979:. Accounts from the auction say that the first bid of US$ 8.6 billion came from Baikal. When the auctioneer asked Gazpromneft to offer its price, a representative of the company asked to make a telephone call and left the room. A few minutes earlier, the auctioneer had told participants that using a mobile phone or leaving the room was against the rules. When a Gazpromneft representative returned to the room, Baikal made a bid of US$ 9.3 billion. Gazpromneft never placed a bid or spoke out. Shortly after the Yuganskneftegaz auction, Rosneft, Russian state-owned oil company, acquired 100% of shares in Baikalfinansgrup. The acquisition of Yuganskneftegaz significantly increased Rosneft's profits and made it one of the largest oil companies in Russia.
544:"wnership of some of Russia's most valuable resources was auctioned off by oligarch-owned banks... Although they were supposedly acting on behalf of the state, the bankers rigged the process-and in almost every case ended up as the successful bidders. This was how Khodorkovsky got a 78 percent share of ownership in Yukos, worth about $ 5 billion, for a mere $ 310 million, and how Boris Berezovsky got Sibneft, another oil giant, worth $ 3 billion, for about $ 100 million.... he government was generally unable to exercise much control. Since the state was very weak, these "New Russians" paid little or no taxes on their purchases"
911:"The circumstances of the sale by auction of Yuganskneftegaz to “Baikal Finance Group" and the swift takeover of the latter by state-owned Rosneft raises additional issues related to the protection of property (ECHR, Additional Protocol, Article 1). This concerns both the circumstances of the auction itself, resulting in a price far below the fair market-value, and the way Yukos was forced to sell off its principal asset, by way of trumped-up tax reassessments leading to a total tax burden far exceeding that of Yukos's competitors, and for 2002 even exceeding Yukos’ total revenue for that year."
248:
1443:"rticle 45 of the ECT required Russia to apply the ECT 'provisionally'. The tribunal found that Russia could not simply apply the ECT piecemeal, and that Russia had – by signing the ECT – agreed that the treaty as a whole would be applied... On 20 August 2009, Russia gave notice that it wished to the ECT... Russia is, however, still under an obligation (until 19 October 2029) to afford the investment protection under Part III of the ECT to investments made before 19 October 2009 for 20 years."
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escalating into raids and confiscations, culminating in intimidation and arrests". After several weeks of deliberation, the
Houston court declared that under no conceivable theory could Yukos assert domicile in the United States. On July 25, 2006, the creditors of Yukos decided to file for bankruptcy after the bankruptcy manager recommended the company be liquidated.
581:, Richard Sakwa offers a second perspective, that with oil prices varying from $ 16 to $ 25 a barrel, and great political and economic uncertainty, it was "unclear" at the time of the auction how much a company like Yukos was "actually worth", and concludes that perhaps the auctions were not wildly mispriced within the context, but regardless, they were a
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an effective tax rate of 11%, vs a statutory rate of 30% at the time. Yukos claims its actions were legal at the time and that the company used the same tax optimisation schemes as other
Russian oil companies, such as Lukoil, TNK-BP and Sibneft. However, Yukos was the only one to be charged with tax evasion and penalised by the authorities.
607:(briefly in 1993), and CEO of Rosprom, an investment and holding company created to manage Menatep's portfolio of around 30 large industrial companies (140,000 employees). Menatep became the owner of 78% of Yukos shares following a two-stage auction in December 1995 and Khodorkovsky became its CEO, and from 1997, also its chairman.
1567:" Most of the first wave of oligarchs was concentrated in the banking sector. Banking was a lucrative business since the banks served as intermediaries reaping profits from Russia’s booming natural resource exports, exploiting the gap between the ruble-denominated domestic economy and the dollar-denominated foreign trade."
659:"When the former banker acquired his 36% stake in Yukos... most people assumed he would cash out as soon as a rich opportunity presented itself. The surprise was that he actually had a head for the oil business. He seemed to relish the job of turning Yukos into a world-class oil company. And he has succeeded."
895:"Intimidating action by different law-enforcement agencies against Yukos and its business partners and other institutions linked to Mr Khodorkovsky and his associates and the careful preparation of this action in terms of public relations, taken together, give a picture of a co-ordinated attack by the state."
1045:, was accused of several crimes, after which he moved to the USA. In July 2006, one week before creditors would vote if they should file for bankruptcy, Steven Theede resigned his function as he believed the outcome of this vote was already fixed and therefore this meeting would qualify as a "sham".
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In 2001 the company paid a $ 500m dividend, in 2002 – $ 700m and in 2003 the planned dividend payout was estimated at $ 3 billion. Its share prices were growing quickly: in 2001 by 191%, in 2001 by 81.5%. It started international expansion, purchasing 49% shares of
Transpetrol (Slovakia) and 53%
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Yukos subsidiaries declared the oil they produced to be "oil-containing liquids" to avoid paying full taxes. A general crackdown on such tax evasion practices began with Putin's presidency, with numerous companies closing or purchasing their trading vehicles. A management presentation from
December
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inside Russia in the 1990s so as to reduce its tax burden; havens were set up by most major oil producers in outlying areas of Russia which had been granted special tax status to assist in their economic development; such "onshore-offshore" were used to evade profit taxes, resulting in Yukos having
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standards. It quoted
Khodorkovsky as saying, "By now we understand how business is done in the West... I earn money in dividends and with the increase in the market capitalization of my company". At the peak of its success, Yukos was producing 20% of Russian oil—about 2% of world production; in its
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commercial assets, but requires investors to be fairly compensated. Though Russia never ratified the full treaty, these clauses were still legally binding under both the treaty and
Russian law until 2029. According to the Permanent Court of Arbitration's ruling, the primary objective of the Russian
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condemned Russia's campaign against Yukos and its owners as manufactured for political reasons and a violation of human rights. Between 2011 and 2014 several court cases were won by the former company's management and investors against Russia or against the companies that acquired Yukos assets. The
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in 2007 and resulted in the arbitrators awarding Yukos majority shareholders over US$ 50 billion in damages. US and
Russian investors, representing about 15 percent and 5 percent of Yukos, respectively, lack the benefit of an investment treaty. The sole remedy of US-based investors in seeking
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described
Khodorkovsky as being "vilified by the West" until quite recently, but now being seen as perhaps "the West's best friend". It stated that in Russia, "the financial free-for-all is yielding to an ethic of reinvesting in your business" with Khodorkovsky "leading the charge", with Yukos now
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From 2003 to 2004 onwards, the
Russian government presented Yukos with a series of tax claims totaling US$ 27 billion (€20,1 billion). As the government froze Yukos' assets at the same time, and alternative attempts to settle by Yukos were refused, the company was unable to pay these tax
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On 20 April 2016 the
District Court of The Hague set aside the decisions of the PCA, ruling that it had no jurisdiction as provisional application of the ECT arbitration clause violated Russian law. In February 2020, the Court of Appeal of the Hague reversed the invalidation and held that the PCA
1025:, Texas court filing, the CFO resides in Houston. According to a company spokeswoman the CEO resided in London, UK as of December 2004. Executives Mikhail Brudno and Vladimir Dubov fled to Israel in 2003, and were seen on February 2, 2005 in Washington, D.C. at an official function for President
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The company was named after these assets, "Yuganskneftegaz" + "KuybyshevnefteOrgSintez". The Samaraneftegaz ("Samara Oil and Gas") refinery was added to Yukos in 1995 under decree No. 864, and it later incorporated eight distribution companies in Central Russia and Siberia and assorted technical
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and a vehement opponent of Yukos, on Khodorkovsky's birthday in 1998. Initially, Yukos, like most other Russian energy companies, was badly affected by the economic recession of the 1990s; subsequent to acquiring Yukos, accusations were made of other parties being squeezed out, and Yukos became
853:. Rosneft acquired Baikalfinansgrup within days of the auction, at which point the tax bill was "slashed". Just over a year later Yuganskneftegaz was formally valued by Rosneft at $ 56 billion. On February 7, 2006, in response to a question posed by a Spanish journalist, Russian President
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The following month, it was reported that some individuals established themselves as the "New Management" of Yukos. However, this was apparently an illegal act, as Yukos "emphatically rejected" the legitimacy of the "new management" which had Vinokurov as president. According to Yukos, these
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in the United States, estimating its assets at US$ 12.3 billion and its debts at US$ 30.8 billion, including "alleged taxes owed to the Russian government". It accused the Russian authorities of "an unprecedented campaign of illegal, discriminatory, and disproportionate tax claims
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ruled unanimously upon awarding compensation of $ 50 billion for the company's assets, that Yukos was the target of a series of politically motivated attacks by Russian authorities that eventually led to its destruction, and that Russia had expropriated Yukos' assets in breach of the
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is about US$ 4 billion on 2003 revenues of US$ 28.867 billion. Yukos' parent company, Menatep, lobbied extensively and successfully to influence Western public opinion, retaining Margery Kraus of APCO who successfully pushed through resolutions inter alia before the US House of
564:"Much of the second wave of privatization that did take place—in particular, the "loans-for-shares" scheme, in which major Russian banks obtained shares in firms with strong potential as collateral for loans to the state—turned into a fraudulent shambles, which drew criticism from many"
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On October 31, 2003, shortly after the arrest of the company's CEO, the Russian government froze ownership of 44% of the company's shares. The reason given was to prevent a group of shareholders led by Khodorkovsky from selling a large stake of the company to the US oil firm
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ruled for Russia to pay the former owners Yukos €1.87 billion ($ 2.51 billion) in compensation for unfair proceedings of the tax evasion case. Yukos is asking for $ 333 million to cover losses incurred after its accounts were frozen plus costs and interests.
617:"In those days everyone in Russia was engaged in the primary accumulation of capital. Even when laws existed, they were not very rigorously followed. Therefore, if you conducted yourself too much in a Western manner, you were simply torn to pieces and forgotten."
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for alleged unpaid taxes shortly after and declared bankrupt in August 2006. Courts in several countries later ruled that the real intent was to destroy Yukos and obtain its assets for the government, and act politically against Khodorkovsky. In 2014, the largest
932:. A Yukos shareholders' meeting scheduled for December 20, 2004 was to discuss a "crisis plan." A Russian company must hold such a meeting before it can apply for bankruptcy in Russia. The Russian Government sold Yukos's main production unit, known as
1059:
The Yukos Oil Company's former shareholders and management filed a series of claims in courts and arbitration panels in various countries, seeking compensation for their expropriation. The largest, for over $ 100 billion, was filed at the
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By mid-December, 2004, all members of the board of Yukos, and most of the company's senior managers, had left Russia, some of them because of "fear of arrest" after being "summoned for questioning by prosecutors". According to a December 2004
940:, the company representing Khodorkovsky, promised to challenge the sale's legality in a number of countries, and to sue the buyer and any company helping to fund the deal. The expected buyer was the 38% Russian state owned company OAO
535:– immensely wealthy Russian businessmen with powerful political connections, who held a dominant position in Russian business and politics for some time. (The first wave of wealthy individuals was banking and export driven following
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into Yukos by the tax authorities, in December 2003, after which in April 2004 Yukos was issued in stages with tax claims for $ 27 billion, a sum that exceeded its total revenues for 2002 and 2003. At the same time, Yukos'
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Russia's most valuable assets were sold at bargain prices to insiders such as Mr Khodorkovsky.... Menatep bought Russia's second largest oil company, Yukos, for $ 300m. It also took on $ 2bn in debts, which made the price more
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Yukos however recovered very quickly and, in the course of the next few years, became one of Russia's largest oil companies, one of the world's largest non-state oil companies, but more significantly, a leader in Russian
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No. 1403 (November 17, 1992), which had directed the government to transfer its directly owned oil and gas operations into separate companies, in preparation for privatization, with the aim of developing the
319:, Yukos was ranked as the 359th largest company in the world. In October 2003, Khodorkovsky—by then the richest person in Russia and 16th richest person in the world—was arrested, and the company was forcibly
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as the 16th richest person in the world, with a fortune estimated at $ 15 billion. His eventual sentence in 2005 was for 10 years, and attracted widespread international concern related to a perceived
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formally owned by Rosprom, Menatep's holding company. In the late 1990s Russia was badly affected by a deepening of the economic crisis, in the course of which Bank Menatep became insolvent.
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The Russian oligarchs used brutal and criminal methods like those used by the "robber barons" in the United States at the end of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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1587:– draft paper by Yuko Iji, University College, London, CENTRE FOR THE STUDY OF ECONOMIC & SOCIAL CHANGE IN EUROPE: SCHOOL OF SLAVONIC & EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES, June 2003,
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Both men were cited in an international arrest warrant regarding their involvement in the Yukos tax case. On Wednesday, April 6, 2006, the company's Executive Vice President,
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shares of Mazeikiu Nafta (Lithuania). In 2002 four companies – Yukos, Lukoil, TNK and Sibneft – established a consortium to build a pipeline from Western Siberia to Murmansk.
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771:"Any of the oligarchs could have faced similar charges; Khodorkovsky's imprisonment made them so docile that Putin confined himself to making an example of just one victim"
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by the government and offers exploring other ways to settle, such as payment in stages or sale of non-core assets, were refused or ignored. In July 2004, its core asset,
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1038:"We can only assume that this action against him is a direct result of his accepting a position to work to protect Yukos Oil Company and its legitimate stakeholders."
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and setting aside the dubious conduct previously associated with it in the early oligarch years. Yukos had five Americans on its board, and Khodorkovsky's charity "
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eventually ruled that while the arrest and several other points were unlawful, he was not a "political prisoner" since the charges against him had been based on
603:(1987) and banking entrepreneur (1989), former chairman of the Investment Fund for Assistance to the Fuel and Oil Industry (1992), former deputy minister of the
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whose participants were limited to favored bidders with political connections. This acquisition of valuable state industrial enterprises for far less than their
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Using his close contact with state officials, as well as illegal methods and violence, he saw his wealth and empire continue to grow until he challenged Putin.
1597:"Besides, since the dismantling of the state monopoly over foreign trade in 1988, those who had access began to sell abroad practically anything exportable."
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633:
The initial period of "oligarchic privatization" was characterized by ruthlessness and bloodshed, with those having power sometimes compared to 19th century
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Federation was not to collect taxes but rather to bankrupt Yukos, appropriate its assets for the sole benefit of the Russian state and state-owned companies
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laid down in Article 7 of the ECHR and also to the right to the protection of property laid down in Article 1 of the Additional Protocol to the ECHR."
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In July 2004, Yukos was charged with tax evasion, for an amount of over US$ 27 billion. The Russian government accused the company of misusing
1599:, citing Gustafson 1999 (27): "Anyone who could acquire at controlled domestic prices, and then sell them abroad for dollars, was rich overnight".
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313:. Between 1996 and 2003, Yukos became one of the largest and most successful Russian companies, producing 20% of Russia's oil output. In the 2004
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2004 shows that the tax claims put the "total tax burden" for 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003 at 67%, 105%, 111%, and 83% of the company's declared
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demands. Between 2004 and 2007, most of Yukos's assets were seized and transferred for a fraction of their value to state-owned oil companies.
2601:
1989:"Russian businessman Mikhail Khodorkovskiy's detention in breach of the Convention' European Court of Human Rights press release May 31, 2011"
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2274:
356:, an established neutral body used by Russia and the West since the 1970s for trade disputes, concluded that the government's action was an "
936:, at auction on December 19, 2004 to recover some of US$ 28 billion in alleged tax debts, following the loss of an appeal by the firm.
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In the Western media and the Russian opposition media the high-profile arrest of Khodorkovsky is usually attributed to his activism in the
641:, was convicted on multiple counts of murder and attempted murder, including (along with Yukos 1st Vice President Nevzlin) the murder of
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in history, $ 50 billion (€37.2 billion), was won by Yukos' former owners against Russia. This $ 50 billion award by the
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1404:"Permanent Court of Arbitration: Final Awards Issued in 3 Arbitrations Between Former Shareholders of Yukos and the Russian Federation"
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496:), the former General Director of Yuganskneftegaz and son of Viktor Muravlenko, a former head of the oil and gas sector during the
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The first chairman and president appointed to lead Yukos, then still a government owned business, was Sergei Muravlenko (Russian:
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of 2012; State Department officials have reportedly raised Yukos investors' concerns at deputy prime minister level in the past.
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In December 2004, Yuganskneftegaz was sold for $ 9.35 billion in a closed-room auction of just two bidders (one of which,
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In a marked change of direction which gained considerable United States coverage, the company and its owner came to be seen as
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OAO Yukos Oil Company, known as Yukos (ЮКОС) was one of the companies so formed, on 12 May 1993. Its initial assets included:
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grew in strength, until it became able politically to outweigh the power of the oligarchs. On October 25, 2003, Yukos CEO
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On June 15, 2006, based on a bank deposit of US$ 4 million and its American CEO's Houston home, Yukos filed for
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Arrested oil tycoon passed shares to banker The Washington Times, November 2, 2003. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
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which had been registered a few days before the auction, and whose bid was financed by state-owned oil company
803:
520:"), in which major state assets were sold off through – and often to – Russian commercial banks in a series of
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2275:"Resolution 1418 (2005): The circumstances surrounding the arrest and prosecution of leading Yukos executives"
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was arrested on charges of fraud and tax evasion. Leonid Bershidsky, founder of Russian business newspaper
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One of the commercial banks contending for Yukos – and controversially also managing its auction – was
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and variously valued between $ 14.7 to $ 22 billion and $ 30.4 billion – was confiscated.
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to protect itself against litigation risks. Yukos was bankrupted in 2006 and liquidated in 2007.
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At the time of his arrest, Khodorkovsky was believed to be the wealthiest man in Russia and was
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Oil and Organic Synthesis": КуйбышевнефтеОргСинтез), founded in 1975–1976, comprising three
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individuals were "loyal to Rosneft" and had as goal the downfall of Yukos. A Yukos lawyer,
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Control of Mikhail Khodorkovsky's shares in the Russian oil giant Yukos have passed to
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2101:, July 28, 2014, by Michael D. Goldhaber, americanlawyer.com. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
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having an American chief financial officer and publishing its previous three years of
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at an address where a snack bar was located, won the auction for Yukos's subsidiary
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1951:"Russian businessmen declared prisoners of conscience after convictions are upheld"
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partners and associates Deborah Ruff, Julia Belcher and Charles Golsong. From p.5:
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1901:, by Leonid Bershidsky, bloombergview.com, July 28, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
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to espouse the claim to their Russian counterparts, as it is determined by the
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only two bidders registered for, and were present during, the auction process:
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716:, in part by funding Russian judges to visit and observe United States courts.
637:, and Yukos was no exception. For example, the former Security Chief of Yukos,
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http://www.themoscowtimes.com/people/article/mikhail-khodorkovsky/433772.html
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final year before being broken up (2003–2004), Yukos pumped 1.7 million
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2016:"Mikhail Khodorkovsky 'not a political prisoner', Human Rights court rules"
1454:
Russia Rejects Energy Charter Treaty: A New Era for Investment Arbitration?
937:
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592:
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1473:"Hague court to rule on $ 50 billion Russian payout to Yukos shareholders"
1298:"The Yukos Appeal Decision on the Role of Arbitral Tribunal's Secretaries"
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1625:, November/December 2004, published for the Council for Foreign Relations
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disclosed that Rosneft had used Baikalfinansgrup as a vehicle to acquire
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2064:"Russia's trial of oil magnate Khodorkovsky not political, court rules"
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International legal proceedings of former Yukos shareholders vs. Russia
1379:"Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce: About Us"
585:
disaster which "came to symbolize the flawed transition as a whole".
553:, Professor of economics and associate director of Russian Studies at
352:
ruled that there had been unfair use of the legal and tax system; the
3081:
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1925:"WikiLeaks: rule of law in Mikhail Khodorkovsky trial merely 'gloss'"
1911:
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2003/nov/2/20031102-111400-3720r/
1258:"Yukos shareholders $ 50 billion win is largest arbitration award..."
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in 2016, but reinstated by the Court of Appeal of the Hague in 2020.
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26:
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2675:"Arbitration awards on multi-billion claims against Russia quashed"
951:, an unknown company registered several days before the auction in
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1423:"Court orders Russia to pay $ 50 billion for seizing Yukos assets"
826:– producing 60% of the company's oil and by itself as much oil as
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as chairmen. In 2001 the company donated $ 1 million to the
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Khodorkovsky Partners Turn Hunters as $ 140 Billion Rulings Near
963:($ 9.4 billion) bid. According to people familiar with the
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2653:"Dutch court: Rosneft owes Yukos damages in $ 333 million suit"
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Russian oil major Yukos implements western-style reorganization
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Russia Must Compensate Yukos Shareholders, Says European Court
2197:"Russian officials draw up a memorandum to the European Court"
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European Court Rules That Khodorkovsky's Rights Were Violated
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approximately $ 12 billion in redress is to request the
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a day. In April 2003, Yukos agreed to a merger/takeover with
357:
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Irina Reznik, Henry Meyer and Alex Sazonov (July 14, 2014),
1276:"Dutch court quashes $ 50 billion Yukos shareholders' award"
944:. Some European and American oil firms decided not to bid.
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during those years. As a comparison, the annual tax bill of
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This "raises serious issues pertaining to the principle of
354:
Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce
2620:
2042:"Mikhail Khodorkovsky case: European Court faults Russia"
1734:
Oligarchs and oligopolies: new formations of global power
407:—former Communist Youth leader turned billionaire—in 2001
2617:
Russia to appeal against $ 50bn Yukos shareholder payout
1635:"Time to Rethink Privatization in Transition Economies?"
1520:
Privatization in Transition Economies: The Ongoing Story
3312:
Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 2007
2352:
Steven Lee Myers; Erin E. Arvedlund (28 October 2003).
2186:, legalweek.com, July 9, 2010. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
3327:
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
2584:
Megan Davies and Douglas Busvine (February 12, 2014),
2553:
Megan Davies and Douglas Busvine (February 12, 2014),
1706:
Your money or your life: the tyranny of global finance
1563:
After Putin's Russia: Past Imperfect, Future Uncertain
1425:, reuters.com, July 28, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
1334:"Russian state oil company wins another Yukos auction"
891:. According to a resolution of the Council of Europe,
379:. The treaty does not prohibit governments seizing or
3332:
European Court of Human Rights cases involving Russia
2277:. Council of Europe. January 25, 2005. Archived from
2092:
Yukos Majority Shareholders Hit a $ 50 Billion Gusher
1943:
1508:
Putin and the Oligarch: The Khodorkovsky-Yukos Affair
3307:
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1993
1677:, Oil & Gas Journal 06/14/1999, by Dean E. Gaddy
1578:
CORPORATE CONTROL AND GOVERNANCE PRACTICES IN RUSSIA
1316:"Yukos case against Russia begins at European court"
1232:"Yukos Creditors Told Russian Oil Company Is Doomed"
1103:
610:
392:, and remove Khodorkovsky from the political arena.
298:. Yukos was acquired from the Russian government by
2381:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 20 December 2004
2227:"Manager of Yukos subsidiary admits to tax evasion"
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1485:"Yukos shareholders awarded about $ 50 billion USD"
712:, to aid the development of Russian leadership and
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2007:
1644:
1534:"Russia's oligarchs: Their risky routes to riches"
1080:The total final award in damages announced by the
751:Although weak at the time of the auctions and the
3190:The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia
2509:European Rights Court Delivers Split Yukos Ruling
2424:
2422:
2371:
2325:
2056:
1825:""Sprawa Jukosu": przyczyny i konsekwencje | OSW"
1801:. The Yukos Library. 28 June 2012. Archived from
1779:
1641:'s quarterly magazine (June 1999, vol 36, No. 2).
3288:
2454:Moscow Times, February 4, 2005, Issue 3099, p. 5
1978:, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, May 31, 2011.
1494:
1071:Office of the United States Trade Representative
440:("Yugansk Oil and Gas": Юганскнефтегаз), a West
2586:With Khodorkovsky out, Yukos investors fight on
2555:With Khodorkovsky out, Yukos investors fight on
1665:, Moscow Times, 1995-11-10, by Michael Gulyayev
1656:
1435:"Energy Charter Treaty: Coming up for 20 years"
512:, many large state-owned industrial businesses
345:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
2419:
2393:
2177:"A lifetime of litigation – the fall of Yukos"
1731:
1703:
1522:– ed. Ira W. Lieberman, Daniel J. Kopf, p. 112
1475:, themoscowtimes.com. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
2707:
2602:Russia ordered to pay $ 50 billion over Yukos
1687:
1685:
1683:
1668:
1350:
1084:on July 18, 2014 was some $ 50 billion.
411:The company was created on April 15, 1993 by
2354:"Oil Tycoon's Arrest Scares Russian Markets"
2171:
2169:
2034:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1653:Profile of khodorkovsky, Moscow Times, 2011.
1463:, International Law Office, 22 October 2009.
755:, from 2000 the government under new leader
395:
311:"loans for shares" auctions of the mid 1990s
244:5,860,000,000,000 Russian ruble (1994)
2721:
2013:
1850:Library of Congress Open World Program site
1788:, Bloomberg BusinessWeek, October 19, 2003.
1531:
1416:
1397:
1351:Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly.
482:, and various other oil-related operations.
332:was ruled invalid by the District court in
2754:Economic history of the Russian Federation
2714:
2700:
2483:"YUKOS Lawyer Shows Signs of Three Crimes"
2328:"Pressure Builds in Kremlin Vs. Oil Giant"
1899:A $ 50 Billion Bill for Putin's Aggression
1680:
1607:
1605:
1447:
1428:
691:a leopard that might be changing its spots
246:
129:
2166:
1871:
1868:, July 17, 2004. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
1291:
1289:
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1694:, Forbes, 2002-03-18, by Paul Klebnikov.
1193:news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4041551.stm
915:
747:Yukos tax claims, breakup, and aftermath
399:
168:Moscow, Russia (April 15, 1993
2507:Gregory L. White (September 21, 2011),
2379:"Russia: Just Who Is Baikalfinansgrup?"
1953:. Amnesty International. Archived from
1922:
1916:
1602:
1413:, pca-cpa.org. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
995:
531:also marked the emergence of a wave of
503:
3289:
2630:
2628:
2087:
2085:
1692:The Oligarch Who Came in from the Cold
1628:
1286:
1273:
1189:"Timeline: The rise and fall of Yukos"
1000:At the time, key management included:
778:Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild
664:- Bloomberg BusinessWeek, October 2003
516:in a second round of reorganization ("
2695:
2249:"Yukos advisers plan lobby offensive"
1663:Menatep Sets Sights On Yukos Takeover
281:
16:1993–2007 Russian oil and gas company
3302:Energy companies established in 1993
1852:, loc.gov. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
1786:Murky Dealings In Russia's Oil Patch
903:nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
2625:
2610:
2082:
1761:"Jail term for Yukos security boss"
1295:
13:
3266:Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center
2825:1996 Russian presidential election
2595:
2430:"Creditors vote to bankrupt Yukos"
2401:"Yukos oil boosts Rosneft profits"
2203:. January 30, 2007. Archived from
1199:from the original on 24 July 2012.
753:economic downturn of the mid-1990s
508:During 1995 and 1996, with Russia
444:oil extraction operation based in
228:Steven M. Theede, Chairman and CEO
14:
3353:
2326:Erin E. Arvedlund (6 July 2004).
1923:Parfitt, Tom (27 December 2010).
611:Post-privatization (1996 to 2003)
3322:2007 disestablishments in Russia
2759:History of Russia (1991–present)
2485:. Kommersant.com. Archived from
2143:Rosneft English-language website
1708:. Haymarket Books. p. 366.
1134:
1120:
1106:
25:
3251:Russia–United Kingdom relations
2749:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2677:. Rechtspraak.nl. 20 April 2016
2667:
2645:
2578:
2563:
2547:
2522:
2501:
2475:
2467:4 February 2005. Archived from
2465:"Yukos Fugitives Feted in U.S."
2457:
2448:
2345:
2319:
2293:
2267:
2241:
2229:(in Russian). 12 September 2005
2219:
2189:
2148:
2136:
2120:
2104:
1981:
1969:
1904:
1892:
1855:
1843:
1817:
1791:
1753:
1725:
1697:
1571:
1556:
1525:
1513:
1478:
1466:
1371:
36:needs additional citations for
3246:Russia–United States relations
2301:"Profile:Mikhail Khodorkovsky"
2014:O'Flynn, Kevin (31 May 2011).
1829:Osw Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich
1736:. Berghahn Books. p. 59.
1344:
1326:
1308:
1274:Corder, Mike (20 April 2016).
1267:
1250:
1224:
1203:
1181:
1155:Oil price increases since 2003
1089:European Court of Human Rights
1082:Permanent Court of Arbitration
1062:Permanent Court of Arbitration
804:European Court of Human Rights
622:- Khodororkovsky, quoted in a
368:Permanent Court of Arbitration
350:European Court of Human Rights
330:Permanent Court of Arbitration
1:
3317:1993 establishments in Russia
2830:1998 Russian financial crisis
1302:International Bar Association
1175:
1055:Yukos shareholders vs. Russia
982:
864:
813:The arrest was followed by a
651:Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
571:Center for Global Development
450:Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
3271:Killing of Vladimir Petukhov
3196:List of Russian billionaires
2820:Petroleum industry in Russia
1637:by John Nellis, pub. in the
1532:Hugh Fraser (27 July 2004).
1160:Hermitage Capital Management
595:, chaired by its co-founder
7:
3226:Azerbaijan–Russia relations
2835:Russia under Vladimir Putin
2764:Presidency of Boris Yeltsin
2744:Economy of the Soviet Union
2570:Yukos – GML Background Note
2145:. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
1639:International Monetary Fund
1099:
959:with a 260.75 billion
605:Ministry of Fuel and Energy
470:in Kuybyshev (now known as
184:November 21, 2007
10:
3358:
3261:Genesis Philanthropy Group
2133:. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
2117:. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
1889:. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
1052:
947:On December 19, 2004, the
459:Kuybyshevnefteorgsintez ("
3337:Companies based in Moscow
3181:
3048:
2850:
2843:
2729:
1612:"Putin and the Oligarchs"
1459:24 September 2015 at the
922:Russian political process
493:
396:Formation and early years
309:during the controversial
275:Нефтяна́я Компа́ния Ю́КОС
271:
255:
240:
219:
203:
195:
180:
164:
147:
143:Нефтяна́я Компа́ния Ю́КОС
137:
128:
3241:Russia–Ukraine relations
2925:Viatcheslav Moshe Kantor
2160:August 17, 2009, at the
1353:"Resolution 1418 (2005)"
887:Representatives and the
268:OJSC "Yukos Oil Company"
3236:Israel–Russia relations
3231:Cyprus–Russia relations
2769:Loans for shares scheme
2723:Privatization in Russia
2640:The Wall Street Journal
2573:Shearman & Sterling
2512:(subscription required)
1732:Bruce Kapferer (2005).
1704:Éric Toussaint (2005).
703:Lord (Jacob) Rothschild
154:Oil and gas exploration
2535:July 28, 2014, at the
2044:. UK: BBC. 31 May 2011
1409:July 29, 2014, at the
1007:CFO: Bruce K. Misamore
676:corporate transparency
661:
619:
599:, a 32-year-old early
579:Putin and the Oligarch
566:
546:
510:in economic difficulty
408:
157:Oil and gas production
2920:Konstantin Kagalovsky
2182:19 March 2016 at the
2097:registration required
1439:Norton Rose Fulbright
1437:, published 2014, by
1011:Chairman of the board
1004:CEO: Steven M. Theede
989:bankruptcy protection
916:Forced sale of assets
657:
615:
562:
542:
403:
377:Energy Charter Treaty
3342:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
3211:Liberalism in Russia
2975:Mikhael Mirilashvili
2940:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
2592:, February 12, 2014.
1385:on 27 September 2014
996:Management responses
808:reasonable suspicion
793:political motivation
761:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
680:corruption in Russia
672:corporate governance
597:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
504:Privatization (1995)
405:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
303:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
232:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
45:improve this article
3206:Ukrainian oligarchs
3040:Vladimir Vinogradov
3015:Alexander Smolensky
2655:. Petro Global News
2516:Wall Street Journal
2471:on 6 February 2005.
2175:Michael Goldhaber,
2131:The Washington Post
2003:– via Scribd.
1866:The Washington Post
1799:"The Yukos Library"
1359:on 24 November 2006
1096:awards were valid.
1015:Viktor Gerashchenko
975:'s former oil unit
730:in compliance with
719:In a 2002 profile,
707:Library of Congress
628:profile, March 2002
421:Presidential Decree
288:oil and gas company
257:Number of employees
125:
2955:Iskander Makhmudov
2910:Mikhail Gutseriyev
2792:Goskomimushchestvo
2489:on 28 October 2012
2407:. 13 February 2006
2358:The New York Times
2332:The New York Times
2127:Valuation of Yukos
2115:The New York Times
1995:on 29 January 2015
1957:on 13 October 2011
1883:Valuation of Yukos
1617:2015-06-30 at the
1583:2014-08-12 at the
1489:The New York Times
1338:The New York Times
820:assets were frozen
728:financial accounts
710:Open World Program
428:sector in Russia.
417:Russian government
409:
123:
3284:
3283:
3177:
3176:
3169:Access Industries
3134:Novolipetsk Steel
3035:Viktor Vekselberg
3025:Gennady Timchenko
3005:Mikhail Prokhorov
2945:Alexander Knaster
2905:Vladimir Gusinsky
2860:Alexander Abramov
2798:Banking in Russia
2255:. 31 October 2003
2070:. UK. 31 May 2011
1887:Asia Times Online
1743:978-1-84545-174-5
1715:978-1-931859-18-9
1170:Svetlana Bakhmina
1034:Vasily Aleksanyan
889:Council of Europe
815:tax investigation
780:upon his arrest.
643:Vladimir Petukhov
533:Russian oligarchs
529:open market value
494:Сергей Муравленко
326:arbitration award
265:
264:
124:Yukos Oil Company
121:
120:
113:
95:
3349:
3149:Rossiysky Kredit
3010:Arkady Rotenberg
3000:Vladimir Potanin
2980:Vadim Moshkovich
2970:Leonid Mikhelson
2950:Alexey Kuzmichev
2930:Suleyman Kerimov
2880:Boris Berezovsky
2865:Roman Abramovich
2848:
2847:
2815:Energy in Russia
2803:Semibankirschina
2785:Finance Minister
2716:
2709:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2649:
2643:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2608:
2606:Associated Press
2599:
2593:
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2576:
2567:
2561:
2551:
2545:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2505:
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2297:
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2290:
2288:
2286:
2281:on July 17, 2011
2271:
2265:
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2262:
2260:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2207:on July 21, 2011
2193:
2187:
2173:
2164:
2155:Президент России
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2124:
2118:
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2102:
2100:
2089:
2080:
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2053:
2051:
2049:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1991:. Archived from
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
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1859:
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1841:
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1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1805:on 23 April 2010
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
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1729:
1723:
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1701:
1695:
1689:
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1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1632:
1626:
1623:Marshall Goldman
1609:
1600:
1575:
1569:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1492:
1491:; July 29, 2014.
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1451:
1445:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1381:. Archived from
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1355:. Archived from
1348:
1342:
1341:
1340:. 8 August 2007.
1330:
1324:
1323:
1312:
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1144:
1142:Companies portal
1139:
1138:
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1125:
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1116:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1067:State Department
969:Baikalfinansgrup
949:Baikalfinansgrup
847:Baikalfinansgrup
665:
649:oil province in
629:
583:public relations
573:
558:
551:Marshall Goldman
518:Loans for shares
495:
300:Russian oligarch
285:
283:[ˈjukəs]
280:
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175:
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3348:
3347:
3346:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3216:Crime in Russia
3173:
3086:X5 Retail Group
3050:
3044:
3030:Alisher Usmanov
3020:Eugene Shvidler
2965:Alexander Mamut
2900:Arcadi Gaydamak
2895:Mikhail Fridman
2870:Vagit Alekperov
2839:
2810:Media in Russia
2781:Anatoly Chubais
2725:
2720:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2672:
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2656:
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2615:
2611:
2600:
2596:
2583:
2579:
2568:
2564:
2552:
2548:
2541:Washington Post
2537:Wayback Machine
2527:
2523:
2511:
2506:
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2194:
2190:
2184:Wayback Machine
2174:
2167:
2162:Wayback Machine
2153:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2125:
2121:
2111:Yukos valuation
2109:
2105:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2040:
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2008:
1998:
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1797:
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1792:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1767:. 30 March 2005
1759:
1758:
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1619:Wayback Machine
1610:
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1585:Wayback Machine
1576:
1572:
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1543:
1541:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1510:, Richard Sakwa
1506:
1495:
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1467:
1461:Wayback Machine
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1411:Wayback Machine
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1349:
1345:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1322:. 4 March 2010.
1314:
1313:
1309:
1296:Puertas, Omar.
1294:
1287:
1272:
1268:
1263:. 28 July 2014.
1256:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1195:. 31 May 2005.
1187:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1165:Alexey Pichugin
1140:
1135:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1057:
1051:
998:
985:
957:Yuganskneftegas
934:Yuganskneftegas
918:
867:
859:Yuganskneftegaz
824:Yuganskneftegaz
749:
699:Henry Kissinger
667:
663:
645:, mayor of the
639:Alexei Pichugin
631:
621:
613:
575:
568:
560:
548:
539:in the 1980s.)
514:were privatized
506:
476:Novokuybyshevsk
438:Yuganskneftegaz
415:No. 354 of the
398:
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3129:Surgutneftegas
3126:
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3119:Norilsk Nickel
3116:
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3106:
3101:
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2985:Leonid Nevzlin
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2890:Oleg Deripaska
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2436:. 25 July 2006
2418:
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2307:. 16 June 2004
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2006:
1980:
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1831:. 15 July 2006
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1238:. 25 July 2006
1223:
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1150:Eminent domain
1146:
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1098:
1053:Main article:
1050:
1047:
1027:George W. Bush
1018:
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737:barrels of oil
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3256:Genesis Prize
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2020:The Telegraph
2017:
2010:
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1862:Yukos profile
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1211:"Fortune 500"
1206:
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1184:
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1128:Energy portal
1123:
1118:
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1114:Russia portal
1104:
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1075:Magnitsky Act
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843:front company
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601:import-export
598:
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590:banking group
586:
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569:John Nellis,
565:
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511:
501:
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498:Soviet regime
490:
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465:Samara Oblast
462:
458:
456:("district");
455:
454:Tyumen Oblast
451:
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62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
3201:New Russians
3188:
3144:Renova Group
3098:Rosvodokanal
3072:
3068:Bank Menatep
3051:& groups
2915:Zarakh Iliev
2801:
2790:
2773:
2736:
2679:. Retrieved
2669:
2657:. Retrieved
2647:
2638:
2612:
2597:
2580:
2565:
2549:
2539:
2524:
2514:
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2487:the original
2477:
2469:the original
2459:
2450:
2438:. Retrieved
2433:
2409:. Retrieved
2404:
2395:
2383:. Retrieved
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2357:
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2331:
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2304:
2295:
2283:. Retrieved
2279:the original
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2252:
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2205:the original
2200:
2191:
2150:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2072:. Retrieved
2068:The Guardian
2067:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2036:
2024:. Retrieved
2019:
2009:
1997:. Retrieved
1993:the original
1983:
1971:
1961:29 September
1959:. Retrieved
1955:the original
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1929:The Guardian
1928:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1886:
1865:
1857:
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1828:
1819:
1807:. Retrieved
1803:the original
1793:
1781:
1769:. Retrieved
1764:
1755:
1747:
1733:
1727:
1719:
1705:
1699:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1630:
1596:
1573:
1566:
1558:
1549:
1542:. Retrieved
1537:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1488:
1480:
1468:
1449:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1383:the original
1373:
1361:. Retrieved
1357:the original
1346:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1279:
1269:
1260:
1252:
1240:. Retrieved
1235:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1205:
1192:
1183:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1058:
1037:
1031:
1019:
999:
986:
946:
933:
926:
919:
901:
876:
868:
836:
812:
801:
795:and lack of
786:
782:
775:
770:
764:
750:
720:
718:
688:
684:
668:
662:
658:
632:
623:
620:
616:
593:Bank Menatep
587:
578:
576:
567:
563:
547:
543:
507:
491:
489:businesses.
487:
446:Nefteyugansk
430:
419:, following
410:
365:
342:
338:
314:
307:Bank Menatep
267:
266:
204:Headquarters
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
3276:Open Russia
2990:God Nisanov
2935:German Khan
2738:Perestroika
2659:18 February
2493:13 December
2363:11 December
2337:11 December
2311:11 December
2259:13 December
1999:22 December
1935:28 December
1835:10 November
1809:13 December
1043:Pavel Ivlev
977:Gazpromneft
839:Gazpromneft
797:due process
714:rule of law
695:Open Russia
674:reform and
537:perestroika
426:oil and gas
316:Fortune 500
139:Native name
3291:Categories
3159:SUAL Group
3078:Alfa Group
2730:Background
2285:August 31,
2201:Kommersant
1551:realistic.
1216:10 October
1176:References
983:Bankruptcy
871:tax havens
865:Tax claims
785:listed by
413:Resolution
270:(Russian:
221:Key people
199:Bankrupted
188:2007-11-21
172:1993-04-15
71:newspapers
3082:Alfa-Bank
3049:Companies
2875:Petr Aven
2844:Oligarchs
2440:31 August
2411:20 August
2385:21 August
2233:31 August
1771:31 August
1593:1476-1734
1242:31 August
1236:Bloomberg
769:, wrote:
766:Vedomosti
732:U.S. GAAP
697:" listed
461:Kuybyshev
372:The Hague
334:The Hague
321:broken up
290:based in
286:) was an
101:July 2014
3182:See also
3104:Interros
2681:25 April
2533:Archived
2434:BBC News
2405:BBC News
2305:BBC News
2253:BBC News
2211:July 23,
2180:Archived
2158:Archived
2074:29 April
2048:29 April
2026:29 April
1765:BBC News
1615:Archived
1581:Archived
1538:BBC News
1457:Archived
1407:Archived
1389:4 August
1320:BBC News
1197:Archived
1100:See also
1069:and the
525:auctions
442:Siberian
358:unlawful
148:Industry
3109:Novatek
3058:Sibneft
2590:Reuters
2558:Reuters
1544:20 July
1363:6 April
1280:AP NEWS
1261:Reuters
1023:Houston
973:Gazprom
965:auction
942:Gazprom
938:Menatep
884:Gazprom
880:revenue
851:Rosneft
845:called
741:Sibneft
647:Yugansk
555:Harvard
390:Gazprom
386:Rosneft
241:Revenue
186: (
181:Defunct
170: (
165:Founded
85:scholar
60:"Yukos"
3154:Polyus
3139:Mechel
3124:Lukoil
3094:TNK-BP
3090:Altimo
2852:People
1740:
1712:
1591:
961:rubles
787:Forbes
722:Forbes
625:Forbes
522:rigged
480:Syzran
472:Samara
296:Russia
292:Moscow
261:31,565
214:Russia
209:Moscow
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
3297:Yukos
3164:Rusal
3073:Yukos
930:Exxon
832:Libya
802:(The
92:JSTOR
78:books
2775:Blat
2683:2016
2661:2015
2495:2012
2442:2008
2413:2010
2387:2010
2365:2005
2339:2005
2313:2005
2287:2008
2261:2012
2235:2008
2213:2010
2076:2013
2050:2013
2028:2013
2022:. UK
2001:2013
1963:2011
1937:2010
1931:. UK
1837:2015
1811:2012
1773:2008
1738:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1589:ISSN
1546:2010
1540:. UK
1391:2014
1365:2010
1244:2008
1218:2020
1087:The
971:and
953:Tver
828:Iraq
701:and
478:and
452:and
388:and
366:The
343:The
279:IPA:
196:Fate
64:news
3063:ORT
2621:BBC
830:or
810:.)
577:In
474:),
370:in
305:'s
273:ОАО
47:by
3293::
3096:·
3092:·
3088:·
3084:·
2637:,
2627:^
2619:,
2604:,
2588:,
2432:.
2421:^
2403:.
2356:.
2330:.
2303:.
2251:.
2199:.
2168:^
2129:,
2113:,
2084:^
2066:.
2018:.
1927:.
1885:,
1873:^
1864:,
1827:.
1763:.
1746:.
1718:.
1682:^
1621:,
1604:^
1595::
1548:.
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