417:Switzerland
394:due process
359:Open Russia
331:perestroika
181:(2014–2021)
179:Open Russia
177:Founder of
166:(1997–2004)
153:(1990–2003)
143:Occupations
125:Nationality
53:family name
6757:Categories
6625:SUAL Group
6544:Alfa Group
6196:Background
5912:6 February
5557:7 December
5533:Yahoo News
5448:1 December
4977:1 December
4497:26 October
4357:GlobalPost
3879:Al Jazeera
3670:1 December
3633:26 October
3269:1 December
3210:26 October
2967:11 October
2530:28 January
2259:10 October
2233:References
2026:Change.org
1936:parliament
1888:Glavplakat
1772:ruled the
1747:, and the
1729:Forum 2000
1696:Pussy Riot
1680:Euromaidan
1519:classes".
1389:Kommersant
1185:Kommersant
1169:labor camp
1043:, and the
837:fertilizer
779:ExxonMobil
576:March 2018
553:neutrality
305:opposition
282:(Russian:
99:1963-06-26
49:Borisovich
45:patronymic
6548:Alfa-Bank
6515:Companies
6341:Petr Aven
6310:Oligarchs
6005:(English)
5256:Kyiv Post
4760:. Reuters
4573:19 August
4490:The Times
4362:19 August
4151:19 August
4125:19 August
4075:19 August
4047:19 August
3784:Vedomosti
3591:Vedomosti
2342:30 August
2285:30 August
2221:Citizen K
2065:The Times
1847:judiciary
1770:The Hague
1638:The Hague
1444:polygraph
1421:Article 7
1417:Article 6
1319:Vedomosti
1236:Vedomosti
1211:Arvo Pärt
1132:Khakamada
1107:Vedomosti
1096:In prison
1085:The Trial
1041:Bundestag
845:antitrust
564:talk page
363:President
6648:See also
6570:Interros
6063:Archived
6050:Articles
5993:Facebook
5853:BBC News
5819:31 March
5755:NBC News
5442:Archived
5297:Le Monde
5277:25 April
5133:BBC News
5107:BBC News
4948:29 March
4924:Archived
4895:29 March
4867:29 March
4669:CBS News
4330:Archived
4020:Archived
3975:Archived
3792:19 April
3690:BBC News
3623:Lenta.ru
3582:Archived
3526:Archived
3485:Archived
3382:Archived
3347:8 August
3321:8 August
3230:BBC News
2938:BBC News
2692:15 April
2660:cite web
2504:29 April
2478:29 April
2472:BBC News
2449:29 April
2210:See also
2055:Politics
1802:Voronezh
1615:Hardtalk
1347:siloviki
1304:oligarch
1118:and the
926:Izvestia
557:disputed
519:glasnost
486:Komsomol
325:glasnost
320:Komsomol
301:oligarch
210:Children
149:Head of
6575:Novatek
6524:Sibneft
5984:Twitter
5792:19 July
5761:24 June
5604:AP News
5578:Haaretz
5492:Vocativ
5470:22 July
5168:RFE/RL.
5055:Reuters
5035:29 July
4862:Reuters
4679:5 March
4655:5 March
4392:5 April
3938:YouTube
3826:Reuters
3532:, 2011.
3173:at the
3057:4 March
3026:4 March
2983:"Yukos"
2809:4 March
2803:Archive
2311:9 March
2199:or the
2077:Angarsk
1940:Vilnius
1688:Ukraine
1474:Release
1468:Karelia
1464:Segezha
1412:jail".
1378:Charges
1367:puffery
1361:of the
1306:into a
1128:Ryzhkov
1124:Yabloko
867:Yabloko
775:Sibneft
714:Antigua
533:Menatep
527:Gosbank
248:Website
189:Spouses
128:Russian
6620:Polyus
6605:Mechel
6590:Lukoil
6560:TNK-BP
6556:Altimo
6318:People
6117:Tablet
5656:Meduza
4002:12 May
3696:6 June
3299:NEWSru
3236:6 June
3156:24 May
3126:24 May
2918:29 May
2856:
2849:p. 116
2470:. UK:
2162:(with
2158:2022:
2152:2022:
2144:2014:
2129:Berlin
1739:, the
1731:, the
1723:, the
1715:, the
1581:Berlin
1517:sewing
1090:Prague
873:, the
869:, the
849:merger
841:Apatit
701:Poland
460:Stalin
452:Jewish
421:Dublin
314:Forbes
309:
303:, and
159:(1993)
110:Moscow
43:, the
6828:Yukos
6630:Rusal
6539:Yukos
5694:Focus
5466:. CNN
3461:(PDF)
3454:(PDF)
3297:. //
3146:(PDF)
3047:Focus
1626:Yukos
1506:Chita
895:ruble
891:Yukos
839:firm
679:Yukos
498:Pavel
344:Yukos
164:Yukos
6241:Blat
6125:2016
5914:2023
5887:2013
5861:2013
5821:2011
5794:2013
5763:2023
5637:2024
5612:2024
5586:2016
5559:2015
5472:2015
5450:2015
5401:2015
5333:NDTV
5279:2016
5218:2015
5141:2015
5115:2015
5089:2015
5063:2015
5037:2014
4979:2015
4950:2018
4897:2018
4869:2018
4815:2013
4793:2013
4766:2013
4743:2013
4719:2013
4681:2012
4657:2012
4629:2011
4603:2011
4575:2011
4547:2010
4523:2010
4499:2008
4469:2010
4394:2016
4364:2011
4338:2011
4238:2022
4209:2022
4181:2022
4153:2011
4127:2011
4077:2011
4049:2011
4004:2010
3888:2013
3860:2019
3834:2019
3794:2010
3730:2010
3698:2008
3672:2015
3635:2008
3510:2010
3469:2010
3437:2015
3411:2010
3349:2023
3323:2023
3271:2015
3238:2008
3212:2008
3158:2013
3128:2013
3084:2015
3059:2010
3028:2010
2969:2011
2920:2021
2867:2010
2854:ISBN
2811:2010
2719:2022
2694:2016
2666:link
2592:In:
2532:2015
2506:2013
2480:2013
2451:2013
2445:. UK
2404:2011
2371:2010
2365:. UK
2344:2024
2313:2022
2287:2024
2261:2018
1845:and
1817:U.S.
1804:and
1684:Kyiv
1423:and
1330:and
1310:and
1251:and
990:Duma
907:The
781:and
550:The
517:and
477:and
377:and
354:").
328:and
288:IPA:
197:div.
93:Born
6529:ORT
5991:on
5982:on
3936:on
2712:PBS
1949:".
1881:CNN
1768:in
1682:in
1657:BBC
1636:in
1175:in
408:by
297:MBK
255:.ru
55:is
47:is
6759::
6562:·
6558:·
6554:·
6550:·
6114:.
5951:.
5922:^
5851:.
5811:.
5780:.
5753:.
5628:.
5602:.
5575:.
5550:.
5531:.
5513:.
5489:.
5418:.
5371:.
5359:^
5349:.
5331:.
5253:.
5235:.
5208:.
5131:.
5105:.
5079:.
5053:.
5023:.
4940:.
4922:.
4916:.
4886:.
4860:.
4841:.
4823:^
4708:.
4667:.
4646:.
4620:.
4592:.
4563:.
4487:.
4455:.
4432:.
4421:^
4411:.
4380:.
4355:.
4324:.
4304:.
4285:.
4270:^
4254:.
4197:.
4169:.
4144:.
4113:.
4094:.
4066:.
3995:.
3957:.
3940:,
3910:.
3896:^
3876:.
3851:.
3823:.
3688:.
3663:.
3588:,
3564:.
3546:.
3427:.
3255:.
3228:.
3200:.
3148:.
3119:.
3075:.
3045:.
3016:.
2985:.
2958:.
2946:^
2936:.
2909:.
2901:;
2875:^
2819:^
2801:.
2778:,
2727:^
2710:.
2682:.
2662:}}
2658:{{
2650:.
2631:.
2620:^
2601:^
2579:^
2569:.
2552:^
2522:.
2496:.
2459:^
2439:.
2420:.
2379:^
2361:.
2321:^
2304:.
2278:.
2250:.
2028:.
2012:,
2008:,
2004:,
2000:,
1996:,
1992:,
1988:,
1984:,
1980:,
1976:,
1972:,
1968:,
1964:,
1960:,
1901:.
1856:.
1812:.
1800:,
1796:,
1751:.
1743:,
1735:,
1727:,
1686:,
1617:.
1583:.
1427:.
1419:,
1217:.
1130:,
1092:.
992:.
606:.
521:.
427:.
412:.
286:,
271:,
116:,
112:,
101:)
6566:)
6546:(
6272:)
6266:(
6253:)
6249:(
6181:e
6174:t
6167:v
6127:.
5916:.
5889:.
5863:.
5823:.
5796:.
5765:.
5639:.
5614:.
5588:.
5561:.
5474:.
5424:.
5403:.
5377:.
5281:.
5239:.
5220:.
5143:.
5117:.
5091:.
5065:.
5039:.
4952:.
4899:.
4871:.
4845:.
4817:.
4795:.
4768:.
4745:.
4721:.
4685:)
4683:.
4659:.
4631:.
4605:.
4577:.
4549:.
4525:.
4501:.
4471:.
4415:.
4396:.
4366:.
4340:.
4240:.
4211:.
4183:.
4155:.
4129:.
4098:.
4079:.
4051:.
4006:.
3890:.
3862:.
3836:.
3796:.
3732:.
3700:.
3674:.
3637:.
3550:.
3512:.
3471:.
3439:.
3413:.
3351:.
3325:.
3273:.
3240:.
3214:.
3160:.
3130:.
3086:.
3061:.
3030:.
2989:.
2971:.
2922:.
2869:.
2813:.
2721:.
2696:.
2668:)
2635:.
2615:.
2573:.
2534:.
2508:.
2482:.
2453:.
2406:.
2373:.
2346:.
2315:.
2289:.
2263:.
2166:)
2067::
1243:"
589:)
583:(
578:)
574:(
570:.
560:.
199:)
97:(
59:.
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.