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1685:. In response, Edward ordered the arrest of any French persons in England and seized Isabella's lands, on the basis that she was of French origin. In November 1324 he met with the earls and the English Church, who recommended that Edward should lead a force of 11,000 men to Gascony. Edward decided not to go personally, sending instead the Earl of Surrey. Meanwhile, Edward opened up fresh negotiations with the French king. Charles advanced various proposals, the most tempting of which was the suggestion that if Isabella and Prince Edward were to travel to Paris, and the prince was to give homage to Charles for Gascony, he would terminate the war and return the Agenais. Edward and his advisers had concerns about sending the prince to France, but agreed to send Isabella on her own as an envoy in March 1325.
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1985:
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has remained there undisturbed since
December 1327 or thereabouts"; Mira Rubin, who concludes that Edward may have been murdered; Michael Prestwich, who has "no doubt" that Mortimer plotted to murder Edward, and that he "almost certainly died at Berkeley"; Joe Burden, who believes that Mortimer issued orders for Edward to be killed, and that Edward was buried at Gloucester; Mark Ormrod, who argues that Edward was probably murdered, and Edward is buried at Gloucester; Jeffrey Hamilton, who finds the argument that Edward survived Berkeley "fantastic"; and Chris Given-Wilson, who believes it is "almost certainly ... true" that Edward died on the night of 21 September and was murdered.
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later role in governance, even if he did not necessarily prove to be a competent or successful administrator. Miri Rubin argues that he was "deeply involved" in governance and portrays Edward's abilities sympathetically; Anthony Musson stresses Edward's later involvement in the legal system; Seymour
Phillips argues that Edward was more closely involved in governmental business than has been previously suggested, although his interest was "sporadic and unpredictable", and heavily influenced by his advisors; Roy Haines notes Edward's "idiosyncrasy" in engaging in business, and the dominant role of the Despensers in setting policy, but stops short of Prestwich's position.
1875:, made a series of public allegations about Edward's conduct as king, and in January 1327 a parliament convened at Westminster at which the question of Edward's future was raised; Edward refused to attend the gathering. Parliament, initially ambivalent, responded to the London crowds that called for the king's son Edward to take the throne. On 12 January the leading barons and clergy agreed that Edward II should be removed and replaced by his son. The following day it was presented to an assembly of the barons, where it was argued that Edward's weak leadership and personal faults had led the kingdom into disaster, and that he was incompetent to lead the country.
1715:
Isabella appears to have disliked Hugh
Despenser the Younger intensely, not least because of his abuse of high-status women. Isabella was embarrassed that she had fled from Scottish armies three times during her marriage to Edward, and she blamed Hugh for the final occurrence in 1322. When Edward had negotiated the recent truce with Robert the Bruce, he had severely disadvantaged a range of noble families who owned land in Scotland, including the Beaumonts, close friends of Isabella. She was also angry about the arrest of her household and seizure of her lands in 1324. Finally, Edward had taken away her children and given custody of them to Hugh Despenser's wife.
1905:
1406:. It began with torrential rains in late 1314, followed by a very cold winter and heavy rains the following spring that killed many sheep and cattle. The bad weather continued, almost unabated, into 1321, resulting in a string of bad harvests. Revenues from the exports of wool plummeted and the price of food rose, despite attempts by Edward's government to control prices. Edward called for hoarders to release food, and tried to encourage both internal trade and the importation of grain, but with little success. The requisitioning of provisions for the royal court during the famine years only added to tensions.
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Warwick's actions, and shifted their support to Edward in the aftermath. To
Lancaster and his core of supporters, the execution had been both legal and necessary to preserve the stability of the kingdom. Civil war again appeared likely, but in December, the Earl of Pembroke negotiated a potential peace treaty between the two sides, which would pardon the opposition barons for the killing of Gaveston, in exchange for their support for a fresh campaign in Scotland. Lancaster and Warwick, however, did not give the treaty their immediate approval, and further negotiations continued through most of 1313.
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Edward's 1303 treaty with France, had been a bilateral agreement between the two kings, rather than a conventional feudal agreement. As such, Edward's offering homage for
Gascony was dependent on the French crown delivering on its own commitments, rather than an absolute duty. Edward's lawyers also argued that Isabella had a potential claim to the lands in the south under customary French law. When granting Gascony to Isabella, Phillip IV appeared to have been dividing up his lands, as was customary at the time, rather than giving a conditional grant, which meant that Gascony was an
920:. Compacts of adoptive brotherhood, in which the participants pledged to support each other in a form of "brotherhood-in-arms", were not unknown between close male friends in the Middle Ages. Many chroniclers described Edward and Gaveston's relationship as one of brotherhood, and one explicitly noted that Edward had taken Gaveston as his adopted brother. Chaplais argues that the pair may have made a formal compact in either 1300 or 1301, and that they would have seen any later promises they made to separate or to leave each other as having been made under duress, and therefore invalid.
2226:". Although parliament often opposed raising fresh taxes, active opposition to Edward came largely from the barons, rather than parliament itself, although the barons did seek to use the parliamentary meetings as a way of giving legitimacy to their long-standing political demands. After resisting it for many years, Edward began intervening in parliament in the second half of his reign to achieve his own political aims. It remains unclear whether he was deposed in 1327 by a formal gathering of parliament or simply a gathering of the political classes alongside an existing parliament.
571:
1148:, who would carry out a widespread reform of both the government and the royal household. Under huge pressure, he agreed to the proposal and the Ordainers were elected, broadly evenly split between reformers and conservatives. While the Ordainers began their plans for reform, Edward and Gaveston took a new army of around 4,700 men to Scotland, where the military situation had continued to deteriorate. Robert the Bruce declined to give battle and the campaign progressed ineffectually over the winter until supplies and money ran out in 1311, forcing Edward to return south.
1512:
his excuses and declined to intervene, and war broke out in May. The
Despensers' lands were quickly seized by a coalition of the Marcher Lords and the local gentry, and Lancaster held a high-level gathering of the barons and clergy in June which condemned the Despensers for having broken the Ordinances. Edward attempted reconciliation, but in July the opposition occupied London and called for the permanent removal of the Despensers. Fearing that he might be deposed if he refused, Edward agreed to exile the Despensers and pardoned the Marcher Lords for their actions.
1017:. As part of the coronation, Edward swore to uphold "the rightful laws and customs which the community of the realm shall have chosen". It is uncertain what this meant: It might have been intended to force Edward to accept future legislation, it may have been inserted to prevent him from overturning any future vows he might take, or it may have been an attempt by the king to ingratiate himself with the barons. The event was marred by the large crowds of eager spectators who surged into the palace, knocking down a wall and forcing Edward to flee by the back door.
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2254:, along with other smaller rooms, but, due to the Scottish conflict, the court spent much of its time in Yorkshire and Northumbria. At the heart of the court was Edward's royal household, in turn divided into the "hall" and the "chamber"; the size of the household varied over time, but in 1317 was around five hundred people, including household knights, squires, and kitchen and transport staff. The household was surrounded by a wider group of courtiers, and appears to have also attracted a circle of prostitutes and criminal elements.
2302:, despite the king's repeated intervention in the operation of the English Church, including punishing bishops with whom he disagreed. With Clement's support, Edward attempted to gain the financial support of the English Church for his military campaigns in Scotland, including taxation and borrowing money against the funds gathered for the crusades. The Church did relatively little to influence or moderate Edward's behaviour during his reign, possibly because of the bishops' self-interest and concern for their own protection.
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49:
1754:
819:
489:
2327:
1699:
1050:
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2167:
2398:, focusing on the king's relationship with his favourites and, increasingly, alluding to his possible homosexuality. From the 1870s onwards, however, open academic discussion of Edward's sexuality was circumscribed by changing English values. By the start of the 20th century, English schools were being advised by the government to avoid overt discussion of Edward's personal relationships in history lessons. Views on his sexuality have continued to develop over the years.
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1666:, Edward's brother-in-law, had become King of France in 1322, and was more aggressive than his predecessors. In 1323, he insisted that Edward come to Paris to give homage for Gascony, and demanded that Edward's administrators in Gascony allow French officials there to carry out orders given in Paris. Matters came to a head in October when a group of Edward's soldiers hanged a French sergeant for attempting to build a new
1327:. In response, Edward planned a major military campaign with the support of Lancaster and the barons, mustering a large army between 15,000 and 20,000 strong. Meanwhile, Robert had besieged Stirling Castle, a key fortification in Scotland; its English commander had stated that unless Edward arrived by 24 June, he would surrender. News of this reached the king in late May, and he decided to speed up his march north from
1534:, took the bait and her men killed several of Isabella's retinue, giving Edward an excuse to intervene. Lancaster refused to help Bartholomew, his personal enemy, and Edward quickly regained control of south-east England. Alarmed, Lancaster now mobilised his own army in the north of England, and Edward mustered his own forces in the south-west. The Despensers returned from exile and were pardoned by the royal council.
1065:
Accusations, probably untrue, were levelled at
Gaveston that he had stolen royal funds and had purloined Isabella's wedding presents. Gaveston had played a key role at Edward's coronation, provoking fury from both the English and the French contingents about the earl's ceremonial precedence and magnificent clothes, and about Edward's apparent preference for Gaveston's company over that of Isabella at the feast.
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1603:, but Robert the Bruce declined to meet him in battle, drawing Edward further into Scotland. Plans to resupply the campaign by sea failed, and the large army rapidly ran out of food. Edward was forced to retreat south of the border, pursued by Scottish raiding parties. Edward's illegitimate son, Adam, died during the campaign, and the raiding parties almost captured Isabella, who was staying at
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across Europe, where he was captured in Naples; he died as he was being returned to
England. John Maltravers was not formally accused of murdering Edward II but left for Europe and from there contacted Edward III, possibly to make a deal over what he knew about the events of 1327; after a period in exile he was ultimately pardoned and given permission to return to England in 1351.
2206:. Edward was also criticised by contemporaries for allowing the Despensers to exploit the royal justice system for their own ends; the Despensers certainly appear to have abused the system, although just how widely they did so is unclear. Amid the political turbulence, armed gangs and violence spread across England under Edward's reign, destabilising the position of many of the local
2235:
3305:, which would change the meaning of the oath from referring to future legislation, to a retrospective statement about respecting existing laws and customs. It is also uncertain to what extent any changes in the coronation oath were driven by wider political disagreements between Edward and the barons, or were specifically focused over concerns with Gaveston's position.
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through often unpopular taxes, and requisitioning goods using his right of prise. He also took out many loans, first through the
Frescobaldi family, and then through his banker Antonio Pessagno. Edward took a strong interest in financial matters towards the end of his reign, distrusting his own officials and directly cutting back on the expenses of his own household.
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597:, who was responsible for his discipline, training him in riding and military skills. It is uncertain how well educated Edward was; there is little evidence for his ability to read and write, although his mother was keen that her other children be well educated, and Ferre was himself a relatively learned man for the period. Edward likely mainly spoke
1674:, a contested section of the Gascon border. Edward denied any responsibility for this incident, but relations between Edward and Charles soured. In 1324, Edward dispatched the Earl of Pembroke to Paris to broker a solution, but the earl died suddenly of an illness along the way. Charles mobilised his army and ordered the invasion of Gascony.
1802:, reaching Gloucester between 9 and 12 October; he hoped to reach Wales and from there mobilise an army against the invaders. Mortimer and Isabella were not far behind. Proclamations condemned the Despensers' recent regime. Day by day they gathered new supporters. Edward and the younger Despenser crossed over the border and set sail from
774:, who served as the royal treasurer, apparently over the amount of financial support Edward received from the Crown. The king defended his treasurer, and banished Prince Edward and his companions from his court, cutting off their financial support. After some negotiations involving family members and friends, the two men were reconciled.
2007:, the funeral having probably been delayed to allow Edward III to attend in person. Gloucester was probably chosen because other abbeys had refused or been forbidden to take the king's body, and because it was close to Berkeley. The funeral was a grand affair and cost £351 in total, complete with gilt lions, standards painted with
389:, along with other plays, films, novels and media. Many of these have focused on the possible sexual relationship between the two men. Edward's contemporaries criticised his performance as a king, noting his failures in Scotland and the oppressive regime of his later years, although 19th-century academics have argued that the growth of
1976:. He arrested Mortimer and then executed him on fourteen charges of treason, including the murder of Edward II. Edward III's government sought to blame Mortimer for all the recent problems, effectively politically rehabilitating Edward II. Edward III placed his mother under arrest, but she was released soon after.
356:, capturing and executing Lancaster. Edward and the Despensers strengthened their grip on power, revoking the 1311 reforms, executing their enemies and confiscating estates. Unable to make progress in Scotland, Edward finally signed a truce with Robert. Opposition to the regime grew, and when Isabella was sent to France to negotiate
1346:, whom Robert killed in personal combat. Edward continued his advance the following day, and encountered the bulk of the Scottish army as they emerged from the woods of New Park. Edward appears not to have expected the Scots to give battle here, and as a result had kept his forces in marching, rather than battle, order, with the
1944:"suspiciously timely", as it simplified Mortimer's political problems considerably, and most historians believe that Edward was probably murdered on the orders of the new regime, although it is impossible to be certain. Several of the individuals suspected of involvement in the death, including Sir Thomas Gurney, Maltravers and
1891:, representing the kingdom as a whole, withdrew his homage and formally ended Edward's reign. A proclamation was sent to London, announcing that Edward, now known as Edward of Caernarvon, had freely resigned his kingdom and that his son Edward would succeed him. The coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 1 February 1327.
856:, and the King responded furiously, pulling his son's hair out in great handfuls, before exiling Gaveston. The official court records, however, show Gaveston being only temporarily exiled, supported by a comfortable stipend; no reason is given for the order, suggesting that it may have been an act aimed at punishing the prince.
1791:, Edward attempted to garner support from within the capital. The city of London rose against his government, and on 2 October he left London, taking the Despensers with him. London descended into anarchy, as mobs attacked Edward's remaining officials and associates, killing his former treasurer Walter Stapledon in
1711:
in person to
Charles for Gascony. Concerned about the consequences of war breaking out once again, Edward agreed to the treaty but decided to give Gascony to his son, Edward, and sent the prince to give homage in Paris. The young Prince Edward crossed the English Channel and completed the bargain in September.
3443:. His other biographer, Roy Haines, makes no reference at all to the red-hot poker story. Ian Mortimer, who argues that Edward did not die in 1327, naturally disputes the "anal rape" story. Paul Doherty notes that modern historians take the "lurid description of Edward's death with more than a pinch of salt".
1266:
problems in the south of France and to win Philip's support in the dispute with the barons; for Philip it was an opportunity to impress his son-in-law with his power and wealth. It proved a spectacular visit, including a grand ceremony in which the two kings knighted Philip's sons and two hundred other men in
2512:, where he is portrayed as weak and implicitly homosexual, wearing silk clothes and heavy makeup, shunning the company of women and incapable of dealing militarily with the Scots. The film received extensive criticism, both for its historical inaccuracies and for its negative portrayal of homosexuality.
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authority under Edward, which they perceived as positive developments. During the 1970s the historiography of Edward's reign shifted away from this model, supported by the further publishing of records from the period in the last quarter of the 20th century. The work of Jeffrey Denton, Jeffrey Hamilton,
2110:. The body buried at Gloucester Cathedral was said to be that of the porter of Berkeley Castle, killed by the assassins and presented by them to Isabella as Edward's corpse to avoid punishment. The letter is often linked to an account of Edward III meeting with a man called William the Welshman in
1076:, who convinced the barons to back down. A fresh parliament was held in April, where the barons once again criticised Gaveston, demanding his exile, this time supported by Isabella and the French monarchy. Edward resisted, but finally acquiesced, agreeing to send Gaveston to Aquitaine, under threat of
3492:
The historian Miri Rubin argues that the displays show a lack of royal decorum. The historian Michael Prestwich notes that these court events imply to many "a decadent extravagance, fitting the familiar stereotype of the king", but goes on to argue that the court was really "conventional, and perhaps
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Edward's lawyers put forward various arguments in the dispute with the French kings. One line of argument stemmed from the 1259 treaty agreed by Edward's grandfather, Henry III, under which Henry had agreed to give homage for Gascony; Edward's lawyers observed that this treaty, which underpinned
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argues that he "was not so much an incompetent king as a reluctant one", preferring to rule through a powerful deputy, such as Piers Gaveston or Hugh Despenser the Younger. Edward's willingness to promote his favourites had serious political consequences, although he also attempted to buy the loyalty
1710:
Isabella, with Edward's envoys, carried out negotiations with the French in late March. The negotiations proved difficult, and they arrived at a settlement only after Isabella personally intervened with her brother, Charles. The terms favoured the French Crown: In particular, Edward would give homage
1587:
for his own loyalty. Edward was able to reward his loyal supporters, especially the Despenser family, with the confiscated estates and new titles. The fines and confiscations made Edward rich: almost £15,000 was brought in during the first few months, and by 1326, Edward's treasury contained £62,000.
1390:
in 1316, promising to take forward the Ordinances through a new reform commission, but he appears to have abandoned this role soon afterwards, partially because of disagreements with the other barons, and possibly because of ill-health. Lancaster refused to meet with Edward in parliament for the next
1155:
contained clauses limiting the king's right to go to war or to grant land without parliament's approval, giving parliament control over the royal administration, abolishing the system of prises, excluding the Frescobaldi bankers, and introducing a system to monitor the adherence to the Ordinances. In
859:
The possibility that Edward had a sexual relationship with Gaveston or his later favourites has been extensively discussed by historians, complicated by the paucity of surviving evidence to determine for certain the details of their relationships. Homosexuality was fiercely condemned by the Church in
3373:
Mainstream historical interpretations of Edward's death include those of Seymour Phillips, who argues that it is "likely that he was murdered, probably by suffocation"; Roy Haines, who suggests that he was probably murdered and that "there is little reason to doubt that Edward of Caernarfon's corpse
2460:
was first performed around 1592 and focuses on Edward's relationship with Piers Gaveston, reflecting 16th-century concerns about the relationships between monarchs and their favourites. Marlowe presents Edward's death as a murder, drawing parallels between the killing and martyrdom; although Marlowe
2257:
Music and minstrels were very popular at Edward's court, but hunting appears to have been a much less important activity, and there was little emphasis on chivalric events. Edward was interested in buildings and paintings, but less so in literary works, which were not extensively sponsored at court.
2197:
Edward was responsible for implementing royal justice through his network of judges and officials. It is uncertain to what extent Edward took a personal interest in dispensing justice, but he appears to have involved himself to some degree during the first part of his reign, and to have increasingly
2184:
Edward was ultimately a failure as a king; the historian Michael Prestwich observes that he "was lazy and incompetent, liable to outbursts of temper over unimportant issues, yet indecisive when it came to major issues", echoed by Roy Haines' description of Edward as "incompetent and vicious", and as
1612:, independently negotiated a peace treaty with Robert the Bruce, proposing that Edward would recognise Robert as the King of Scotland and that, in return, Robert would cease to interfere in England. Edward was furious and immediately executed Harclay, but agreed to a thirteen-year truce with Robert.
1582:
Edward punished Lancaster's supporters through a system of special courts across the country, with the judges instructed in advance how to sentence the accused, who were not allowed to speak in their own defence. Many of these so-called "Contrariants" were simply executed, and others were imprisoned
1096:
and Philip IV to allow Gaveston to return to England, offering in exchange to suppress the Knights Templar in England, and to release Bishop Langton from prison. Edward called a new meeting of members of the Church and key barons in January 1309, and the leading earls then gathered in March and
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on 25 April 1284, less than a year after Edward I had conquered the region, and as a result is sometimes called Edward of Caernarfon. The King probably chose the castle deliberately as the location for Edward's birth as it was an important symbolic location for the native Welsh, associated with
2501:
of the original, depicting Edward as a strong, explicitly homosexual leader, ultimately overcome by powerful enemies. In Jarman's version, Edward finally escapes captivity, following the tradition in the Fieschi letter. Edward's current popular image was also shaped by his contrasting appearance in
2213:
Under Edward's rule, parliament's importance grew as a means of making political decisions and answering petitions, although as the historian Claire Valente notes, the gatherings were "still as much an event as an institution". After 1311, parliament began to include, in addition to the barons, the
1782:
Roger Mortimer, Isabella and thirteen-year-old Prince Edward, accompanied by King Edward's half-brother Edmund of Woodstock, landed in Orwell on 24 September with a small force of men and met with no resistance. Instead, enemies of the Despensers moved rapidly to join them, including Edward's other
1511:
In early 1321, Lancaster mobilised a coalition of the Despensers' enemies across the Marcher territories. Edward and Hugh the Younger became aware of these plans in March and headed west, hoping that negotiations led by the moderate Earl of Pembroke would defuse the crisis. This time, Pembroke made
1071:
met in February 1308 in a heated atmosphere. Edward was eager to discuss the potential for governmental reform, but the barons were unwilling to begin any such debate until the problem of Gaveston had been resolved. Violence seemed likely, but the situation was resolved through the mediation of the
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to them for the lands; the English kings saw this demand as insulting to their honour, and the issue remained unresolved. Edward I also faced increasing opposition from his barons over the taxation and requisitions required to resource his wars, and left his son debts of around £200,000 on his
3341:
Historian Roy Haines stresses the lack of evidence for any earlier relationship, while Paul Doherty argues that there is no evidence for them having been closely involved before December 1325, although he suspects that they may have been friends by 1323. While agreeing that there is no documentary
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and J. C. Davies, who focused on the development of the English constitutional and governmental system during his reign. Although critical of what they regarded as Edward II's inadequacies as a king, they also emphasised the growth of the role of parliament and the reduction in personal royal
2055:
Edward II's tomb rapidly became a popular site for visitors, probably encouraged by the local monks, who lacked an existing pilgrimage attraction. Visitors donated extensively to the abbey, allowing the monks to rebuild much of the surrounding church in the 1330s. Miracles reportedly took place at
1821:
Edward's authority collapsed in England where, in his absence, Isabella's faction took over the administration with the support of the Church. Her forces surrounded Bristol, where Hugh Despenser the Elder had taken shelter; he surrendered and was promptly executed. Edward and Hugh the Younger fled
1718:
By February 1326 it was clear that Isabella was involved in a relationship with an exiled Marcher Lord, Roger Mortimer. It is unclear when Isabella first met Mortimer or when their relationship began, but they both wanted to see Edward and the Despensers removed from power. Edward appealed for his
1213:
Edward responded to the baronial threat by revoking the Ordinances and recalling Gaveston to England, being reunited with him at York in January 1312. The barons were furious and met in London, where Gaveston was excommunicated by the Archbishop of Canterbury and plans were put in place to capture
809:
events, the assembly took a collective oath to defeat Bruce. It is unclear what role Prince Edward's forces played in the campaign that summer, which, under the orders of Edward I, saw a punitive, brutal retaliation against Bruce's faction in Scotland. Edward returned to England in September,
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called Mariota or Mary Maunsel for a few months until she fell ill, when Alice de Leygrave became his foster mother. He would have barely known his natural mother, Eleanor, who was in Gascony with his father during his earliest years. An official household, complete with staff, was created for the
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Most historians suggest that Edward increased his engagement with administration in the 1320s, although Michael Prestwich suggests that many of Edward's later correspondence on governmental issues were written for him by the Despensers. Generally, current historians have tended to stress Edward's
3383:
Thomas Berkeley was spared by Edward III, after a jury concluded in 1331 that he had not been involved in the killing of the late king. The same jury found that William Ockley and Thomas Gurney had been responsible for the death. Ockley was not heard of again, but Gurney fled and was pursued
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at his court, and Edward blessed the sick, although he did this less often than his predecessors. Edward remained close to the Dominican Order, which had helped to educate him, and followed their advice in asking for papal permission to be anointed with the Holy Oil of St. Thomas of Canterbury in
1939:
Concerns continued to be raised over fresh plots to liberate Edward, some involving the Dominican order and former household knights, and one such attempt got at least as far as breaking into the prison within the castle. As a result of these threats, Edward was moved around to other locations in
1281:
On his return from France, Edward found his political position greatly strengthened. After intense negotiation, the earls, including Lancaster and Warwick, came to a compromise in October 1313, fundamentally very similar to the draft agreement of the previous December. Edward's finances improved,
1064:
Gaveston's return from exile in 1307 was initially accepted by the barons, but opposition quickly grew. He appeared to have an excessive influence on royal policy, leading to complaints from one chronicler that there were "two kings reigning in one kingdom, the one in name and the other in deed".
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and lands across North Wales; he seems to have hoped that this would help pacify the region, and that it would give his son some financial independence. Edward received homage from his Welsh subjects and then joined his father for the 1301 Scottish campaign; he took an army of around 300 soldiers
3198:
Earlier histories of Edward II considered him poorly educated, principally because he took his coronation oath in French, rather than Latin, and because of his interest in agricultural crafts. His use of French at his coronation is no longer interpreted in this fashion, but there is little other
2134:
suggests that the story in Fieschi's letter is broadly accurate, but argues that it was in fact Mortimer and Isabella who had Edward secretly released, and who then faked his death, a fiction later maintained by Edward III when he came to power. Ian Mortimer's account was criticised by most
2099:'s colourful account of the killing. It became incorporated into most later histories of Edward, typically being linked to his possible homosexuality. Most historians now dismiss this account of Edward's death, querying the logic in his captors murdering him in such an easily detectable fashion.
1778:
as a diversionary attack. Edward issued a nationalistic appeal for his subjects to defend the kingdom, but with little impact. The regime's hold on power at the local level was fragile, the Despensers were widely disliked, and many of those Edward entrusted with the defence of the kingdom proved
1261:
Reactions to the death of Gaveston varied considerably. Edward was furious and deeply upset over what he saw as the murder of Gaveston; he made provisions for Gaveston's family, and intended to take revenge on the barons involved. The earls of Pembroke and Surrey were embarrassed and angry about
1131:
Following his return, Gaveston's relationship with the major barons became increasingly difficult. He was considered arrogant, and he took to referring to the earls by offensive names, including calling one of their more powerful members the "dog of Warwick". The Earl of Lancaster and Gaveston's
469:
Despite Edward I's successes, when he died in 1307 he left a range of challenges for his son to resolve. One of the most critical was the problem of English rule in Scotland, where Edward I's long but ultimately inconclusive military campaign was ongoing when he died. His control of Gascony
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chronicles in the mid-1330s and 1340s, respectively. One of Edward's biographers, Seymour Phillips, notes that while the hot iron story could be true, it is much more likely that he was suffocated, noting that the account of the red-hot iron seems suspiciously similar to earlier accounts of the
3217:
Earlier historical accounts of Edward have suggested that his childhood was marred by a lack of contact with his family and an absence of familial affection, influencing his later personality and problems; although Edward's father, Edward I, is still considered an "irascible and demanding"
2193:
One of Edward's persistent challenges through most of his reign was a shortage of money; of the debts he inherited from his father, around £60,000 was still owing in the 1320s. Edward worked his way through many treasurers and other financial officials, few of whom stayed long, raising revenues
2019:
with a copper crown was made for the funeral; this is the first known use of a funeral effigy in England, and was probably necessary because of the condition of the King's body, as he had been dead for three months. Edward's heart was removed, placed in a silver container, and later buried with
1886:
met privately with Edward in the castle. They informed Edward that if he were to resign as monarch, his son Edward would succeed him, but if he failed to do so, his son might be disinherited as well, and the crown given to an alternative candidate. In tears, Edward agreed to abdicate, and on 21
1350:—who would usually have been used to break up enemy spear formations—at the back of his army, rather than the front. His cavalry found it hard to operate in the cramped terrain and were crushed by Robert's spearmen. The English army was overwhelmed and its leaders were unable to regain control.
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and Seymour Phillips have argued that the public nature of the English royal court would have made it unlikely that any homosexual affairs would have remained discreet; neither the contemporary Church, Edward's father nor his father-in-law appear to have made any adverse comments about Edward's
3265:
is sympathetic to the argument that Edward and Gaveston had entered into a bond of adoptive brotherhood, but with a "sexual element" to both this and Edward's relationship with Despenser; Roy Haines echoes Prestwich's judgements; Miri Rubin argues in favour of their being friends, with a "very
1714:
Edward now expected Isabella and their son to return to England, but instead she remained in France and showed no intention of making her way back. Until 1322, Edward and Isabella's marriage appears to have been successful, but by the time Isabella left for France in 1325, it had deteriorated.
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as his wife and agreed that Prince Edward would in due course marry Philip's daughter, Isabella, who was then only two years old. In theory, this marriage would mean that the disputed Duchy of Gascony would be inherited by a descendant of both Edward and Philip, providing a possible end to the
1265:
Meanwhile, the Earl of Pembroke had been negotiating with France to resolve the long-standing disagreements over the administration of Gascony, and as part of this Edward and Isabella agreed to travel to Paris in June 1313 to meet with Philip IV. Edward probably hoped both to resolve the
871:
The contemporary evidence supporting their homosexual relationship comes primarily from an anonymous chronicler in the 1320s who described how Edward "felt such love" for Gaveston that "he entered into a covenant of constancy, and bound himself with him before all other mortals with a bond of
1444:
The famine and the Scottish policy were felt to be a punishment from God, and complaints about Edward multiplied, one contemporary poem describing the "Evil Times of Edward II". Many criticised Edward's "improper" and ignoble interest in rural pursuits. In 1318, a mentally ill man named
1104:
Edward sent assurances to the Pope that the conflict surrounding Gaveston's role was at an end. On the basis of these promises, and procedural concerns about how the original decision had been taken, the Pope agreed to annul the Archbishop's threat to excommunicate Gaveston, thus opening the
1008:
to be lavishly restored in readiness for their coronation and wedding feast, complete with marble tables, forty ovens and a fountain that produced wine and pimento, a spiced medieval drink. After some delays, the ceremony went ahead on 25 February at Westminster Abbey, under the guidance of
2312:
in 1213; Edward soon ceased the payments, however, and never offered his homage, another part of the 1213 agreement. In 1325 Edward asked Pope John to instruct the Irish Church to openly preach in favour of his right to rule the island, and to threaten to excommunicate any contrary voices.
1943:
On 23 September Edward III was informed that his father had died at Berkeley Castle during the night of 21 September. Most historians agree that Edward II did die at Berkeley on that date, although there is a minority view that he died much later. His death was, as Mark Ormrod notes,
1541:
and advanced into the Welsh Marches, where the opposition forces had gathered. The coalition of Marcher Lords crumbled and the Mortimers surrendered to Edward, but Damory, Audley, and the Earl of Hereford marched north in January to join Lancaster, who had laid siege the king's castle at
980:. Edward probably hoped that the marriage would strengthen his position in Gascony and bring him much needed funds. The final negotiations, however, proved challenging: Edward and Philip IV did not like each other, and the French king drove a hard bargain over the size of Isabella's
3363:
reserved judgement, noting that "if he was indeed the author of the Anglo-Norman lament ascribed to him, he knew something of versification"; M. Smallwood feels that "the authorship question has not been settled"; Claire Valente writes "I think it unlikely that Edward II wrote the
557:, who died in August 1284, leaving Edward as the heir to the throne. Although Edward was a relatively healthy child, there were enduring concerns throughout his early years that he too might die and leave his father without a male heir. After his birth, Edward was looked after by a
2308:, elected in 1316, sought Edward's support for a new crusade, and was also inclined to support him politically. In 1317, in exchange for papal support in his war with Scotland, Edward agreed to recommence paying the annual Papal tribute, which had been first agreed to by King
1623:, the Despensers accumulated land and wealth, using their position in government to provide superficial cover for what historian Seymour Phillips describes as "the reality of fraud, threats of violence and abuse of legal procedure". Meanwhile, Edward faced growing opposition.
1822:
their castle around 2 November, leaving behind jewellery, considerable supplies, and at least £13,000 in cash, possibly once again hoping to reach Ireland, but on 16 November they were betrayed and captured by a search party north of Caerphilly. Edward was escorted first to
1507:
and the recently elevated Hugh Audley and Roger Damory. Edward, however, increasingly relied on the Despensers for advice and support, and he was particularly close to Hugh the Younger, whom one chronicler noted he "loved ... dearly with all his heart and mind".
1143:
The king and parliament met again in February 1310, and the proposed discussions of Scottish policy were replaced by debate of domestic problems. Edward was petitioned to abandon Gaveston as his counsellor and instead adopt the advice of 21 elected barons, termed
1156:
addition, the Ordinances exiled Gaveston once again, this time with instructions that he should not be allowed to live anywhere within Edward's lands, including Gascony and Ireland, and that he should be stripped of his titles. Edward retreated to his estates at
1417:, even threatening York itself. Edward undertook an expensive but unsuccessful campaign to stem the advance in 1319, but the famine made it increasingly difficult to keep his garrisons supplied with food. Meanwhile, a Scottish expedition led by Robert's brother
2422:'s study of Edward's final years, the focus of the major historical studies for several years was on the leading magnates rather than Edward himself, until substantial biographies of the king were published by Roy Haines and Seymour Phillips in 2003 and 2011.
1868:; the Earl of Arundel was beheaded. Edward's position, however, was problematic; he was still married to Isabella and, in principle, he remained the king, but most of the new administration had much to lose were he to be released and potentially regain power.
1353:
Edward stayed behind to fight, but it became obvious to the Earl of Pembroke that the battle was lost and he dragged the king away from the battlefield, hotly pursued by the Scottish forces. Edward only just escaped the heavy fighting, making a vow to found a
2114:
in 1338, who claimed to be Edward II. Some parts of the letter's content are considered broadly accurate by historians, although other aspects of its account have been criticised as implausible. A few historians have supported versions of its narrative.
1391:
two years, bringing effective governance to a standstill. This stymied any hopes for a fresh campaign into Scotland and raised fears of civil war. After much negotiation, once again involving the Earl of Pembroke, Edward and Lancaster finally agreed to the
1105:
possibility of Gaveston's return. Gaveston arrived back in England in June, where he was met by Edward. At the parliament the next month, Edward made a range of concessions to placate those opposed to Gaveston, including agreeing to limit the powers of the
2461:
does not describe the actual nature of Edward's murder in the script, it has usually been performed following the tradition that Edward was killed with a red-hot poker. The character of Edward in the play, who has been likened to Marlowe's contemporaries
1607:
and was forced to flee by sea. Edward planned a fresh campaign, backed by a round of further taxes, but confidence in his Scottish policy was diminishing. Andrew Harclay, instrumental in securing Edward's victories the previous year and recently made the
1631:
used to execute members of the opposition in Bristol. Law and order began to break down, encouraged by the chaos caused by the seizure of lands. The old opposition consisting of Marcher Lords' associates attempted to free the prisoners Edward held in
616:. In his letters, he shows a quirky sense of humour, joking about sending unsatisfactory animals to his friends, such as horses who disliked carrying their riders, or lazy hunting dogs too slow to catch rabbits. He was not particularly interested in
671:. Edward I was distraught at his wife's death and held a huge funeral for her; his son inherited the County of Ponthieu from Eleanor. Next, a French marriage was considered for the young Edward, to help secure a lasting peace with France, but
1020:
Isabella was only twelve at the time of her wedding, young even by the standards of the period, and Edward probably had sexual relations with mistresses during their first few years together. During this time he fathered an illegitimate son,
2190:
of a wider grouping of nobles through grants of money and fees. He could take a keen interest in the minutiae of administration, however, and on occasion engaged in the details of a wide range of issues across England and his wider domains.
984:
and the details of the administration of Edward's lands in France. As part of the agreement, Edward gave homage to Philip for the Duchy of Aquitaine and agreed to a commission to complete the implementation of the 1303 Treaty of Paris.
903:
in 1303 and 1308, respectively. Later accounts by chroniclers of Edward's activities may trace back to Orleton's original allegations, and were certainly adversely coloured by the events at the end of Edward's reign. Such historians as
1177:
Tensions between Edward and the barons remained high, and the earls opposed to the king kept their personal armies mobilised late into 1311. By now Edward had become estranged from his cousin, the Earl of Lancaster, who was also the
1091:
Edward called for a fresh military campaign for Scotland, but this idea was quietly abandoned, and instead the king and the barons met in August 1308 to discuss reform. Behind the scenes, Edward started negotiations to convince both
844:. Gaveston was the son of one of the King's household knights whose lands lay adjacent to Gascony, and had himself joined Prince Edward's household in 1300, possibly on Edward I's instruction. The two got on well; Gaveston became a
393:
during his reign was a positive development for England over the longer term. Debate has continued into the 21st century as to whether Edward was a lazy and incompetent king, or simply a reluctant and ultimately unsuccessful ruler.
3260:
John Boswell puts forward one of the most prominent arguments in favour of Edward and Gaveston having been lovers. Jeffrey Hamilton supports that the relationship was sexual, but that it was probably not overtly so. The historian
2086:
Controversy rapidly surrounded Edward's death. With Mortimer's execution in 1330, rumours began to circulate that Edward had been murdered at Berkeley Castle. Accounts that he had been killed by the insertion of a red-hot iron or
643:
Edward grew up to be tall and muscular, and was considered good-looking by the standards of the period. He had a reputation as a competent public speaker and was known for his generosity to household staff. Unusually, he enjoyed
3421:
Initial sources either did not suggest that Edward had been murdered at all, or suggested that he had been suffocated or strangled. The first sources to begin to successfully popularise the "anal rape" narrative were the longer
2337:
No chronicler for this period is entirely trustworthy or unbiased, often because their accounts were written to support a particular cause, but it is clear that most contemporary chroniclers were highly critical of Edward. The
1932:, who were given £5 a day for Edward's maintenance. It is unclear how well cared for Edward was; the records show luxury goods being bought on his behalf, but some chroniclers suggest that he was often mistreated. A poem, the "
1453:, swapped at birth. John was duly executed, but his claims resonated with those criticising Edward for his lack of regal behaviour and steady leadership. Opposition also grew around Edward's treatment of his royal favourites.
707:
1966:, but this move was highly unpopular. Isabella and Mortimer both amassed and spent great wealth, and criticism of them mounted. Relations between Mortimer and Edward III became strained and in 1330 the king conducted a
1214:
Gaveston and prevent him from fleeing to Scotland. Edward, Isabella and Gaveston left for Newcastle, pursued by Lancaster and his followers. Abandoning many of their belongings, the royal party fled by ship and landed at
3236:
Edward II faced criticism from contemporaries for favouring Gaveston above his half-brothers, although detailed research by Alison Marshall shows more generosity, Marshall arguing that "for once", Edward was criticised
1117:, and to abandon recently enacted customs legislation; in return, parliament agreed to fresh taxes for the war in Scotland. Temporarily, at least, Edward and the barons appeared to have come to a successful compromise.
763:, deploying his own siege engine in the operation. In the spring of 1304, Edward conducted negotiations with the rebel Scottish leaders on the King's behalf and, when these failed, he joined his father for the siege of
3250:
held Prince Edward responsible for savage attacks on the local population; the historian Seymour Phillips has noted that many of Rishanger's other details are incorrect, and casts doubt on the chronicle's more extreme
1765:
During August and September 1326, Edward mobilised his defences along the coasts of England to protect against the possibility of an invasion either by France or by Roger Mortimer. Fleets were gathered at the ports of
2011:
and oak barriers to manage the anticipated crowds. Edward III's government probably hoped to put a veneer of normality over the recent political events, increasing the legitimacy of the young king's own reign.
1362:
if he survived. The historian Roy Haines describes the defeat as a "calamity of stunning proportions" for the English, whose losses in the battle were huge. In the aftermath of the defeat, Edward retreated to
324:
provoked discontent both among the barons and the French royal family, and Edward was forced to exile him. On Gaveston's return, the barons pressured the King into agreeing to wide-ranging reforms called the
1385:
After the fiasco of Bannockburn, the Earls of Lancaster and Warwick saw their political influence increase, and they pressured Edward to re-implement the Ordinances of 1311. Lancaster became the head of the
945:. Edward travelled from London immediately after the news reached him, and on 20 July he was proclaimed king. He continued north into Scotland and on 4 August received homage from his Scottish supporters at
528:, a 16th-century clergyman, suggested that the baby was offered to the Welsh as a prince "that was borne in Wales and could speake never a word of English", but there is no evidence to support this account.
2358:
for example all condemned the king's personality, habits and choice of companions. Other records from his reign show criticism by his contemporaries, including the Church and members of his own household.
3393:
The historian Joel Burden notes that this delay in burial was not unusual for the period; the bodies of many other royalty, including Edward I and Isabella of France, remained unburied for a similar
2106:", sent to Edward III by an Italian priest called Manuel Fieschi, who claimed that Edward escaped Berkeley Castle in 1327 with the help of a servant and ultimately retired to become a hermit in the
1722:
Edward's opponents began to gather around Isabella and Mortimer in Paris, and Edward became increasingly anxious about the possibility that Mortimer might invade England. Isabella and Mortimer turned to
1515:
Edward began to plan his revenge. With the help of Pembroke, he formed a small coalition of his half-brothers, a few of the earls and some of the senior clergy, and prepared for war. Edward started with
1233:, where the Earl of Lancaster and the rest of his faction assembled on 18 June. At a brief trial, Gaveston was declared guilty of being a traitor under the terms of the Ordinances; he was beheaded on
1222:, on the promise that he would not be harmed. He had with him a huge collection of gold, silver and gems, probably part of the royal treasury, which he was later accused of having stolen from Edward.
953:, before arranging his marriage to the wealthy Margaret de Clare. Edward also arrested his old adversary Bishop Langton, and dismissed him from his post as treasurer. Edward I's body was kept at
2278:
Edward's approach to religion was normal for the period, and the historian Michael Prestwich describes him as "a man of wholly conventional religious attitudes". There were daily chapel services and
1583:
or fined, with their lands seized and their surviving relatives detained. The Earl of Pembroke, whom Edward now mistrusted, was arrested; he was released only after pledging all his possessions as
3447:
has noted that most of Geoffrey le Baker's story "belongs to the world of romance rather than of history", but has also noted that Edward "very possibly" died from the insertion of a red-hot iron.
1615:
Hugh Despenser the Younger lived and ruled in grand style, playing a leading role in Edward's government, and executing policy through a wide network of family retainers. Supported by Chancellor
333:, a group of the barons seized and executed Gaveston in 1312, beginning several years of armed confrontation. English forces were pushed back in Scotland, where Edward was decisively defeated by
3301:
It is unclear who wrote this part of the coronation oath, or what their intentions where. Historical discussions over the coronation oath have included debate over the tense of the Latin phrase
667:, who had a potential claim to the crown of Scotland. Margaret died later that year, bringing an end to the plan. Edward's mother, Eleanor, died shortly afterwards, followed by his grandmother,
368:
with a small army in 1326. Edward's regime collapsed and he fled into Wales, where he was captured in November. Edward was forced to relinquish his crown in January 1327 in favour of his son,
1940:
secret for a period, before returning to permanent custody at the castle in late summer 1327. The political situation remained unstable, and new plots appear to have been formed to free him.
585:
Spending increased on Edward's personal household as he grew older and, in 1293, William of Blyborough took over as its administrator. Edward was probably given a religious education by the
656:, and enjoyed associating with labourers and other lower-class workers. This behaviour was not considered normal for the nobility of the period and attracted criticism from contemporaries.
941:
Edward I mobilised another army for the Scottish campaign in 1307, which Prince Edward was due to join that summer, but the elderly king had been increasingly unwell and died on 7 July at
785:, and declared himself King of the Scots. Edward I mobilised a fresh army, but decided that, this time, his son would be formally in charge of the expedition. Prince Edward was made the
3227:
The historian Seymour Phillips notes, however, that there is relatively little hard evidence to support the statements made by contemporaries about Edward's enjoyment of rural pastimes.
1464:, instantly making them extremely rich. Many of the moderates who had helped deliver the peaceful compromise in 1318 now began to turn against Edward, making violence ever more likely.
1399:
352:, became close friends and advisers to Edward, but in 1321 Lancaster and many of the barons seized the Despensers' lands and forced the King to exile them. In response, Edward led a
3318:, the late Earl of Gloucester, who died fighting at Bannockburn. The estates were divided up among his three sisters, one of whom was already married to Hugh Despenser the Younger.
2370:
Historians in the 16th and 17th centuries focused on Edward's relationship with Gaveston, drawing comparisons between Edward's reign and the events surrounding the relationship of
2202:
during his reign when arguing in defence of his causes and favourites, which may have attracted criticism from those who perceived this as abandoning the established principles of
10966:
2250:
Edward's royal court was itinerant, travelling around the country with him. When housed in Westminster Palace, the court occupied a complex of two halls, seven chambers and three
3177:
It is impossible to accurately convert sums of medieval money into modern incomes and prices. For comparison, it cost Edward's father, Edward I, around £15,000 to build the
640:, either because he lacked the aptitude or because he had been banned from participating for his personal safety, but he was certainly enthusiastic in his support of the sport.
3412:
Earlier scholarship had argued that the effigy on the tomb was an idealised carving, although more recent work has put more emphasis on its likely resemblance to Edward II.
1503:. The Earl of Lancaster and the Despensers were fierce enemies, and Lancaster's antipathy was shared by most of the Despensers' neighbours, including the Earl of Hereford, the
1210:, Lancaster led a powerful faction in England, but he was not personally interested in practical administration, nor was he a particularly imaginative or effective politician.
895:
comments are vaguely worded; Orleton's allegations were at least in part politically motivated, and are very similar to the highly politicised sodomy allegations made against
2095:
slowly began to spread, possibly as a result of deliberate propaganda; chroniclers in the mid-1330s and 1340s disseminated this account further, supported in later years by
1878:
Shortly after this, a representative delegation of barons, clergy and knights was sent to Kenilworth to speak to the king. On 20 January 1327, the Earl of Lancaster and the
2072:
in 1395. The tomb was opened by officials in 1855, uncovering a wooden coffin, still in good condition, and a sealed lead coffin inside it. The tomb remains in what is now
12179:
1409:
Meanwhile, Robert the Bruce exploited his victory at Bannockburn to raid northern England, initially attacking Carlisle and Berwick, and then reaching further south into
1101:. Another parliament followed, which refused to allow Gaveston to return to England, but offered to grant Edward additional taxes if he agreed to a programme of reform.
848:
and was soon being referred to as a close companion of Edward, before being knighted by the King during the Feast of the Swans in 1306. The King then exiled Gaveston to
2363:
were written about him, complaining about his failure in war and his oppressive government. Later in the 14th century, some chroniclers, such as Geoffrey le Baker and
1779:
incompetent or promptly turned against the regime. Some 2,000 men were ordered to gather at Orwell to repel any invasion, but only 55 appear to have actually arrived.
1457:
10738:
3493:
even rather dull"; Seymour Phillips questions if the naked French dancers were genuinely extravagant or simply intended to fit in with local French royal culture.
2119:
questions the veracity of the letter and the identity of William the Welshman, but nonetheless has suspicions that Edward may have survived his imprisonment. The
2371:
1229:
in the Midlands, putting Gaveston under guard there while he went to visit his wife. The Earl of Warwick took this opportunity to seize Gaveston, taking him to
864:. Both men had sexual relationships with their wives, who bore them children; Edward also had an illegitimate son, and may have had an affair with his niece,
3403:
Although it was normal for Westminster Abbey to be used to bury English monarchs by the 14th century, the practice was not as formalised as it later became.
10959:
1140:
to acquire supplies for the war in Scotland. His attempts to raise an army for Scotland collapsed and the earls suspended the collection of the new taxes.
880:, was accused of having stated in 1326 that Edward was a "sodomite", although Orleton defended himself by arguing that he had meant that Edward's adviser,
872:
indissoluble love, firmly drawn up and fastened with a knot." The first specific suggestion that Edward engaged in sex with men was recorded in 1334, when
3199:
evidence to show to what extent Edward was educated. The links drawn between an interest in crafts and low intelligence are no longer considered accurate.
12204:
3158:
2418:
re-focused attention on the role of the individual leaders in the conflicts. With the exceptions of Hilda Johnstone's work on Edward's early years and
2283:
1319; this request was refused, causing the king some embarrassment. Edward supported the expansion of the universities during his reign, establishing
1304:
1132:
enemies refused to attend parliament in 1310 because Gaveston would be present. Edward was facing increasing financial problems, owing £22,000 to his
976:
in charge of the kingdom. This arrangement was unusual, and involved unprecedented powers being delegated to Gaveston, backed by a specially engraved
329:. The newly empowered barons banished Gaveston, to which Edward responded by revoking the reforms and recalling his favourite. Led by Edward's cousin
316:, who had joined his household in 1300. The precise nature of Edward and Gaveston's relationship is uncertain; they may have been friends, lovers, or
1852:
Isabella and Mortimer rapidly took revenge on the former regime. Hugh Despenser the Younger was put on trial, declared a traitor and sentenced to be
1739:
to assist in the invasion of England. Prince Edward and Philippa were betrothed on 27 August, and Isabella and Mortimer prepared for their campaign.
1151:
By now the Ordainers had drawn up their Ordinances for reform and Edward had little political choice but to give way and accept them in October. The
9500:
Burgtorf, Jochen (2008). "'With my life, his joyes began and ended': Piers Gaveston and King Edward II of England Revisited". In Saul, Nigel (ed.).
1787:, who had inherited the earldom from his brother Thomas; and a range of senior clergy. Ensconced in the residence halls of the fortified and secure
9436:(1988). "The Political Repercussions of Family Ties in the Early Fourteenth Century: The Marriage of Edward II of England and Isabelle of France".
1945:
10584:. The Durham Conference. Proceedings of the Durham Conference. Vol. X. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press (published 2005). pp. 197–209.
10952:
8028:
7942:
3292:
The story that Edward I had asked his son to swear to boil his body, bury the flesh and take bones on campaign in Scotland was a later invention.
1517:
742:
Edward I returned to Scotland once again in 1300, and this time took his son with him, making him the commander of the rearguard at the siege of
9725:
L'art de verifier les dates des faits historiques, des chartes, des chroniques et autres anciens monuments depuis la naissance de notre-seigneur
3346:
takes a more radical perspective, arguing that they met much earlier, and that Isabella helped Mortimer escape from the Tower of London in 1323.
10205:
Ormrod, W. Mark (2004). "Monarchy, Martyrdom and Masculinity: England in the Later Middle Ages". In Cullum, P. H.; Lewis, Katherine J. (eds.).
1916:
Those opposed to the new government began to make plans to free Edward, and Roger Mortimer decided to move him to the more secure location of
852:
in 1307 for reasons that remain unclear. According to one chronicler, Edward had asked his father to allow him to give Gaveston the County of
3186:
1810:
and then for Ireland, where the king hoped to receive refuge and raise a fresh army. Bad weather drove them back, though, and they landed at
1491:
had served both Edward and his father, while Hugh Despenser the Younger had married into the wealthy de Clare family, become the King's
512:, and it formed the centre of the new royal administration of North Wales. Edward's birth brought predictions of greatness from contemporary
8086:
7653:
3590:
2258:
There was an extensive use of gold and silver plates, jewels and enamelling at court, which would have been richly decorated. Edward kept a
1218:, where Gaveston stayed while Edward and Isabella returned to York. After a short siege, Gaveston surrendered to the earls of Pembroke and
1487:
finally broke out in England in 1321, triggered by the tension between many of the barons and the royal favourites, the Despenser family.
2535:
strongly hinted at a homosexual relationship between the pair, while avoiding making this aspect explicit. It was initially shown at the
2431:
1278:. Philip gave lenient terms for settling the problems in Gascony, and the event was spoiled only by a serious fire in Edward's quarters.
2126:
believes the events in the letter to be essentially true, using the letter to argue that Isabella was innocent of murdering Edward. and
1456:
Edward had managed to retain some of his previous advisers, despite attempts by the Ordainers to remove them, and divided the extensive
12169:
11736:
9903:
Horne, Peter (1999). "The besotted King and his Adonis: Representations of Edward II and Gaveston in late nineteenth-century England".
1731:. In return for the advantageous alliance with the English heir to the throne, and a sizeable dower for the bride, William offered 132
2185:"no man of business". Edward did not just delegate routine government to his subordinates, but also higher level decision making, and
12174:
9481:
Burden, Joel (2004). "Re-writing a Rite of Passage: The Peculiar Funeral of Edward II". In McDonald, Nicola; Ormrod, W. Mark (eds.).
1962:
The rule of Isabella and Mortimer did not last long after the announcement of Edward's death. They made peace with the Scots in the
12224:
12159:
3315:
1195:
949:, before abandoning the campaign and returning south. Edward promptly recalled Piers Gaveston, who was then in exile, and made him
439:
1190:, with an income of around £11,000 a year from his lands, almost double that of the next wealthiest baron. Backed by the earls of
12184:
2379:
2139:, who argues that there is no "convincing evidence for Edward’s survival, let alone for it being the result of a Mortimer plot”.
1199:
1595:
The English campaign against Scotland was planned on a massive scale, with a force of about 23,000 men. Edward advanced through
12154:
11797:
10778:
2539:
in 1872 but was marginalised in later decades as the issue of homosexuality became more sensitive. More recently, the director
2102:
Another set of theories surround the possibility that Edward did not really die in 1327. These theories typically involve the "
1925:
1531:
1207:
1203:
454:
over the country. He was considered an extremely successful ruler by his contemporaries, largely able to control the powerful
12189:
10638:
10608:
10589:
10485:
10466:
10445:
10408:
10389:
10331:
10251:
10214:
10195:
10153:
10091:
10069:
10050:
10031:
9986:
9949:
9891:
9817:
9798:
9776:
9706:
9687:
9637:
9614:
9587:
9561:
9531:
9509:
9490:
9423:
9404:
9348:
8292:
2797:
1395:
in August 1318, which pardoned Lancaster and his faction and established a new royal council, temporarily averting conflict.
1237:
the following day, under the authority of Lancaster. Gaveston's body was not buried until 1315, when his funeral was held in
722:
against Philip IV, who had occupied part of the English king's lands in Gascony. On his return, Edward I signed a
12149:
11817:
2367:, rehabilitated Edward, presenting him as a martyr and a potential saint, although this tradition died out in later years.
1830:. Edward's final remaining forces, by now besieged in Caerphilly Castle, surrendered after four months in March 1327.
1191:
1080:
by the Archbishop of Canterbury should he return. At the last moment, Edward changed his mind and instead sent Gaveston to
727:
10746:
3152:
2052:, and wearing a strawberry-leaf crown. The effigy features a pronounced lower lip, and may be a close likeness of Edward.
12209:
12080:
9574:(1991). "'Welcome My Brother': Edward II, John of Powderham and the Chronicles, 1318". In Wood, Ian; Loud, G. A. (eds.).
1546:. Bolstered by fresh reinforcements from the Marcher Lords, Edward pursued them, meeting Lancaster's army on 10 March at
1219:
1499:
in 1317. Hugh the Younger subsequently expanded his holdings and power across Wales, mainly at the expense of the other
12098:
2401:
By the end of the 19th century, more administrative records from the period had become available to historians such as
1073:
770:
In 1305, Edward and his father quarrelled, probably over the issue of money. The prince had an altercation with Bishop
731:
long-running tensions. The young Edward seems to have got on well with his new stepmother, who gave birth to two sons,
2735:
10789:
1924:, where Edward arrived around 5 April 1327. Once at the castle, he was kept in the custody of Mortimer's son-in-law,
1637:
361:
3332:, Edward's personal property, and as such not subject to the French king's laws on the carrying of weapons or money.
3208:
The historian Seymour Phillips considers it probable that Edward possessed some Latin; Roy Haines is less convinced.
11857:
2607:
1286:(£25,000) from the Pope, £33,000 borrowed from Philip, and further loans organised by Edward's new Italian banker,
1030:
203:
2056:
the tomb, and modifications had to be made to enable visitors to walk around it in larger numbers. The chronicler
12199:
12164:
10263:
Perry, Curtis (2000). "The politics of access and representations of the sodomite king in early modern England".
3456:
For a critique of the theory that Edward II survived his imprisonment, see David Carpenter's review in the
1342:, which was surrounded by marshland. Skirmishing between the two sides broke out, resulting in the death of Sir
891:
Alternatively, Edward and Gaveston may have simply been friends with a close working relationship. Contemporary
11729:
2945:
17:
12194:
12134:
11991:
10580:
Tebbit, Alistair (2003). Written at Durham, UK. Prestwich, Michael; Britnell, Richard; Frame, Robin (eds.).
3003:
1403:
1380:
1098:
447:
423:
342:
330:
286:
208:
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11589:
9358:
Alexander, James W. (1985). "A Historiographical Survey: Norman and Plantagenet Kings since World War II".
2977:
1999:
at Berkeley Castle, where it was viewed by local leaders from Bristol and Gloucester. It was then taken to
1784:
1215:
66:
8329:
589:, whom his mother invited into his household in 1290. He was assigned one of his grandmother's followers,
11887:
11351:
9519:
3097:
2223:
2136:
1724:
1338:
The battle began on 23 June as the English army attempted to force its way across the high ground of the
933:
710:
Early 14th-century depiction of Edward I (left) declaring his son Edward (right) the Prince of Wales
198:
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2919:
12018:
11907:
11897:
11636:
11314:
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3280:
3065:
2703:
2391:
2292:
1748:
1085:
881:
782:
365:
349:
31:
10785:
10767:
10507:
10006:
The childhood and household of Edward II's half-brothers, Thomas of Brotherton and Edmund of Woodstock
8032:
7946:
2527:
Edward's life has also been used in a wide variety of other media. In the Victorian era, the painting
2523:
shows Edward II cavorting with Gaveston at left, while nobles and courtiers look on with concern.
1588:
A parliament was held at York on 2 May 1322 at which the Ordinances were formally revoked through the
12214:
11722:
11631:
11426:
11371:
10979:
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1984:
1956:
554:
403:
282:
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11127:
10983:
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10079:
3436:
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3039:
2131:
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1488:
1238:
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357:
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in 1325, she turned against Edward and refused to return. Isabella allied herself with the exiled
309:, as part of a long-running effort to resolve the tensions between the English and French crowns.
301:. Edward succeeded to the throne the next year, following his father's death. In 1308, he married
11827:
11767:
11401:
11396:
11381:
11356:
9740:
9067:
8090:
7661:
3598:
2176:
1936:", has been attributed to Edward during his imprisonment by some scholars, but this is disputed.
1681:, numbered 7,000. Valois took the Agenais and then advanced further and cut off the main city of
1555:
977:
11063:
1904:
1864:; he was duly executed on 24 November 1326. Edward's former chancellor, Robert Baldock, died in
290:
12219:
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11465:
11411:
11386:
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11346:
11218:
11053:
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with him on campaign to Scotland. The court could be entertained in exotic ways: by an Italian
1792:
1758:
957:
for several months before being taken for burial to Westminster, where Edward erected a simple
723:
695:
608:
Edward had a normal upbringing for a member of a royal family. He was interested in horses and
553:
names selected for Edward's brothers: John and Henry, who had died before Edward was born, and
11523:
10423:
10229:
9869:
12007:
11877:
11777:
11570:
11480:
11460:
11391:
11329:
11319:
11309:
11188:
11183:
11156:
11117:
11112:
10774:
9433:
9291:"Eleanor [Eleanor of Provence] (c.1223–1291), Queen of England, Consort of Henry III"
2677:
2641:), who accompanied his father in the Scottish campaigns of 1322 and died shortly afterwards.
2597:
2309:
1963:
1826:, and from there back into England, where he was held at the Earl of Lancaster's fortress at
1774:
on the east coast, and a raiding force of 1,600 men was sent across the English Channel into
1425:. He was finally defeated in 1318 by Edward II's Irish justiciar, Edmund Butler, at the
1309:
1299:
1068:
739:
in 1301. As king, Edward later provided his half-brothers with financial support and titles.
431:
390:
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11027:
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figure, his childhood is no longer thought unusual for the period, or particularly isolated.
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11448:
11366:
11289:
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11168:
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11151:
11145:
11095:
10914:
10808:
10742:
10683:—— (2002). "The 'Lament of Edward II': Religious lyric, political propaganda".
2627:
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2383:
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1989:
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1663:
1658:
The disagreements between Edward and the French Crown over the Duchy of Gascony led to the
1584:
1492:
1422:
1034:
1014:
954:
877:
732:
698:, but this too failed after King Philip was able to have the proposed bride sent to Paris.
542:
148:
54:
9720:
1429:, and Edward Bruce's severed head was sent back to Edward II. Revolts also broke out
8:
12115:
11575:
11528:
11470:
11406:
11203:
11193:
11173:
11139:
10944:
9310:"Eleanor [Eleanor of Castile] (1241–1290), Queen of England, Consort of Edward I"
2823:
2515:
2466:
2451:
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1933:
1659:
1653:
1320:
1267:
1254:
1057:
834:
743:
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672:
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598:
590:
380:
306:
244:
9769:
The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages: The fourteenth-century political community
2234:
1449:
appeared in Oxford, claiming that he was the real Edward II, and that Edward was a
1274:, and a public declaration that both kings and their queens would join a crusade to the
810:
where diplomatic negotiations to finalise a date for his wedding to Isabella continued.
12056:
11787:
11612:
11250:
11198:
11122:
10879:
10716:
10708:
10568:
10510:
King Edward II: Edward of Caernarfon, his life, his reign, and its aftermath, 1284–1330
10503:
10368:
10296:
10288:
9852:
9764:
9469:
9461:
9383:
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Edward's forces in Gascony were around 4,400 strong, but the French army, commanded by
1633:
1430:
1426:
1328:
1152:
1126:
1053:
1005:
965:
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from the 1390s simply notes that Edward gave himself "too much to the vice of sodomy".
798:
751:
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570:
427:
326:
302:
294:
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162:
10793:
1955:, later fled. If Edward died from natural causes, his death may have been hastened by
1025:, who was born possibly as early as 1307. Edward and Isabella's first son, the future
11245:
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10890:
10867:
10720:
10700:
10671:
10634:
10604:
10585:
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10531:
10481:
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10385:
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10327:
10300:
10280:
10247:
10210:
10191:
10149:
10118:
10087:
10065:
10046:
10027:
9982:
9979:
Shakespeare's Marlowe: The influence of Christopher Marlowe on Shakespeare's artistry
9945:
9928:
9920:
9887:
9844:
9813:
9794:
9786:
9772:
9752:
9728:
9702:
9683:
9633:
9610:
9583:
9557:
9527:
9505:
9486:
9473:
9453:
9419:
9400:
9387:
9375:
9344:
8288:
3444:
3262:
3247:
2855:
2623:
2566:
2479:
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2120:
2107:
2096:
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1973:
1950:
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1827:
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1559:
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1183:
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1038:
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1968:
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in 1294. The idea was replaced with the proposal of a marriage to a daughter of the
12044:
11563:
11553:
11443:
11416:
11268:
11100:
11020:
11013:
10692:
10661:
10552:
10523:
10352:
10272:
10110:
9912:
9836:
9445:
9367:
3356:
3279:
Despite Edward appointing Piers Gaveston as the Earl of Cornwall in 1307, Edward's
3267:
3182:
2491:
2456:
2442:
2415:
2364:
2000:
1888:
1871:
There was no established procedure for removing an English king. Adam Orleton, the
1732:
1719:
son to return, and for Charles to intervene on his behalf, but this had no effect.
1620:
1609:
1287:
993:
950:
865:
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778:
756:
680:
385:
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to relieve the castle. Robert, with between 5,500 and 6,500 troops, predominantly
12068:
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11558:
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11133:
11085:
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11069:
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10844:
10614:
10491:
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9643:
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2199:
2186:
2116:
1929:
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1917:
1909:
1883:
1823:
1788:
1706:
giving homage in 1325 to Charles IV under the guidance of Isabella of France
1641:
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1547:
1543:
1392:
1077:
969:
913:
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created tension with the French kings. They insisted that the English kings give
463:
407:
373:
274:
134:
62:
10666:
10649:
10084:
The Greatest Traitor: The life of Sir Roger Mortimer, ruler of England 1327–1330
2565:
have focused on the sexual aspects of Edward and Gaveston's relationship, while
281:, Edward became the heir to the throne following the death of his older brother
12032:
11656:
11543:
11500:
11454:
11239:
10165:
9625:
9309:
9290:
3479:
Among his more esoteric valuables, Edward had a pitcher, allegedly made from a
2411:
2402:
2360:
2305:
2299:
2103:
1616:
1551:
1343:
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1157:
1093:
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942:
841:
830:
771:
760:
532:
419:
313:
10527:
3270:
believes it most likely that Edward regarded Gaveston as his adoptive brother.
2549:, first performed in 1995; the music from the ballet forms a part of composer
2044:
and gloves from his coronation, and his effigy depicts him as king, holding a
1640:, one of the most prominent of the imprisoned Marcher Lords, escaped from the
1460:
among two of his new favourites, the former household knights Hugh Audley and
1282:
thanks to parliament agreeing to the raising of taxes, a loan of 160,000
1029:, was born in 1312 amid great celebrations, and three more children followed:
12128:
10704:
10675:
10564:
10535:
10364:
10284:
10122:
9924:
9916:
9848:
9756:
9732:
9457:
9379:
2540:
2536:
2419:
2395:
2340:
2330:
2288:
2267:
2127:
2037:
1861:
1853:
1799:
1563:
1496:
1484:
1478:
1387:
1323:
once held by Edward, pushing raiding parties into northern England as far as
1313:
1234:
1187:
1161:
917:
759:. Prince Edward also took part in the 1303 campaign during which he besieged
633:
609:
509:
435:
430:
royal family. Edward I proved a successful military leader, leading the
353:
317:
48:
10495:
9996:
9866:
The Character of Edward II: The letters of Edward of Caernarfon reconsidered
9647:
2610:(15 August 1316 – 13 September 1336). Died aged 20. Never married. No issue.
2076:, and was extensively restored in 2007 and 2008 at a cost of over £100,000.
818:
12051:
11681:
11438:
10618:
9932:
9716:
9597:
9541:
8280:
3360:
3178:
2586:
2532:
2520:
2487:
1865:
1771:
1753:
1538:
1521:
1500:
1461:
1418:
1339:
1106:
1022:
997:
873:
624:, both popular activities in the 14th century. He enjoyed music, including
443:
218:
12063:
11033:
10132:
Sermons of sodomy: A reconsideration of Edward II's sodomitical reputation
9793:. Montreal, Canada and Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press.
937:
Edward II shown receiving the English crown in a contemporary illustration
11967:
11957:
11686:
11671:
11256:
10626:
10114:
2406:
2123:
1526:
1271:
1136:
Italian bankers, and facing protests about how he was using his right of
1133:
625:
536:
525:
521:
517:
504:
488:
234:
10022:
Martin, Matthew R. (2010). "Introduction". In Martin, Matthew R. (ed.).
9576:
Church and Chronicle in the Middle Ages: Essays Presented to John Taylor
2581:
2326:
1727:, and proposed a marriage between Prince Edward and William's daughter,
1421:
successfully invaded Ireland in 1315. Edward Bruce declared himself the
1290:. For the first time in his reign, Edward's government was well funded.
996:
as a wedding gift, and her father gave her gifts worth over 21,000
11937:
11917:
11837:
11661:
11651:
11641:
11228:
11090:
10858:
10712:
10572:
10372:
10292:
9856:
9465:
2508:
2503:
2495:
2474:
2279:
2065:
2029:
2004:
1767:
1703:
1450:
1410:
1226:
1114:
1049:
1026:
1001:
892:
688:
462:
describes Edward I as "a king to inspire fear and respect", while
451:
369:
105:
82:
10384:. Berkeley, CA & Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
10146:
The Perfect King: The life of Edward III, father of the English nation
8465:
8463:
2166:
1558:, and captured the earl. Edward and Hugh the Younger met Lancaster at
11927:
11847:
11676:
11646:
11233:
11208:
3246:
The English 1306 campaign in Scotland was brutal, and the chronicler
3185:
of Conwy, while the annual income of a 14th-century nobleman such as
2239:
2130:
has claimed that Edward's survival is "a possibility". The historian
2088:
2069:
2025:
2008:
1857:
1604:
1600:
1438:
1414:
1355:
1145:
1004:. The pair returned to England in February, where Edward had ordered
806:
613:
558:
321:
11334:
10696:
10556:
10356:
10276:
10101:—— (2005). "The Death of Edward II in Berkeley Castle".
9840:
9449:
2386:. In the first half of the 19th century, popular historians such as
2157:
1698:
1550:. Lancaster, outnumbered, retreated without a fight, fleeing north.
1113:
of the royal household, to regulate the Crown's unpopular powers of
458:
that formed the senior ranks of the English nobility. The historian
376:
on 21 September, probably murdered on the orders of the new regime.
11947:
11807:
11714:
11666:
11607:
11213:
11038:
10883:
10837:
9371:
8460:
7933:
7931:
2498:
1996:
1803:
1775:
1682:
1627:
were reported around the late Earl of Lancaster's tomb, and at the
1332:
1324:
1225:
On the way back from the north, Pembroke stopped in the village of
1164:; Gaveston left England, possibly for northern France or Flanders.
989:
946:
853:
719:
637:
621:
579:
278:
95:
9524:
The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284
9504:. Vol. V. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 31–51.
9483:
Rites of Passage: Cultures of Transition in the Fourteenth Century
663:, in which he promised to marry his six-year-old son to the young
277:
from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. The fourth son of
11584:
11490:
10761:
9942:
The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the early fourteenth century
9827:
Hamilton, J. S. (1991). "Piers Gaveston and the royal treasure".
3480:
3435:; the similarities to this earlier story are also highlighted by
2436:
2135:
scholars when it was first published, in particular by historian
2111:
2045:
1811:
1736:
1671:
1667:
1628:
1624:
1596:
1434:
1347:
1249:
1110:
849:
826:
822:
617:
513:
411:
229:
10459:
English Identity and Political Culture in the Fourteenth Century
9791:
King Edward II: His life, his reign and its aftermath, 1284–1330
7928:
4142:
4140:
2024:
in London. His tomb includes a very early example of an English
1844:
1398:
Edward's difficulties were exacerbated by prolonged problems in
11376:
11324:
11048:
11043:
2251:
2215:
2207:
2061:
2033:
2016:
1761:, probably owned by Edward and looted during the events of 1326
1592:, and fresh taxes agreed for a new campaign against the Scots.
1364:
1359:
1283:
1275:
1081:
958:
861:
845:
790:
715:
645:
545:, and was chosen by his father instead of the more traditional
415:
10478:
The Hollow Crown: A history of Britain in the late Middle Ages
2198:
intervened in person after 1322. Edward made extensive use of
1335:, prepared to prevent Edward's forces from reaching Stirling.
562:
new baby, under the direction of a clerk, Giles of Oudenarde.
12074:
11296:
9961:
Rise of a Royal Favourite: The Early Career of Hugh Despenser
9657:
Parliament and Political Legitimacy in the Reign of Edward II
5948:
4137:
3329:
2287:
in Cambridge to promote training in religious and civil law,
2259:
1807:
1402:, part of a wider phenomenon in northern Europe known as the
1137:
981:
801:. Amid a huge feast in the neighbouring hall, reminiscent of
653:
649:
629:
612:, and became a good rider; he also liked dogs, in particular
602:
539:
10209:. Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press. pp. 174–191.
2630:
on 17 July 1328 and became Queen of Scots, but had no issue.
2003:
on 21 October, and on 20 December, Edward was buried by the
601:
in his daily life, in addition to some English and possibly
11080:
6117:
6115:
4989:
4987:
4985:
3155:, specifically the note on historiographical considerations
2604:
on 24 January 1328. They had eight sons and five daughters.
2270:
in 1312, and the following year by 54 nude French dancers.
2263:
2092:
2041:
1795:, and taking the Tower and releasing the prisoners inside.
1368:
916:, suggests that Edward and Gaveston entered into a bond of
455:
10974:
9829:
Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies
6127:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4064:
2068:
gave royal support for an unsuccessful bid to have Edward
5836:
5834:
4941:
4939:
4049:
3840:
3774:
3772:
1253:
Edward (left) and Philip IV at the knighting ceremony of
777:
The Scottish conflict flared up once again in 1306, when
6451:
6449:
6112:
4982:
4972:
4970:
2210:; much of Ireland similarly disintegrated into anarchy.
1578:
Edward (third from the left) hunting with Philip IV
565:
265:(25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327), also known as
9485:. Woodbridge, UK: York Medieval Press. pp. 13–30.
4061:
3859:
3857:
3855:
2557:, produced in 2000. Novels such as John Penford's 1984
2450:
Several plays have shaped Edward's contemporary image.
312:
Edward had a close and controversial relationship with
10403:(2nd ed.). London & New York, NY: Routledge.
10401:
The Three Edwards: War and state in England, 1272–1377
9743:(1935). "The literacy of the medieval English kings".
9715:
9284:
5831:
4936:
4280:
4278:
4082:
3897:
3769:
1367:, then travelled by ship to Berwick, and then back to
746:. In the spring of 1301, the King declared Edward the
285:. Beginning in 1300, Edward accompanied his father on
12016:
10326:. New Haven, CT & London: Yale University Press.
9607:
Prophecy and Public Affairs in Later Medieval England
9416:
Ecce Homo: The male-body-in-pain as redemptive figure
8997:
8995:
8866:
8864:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6446:
5766:
5764:
5072:
5070:
4999:
4967:
1848:
A 15th-century depiction of Isabella capturing Edward
1566:, the earl was found guilty of treason and beheaded.
1520:, and Isabella was sent to Bartholomew's stronghold,
1319:
By 1314, Robert the Bruce had recaptured most of the
1244:
345:
followed, and criticism of the King's reign mounted.
10775:"Archival material relating to Edward II of England"
8783:
8781:
8716:
8714:
7525:
7523:
6870:
6868:
6783:
6781:
6376:
6374:
5866:
5864:
5851:
5849:
5821:
5819:
5595:
5593:
4734:
4732:
4217:
4215:
3852:
2634:
Edward also fathered the illegitimate Adam FitzRoy (
2372:
Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, Duke of Épernon
1912:, by tradition associated with Edward's imprisonment
12180:
English people of the Wars of Scottish Independence
10026:. Ontario, Canada: Broadview Press. pp. 9–32.
9092:
9090:
9088:
4331:
4329:
4275:
10170:Edward II: The public and private faces of the law
8992:
8861:
7615:
7613:
6569:
5761:
5067:
4127:
4125:
3759:
3757:
3159:List of earls in the reign of Edward II of England
2477:picked up the same theme for his unfinished work,
2465:and Henry III of France, may have influenced
789:and then, along with many other young men, he was
718:in charge of England while the King campaigned in
10543:Smallwood, M. (1973). "The Lament of Edward II".
9808:Hallam, Elizabeth M.; Everard, Judith A. (2001).
8778:
8711:
7520:
6865:
6778:
6371:
5861:
5846:
5816:
5590:
4729:
4717:
4212:
884:, was a sodomite, rather than the late king. The
12126:
9341:A Knight at the Movies: Medieval history on film
9085:
4326:
2543:used Marlowe's play as the basis for the ballet
1371:; in his absence, Stirling Castle quickly fell.
912:A more recent theory, proposed by the historian
520:of the world were imminent, declaring him a new
30:"Edward II" redirects here. For other uses, see
10764:at the official website of the British monarchy
10185:
9727:(in French). Vol. 12. Paris, France: n.p.
9280:
7610:
7540:
7538:
4122:
3754:
3644:
3642:
3640:
2147:
1518:Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere
813:
10631:Isabella: She-wolf of France, Queen of England
1688:
972:to France in January, leaving Gaveston as his
701:
414:in south-western France (which he held as the
11730:
10960:
10603:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
10461:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
10064:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
9944:. Princeton, US: Princeton University Press.
9807:
6922:
4150:
3283:declined to recognise him as such until 1309.
3187:Richard le Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Bolton
2440:Title page of the earliest published text of
1818:and attempted to rally his remaining forces.
379:Edward's relationship with Gaveston inspired
320:. Gaveston's arrogance and power as Edward's
10650:"The deposition and abdication of Edward II"
9763:
9554:Piers Gaveston: Edward II's Adoptive Brother
9418:. Chicago, US: University of Chicago Press.
9307:
9065:
8398:
8089:, Gloucester Cathedral, 2014, archived from
8031:, Gloucester Cathedral, 2014, archived from
7945:, Gloucester Cathedral, 2014, archived from
7651:
7643:
7535:
3680:
3637:
3568:
2573:transports the story into the 20th century.
1569:
1537:In December, Edward led his army across the
860:14th-century England, which equated it with
11527:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
10207:Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages
9680:Isabella and the Strange Death of Edward II
9288:
2600:(13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377). Married
2593:Edward II had four children with Isabella:
2432:Cultural depictions of Edward II of England
2222:, who in later years would constitute the "
659:In 1290, Edward's father had confirmed the
466:characterises him as an "efficient bully".
11737:
11723:
11704:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
10967:
10953:
10792:
10429:
10315:
10235:
10179:
10137:
10015:
9970:
9875:
9666:
9623:
3588:
2626:(5 July 1321 – 7 September 1362). Married
1467:
928:
923:
714:Between 1297 and 1298, Edward was left as
47:
12205:People knighted at the Feast of the Swans
10665:
10542:
10502:
10435:
10417:
10398:
10379:
10024:Edward the Second, by Christopher Marlowe
9739:
9518:
9413:
9357:
9276:
9272:
9192:
9061:
9053:
8787:
8764:
8744:
8720:
8705:
8693:
8681:
8669:
8653:
8641:
8469:
8454:
8422:
8370:
8354:
8327:
8191:
8123:
7623:
7552:
7544:
5743:
5448:
5017:
4802:
4651:
4555:
4543:
4076:
4039:
4023:
3664:
3580:
3560:
3548:
3536:
3524:
3314:The de Clare inheritance had belonged to
1908:Covered walkway leading to a cell within
1044:
840:During this time, Edward became close to
478:
446:princes from power and, in the 1290s, he
426:in northern France. Eleanor was from the
10321:
10307:
10246:. New Haven, US: Yale University Press.
10190:. Ithaca, US: Cornell University Press.
10143:
10129:
10100:
10078:
10040:
10003:
9958:
9881:
9863:
9826:
9630:The Reign of Edward II: New Perspectives
9548:
9499:
9268:
9256:
9240:
9200:
9196:
9164:
9152:
9108:
9096:
9049:
9037:
9017:
9005:
8962:
8950:
8938:
8926:
8914:
8902:
8894:
8870:
8831:
8815:
8799:
8768:
8748:
8732:
8473:
8450:
8434:
8386:
8323:
8311:
8307:
8287:. London: Continuum Books. p. 286.
8279:
8183:
8175:
8163:
8159:
8135:
8127:
7726:
7710:
7694:
7647:
7635:
7604:
7592:
7580:
7568:
7548:
7529:
7514:
7502:
7486:
7474:
7458:
7446:
7434:
7422:
7410:
7398:
7386:
7374:
7362:
7338:
7326:
7298:
7286:
7270:
7258:
7246:
7234:
7218:
7206:
7194:
7182:
7146:
7134:
7122:
7110:
7098:
7086:
7074:
7062:
7042:
7026:
7014:
6990:
6938:
6910:
6898:
6886:
6874:
6859:
6847:
6835:
6823:
6811:
6799:
6787:
6772:
6748:
6736:
6724:
6712:
6700:
6688:
6676:
6660:
6648:
6632:
6616:
6604:
6592:
6580:
6563:
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6535:
6523:
6507:
6495:
6479:
6467:
6455:
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6416:
6404:
6392:
6380:
6365:
6353:
6337:
6325:
6309:
6297:
6285:
6273:
6261:
6249:
6237:
6225:
6201:
6189:
6106:
6094:
6074:
6062:
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6034:
6022:
5986:
5970:
5954:
5938:
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5910:
5898:
5882:
5870:
5855:
5840:
5825:
5810:
5798:
5782:
5770:
5755:
5739:
5727:
5715:
5703:
5691:
5679:
5667:
5655:
5643:
5627:
5615:
5611:
5599:
5584:
5572:
5568:
5556:
5540:
5528:
5516:
5504:
5492:
5480:
5476:
5464:
5444:
5432:
5420:
5408:
5396:
5384:
5368:
5356:
5344:
5332:
5320:
5308:
5296:
5284:
5272:
5260:
5256:
5244:
5232:
5220:
5208:
5196:
5184:
5172:
5160:
5148:
5136:
5124:
5112:
5100:
5088:
5076:
5061:
5057:
5045:
5033:
4993:
4961:
4945:
4930:
4918:
4906:
4890:
4866:
4854:
4838:
4826:
4814:
4798:
4786:
4774:
4762:
4750:
4738:
4723:
4711:
4699:
4687:
4675:
4671:
4659:
4655:
4639:
4635:
4623:
4599:
4587:
4575:
4559:
4527:
4519:
4479:
4467:
4455:
4443:
4439:
4427:
4415:
4403:
4391:
4379:
4359:
4347:
4335:
4320:
4308:
4296:
4284:
4269:
4257:
4245:
4233:
4221:
4206:
4202:
4174:
4162:
4146:
4131:
4116:
4100:
4088:
4055:
4043:
4027:
4011:
4007:
3995:
3991:
3979:
3963:
3951:
3935:
3931:
3919:
3915:
3903:
3891:
3875:
3846:
3834:
3822:
3810:
3798:
3782:
3778:
3763:
3748:
3732:
3704:
3692:
3660:
3584:
3564:
2616:(18 June 1318 – 22 April 1355). Married
2580:
2514:
2435:
2325:
2298:Edward enjoyed a good relationship with
2233:
1983:
1903:
1843:
1752:
1697:
1573:
1303:
1293:
1248:
1167:
1097:April, possibly under the leadership of
1048:
932:
817:
705:
569:
487:
10682:
10647:
10456:
10059:
9674:
9632:. Woodbridge, UK: York Medieval Press.
9609:. Woodbridge, UK: York Medieval Press.
9314:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
9295:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
8843:
8827:
8569:
8255:
8239:
8227:
8215:
8203:
8187:
7556:
7158:
7046:
7002:
6978:
6966:
6954:
3460:, and Roy Haines's biography of Edward.
2380:George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
2060:depicted Edward as a saintly, tortured
1441:in Wales in 1316, but were suppressed.
1374:
1056:(third from the left) with her father,
14:
12127:
10579:
10342:
10241:
10223:
10204:
10164:
10021:
9939:
9884:The Plantagenets: History of a Dynasty
9785:
9570:
9480:
9394:
9338:
9252:
9236:
9212:
9180:
9168:
9124:
9112:
9021:
8898:
8882:
8855:
8811:
8549:
8537:
8525:
8513:
8501:
8485:
8438:
8430:
8374:
8358:
8243:
8179:
8147:
8131:
8073:
8057:
8011:
7995:
7910:
7894:
7882:
7870:
7858:
7854:
7826:
7810:
7786:
7774:
7762:
7750:
7738:
7714:
7698:
7682:
7639:
7631:
7627:
7490:
7462:
7350:
7314:
7302:
7274:
7222:
7170:
7050:
7030:
6942:
6926:
6760:
6664:
6636:
6620:
6551:
6511:
6483:
6341:
6313:
6213:
6177:
6173:
6161:
6157:
6145:
6133:
6121:
6078:
6038:
6010:
5998:
5982:
5966:
5942:
5926:
5886:
5786:
5631:
5544:
5452:
5372:
5005:
4976:
4949:
4878:
4563:
4539:
4523:
4511:
4499:
4495:
4483:
4367:
4104:
3967:
3939:
3879:
3863:
3786:
3736:
3708:
3676:
3631:
3619:
3512:
3019:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2777:
2667:
2663:
2473:. In the 17th century, the playwright
2425:
1926:Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley
1899:
992:on 25 January. Edward gave Isabella a
726:, under which he took Philip's sister
11718:
10948:
10598:
10475:
10262:
9976:
9902:
9812:(2nd ed.). Harlow, UK: Longman.
9696:
9604:
9432:
9224:
9140:
9136:
9057:
9033:
9001:
8986:
8974:
8772:
8752:
8657:
8605:
8577:
8557:
8553:
8489:
8426:
8410:
8111:
8069:
8053:
8023:
8007:
7991:
7979:
7967:
7937:
7922:
7906:
7850:
7838:
7822:
7798:
7619:
6090:
5021:
4894:
4850:
4611:
4515:
4363:
4190:
4178:
3720:
3648:
3095:
3085:
3081:
3069:
3063:
3053:
3037:
3027:
3023:
3007:
3001:
2991:
2975:
2965:
2961:
2949:
2943:
2933:
2917:
2907:
2903:
2879:
2869:
2853:
2843:
2839:
2827:
2821:
2811:
2798:Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence
2795:
2785:
2781:
2765:
2759:
2749:
2733:
2723:
2719:
2707:
2701:
2691:
2675:
2671:
2262:as a pet and, as a young man, took a
1693:
1120:
566:Childhood, personality and appearance
12081:
11744:
10625:
10343:Prasch, Thomas (1993). "Edward II".
9654:
9578:. London: Hambledon Press. pp.
9285:Durand, Clémencet & Dantine 1818
8629:
8617:
8601:
8589:
8573:
8267:
1783:half-brother, Thomas of Brotherton;
1472:
1172:
679:'s refusal to release fortresses in
578:, thought to be of Edward's father,
348:The Despenser family, in particular
10310:The Place of the Reign of Edward II
9066:Given-Wilson, Chris (9 July 2010),
7652:Given-Wilson, Chris (9 July 2010),
2519:An 1872 painting by English artist
2394:popularised Edward's life with the
524:, who would lead England to glory.
432:suppression of the baronial revolts
24:
11990:
10601:England in the Reign of Edward III
9745:Proceedings of the British Academy
6025:, pp. 248, 281, 329, 343–348.
2040:. Edward was buried in the shirt,
1979:
1647:
1245:Tensions with Lancaster and France
1074:Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln
448:intervened in Scotland's civil war
25:
12236:
12170:English people of Spanish descent
10790:National Portrait Gallery, London
10731:
10043:The Fourteenth Century: 1307–1399
9723:; Dantine, Maur-François (1818).
9308:Parsons, John Carmi (2004–2014),
3589:Gillingham, John (11 July 2008),
3153:History of same-sex relationships
2653:Ancestors of Edward II of England
2529:Edward II and Piers Gaveston
2321:
2142:
27:King of England from 1307 to 1327
12175:English people of French descent
12107:
12090:
12062:
12050:
12038:
12026:
9940:Jordan, William Chester (1996).
9262:
9246:
9230:
9218:
9206:
9186:
9174:
9158:
9146:
9143:, pp. 1055–1056, 1062–1063.
9130:
9118:
9102:
9043:
9027:
9011:
8980:
8968:
8956:
8944:
8932:
8920:
8908:
8888:
8876:
8849:
8837:
8821:
8805:
8793:
8758:
8738:
8726:
8699:
8687:
8675:
8663:
8647:
8635:
8623:
8611:
8595:
8583:
8563:
8543:
8531:
8519:
8507:
8495:
8479:
8444:
8416:
8404:
8392:
8380:
8364:
8348:
8328:Carpenter, David (7 June 2007).
8317:
8301:
8273:
8261:
8249:
8233:
8221:
8209:
8197:
8169:
8153:
8141:
8117:
8105:
8079:
8063:
8047:
8017:
8001:
7985:
7973:
7961:
7916:
7900:
7888:
7876:
7864:
7844:
7832:
7816:
7804:
7792:
7780:
7768:
7756:
7744:
7732:
7720:
7704:
7688:
7676:
7598:
7586:
7574:
7562:
7508:
7496:
7480:
7468:
7452:
7440:
7428:
7416:
7404:
7392:
7380:
7368:
7356:
7344:
7332:
7320:
7308:
7292:
7280:
7264:
7252:
7240:
7228:
7212:
7200:
7188:
7176:
7164:
7152:
7140:
7128:
7116:
7104:
7092:
7080:
7068:
7056:
7036:
7020:
7008:
6996:
6984:
6972:
6960:
6948:
6932:
6916:
6904:
6892:
6880:
6853:
6841:
6829:
6817:
6805:
6793:
6766:
6754:
6742:
6730:
6718:
6706:
6694:
6682:
6670:
6654:
6642:
6626:
6610:
6598:
6586:
6557:
6541:
6529:
6517:
6501:
6489:
6473:
6461:
6434:
6422:
6410:
6398:
6386:
6359:
6347:
6331:
6319:
6303:
6291:
6279:
6267:
6255:
6243:
6231:
6219:
6207:
6195:
6183:
6167:
6151:
6139:
6100:
6084:
6068:
6056:
6044:
6028:
6016:
6004:
5992:
5976:
5960:
5932:
5916:
5904:
5892:
5876:
5804:
5792:
5776:
5749:
5733:
5721:
5709:
5697:
5685:
5673:
5661:
5649:
5637:
5621:
5605:
5578:
5562:
5550:
5534:
5522:
5510:
5498:
5486:
5470:
5458:
5438:
5426:
5414:
5402:
5390:
5378:
5362:
5350:
5338:
5326:
5314:
5302:
5290:
5278:
5266:
5250:
5238:
5226:
5214:
5202:
5190:
5178:
5166:
5154:
5142:
5130:
5118:
5106:
5094:
5082:
5051:
5039:
5027:
5011:
4955:
4924:
4912:
4900:
4884:
4872:
4860:
4844:
4832:
4820:
4808:
3486:
3473:
3463:
3450:
3415:
3406:
3397:
3387:
3377:
3367:
3349:
3335:
3321:
3308:
3295:
3286:
2490:adapted the Marlowe play into a
2293:short-lived university in Dublin
2165:
2156:
2081:
1495:, and acquired Glamorgan in the
402:Edward II was the fourth son of
305:, daughter of the powerful King
77:7 July 1307 – 13/25 January 1327
12225:Children of Edward I of England
12160:Burials at Gloucester Cathedral
11004:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
10186:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975).
9699:Royal Tombs of Medieval England
9331:
4792:
4780:
4768:
4756:
4744:
4705:
4693:
4681:
4665:
4645:
4629:
4617:
4605:
4593:
4581:
4569:
4549:
4533:
4505:
4489:
4473:
4461:
4449:
4433:
4421:
4409:
4397:
4385:
4373:
4353:
4341:
4314:
4302:
4290:
4263:
4251:
4239:
4227:
4196:
4184:
4168:
4156:
4110:
4094:
4033:
4017:
4001:
3985:
3973:
3957:
3945:
3925:
3909:
3885:
3869:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3792:
3742:
3726:
3714:
3698:
3686:
3670:
3654:
3273:
3266:intense working relationship";
3254:
3240:
3230:
3221:
3211:
3202:
3192:
3171:
2736:Isabella, Countess of Angoulême
1894:
783:John Comyn III of Badenoch
171:
12185:14th-century murdered monarchs
11001:Monarchs of England until 1603
10438:Plantagenet England: 1225–1360
9289:Howell, Margaret (2004–2014),
5941:, pp. 280, 282–283, 294;
4853:, pp. 574–575, 578, 584;
3625:
3613:
3574:
3554:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3506:
2946:Ferdinand III, King of Castile
968:proceeded. Edward crossed the
964:In 1308, Edward's marriage to
535:in origin, linking him to the
13:
1:
12155:14th-century English monarchs
10654:The English Historical Review
8604:, pp. 170–171, 175–177;
8330:"What Happened to Edward II?"
3500:
3355:For a sceptical comment, see
3004:Eleanor, Countess of Ponthieu
2635:
2620:in May 1332 and had two sons.
1833:
1798:Edward continued west up the
1099:Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster
434:in the 1260s and joining the
424:Eleanor, Countess of Ponthieu
397:
331:Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster
209:Eleanor, Countess of Guelders
12190:14th-century peers of France
10226:The Sexualities of Edward II
7173:, pp. 160–164, 174–175.
7101:, pp. 493–494, 500–501.
5646:, pp. 193–196, 199–200.
2978:Berengaria, Queen of Castile
2471:portrayal of Richard II
2352:Vita et Mors Edwardi Secundi
2246:(top left) founded by Edward
2148:Kingship, government and law
1959:following his imprisonment.
1806:, probably aiming first for
1785:Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster
814:Piers Gaveston and sexuality
755:north with him and captured
7:
12150:13th-century English people
11611:British monarchs after the
10786:Portraits of King Edward II
10440:. Oxford University Press.
10380:Prestwich, Michael (1988).
10188:A History of Medieval Spain
10045:. Oxford University Press.
9556:. Oxford University Press.
9414:Brintnell, Kent L. (2011).
3146:
3098:Marie, Countess of Ponthieu
2644:
2618:Reinoud II of Guelders
2333:'s 1326 charter from Edward
2273:
1742:
1725:William I, Count of Hainaut
1689:Fall from power (1326–1327)
1524:, to deliberately create a
1270:, large banquets along the
702:Early campaigns in Scotland
199:Edward III, King of England
132:21 September 1327 (aged 43)
10:
12241:
12210:People murdered in England
10582:Thirteenth Century England
10345:American Historical Review
10308:Phillips, Seymour (2006).
9981:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
9605:Coote, Lesley Ann (2000).
9502:Fourteenth Century England
9360:Journal of British Studies
7642:, pp. 198, 226, 232;
6929:, pp. 19–20, 305–306.
5925:, pp. 246, 267, 276;
3066:Joan, Countess of Ponthieu
3013:
2897:
2882:Edward II, King of England
2771:
2704:Henry III, King of England
2665:
2429:
2356:Gesta Edwardi de Carnarvon
1837:
1749:Invasion of England (1326)
1746:
1651:
1554:cornered Lancaster at the
1476:
1378:
1297:
1124:
1086:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
882:Hugh Despenser the Younger
636:. He did not take part in
391:parliamentary institutions
350:Hugh Despenser the Younger
188:
137:, Gloucestershire, England
32:Edward II (disambiguation)
29:
12001:
11988:
11752:
11699:
11622:
11606:
11602:
11539:
11522:
11518:
10995:
10991:
10928:
10919:
10906:
10899:
10888:
10876:
10865:
10855:
10842:
10834:
10829:
10802:
10667:10.1093/ehr/cxiii.453.852
10528:10.1017/s0038713400001780
10103:English Historical Review
10004:Marshall, Alison (2006).
9977:Logan, Robert A. (2007).
9959:Lawrence, Martyn (2006).
9810:Capetian France, 987–1328
9316:, Oxford University Press
9297:, Oxford University Press
9072:Times Literary Supplement
8846:, pp. 66, 70–71, 73.
8552:, pp. 148, 300–301;
7658:Times Literary Supplement
7505:, pp. 536, 539, 541.
6923:Hallam & Everard 2001
5455:, pp. 82–83, 87, 95.
4151:Hallam & Everard 2001
3595:Times Literary Supplement
3189:, was around £600 a year.
3083:
3075:
3047:
3025:
3021:
2985:
2963:
2955:
2927:
2905:
2901:
2863:
2841:
2833:
2805:
2783:
2779:
2762:Edward I, King of England
2743:
2721:
2713:
2685:
2669:
2628:David II of Scotland
2463:James VI of Scotland
2316:
1570:Edward and the Despensers
1458:de Clare inheritance
1381:Great Famine of 1315–1317
988:The pair were married in
404:Edward I, King of England
250:
240:
228:
181:
156:
141:
128:
115:
111:
101:
91:
81:
73:
61:
46:
41:
10937:Edward, the Black Prince
10648:Valente, Claire (1998).
10599:Waugh, Scott L. (1991).
10457:Ruddick, Andrea (2013).
10060:Menache, Sophia (2002).
9905:History Workshop Journal
9741:Galbraith, Vivian Hunter
8632:, pp. 167–168, 179.
8592:, pp. 169, 172–173.
6775:, pp. 461, 464–465.
6703:, pp. 438, 440–441.
6651:, pp. 440–442, 445.
6252:, pp. 364, 366–367.
6053:, pp. 248, 253–254.
5801:, pp. 223, 227–228.
5435:, pp. 152, 174–175.
5399:, pp. 178–179, 182.
5199:, pp. 155, 157–158.
4909:, pp. 135, 139–140.
4458:, pp. 112, 120–121.
3667:, pp. 30–31, 93–94.
3164:
3040:Simon, Count of Ponthieu
2920:Alfonso IX, King of León
2576:
2376:Henry III of France
2229:
1934:Lament of Edward II
1489:Hugh Despenser the Elder
1084:, appointing him as the
1058:Philip IV of France
793:in a lavish ceremony at
516:, who believed that the
483:
11768:Edward the Black Prince
10436:—— (2007).
10418:—— (2006).
10399:—— (2003).
10322:—— (2011).
10242:—— (2011).
10224:—— (2006).
10144:—— (2008).
10130:—— (2006).
9882:—— (2010).
9864:—— (2006).
9655:—— (2006).
9395:Ashbee, Jeremy (2007).
4442:, pp. 96–97, 120;
2214:representatives of the
1556:Battle of Boroughbridge
1468:Later reign (1321–1326)
929:Coronation and marriage
924:Early reign (1307–1311)
897:Pope Boniface VIII
632:instrument, as well as
628:and the newly invented
354:short military campaign
12200:People from Caernarfon
12165:English murder victims
11995:
10545:Modern Language Review
10504:Schofield, Phillipp R.
10430:Dodd & Musson 2006
10420:The court of Edward II
10316:Dodd & Musson 2006
10236:Dodd & Musson 2006
10180:Dodd & Musson 2006
10138:Dodd & Musson 2006
10016:Dodd & Musson 2006
9971:Dodd & Musson 2006
9917:10.1093/hwj/1999.47.30
9876:Dodd & Musson 2006
9701:. Stroud, UK: Tempus.
9667:Dodd & Musson 2006
9434:Brown, Elizabeth A. R.
9227:, pp. 31, 40, 42.
8401:, pp. 31–33, 154.
8334:London Review of Books
3458:London Review of Books
2590:
2561:and Chris Hunt's 1992
2524:
2447:
2334:
2247:
1992:
1913:
1849:
1814:. Edward retreated to
1762:
1707:
1579:
1530:. Bartholomew's wife,
1316:
1258:
1061:
1045:Tensions over Gaveston
1000:and a fragment of the
938:
837:
711:
696:Guy, Count of Flanders
582:
510:Roman imperial history
499:Edward II was born in
496:
479:Early life (1284–1307)
438:. During the 1280s he
204:John, Earl of Cornwall
12008:Principality of Wales
11994:
11798:Edward of Westminster
10804:Edward II of England
10512:by Roy Martin Haines"
10265:Renaissance Quarterly
10041:McKisack, M. (1959).
9886:. London: Continuum.
9771:. London: Routledge.
9399:. Cardiff, UK: Cadw.
9343:. London: Routledge.
9339:Aberth, John (2003).
9183:, pp. 1165–1166.
8989:, pp. 32, 40–41.
8010:, pp. 119, 122;
7940:, pp. 119, 122;
7909:, pp. 106, 119;
7885:, pp. 16–17, 25.
6925:, pp. 322, 387;
5447:, pp. 182, 276;
3882:, pp. 11, 45–46.
2678:John, King of England
2598:Edward III of England
2584:
2518:
2439:
2329:
2237:
2032:and a canopy made of
1987:
1964:Treaty of Northampton
1907:
1880:bishops of Winchester
1847:
1756:
1701:
1577:
1310:Battle of Bannockburn
1307:
1300:Battle of Bannockburn
1294:Battle of Bannockburn
1252:
1239:King's Langley Priory
1168:Mid-reign (1311–1321)
1052:
961:tomb for his father.
936:
821:
709:
573:
495:, Edward's birthplace
491:
440:conquered North Wales
339:Battle of Bannockburn
289:, and in 1306 he was
287:campaigns in Scotland
12195:House of Plantagenet
12135:Edward II of England
12077:Edward II of England
11758:Edward of Caernarfon
11581:William III & II
11146:Henry the Young King
11096:Edward the Confessor
11064:Æthelred the Unready
10915:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
10809:House of Plantagenet
10779:UK National Archives
10743:Gloucester Cathedral
10476:Rubin, Miri (2006).
9697:Duffy, Mark (2003).
9682:. London: Robinson.
9275:, pp. 532–536;
8576:, pp. 165–166;
8433:, pp. 140–141;
8377:, pp. 142, 164.
8242:, pp. 189–208;
8178:, pp. 562–564;
8162:, pp. 193–194;
7970:, pp. 106, 119.
7713:, pp. 575–576;
7697:, pp. 572–576;
7341:, pp. 515, 518.
7301:, pp. 512–513;
7273:, pp. 510–511;
7185:, pp. 501, 504.
7029:, pp. 489–491;
6941:, pp. 485–486;
6663:, pp. 445–446;
6635:, pp. 434–435;
6619:, pp. 423–433;
6510:, pp. 411–413;
6482:, pp. 408–409;
6312:, pp. 377–379;
6077:, pp. 247–248;
6037:, pp. 343–348;
5957:, pp. 308, 330.
5913:, pp. 239, 243.
5901:, pp. 233, 238.
5885:, pp. 234–236;
5785:, pp. 225–227;
5742:, pp. 218–219;
5571:, pp. 190–191;
5479:, pp. 184–185;
5060:, pp. 144–146;
4948:, pp. 140–143;
4482:, pp. 120–123;
3342:evidence available,
2614:Eleanor of Woodstock
2602:Philippa of Hainault
2494:in 1991, creating a
2384:Charles I of England
2347:Vita Edwardi Secundi
2074:Gloucester Cathedral
1990:Gloucester Cathedral
1988:Edward II's tomb at
1644:and fled to France.
1483:The long-threatened
1423:High King of Ireland
1375:Famine and criticism
1015:Bishop of Winchester
918:adoptive brotherhood
878:Bishop of Winchester
733:Thomas of Brotherton
543:Edward the Confessor
267:Edward of Caernarfon
214:Joan, Queen of Scots
149:Gloucester Cathedral
55:Gloucester Cathedral
11818:Edward of Middleham
11778:Richard of Bordeaux
11529:Union of the Crowns
10633:. London: Pimlico.
10480:. London: Penguin.
10312:. pp. 220–233.
10148:. London: Vintage.
10086:. London: Pimlico.
9765:Given-Wilson, Chris
9526:. London: Penguin.
9259:, pp. 428–429.
9215:, pp. 303–304.
8767:, pp. 61, 74;
8747:, pp. 61, 69;
8620:, pp. 180–182.
8540:, pp. 159–160.
8516:, pp. 162–163.
8504:, pp. 140–141.
8476:, pp. 218–219.
8441:, pp. 164–165.
8361:, pp. 234–237.
8314:, pp. 408–410.
8270:, pp. 285–291.
8258:, pp. 213–217.
8246:, pp. 222–229.
8218:, pp. 186–188.
8206:, pp. 185–188.
8186:, pp. 51, 55;
8138:, pp. 191–194.
8014:, pp. 177–178.
7861:, pp. 228–229.
7789:, pp. 177–178.
7777:, pp. 216–217.
7765:, pp. 214–216.
7753:, pp. 199–200.
7741:, pp. 198–199.
7717:, pp. 236–237.
7701:, pp. 235–236.
7583:, pp. 546–547.
7571:, pp. 543–544.
7517:, pp. 542–543.
7493:, pp. 191–192.
7437:, pp. 529–530.
7413:, pp. 524–525.
7401:, pp. 523–524.
7389:, pp. 520–522.
7365:, pp. 516–518.
7329:, pp. 514–515.
7261:, pp. 508–509.
7237:, pp. 506–507.
7225:, pp. 178–179.
7209:, pp. 503–504.
7137:, pp. 501–502.
7113:, pp. 500–501.
7089:, pp. 493–494.
7077:, pp. 491–492.
7017:, pp. 488–489.
6993:, pp. 437–438.
6901:, pp. 473–476.
6889:, pp. 472–473.
6862:, pp. 470–471.
6763:, pp. 274–275.
6751:, pp. 461–462.
6739:, pp. 456–457.
6715:, pp. 455–456.
6691:, pp. 419–420.
6595:, pp. 428–431.
6583:, pp. 426–427.
6566:, pp. 423–425.
6498:, pp. 410–411.
6458:, pp. 406–407.
6431:, pp. 403–404.
6419:, pp. 400–401.
6407:, pp. 399–400.
6395:, pp. 397–398.
6368:, pp. 395–397.
6344:, pp. 128–129.
6328:, pp. 383–387.
6300:, pp. 376–377.
6288:, pp. 375–377.
6276:, pp. 374–375.
6264:, pp. 367–368.
6240:, pp. 365–366.
6228:, pp. 364–365.
6216:, pp. 121–123.
6204:, pp. 372–378.
6164:, pp. 104–105.
6136:, pp. 160–162.
6093:, pp. 17, 36;
6065:, pp. 256–258.
6001:, pp. 172–174.
5973:, pp. 252–253.
5843:, pp. 231–232.
5813:, pp. 228–229.
5773:, pp. 223–224.
5758:, pp. 225–226.
5694:, pp. 210–211.
5682:, pp. 209–211.
5670:, pp. 207–920.
5658:, pp. 206–208.
5559:, pp. 189–190.
5531:, pp. 202–204.
5519:, pp. 187–188.
5495:, pp. 186–187.
5467:, pp. 182–184.
5411:, pp. 180–181.
5387:, pp. 177–178.
5359:, pp. 169–171.
5347:, pp. 167–170.
5323:, pp. 164–166.
5311:, pp. 163–164.
5287:, pp. 162–163.
5175:, pp. 156–157.
5163:, pp. 154–155.
5151:, pp. 152–153.
5127:, pp. 150–151.
5115:, pp. 149–150.
5103:, pp. 147–149.
5079:, pp. 146–147.
5048:, pp. 136–138.
5036:, pp. 135–137.
4869:, pp. 131–134.
4857:, pp. 131–134.
4753:, pp. 126–127.
4741:, pp. 125–126.
4470:, pp. 120–121.
4406:, pp. 116–117.
4394:, pp. 113–115.
4382:, pp. 111–115.
4350:, pp. 109–111.
4299:, pp. 104–105.
4224:, pp. 198–199.
3994:, pp. 37, 74;
3781:, pp. 37, 47;
2824:Eleanor of Provence
2467:William Shakespeare
2452:Christopher Marlowe
2426:Cultural references
2300:Pope Clement V
2015:A temporary wooden
1900:Death and aftermath
1793:St Paul's Cathedral
1660:War of Saint-Sardos
1654:War of Saint-Sardos
1619:and Lord Treasurer
1400:English agriculture
1358:religious house at
1321:castles in Scotland
1268:Notre-Dame de Paris
1094:Pope Clement V
835:earldom of Cornwall
750:, granting him the
744:Caerlaverock Castle
737:Edmund of Woodstock
669:Eleanor of Provence
599:Anglo-Norman French
381:Christopher Marlowe
307:Philip IV of France
245:Edward I of England
11996:
11613:Acts of Union 1707
11576:James II & VII
11269:Kenneth I MacAlpin
11054:Edgar the Peaceful
10933:Title next held by
10911:Title last held by
10739:"Edward II's tomb"
10115:10.1093/ehr/cei329
10109:(489): 1175–1224.
9787:Haines, Roy Martin
9721:Clémencet, Charles
9195:, pp. 40–41;
9139:, pp. 83–84;
8901:, pp. 36–39;
8696:, pp. 69, 72.
8684:, pp. 63, 65.
8656:, pp. 64–65;
8472:, pp. 94–95;
8357:, pp. 32–34;
8134:, pp. 37–38;
8087:"Edward II's Tomb"
8029:"Edward II's Tomb"
7943:"Edward II's Tomb"
7622:, pp. 54–55;
7049:, pp. 86–88;
4654:, pp. 70–71;
4546:, pp. 70, 72.
4542:, pp. 23–25;
4366:, pp. 29–30;
4205:, pp. 81–82;
4177:, pp. 80–81;
4149:, pp. 77–78;
3938:, pp. 43–45;
3707:, pp. 35–36;
3695:, pp. 33, 36.
2591:
2525:
2448:
2335:
2248:
2204:English common law
1995:Edward's body was
1993:
1914:
1873:bishop of Hereford
1850:
1840:Parliament of 1327
1763:
1708:
1694:Rift with Isabella
1634:Wallingford Castle
1580:
1427:Battle of Faughart
1329:Berwick-upon-Tweed
1317:
1259:
1153:Ordinances of 1311
1127:Ordinances of 1311
1121:Ordinances of 1311
1062:
1054:Isabella of France
1006:Westminster Palace
966:Isabella of France
939:
909:sexual behaviour.
838:
799:Feast of the Swans
752:earldom of Chester
712:
665:Margaret of Norway
583:
531:Edward's name was
497:
327:Ordinances of 1311
255:Eleanor of Castile
163:Isabella of France
12014:
12013:
11788:Henry of Monmouth
11712:
11711:
11695:
11694:
11598:
11597:
11514:
11513:
11509:
11508:
11059:Edward the Martyr
10943:
10942:
10891:Count of Ponthieu
10868:Duke of Aquitaine
10856:Succeeded by
10824:21 September 1327
10640:978-0-7126-4194-4
10610:978-0-5213-1039-0
10591:978-1-8438-3122-8
10487:978-0-1401-4825-1
10468:978-1-1070-0726-0
10447:978-0-1992-2687-0
10410:978-0-4153-0309-5
10391:978-0-5200-6266-5
10333:978-0-3001-7802-9
10253:978-0-3001-1910-7
10216:978-0-7083-1894-2
10197:978-0-8014-0880-9
10155:978-0-0995-2709-1
10134:. pp. 48–60.
10093:978-0-7126-9715-6
10071:978-0-5215-9219-2
10052:978-0-1982-1712-1
10033:978-1-7704-8120-6
9988:978-1-4094-8974-0
9951:978-0-6910-5891-7
9893:978-1-4411-5712-6
9819:978-0-5824-0428-1
9800:978-0-7735-3157-4
9778:978-0-4151-4883-2
9708:978-0-7524-2579-5
9689:978-1-8411-9843-9
9639:978-1-9031-5319-2
9616:978-1-9031-5303-1
9589:978-0-8264-6938-0
9563:978-0-1982-0449-7
9533:978-0-1401-4824-4
9511:978-1-8438-3387-1
9492:978-1-9031-5315-4
9425:978-0-2260-7471-9
9406:978-1-8576-0259-3
9350:978-0-4159-3885-3
9127:, pp. 19–20.
9115:, pp. 19–20.
9040:, pp. 29–30.
9024:, pp. 35–36.
8977:, pp. 34–35.
8965:, pp. 24–25.
8953:, pp. 22–23.
8941:, pp. 17–19.
8929:, pp. 15–17.
8818:, pp. 61–62.
8802:, pp. 65–66.
8708:, pp. 66–68.
8580:, pp. 50–52.
8457:, pp. 93–94.
8399:Given-Wilson 1996
8294:978-1-85285-528-4
8150:, pp. 37–39.
7897:, pp. 25–27.
7829:, pp. 18–19.
7801:, pp. 55–56.
7644:Given-Wilson 1996
7005:, pp. 79–80.
6981:, pp. 75–77.
6969:, pp. 74–75.
6957:, pp. 78–79.
6124:, pp. 43–44.
6081:, pp. 98–99.
6013:, pp. 16–17.
5547:, pp. 86–87.
4952:, pp. 56–58.
4841:, pp. 34–41.
4714:, pp. 20–22.
4690:, pp. 14–19.
4678:, pp. 11–13.
4626:, pp. 51–53.
4566:, pp. 42–43.
4530:, pp. 98–99.
4502:, pp. 20–21.
4486:, pp. 20–21.
4430:, pp. 96–97.
4370:, pp. 16–17.
4311:, pp. 95–96.
4287:, pp. 94–95.
4272:, pp. 91–93.
4260:, pp. 88–90.
4248:, pp. 85–87.
4236:, pp. 82–84.
4165:, pp. 78–79.
4058:, pp. 72–73.
3982:, pp. 73–74.
3849:, pp. 55–57.
3837:, pp. 53–54.
3723:, pp. 84–86.
3681:Given-Wilson 1996
3571:, pp. 29–30.
3569:Given-Wilson 1996
3527:, pp. 13–14.
3445:Michael Prestwich
3263:Michael Prestwich
3248:William Rishanger
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
2856:Beatrice of Savoy
2624:Joan of the Tower
2567:Stephanie Merritt
2480:Mortimer His Fall
2121:popular historian
2108:Holy Roman Empire
2097:Geoffrey le Baker
2058:Geoffrey le Baker
1974:Nottingham Castle
1816:Caerphilly Castle
1770:in the south and
1733:transport vessels
1679:Charles of Valois
1562:, where, after a
1560:Pontefract Castle
1473:The Despenser War
1447:John of Powderham
1312:in 1314 from the
1308:Depiction of the
1180:Earl of Leicester
1173:Death of Gaveston
906:Michael Prestwich
803:Arthurian legends
795:Westminster Abbey
787:duke of Aquitaine
781:killed his rival
683:offered by Edward
661:Treaty of Birgham
576:Westminster Abbey
501:Caernarfon Castle
493:Caernarfon Castle
460:Michael Prestwich
372:, and he died in
343:Widespread famine
299:Westminster Abbey
260:
259:
151:, Gloucestershire
122:Caernarfon Castle
16:(Redirected from
12232:
12215:Princes of Wales
12120:
12112:
12111:
12110:
12103:
12095:
12094:
12093:
12083:
12067:
12066:
12055:
12054:
12043:
12042:
12041:
12031:
12030:
12029:
12022:
11983:
11973:
11963:
11953:
11943:
11933:
11923:
11913:
11903:
11893:
11883:
11873:
11863:
11853:
11843:
11833:
11823:
11813:
11803:
11793:
11783:
11773:
11763:
11746:Princes of Wales
11739:
11732:
11725:
11716:
11715:
11604:
11603:
11564:Richard Cromwell
11554:The Protectorate
11544:James I & VI
11520:
11519:
11101:Harold Godwinson
11021:Edward the Elder
11014:Alfred the Great
10998:
10997:
10993:
10992:
10969:
10962:
10955:
10946:
10945:
10877:Preceded by
10835:Preceded by
10825:
10818:
10800:
10799:
10796:
10782:
10758:
10756:
10754:
10749:on 6 August 2019
10745:. Archived from
10724:
10679:
10669:
10660:(453): 852–881.
10644:
10622:
10595:
10576:
10539:
10522:(4): 1295–1296.
10499:
10472:
10451:
10427:
10414:
10395:
10376:
10351:(4): 1164–1166.
10337:
10313:
10304:
10271:(4): 1054–1083.
10257:
10233:
10220:
10201:
10177:
10159:
10135:
10126:
10097:
10075:
10056:
10037:
10013:
10000:
9968:
9955:
9936:
9897:
9873:
9860:
9823:
9804:
9782:
9760:
9736:
9712:
9693:
9664:
9651:
9620:
9601:
9572:Childs, Wendy R.
9567:
9550:Chaplais, Pierre
9545:
9520:Carpenter, David
9515:
9496:
9477:
9429:
9410:
9391:
9354:
9326:
9324:
9323:
9321:
9305:
9304:
9302:
9281:O'Callaghan 1975
9271:, p. viii;
9266:
9260:
9250:
9244:
9234:
9228:
9222:
9216:
9210:
9204:
9190:
9184:
9178:
9172:
9162:
9156:
9150:
9144:
9134:
9128:
9122:
9116:
9106:
9100:
9094:
9083:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9064:, p. 1295;
9047:
9041:
9031:
9025:
9015:
9009:
8999:
8990:
8984:
8978:
8972:
8966:
8960:
8954:
8948:
8942:
8936:
8930:
8924:
8918:
8917:, pp. 9–14.
8912:
8906:
8892:
8886:
8880:
8874:
8868:
8859:
8853:
8847:
8841:
8835:
8825:
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8809:
8803:
8797:
8791:
8785:
8776:
8762:
8756:
8742:
8736:
8730:
8724:
8718:
8709:
8703:
8697:
8691:
8685:
8679:
8673:
8667:
8661:
8651:
8645:
8639:
8633:
8627:
8621:
8615:
8609:
8599:
8593:
8587:
8581:
8567:
8561:
8547:
8541:
8535:
8529:
8523:
8517:
8511:
8505:
8499:
8493:
8483:
8477:
8467:
8458:
8448:
8442:
8420:
8414:
8408:
8402:
8396:
8390:
8384:
8378:
8368:
8362:
8352:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8341:
8336:. pp. 32–34
8321:
8315:
8305:
8299:
8298:
8277:
8271:
8265:
8259:
8253:
8247:
8237:
8231:
8225:
8219:
8213:
8207:
8201:
8195:
8173:
8167:
8157:
8151:
8145:
8139:
8121:
8115:
8109:
8103:
8101:
8100:
8098:
8093:on 25 March 2020
8083:
8077:
8067:
8061:
8051:
8045:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8021:
8015:
8005:
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7848:
7842:
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7814:
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7796:
7790:
7784:
7778:
7772:
7766:
7760:
7754:
7748:
7742:
7736:
7730:
7724:
7718:
7708:
7702:
7692:
7686:
7680:
7674:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7664:on 25 March 2020
7660:, archived from
7617:
7608:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7578:
7572:
7566:
7560:
7542:
7533:
7527:
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6827:
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6809:
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6758:
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5725:
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5695:
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5665:
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5242:
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5128:
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5110:
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5098:
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5086:
5080:
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5065:
5055:
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5043:
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5031:
5025:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4980:
4974:
4965:
4959:
4953:
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4928:
4922:
4916:
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4898:
4888:
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4858:
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4842:
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4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4796:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4736:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4669:
4663:
4649:
4643:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4553:
4547:
4537:
4531:
4509:
4503:
4493:
4487:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4357:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4210:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4144:
4135:
4129:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4037:
4031:
4021:
4015:
4005:
3999:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3934:, pp. 5–6;
3929:
3923:
3918:, pp. 5–6;
3913:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3776:
3767:
3761:
3752:
3746:
3740:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3674:
3668:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3601:on 25 March 2020
3597:, archived from
3578:
3572:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3454:
3448:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3357:Vivian Galbraith
3353:
3347:
3339:
3333:
3325:
3319:
3316:Gilbert de Clare
3312:
3306:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3284:
3277:
3271:
3268:Seymour Phillips
3258:
3252:
3244:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3175:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2640:
2639: 1307–1322
2637:
2416:Seymour Phillips
2396:Victorian public
2365:Thomas Ringstead
2291:in Oxford and a
2169:
2160:
2001:Gloucester Abbey
1954:
1889:William Trussell
1621:Walter Stapledon
1610:Earl of Carlisle
1437:in 1315, and in
1288:Antonio Pessagno
951:Earl of Cornwall
866:Eleanor de Clare
779:Robert the Bruce
757:Turnberry Castle
686:
676:
587:Dominican friars
335:Robert the Bruce
295:a grand ceremony
192:
175:
173:
145:20 December 1327
124:, Gwynedd, Wales
87:25 February 1308
51:
39:
38:
21:
12240:
12239:
12235:
12234:
12233:
12231:
12230:
12229:
12125:
12124:
12123:
12119:from Wikisource
12113:
12108:
12106:
12096:
12091:
12089:
12086:
12082:sister projects
12079:at Knowledge's
12073:
12061:
12049:
12039:
12037:
12027:
12025:
12017:
12015:
12010:
11997:
11986:
11976:
11966:
11956:
11946:
11936:
11926:
11916:
11906:
11896:
11886:
11876:
11866:
11858:Henry Frederick
11856:
11846:
11836:
11826:
11816:
11806:
11796:
11786:
11776:
11766:
11756:
11748:
11743:
11713:
11708:
11691:
11618:
11594:
11559:Oliver Cromwell
11535:
11510:
11505:
11352:Constantine III
11261:
11086:Harold Harefoot
11076:Edmund Ironside
10987:
10982: and
10973:
10934:
10925:
10922:Prince of Wales
10912:
10901:English royalty
10894:
10886:
10871:
10861:
10852:
10849:Lord of Ireland
10847:
10845:King of England
10840:
10819:
10813:
10812:
10805:
10773:
10752:
10750:
10737:
10734:
10729:
10697:10.2307/3301327
10641:
10611:
10592:
10557:10.2307/3724989
10518:(book review).
10488:
10469:
10448:
10411:
10392:
10357:10.2307/2166608
10334:
10277:10.2307/2901456
10254:
10217:
10198:
10166:Musson, Anthony
10156:
10094:
10072:
10053:
10034:
9989:
9952:
9894:
9841:10.2307/4050602
9820:
9801:
9779:
9709:
9690:
9640:
9626:Musson, Anthony
9617:
9590:
9564:
9534:
9512:
9493:
9450:10.2307/2852635
9426:
9407:
9351:
9334:
9329:
9319:
9317:
9300:
9298:
9287:, p. 435;
9283:, p. 681;
9279:, p. 574;
9267:
9263:
9255:, p. 270;
9251:
9247:
9239:, p. 355;
9235:
9231:
9223:
9219:
9211:
9207:
9191:
9187:
9179:
9175:
9171:, p. 1165.
9163:
9159:
9151:
9147:
9135:
9131:
9123:
9119:
9111:, p. 206;
9107:
9103:
9095:
9086:
9076:
9074:
9060:, p. 241;
9056:, p. 103;
9048:
9044:
9036:, p. 241;
9032:
9028:
9016:
9012:
9004:, p. 241;
9000:
8993:
8985:
8981:
8973:
8969:
8961:
8957:
8949:
8945:
8937:
8933:
8925:
8921:
8913:
8909:
8893:
8889:
8881:
8877:
8869:
8862:
8854:
8850:
8842:
8838:
8826:
8822:
8814:, p. 157;
8810:
8806:
8798:
8794:
8786:
8779:
8763:
8759:
8743:
8739:
8731:
8727:
8719:
8712:
8704:
8700:
8692:
8688:
8680:
8676:
8668:
8664:
8652:
8648:
8640:
8636:
8628:
8624:
8616:
8612:
8600:
8596:
8588:
8584:
8572:, p. 868;
8568:
8564:
8548:
8544:
8536:
8532:
8524:
8520:
8512:
8508:
8500:
8496:
8488:, p. 164;
8484:
8480:
8468:
8461:
8453:, p. 129;
8449:
8445:
8437:, p. 608;
8425:, p. 219;
8421:
8417:
8409:
8405:
8397:
8393:
8389:, pp. 2–3.
8385:
8381:
8369:
8365:
8353:
8349:
8339:
8337:
8326:, p. 408;
8322:
8318:
8306:
8302:
8295:
8278:
8274:
8266:
8262:
8254:
8250:
8238:
8234:
8226:
8222:
8214:
8210:
8202:
8198:
8190:, p. 131;
8174:
8170:
8158:
8154:
8146:
8142:
8130:, p. 562;
8122:
8118:
8110:
8106:
8096:
8094:
8085:
8084:
8080:
8072:, p. 123;
8068:
8064:
8056:, p. 122;
8052:
8048:
8038:
8036:
8035:on 6 March 2014
8027:
8026:, p. 122;
8022:
8018:
8006:
8002:
7994:, p. 121;
7990:
7986:
7978:
7974:
7966:
7962:
7952:
7950:
7949:on 6 March 2014
7941:
7936:
7929:
7921:
7917:
7905:
7901:
7893:
7889:
7881:
7877:
7869:
7865:
7853:, p. 118;
7849:
7845:
7837:
7833:
7825:, p. 118;
7821:
7817:
7809:
7805:
7797:
7793:
7785:
7781:
7773:
7769:
7761:
7757:
7749:
7745:
7737:
7733:
7725:
7721:
7709:
7705:
7693:
7689:
7681:
7677:
7667:
7665:
7650:, p. 133;
7638:, p. 563;
7634:, p. 177;
7618:
7611:
7603:
7599:
7591:
7587:
7579:
7575:
7567:
7563:
7555:, p. 528;
7547:, p. 221;
7543:
7536:
7528:
7521:
7513:
7509:
7501:
7497:
7489:, p. 535;
7485:
7481:
7473:
7469:
7461:, p. 534;
7457:
7453:
7445:
7441:
7433:
7429:
7421:
7417:
7409:
7405:
7397:
7393:
7385:
7381:
7373:
7369:
7361:
7357:
7349:
7345:
7337:
7333:
7325:
7321:
7313:
7309:
7297:
7293:
7285:
7281:
7269:
7265:
7257:
7253:
7245:
7241:
7233:
7229:
7221:, p. 505;
7217:
7213:
7205:
7201:
7193:
7189:
7181:
7177:
7169:
7165:
7157:
7153:
7145:
7141:
7133:
7129:
7121:
7117:
7109:
7105:
7097:
7093:
7085:
7081:
7073:
7069:
7061:
7057:
7045:, p. 284;
7041:
7037:
7025:
7021:
7013:
7009:
7001:
6997:
6989:
6985:
6977:
6973:
6965:
6961:
6953:
6949:
6937:
6933:
6921:
6917:
6909:
6905:
6897:
6893:
6885:
6881:
6873:
6866:
6858:
6854:
6846:
6842:
6834:
6830:
6822:
6818:
6810:
6806:
6798:
6794:
6786:
6779:
6771:
6767:
6759:
6755:
6747:
6743:
6735:
6731:
6723:
6719:
6711:
6707:
6699:
6695:
6687:
6683:
6675:
6671:
6659:
6655:
6647:
6643:
6631:
6627:
6615:
6611:
6603:
6599:
6591:
6587:
6579:
6570:
6562:
6558:
6550:, p. 419;
6546:
6542:
6534:
6530:
6522:
6518:
6506:
6502:
6494:
6490:
6478:
6474:
6466:
6462:
6454:
6447:
6439:
6435:
6427:
6423:
6415:
6411:
6403:
6399:
6391:
6387:
6379:
6372:
6364:
6360:
6352:
6348:
6340:, p. 390;
6336:
6332:
6324:
6320:
6308:
6304:
6296:
6292:
6284:
6280:
6272:
6268:
6260:
6256:
6248:
6244:
6236:
6232:
6224:
6220:
6212:
6208:
6200:
6196:
6188:
6184:
6176:, p. 205;
6172:
6168:
6160:, p. 205;
6156:
6152:
6144:
6140:
6132:
6128:
6120:
6113:
6105:
6101:
6089:
6085:
6073:
6069:
6061:
6057:
6049:
6045:
6033:
6029:
6021:
6017:
6009:
6005:
5997:
5993:
5985:, p. 171;
5981:
5977:
5969:, p. 171;
5965:
5961:
5953:
5949:
5937:
5933:
5921:
5917:
5909:
5905:
5897:
5893:
5881:
5877:
5869:
5862:
5854:
5847:
5839:
5832:
5824:
5817:
5809:
5805:
5797:
5793:
5781:
5777:
5769:
5762:
5754:
5750:
5738:
5734:
5726:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5702:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5678:
5674:
5666:
5662:
5654:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5630:, p. 191;
5626:
5622:
5610:
5606:
5598:
5591:
5583:
5579:
5567:
5563:
5555:
5551:
5543:, p. 189;
5539:
5535:
5527:
5523:
5515:
5511:
5503:
5499:
5491:
5487:
5475:
5471:
5463:
5459:
5443:
5439:
5431:
5427:
5423:, pp. 182.
5419:
5415:
5407:
5403:
5395:
5391:
5383:
5379:
5371:, p. 176;
5367:
5363:
5355:
5351:
5343:
5339:
5331:
5327:
5319:
5315:
5307:
5303:
5295:
5291:
5283:
5279:
5271:
5267:
5259:, p. 161;
5255:
5251:
5243:
5239:
5231:
5227:
5219:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5195:
5191:
5183:
5179:
5171:
5167:
5159:
5155:
5147:
5143:
5135:
5131:
5123:
5119:
5111:
5107:
5099:
5095:
5087:
5083:
5075:
5068:
5056:
5052:
5044:
5040:
5032:
5028:
5016:
5012:
5004:
5000:
4992:
4983:
4975:
4968:
4960:
4956:
4944:
4937:
4929:
4925:
4917:
4913:
4905:
4901:
4893:, p. 135;
4889:
4885:
4877:
4873:
4865:
4861:
4849:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4825:
4821:
4813:
4809:
4801:, p. 123;
4797:
4793:
4785:
4781:
4773:
4769:
4761:
4757:
4749:
4745:
4737:
4730:
4722:
4718:
4710:
4706:
4698:
4694:
4686:
4682:
4674:, p. 100;
4670:
4666:
4650:
4646:
4634:
4630:
4622:
4618:
4610:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4586:
4582:
4574:
4570:
4562:, p. 101;
4554:
4550:
4538:
4534:
4522:, p. 102;
4514:, p. 374;
4510:
4506:
4494:
4490:
4478:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4438:
4434:
4426:
4422:
4414:
4410:
4402:
4398:
4390:
4386:
4378:
4374:
4362:, p. 111;
4358:
4354:
4346:
4342:
4334:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4307:
4303:
4295:
4291:
4283:
4276:
4268:
4264:
4256:
4252:
4244:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4220:
4213:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4185:
4173:
4169:
4161:
4157:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4099:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4075:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4038:
4034:
4022:
4018:
4006:
4002:
3990:
3986:
3978:
3974:
3962:
3958:
3954:, pp. 6–8.
3950:
3946:
3942:, pp. 4–5.
3930:
3926:
3914:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3878:, pp. 53;
3874:
3870:
3862:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3777:
3770:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3743:
3739:, pp. 3–4.
3731:
3727:
3719:
3715:
3703:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3675:
3671:
3663:, p. 129;
3659:
3655:
3647:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3591:"Hard on Wales"
3579:
3575:
3559:
3555:
3551:, pp. 5–6.
3547:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3455:
3451:
3441:Pierre Chaplais
3433:Edmund Ironside
3431:murder of King
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3322:
3313:
3309:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3278:
3274:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3149:
3144:
2647:
2638:
2579:
2434:
2428:
2388:Charles Dickens
2361:Political songs
2324:
2319:
2276:
2232:
2200:Roman civil law
2187:Pierre Chaplais
2182:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2150:
2145:
2137:David Carpenter
2117:Paul C. Doherty
2084:
2066:Richard II
2028:effigy, with a
1982:
1980:Burial and cult
1948:
1930:John Maltravers
1922:Gloucestershire
1918:Berkeley Castle
1910:Berkeley Castle
1902:
1897:
1842:
1836:
1824:Monmouth Castle
1789:Tower of London
1757:Replica of the
1751:
1745:
1696:
1691:
1656:
1650:
1648:War with France
1642:Tower of London
1590:Statute of York
1572:
1548:Burton-on-Trent
1505:Mortimer family
1481:
1475:
1470:
1393:Treaty of Leake
1383:
1377:
1302:
1296:
1247:
1175:
1170:
1129:
1123:
1078:excommunication
1047:
1027:Edward III
970:English Channel
931:
926:
914:Pierre Chaplais
901:Knights Templar
886:Meaux Chronicle
816:
765:Stirling Castle
748:Prince of Wales
704:
687:I provoked the
684:
674:
568:
486:
481:
464:John Gillingham
442:, removing the
410:, and ruler of
408:Lord of Ireland
400:
374:Berkeley Castle
366:invaded England
275:King of England
224:
186:
185:
177:
174: 1308)
169:
165:
152:
146:
135:Berkeley Castle
133:
120:
69:
63:King of England
57:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12238:
12228:
12227:
12222:
12217:
12212:
12207:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12172:
12167:
12162:
12157:
12152:
12147:
12142:
12137:
12122:
12121:
12104:
12075:
12072:
12071:
12059:
12047:
12035:
12012:
12011:
12002:
11999:
11998:
11989:
11987:
11985:
11984:
11981:(2022–present)
11974:
11964:
11954:
11944:
11934:
11924:
11914:
11904:
11894:
11884:
11874:
11864:
11854:
11844:
11834:
11824:
11814:
11804:
11794:
11784:
11774:
11764:
11753:
11750:
11749:
11742:
11741:
11734:
11727:
11719:
11710:
11709:
11707:
11706:
11700:
11697:
11696:
11693:
11692:
11690:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11674:
11669:
11664:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11629:
11623:
11620:
11619:
11617:
11616:
11600:
11599:
11596:
11595:
11593:
11592:
11587:
11578:
11573:
11568:
11567:
11566:
11561:
11551:
11546:
11540:
11537:
11536:
11534:
11533:
11516:
11515:
11512:
11511:
11507:
11506:
11504:
11503:
11498:
11493:
11488:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11468:
11463:
11458:
11455:Edward Balliol
11451:
11446:
11441:
11436:
11429:
11424:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11337:
11332:
11327:
11322:
11317:
11315:Constantine II
11312:
11307:
11300:
11293:
11286:
11279:
11272:
11264:
11262:
11260:
11259:
11254:
11243:
11236:
11231:
11226:
11221:
11216:
11211:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11142:
11137:
11130:
11125:
11120:
11115:
11110:
11107:Edgar Ætheling
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11031:
11024:
11017:
11009:
11006:
11005:
11002:
10996:
10989:
10988:
10972:
10971:
10964:
10957:
10949:
10941:
10940:
10932:
10927:
10918:
10910:
10904:
10903:
10897:
10896:
10887:
10878:
10874:
10873:
10863:
10862:
10857:
10854:
10841:
10836:
10832:
10831:
10830:Regnal titles
10827:
10826:
10806:
10803:
10798:
10797:
10783:
10771:
10770:at BBC History
10765:
10759:
10733:
10732:External links
10730:
10728:
10727:
10726:
10725:
10691:(2): 422–439.
10645:
10639:
10623:
10609:
10596:
10590:
10577:
10551:(3): 521–529.
10540:
10500:
10486:
10473:
10467:
10454:
10453:
10452:
10446:
10433:
10415:
10409:
10390:
10377:
10340:
10339:
10338:
10332:
10305:
10260:
10259:
10258:
10252:
10239:
10215:
10202:
10196:
10183:
10162:
10161:
10160:
10154:
10141:
10127:
10092:
10076:
10070:
10057:
10051:
10038:
10032:
10019:
10001:
9987:
9974:
9956:
9950:
9937:
9900:
9899:
9898:
9892:
9879:
9835:(2): 201–207.
9824:
9818:
9805:
9799:
9783:
9777:
9761:
9737:
9713:
9707:
9694:
9688:
9672:
9671:
9670:
9638:
9624:Dodd, Gwilym;
9621:
9615:
9602:
9588:
9568:
9562:
9546:
9532:
9516:
9510:
9497:
9491:
9478:
9444:(3): 573–595.
9430:
9424:
9411:
9405:
9392:
9372:10.1086/385826
9355:
9349:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9327:
9277:Prestwich 1988
9273:Carpenter 2004
9261:
9245:
9243:, p. 102.
9229:
9217:
9205:
9199:, p. 31;
9193:Brintnell 2011
9185:
9173:
9167:, p. 31;
9157:
9155:, p. 206.
9145:
9129:
9117:
9101:
9084:
9062:Schofield 2005
9054:Alexander 1985
9042:
9026:
9020:, p. 29;
9010:
8991:
8979:
8967:
8955:
8943:
8931:
8919:
8907:
8887:
8885:, p. 286.
8875:
8873:, p. 263.
8860:
8858:, p. 337.
8848:
8836:
8834:, p. 263.
8830:, p. 60;
8820:
8804:
8792:
8788:Prestwich 2006
8777:
8771:, p. 75;
8765:Prestwich 2006
8757:
8751:, p. 75;
8745:Prestwich 2006
8737:
8725:
8721:Prestwich 2006
8710:
8706:Prestwich 2006
8698:
8694:Prestwich 2006
8686:
8682:Prestwich 2006
8674:
8670:Prestwich 2006
8662:
8654:Prestwich 2006
8646:
8642:Prestwich 2006
8634:
8622:
8610:
8594:
8582:
8562:
8560:, p. 161.
8556:, p. 50;
8542:
8530:
8528:, p. 157.
8518:
8506:
8494:
8478:
8470:Prestwich 2003
8459:
8455:Prestwich 2003
8443:
8429:, p. 39;
8423:Prestwich 2007
8415:
8403:
8391:
8379:
8373:, p. 73;
8371:Prestwich 2003
8363:
8355:Carpenter 2007
8347:
8316:
8300:
8293:
8272:
8260:
8248:
8232:
8230:, p. 213.
8220:
8208:
8196:
8194:, p. 219.
8192:Prestwich 2007
8168:
8166:, p. 563.
8152:
8140:
8126:, p. 88;
8124:Prestwich 2003
8116:
8104:
8078:
8076:, p. 232.
8062:
8060:, p. 179.
8046:
8016:
8000:
7998:, p. 229.
7984:
7982:, p. 121.
7972:
7960:
7927:
7925:, p. 119.
7915:
7899:
7887:
7875:
7863:
7857:, p. 19;
7843:
7841:, p. 118.
7831:
7815:
7803:
7791:
7779:
7767:
7755:
7743:
7731:
7729:, p. 563.
7719:
7703:
7687:
7685:, p. 177.
7675:
7646:, p. 33;
7630:, p. 16;
7626:, p. 88;
7624:Prestwich 2003
7609:
7607:, p. 548.
7597:
7595:, p. 547.
7585:
7573:
7561:
7559:, p. 422.
7553:Smallwood 1973
7545:Galbraith 1935
7534:
7532:, p. 541.
7519:
7507:
7495:
7479:
7477:, p. 534.
7467:
7465:, p. 191.
7451:
7449:, p. 533.
7439:
7427:
7425:, p. 526.
7415:
7403:
7391:
7379:
7377:, p. 516.
7367:
7355:
7353:, p. 186.
7343:
7331:
7319:
7317:, p. 181.
7307:
7305:, p. 187.
7291:
7289:, p. 512.
7279:
7277:, p. 181.
7263:
7251:
7249:, p. 508.
7239:
7227:
7211:
7199:
7197:, p. 504.
7187:
7175:
7163:
7161:, p. 205.
7151:
7149:, p. 502.
7139:
7127:
7125:, p. 519.
7115:
7103:
7091:
7079:
7067:
7065:, p. 495.
7055:
7053:, p. 169.
7035:
7033:, p. 169.
7019:
7007:
6995:
6983:
6971:
6959:
6947:
6945:, p. 169.
6931:
6915:
6913:, p. 479.
6903:
6891:
6879:
6877:, p. 472.
6864:
6852:
6850:, p. 470.
6840:
6838:, p. 469.
6828:
6826:, p. 468.
6816:
6814:, p. 467.
6804:
6802:, p. 466.
6792:
6790:, p. 464.
6777:
6765:
6753:
6741:
6729:
6727:, p. 456.
6717:
6705:
6693:
6681:
6679:, p. 436.
6669:
6667:, p. 157.
6653:
6641:
6639:, p. 273.
6625:
6623:, p. 148.
6609:
6607:, p. 433.
6597:
6585:
6568:
6556:
6554:, p. 151.
6540:
6538:, p. 417.
6528:
6526:, p. 425.
6516:
6514:, p. 144.
6500:
6488:
6486:, p. 141.
6472:
6470:, p. 408.
6460:
6445:
6443:, p. 404.
6433:
6421:
6409:
6397:
6385:
6383:, p. 397.
6370:
6358:
6356:, p. 394.
6346:
6330:
6318:
6302:
6290:
6278:
6266:
6254:
6242:
6230:
6218:
6206:
6194:
6192:, p. 336.
6182:
6180:, p. 259.
6166:
6150:
6148:, p. 201.
6138:
6126:
6111:
6109:, p. 277.
6099:
6097:, p. 328.
6083:
6067:
6055:
6043:
6027:
6015:
6003:
5991:
5989:, p. 253.
5975:
5959:
5947:
5945:, p. 205.
5931:
5929:, p. 104.
5915:
5903:
5891:
5889:, p. 259.
5875:
5873:, p. 233.
5860:
5858:, p. 232.
5845:
5830:
5828:, p. 230.
5815:
5803:
5791:
5775:
5760:
5748:
5744:Prestwich 2003
5732:
5730:, p. 217.
5720:
5718:, p. 214.
5708:
5706:, p. 213.
5696:
5684:
5672:
5660:
5648:
5636:
5620:
5618:, p. 192.
5614:, p. 82;
5604:
5589:
5587:, p. 241.
5577:
5561:
5549:
5533:
5521:
5509:
5507:, p. 187.
5497:
5485:
5469:
5457:
5451:, p. 77;
5449:Prestwich 2003
5437:
5425:
5413:
5401:
5389:
5377:
5361:
5349:
5337:
5335:, p. 166.
5325:
5313:
5301:
5299:, p. 163.
5289:
5277:
5275:, p. 162.
5265:
5249:
5247:, p. 161.
5237:
5235:, p. 160.
5225:
5223:, p. 159.
5213:
5211:, p. 158.
5201:
5189:
5187:, p. 155.
5177:
5165:
5153:
5141:
5139:, p. 151.
5129:
5117:
5105:
5093:
5091:, p. 146.
5081:
5066:
5050:
5038:
5026:
5020:, p. 74;
5018:Prestwich 2003
5010:
4998:
4996:, p. 102.
4981:
4966:
4964:, p. 144.
4954:
4935:
4933:, p. 141.
4923:
4921:, p. 140.
4911:
4899:
4897:, p. 574.
4883:
4871:
4859:
4843:
4831:
4829:, p. 133.
4819:
4817:, p. 132.
4807:
4805:, p. 557.
4803:Prestwich 1988
4791:
4789:, p. 131.
4779:
4777:, p. 129.
4767:
4755:
4743:
4728:
4726:, p. 123.
4716:
4704:
4702:, p. 102.
4692:
4680:
4664:
4652:Prestwich 2006
4644:
4642:, p. 102.
4638:, p. 52;
4628:
4616:
4614:, pp. 31.
4604:
4592:
4580:
4568:
4558:, p. 71;
4556:Prestwich 2006
4548:
4544:Prestwich 2006
4532:
4526:, p. 23;
4518:, p. 31;
4504:
4498:, p. 22;
4488:
4472:
4460:
4448:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4372:
4352:
4340:
4338:, p. 109.
4325:
4323:, p. 107.
4313:
4301:
4289:
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4226:
4211:
4209:, p. 190.
4195:
4193:, p. 574.
4183:
4167:
4155:
4153:, p. 360.
4136:
4121:
4109:
4103:, p. 41;
4093:
4081:
4077:Prestwich 2003
4060:
4048:
4042:, p. 73;
4040:Prestwich 2003
4032:
4026:, p. 71;
4024:Prestwich 2003
4016:
4000:
3984:
3972:
3956:
3944:
3924:
3908:
3906:, pp. 53.
3896:
3884:
3868:
3851:
3839:
3827:
3825:, p. 226.
3815:
3803:
3791:
3768:
3753:
3741:
3735:, p. 36;
3725:
3713:
3697:
3685:
3683:, p. 157.
3669:
3665:Prestwich 2003
3653:
3651:, p. 575.
3636:
3634:, p. 241.
3624:
3612:
3583:, p. 38;
3581:Prestwich 2003
3573:
3563:, p. 38;
3561:Prestwich 2003
3553:
3549:Prestwich 2003
3541:
3537:Prestwich 2003
3529:
3525:Prestwich 1988
3517:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3472:
3462:
3449:
3414:
3405:
3396:
3386:
3376:
3366:
3348:
3334:
3320:
3307:
3294:
3285:
3272:
3253:
3239:
3229:
3220:
3210:
3201:
3191:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2655:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2611:
2608:John of Eltham
2605:
2578:
2575:
2555:Edward II
2546:Edward II
2486:The filmmaker
2457:Edward II
2443:Edward II
2430:Main article:
2427:
2424:
2412:John Maddicott
2403:William Stubbs
2392:Charles Knight
2378:, and between
2323:
2322:Historiography
2320:
2318:
2315:
2306:Pope John XXII
2275:
2272:
2231:
2228:
2174:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Edward as king
2141:
2104:Fieschi Letter
2083:
2080:
2022:Newgate Church
1981:
1978:
1946:William Ockley
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1838:Main article:
1835:
1832:
1747:Main article:
1744:
1741:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1668:fortified town
1652:Main article:
1649:
1646:
1638:Roger Mortimer
1617:Robert Baldock
1571:
1568:
1552:Andrew Harclay
1477:Main article:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1379:Main article:
1376:
1373:
1344:Henry de Bohun
1298:Main article:
1295:
1292:
1246:
1243:
1231:Warwick Castle
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1125:Main article:
1122:
1119:
1046:
1043:
1011:Henry Woodlock
943:Burgh by Sands
930:
927:
925:
922:
842:Piers Gaveston
831:Piers Gaveston
815:
812:
772:Walter Langton
761:Brechin Castle
703:
700:
634:musical organs
567:
564:
485:
482:
480:
477:
420:king of France
418:vassal of the
399:
396:
362:Roger Mortimer
358:a peace treaty
318:sworn brothers
314:Piers Gaveston
258:
257:
252:
248:
247:
242:
238:
237:
232:
226:
225:
223:
222:
221:(illegitimate)
216:
211:
206:
201:
195:
193:
179:
178:
167:
161:
160:
158:
154:
153:
147:
143:
139:
138:
130:
126:
125:
117:
113:
112:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
85:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
65:
59:
58:
52:
44:
43:
26:
18:King Edward II
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12237:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12220:Sons of kings
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12166:
12163:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12148:
12146:
12143:
12141:
12138:
12136:
12133:
12132:
12130:
12118:
12117:
12105:
12101:
12100:
12088:
12087:
12084:
12078:
12070:
12065:
12060:
12058:
12053:
12048:
12046:
12036:
12034:
12024:
12023:
12020:
12009:
12005:
12000:
11993:
11982:
11979:
11975:
11972:
11969:
11965:
11962:
11959:
11955:
11952:
11949:
11945:
11942:
11939:
11938:Albert Edward
11935:
11932:
11929:
11925:
11922:
11919:
11915:
11912:
11909:
11905:
11902:
11899:
11895:
11892:
11889:
11885:
11882:
11879:
11875:
11872:
11869:
11865:
11862:
11859:
11855:
11852:
11849:
11845:
11842:
11839:
11835:
11832:
11829:
11825:
11822:
11819:
11815:
11812:
11809:
11805:
11802:
11799:
11795:
11792:
11789:
11785:
11782:
11779:
11775:
11772:
11769:
11765:
11762:
11759:
11755:
11754:
11751:
11747:
11740:
11735:
11733:
11728:
11726:
11721:
11720:
11717:
11705:
11702:
11701:
11698:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11624:
11621:
11615:
11614:
11609:
11608:
11605:
11601:
11591:
11588:
11586:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11565:
11562:
11560:
11557:
11556:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11541:
11538:
11532:
11530:
11525:
11524:
11521:
11517:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11456:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11434:
11430:
11428:
11427:Alexander III
11425:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11342:
11338:
11336:
11333:
11331:
11328:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11305:
11301:
11299:
11298:
11294:
11292:
11291:
11287:
11285:
11284:
11283:Constantine I
11280:
11278:
11277:
11273:
11271:
11270:
11266:
11265:
11263:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11252:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11241:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11164:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11148:
11147:
11143:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11135:
11131:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11108:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11071:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11029:
11025:
11023:
11022:
11018:
11016:
11015:
11011:
11010:
11008:
11007:
11003:
11000:
10999:
10994:
10990:
10985:
10981:
10977:
10970:
10965:
10963:
10958:
10956:
10951:
10950:
10947:
10939:
10938:
10931:
10924:
10923:
10917:
10916:
10909:
10905:
10902:
10898:
10893:
10892:
10885:
10881:
10875:
10870:
10869:
10864:
10860:
10851:
10850:
10846:
10839:
10833:
10828:
10823:
10817:25 April 1284
10816:
10811:
10810:
10801:
10795:
10791:
10787:
10784:
10780:
10776:
10772:
10769:
10766:
10763:
10760:
10748:
10744:
10740:
10736:
10735:
10722:
10718:
10714:
10710:
10706:
10702:
10698:
10694:
10690:
10686:
10681:
10680:
10677:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10659:
10655:
10651:
10646:
10642:
10636:
10632:
10628:
10624:
10620:
10616:
10612:
10606:
10602:
10597:
10593:
10587:
10583:
10578:
10574:
10570:
10566:
10562:
10558:
10554:
10550:
10546:
10541:
10537:
10533:
10529:
10525:
10521:
10517:
10513:
10511:
10505:
10501:
10497:
10493:
10489:
10483:
10479:
10474:
10470:
10464:
10460:
10455:
10449:
10443:
10439:
10434:
10431:
10425:
10421:
10416:
10412:
10406:
10402:
10397:
10396:
10393:
10387:
10383:
10378:
10374:
10370:
10366:
10362:
10358:
10354:
10350:
10346:
10341:
10335:
10329:
10325:
10320:
10319:
10317:
10311:
10306:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10290:
10286:
10282:
10278:
10274:
10270:
10266:
10261:
10255:
10249:
10245:
10240:
10237:
10231:
10227:
10222:
10221:
10218:
10212:
10208:
10203:
10199:
10193:
10189:
10184:
10181:
10175:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10157:
10151:
10147:
10142:
10139:
10133:
10128:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10112:
10108:
10104:
10099:
10098:
10095:
10089:
10085:
10081:
10080:Mortimer, Ian
10077:
10073:
10067:
10063:
10058:
10054:
10048:
10044:
10039:
10035:
10029:
10025:
10020:
10017:
10011:
10007:
10002:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9984:
9980:
9975:
9972:
9966:
9962:
9957:
9953:
9947:
9943:
9938:
9934:
9930:
9926:
9922:
9918:
9914:
9911:(47): 30–48.
9910:
9906:
9901:
9895:
9889:
9885:
9880:
9877:
9871:
9867:
9862:
9861:
9858:
9854:
9850:
9846:
9842:
9838:
9834:
9830:
9825:
9821:
9815:
9811:
9806:
9802:
9796:
9792:
9788:
9784:
9780:
9774:
9770:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9754:
9750:
9746:
9742:
9738:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9722:
9718:
9717:Durand, Ursin
9714:
9710:
9704:
9700:
9695:
9691:
9685:
9681:
9677:
9676:Doherty, Paul
9673:
9668:
9662:
9658:
9653:
9652:
9649:
9645:
9641:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9622:
9618:
9612:
9608:
9603:
9599:
9595:
9591:
9585:
9581:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9559:
9555:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9507:
9503:
9498:
9494:
9488:
9484:
9479:
9475:
9471:
9467:
9463:
9459:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9443:
9439:
9435:
9431:
9427:
9421:
9417:
9412:
9408:
9402:
9398:
9393:
9389:
9385:
9381:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9366:(1): 94–109.
9365:
9361:
9356:
9352:
9346:
9342:
9337:
9336:
9315:
9311:
9296:
9292:
9286:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9269:Hamilton 2010
9265:
9258:
9257:Phillips 2011
9254:
9249:
9242:
9241:Phillips 2011
9238:
9233:
9226:
9221:
9214:
9209:
9203:, p. 31.
9202:
9201:Phillips 2011
9198:
9197:Burgtorf 2008
9194:
9189:
9182:
9177:
9170:
9166:
9165:Burgtorf 2008
9161:
9154:
9153:Lawrence 2006
9149:
9142:
9138:
9133:
9126:
9121:
9114:
9110:
9109:Lawrence 2006
9105:
9099:, p. 31.
9098:
9097:Burgtorf 2008
9093:
9091:
9089:
9073:
9069:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9052:, p. 5;
9051:
9050:Hamilton 2006
9046:
9039:
9038:Phillips 2011
9035:
9030:
9023:
9019:
9018:Phillips 2011
9014:
9008:, p. 29.
9007:
9006:Phillips 2011
9003:
8998:
8996:
8988:
8983:
8976:
8971:
8964:
8963:Phillips 2011
8959:
8952:
8951:Phillips 2011
8947:
8940:
8939:Phillips 2011
8935:
8928:
8927:Phillips 2011
8923:
8916:
8915:Phillips 2011
8911:
8904:
8903:Phillips 2011
8900:
8897:, p. 5;
8896:
8895:Chaplais 1994
8891:
8884:
8879:
8872:
8871:Phillips 2011
8867:
8865:
8857:
8852:
8845:
8840:
8833:
8832:Phillips 2011
8829:
8824:
8817:
8816:Phillips 2011
8813:
8808:
8801:
8800:Phillips 2011
8796:
8790:, p. 67.
8789:
8784:
8782:
8775:, p. 33.
8774:
8770:
8769:Phillips 2011
8766:
8761:
8755:, p. 33.
8754:
8750:
8749:Phillips 2011
8746:
8741:
8735:, p. 75.
8734:
8733:Phillips 2011
8729:
8723:, p. 69.
8722:
8717:
8715:
8707:
8702:
8695:
8690:
8683:
8678:
8672:, p. 63.
8671:
8666:
8660:, p. 33.
8659:
8655:
8650:
8644:, p. 64.
8643:
8638:
8631:
8626:
8619:
8614:
8608:, p. 32.
8607:
8603:
8598:
8591:
8586:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8566:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8546:
8539:
8534:
8527:
8522:
8515:
8510:
8503:
8498:
8492:, p. 37.
8491:
8487:
8482:
8475:
8474:Phillips 2011
8471:
8466:
8464:
8456:
8452:
8451:Phillips 2011
8447:
8440:
8436:
8435:Phillips 2011
8432:
8428:
8424:
8419:
8413:, p. 39.
8412:
8407:
8400:
8395:
8388:
8387:Chaplais 1994
8383:
8376:
8372:
8367:
8360:
8356:
8351:
8335:
8331:
8325:
8324:Mortimer 2008
8320:
8313:
8312:Mortimer 2008
8309:
8308:Mortimer 2005
8304:
8296:
8290:
8286:
8285:The Capetians
8282:
8281:Bradbury, Jim
8276:
8269:
8264:
8257:
8252:
8245:
8241:
8236:
8229:
8224:
8217:
8212:
8205:
8200:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8184:Mortimer 2006
8181:
8177:
8176:Phillips 2011
8172:
8165:
8164:Phillips 2011
8161:
8160:Mortimer 2004
8156:
8149:
8144:
8137:
8136:Mortimer 2004
8133:
8129:
8128:Phillips 2011
8125:
8120:
8114:, p. 55.
8113:
8108:
8092:
8088:
8082:
8075:
8071:
8066:
8059:
8055:
8050:
8034:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8013:
8009:
8004:
7997:
7993:
7988:
7981:
7976:
7969:
7964:
7948:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7932:
7924:
7919:
7913:, p. 21.
7912:
7908:
7903:
7896:
7891:
7884:
7879:
7873:, p. 20.
7872:
7867:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7847:
7840:
7835:
7828:
7824:
7819:
7813:, p. 16.
7812:
7807:
7800:
7795:
7788:
7783:
7776:
7771:
7764:
7759:
7752:
7747:
7740:
7735:
7728:
7727:Phillips 2011
7723:
7716:
7712:
7711:Phillips 2011
7707:
7700:
7696:
7695:Phillips 2011
7691:
7684:
7679:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7649:
7648:Hamilton 2010
7645:
7641:
7637:
7636:Phillips 2011
7633:
7629:
7625:
7621:
7616:
7614:
7606:
7605:Phillips 2011
7601:
7594:
7593:Phillips 2011
7589:
7582:
7581:Phillips 2011
7577:
7570:
7569:Phillips 2011
7565:
7558:
7554:
7551:, p. 2;
7550:
7549:McKisack 1959
7546:
7541:
7539:
7531:
7530:Phillips 2011
7526:
7524:
7516:
7515:Phillips 2011
7511:
7504:
7503:Phillips 2011
7499:
7492:
7488:
7487:Phillips 2011
7483:
7476:
7475:Phillips 2011
7471:
7464:
7460:
7459:Phillips 2011
7455:
7448:
7447:Phillips 2011
7443:
7436:
7435:Phillips 2011
7431:
7424:
7423:Phillips 2011
7419:
7412:
7411:Phillips 2011
7407:
7400:
7399:Phillips 2011
7395:
7388:
7387:Phillips 2011
7383:
7376:
7375:Phillips 2011
7371:
7364:
7363:Phillips 2011
7359:
7352:
7347:
7340:
7339:Phillips 2011
7335:
7328:
7327:Phillips 2011
7323:
7316:
7311:
7304:
7300:
7299:Phillips 2011
7295:
7288:
7287:Phillips 2011
7283:
7276:
7272:
7271:Phillips 2011
7267:
7260:
7259:Phillips 2011
7255:
7248:
7247:Phillips 2011
7243:
7236:
7235:Phillips 2011
7231:
7224:
7220:
7219:Phillips 2011
7215:
7208:
7207:Phillips 2011
7203:
7196:
7195:Phillips 2011
7191:
7184:
7183:Phillips 2011
7179:
7172:
7167:
7160:
7155:
7148:
7147:Phillips 2011
7143:
7136:
7135:Phillips 2011
7131:
7124:
7123:Phillips 2011
7119:
7112:
7111:Phillips 2011
7107:
7100:
7099:Phillips 2011
7095:
7088:
7087:Phillips 2011
7083:
7076:
7075:Phillips 2011
7071:
7064:
7063:Phillips 2011
7059:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7043:Mortimer 2004
7039:
7032:
7028:
7027:Phillips 2011
7023:
7016:
7015:Phillips 2011
7011:
7004:
6999:
6992:
6991:Phillips 2011
6987:
6980:
6975:
6968:
6963:
6956:
6951:
6944:
6940:
6939:Phillips 2011
6935:
6928:
6924:
6919:
6912:
6911:Phillips 2011
6907:
6900:
6899:Phillips 2011
6895:
6888:
6887:Phillips 2011
6883:
6876:
6875:Phillips 2011
6871:
6869:
6861:
6860:Phillips 2011
6856:
6849:
6848:Phillips 2011
6844:
6837:
6836:Phillips 2011
6832:
6825:
6824:Phillips 2011
6820:
6813:
6812:Phillips 2011
6808:
6801:
6800:Phillips 2011
6796:
6789:
6788:Phillips 2011
6784:
6782:
6774:
6773:Phillips 2011
6769:
6762:
6757:
6750:
6749:Phillips 2011
6745:
6738:
6737:Phillips 2011
6733:
6726:
6725:Phillips 2011
6721:
6714:
6713:Phillips 2011
6709:
6702:
6701:Phillips 2011
6697:
6690:
6689:Phillips 2011
6685:
6678:
6677:Phillips 2011
6673:
6666:
6662:
6661:Phillips 2011
6657:
6650:
6649:Phillips 2011
6645:
6638:
6634:
6633:Phillips 2011
6629:
6622:
6618:
6617:Phillips 2011
6613:
6606:
6605:Phillips 2011
6601:
6594:
6593:Phillips 2011
6589:
6582:
6581:Phillips 2011
6577:
6575:
6573:
6565:
6564:Phillips 2011
6560:
6553:
6549:
6548:Phillips 2011
6544:
6537:
6536:Phillips 2011
6532:
6525:
6524:Phillips 2011
6520:
6513:
6509:
6508:Phillips 2011
6504:
6497:
6496:Phillips 2011
6492:
6485:
6481:
6480:Phillips 2011
6476:
6469:
6468:Phillips 2011
6464:
6457:
6456:Phillips 2011
6452:
6450:
6442:
6441:Phillips 2011
6437:
6430:
6429:Phillips 2011
6425:
6418:
6417:Phillips 2011
6413:
6406:
6405:Phillips 2011
6401:
6394:
6393:Phillips 2011
6389:
6382:
6381:Phillips 2011
6377:
6375:
6367:
6366:Phillips 2011
6362:
6355:
6354:Phillips 2011
6350:
6343:
6339:
6338:Phillips 2011
6334:
6327:
6326:Phillips 2011
6322:
6316:, p. 84.
6315:
6311:
6310:Phillips 2011
6306:
6299:
6298:Phillips 2011
6294:
6287:
6286:Phillips 2011
6282:
6275:
6274:Phillips 2011
6270:
6263:
6262:Phillips 2011
6258:
6251:
6250:Phillips 2011
6246:
6239:
6238:Phillips 2011
6234:
6227:
6226:Phillips 2011
6222:
6215:
6210:
6203:
6202:Phillips 2011
6198:
6191:
6190:Phillips 2011
6186:
6179:
6175:
6170:
6163:
6159:
6154:
6147:
6142:
6135:
6130:
6123:
6118:
6116:
6108:
6107:Phillips 2011
6103:
6096:
6095:Phillips 2011
6092:
6087:
6080:
6076:
6075:Phillips 2011
6071:
6064:
6063:Phillips 2011
6059:
6052:
6051:Phillips 2011
6047:
6041:, p. 97.
6040:
6036:
6035:Phillips 2011
6031:
6024:
6023:Phillips 2011
6019:
6012:
6007:
6000:
5995:
5988:
5987:Phillips 2011
5984:
5979:
5972:
5971:Phillips 2011
5968:
5963:
5956:
5955:Phillips 2011
5951:
5944:
5940:
5939:Phillips 2011
5935:
5928:
5924:
5923:Phillips 2011
5919:
5912:
5911:Phillips 2011
5907:
5900:
5899:Phillips 2011
5895:
5888:
5884:
5883:Phillips 2011
5879:
5872:
5871:Phillips 2011
5867:
5865:
5857:
5856:Phillips 2011
5852:
5850:
5842:
5841:Phillips 2011
5837:
5835:
5827:
5826:Phillips 2011
5822:
5820:
5812:
5811:Phillips 2011
5807:
5800:
5799:Phillips 2011
5795:
5789:, p. 94.
5788:
5784:
5783:Phillips 2011
5779:
5772:
5771:Phillips 2011
5767:
5765:
5757:
5756:Phillips 2011
5752:
5746:, p. 16.
5745:
5741:
5740:Phillips 2011
5736:
5729:
5728:Phillips 2011
5724:
5717:
5716:Phillips 2011
5712:
5705:
5704:Phillips 2011
5700:
5693:
5692:Phillips 2011
5688:
5681:
5680:Phillips 2011
5676:
5669:
5668:Phillips 2011
5664:
5657:
5656:Phillips 2011
5652:
5645:
5644:Phillips 2011
5640:
5634:, p. 86.
5633:
5629:
5628:Phillips 2011
5624:
5617:
5616:Phillips 2011
5613:
5612:Chaplais 1994
5608:
5602:, p. 89.
5601:
5600:Chaplais 1994
5596:
5594:
5586:
5585:Phillips 2011
5581:
5575:, p. 88.
5574:
5573:Chaplais 1994
5570:
5569:Phillips 2011
5565:
5558:
5557:Phillips 2011
5553:
5546:
5542:
5541:Phillips 2011
5537:
5530:
5529:Hamilton 1991
5525:
5518:
5517:Phillips 2011
5513:
5506:
5505:Phillips 2011
5501:
5494:
5493:Phillips 2011
5489:
5483:, p. 82.
5482:
5481:Chaplais 1994
5478:
5477:Phillips 2011
5473:
5466:
5465:Phillips 2011
5461:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5445:Phillips 2011
5441:
5434:
5433:Phillips 2011
5429:
5422:
5421:Phillips 2011
5417:
5410:
5409:Phillips 2011
5405:
5398:
5397:Phillips 2011
5393:
5386:
5385:Phillips 2011
5381:
5375:, p. 76.
5374:
5370:
5369:Phillips 2011
5365:
5358:
5357:Phillips 2011
5353:
5346:
5345:Phillips 2011
5341:
5334:
5333:Phillips 2011
5329:
5322:
5321:Phillips 2011
5317:
5310:
5309:Phillips 2011
5305:
5298:
5297:Phillips 2011
5293:
5286:
5285:Phillips 2011
5281:
5274:
5273:Phillips 2011
5269:
5263:, p. 68.
5262:
5261:Chaplais 1994
5258:
5257:Phillips 2011
5253:
5246:
5245:Phillips 2011
5241:
5234:
5233:Phillips 2011
5229:
5222:
5221:Phillips 2011
5217:
5210:
5209:Phillips 2011
5205:
5198:
5197:Phillips 2011
5193:
5186:
5185:Phillips 2011
5181:
5174:
5173:Phillips 2011
5169:
5162:
5161:Phillips 2011
5157:
5150:
5149:Phillips 2011
5145:
5138:
5137:Phillips 2011
5133:
5126:
5125:Phillips 2011
5121:
5114:
5113:Phillips 2011
5109:
5102:
5101:Phillips 2011
5097:
5090:
5089:Phillips 2011
5085:
5078:
5077:Phillips 2011
5073:
5071:
5064:, p. 44.
5063:
5062:Chaplais 1994
5059:
5058:Phillips 2011
5054:
5047:
5046:Phillips 2011
5042:
5035:
5034:Phillips 2011
5030:
5024:, p. 31.
5023:
5019:
5014:
5008:, p. 93.
5007:
5002:
4995:
4994:Phillips 2011
4990:
4988:
4986:
4979:, p. 61.
4978:
4973:
4971:
4963:
4962:Phillips 2011
4958:
4951:
4947:
4946:Phillips 2011
4942:
4940:
4932:
4931:Phillips 2011
4927:
4920:
4919:Phillips 2011
4915:
4908:
4907:Phillips 2011
4903:
4896:
4892:
4891:Phillips 2011
4887:
4881:, p. 52.
4880:
4875:
4868:
4867:Phillips 2011
4863:
4856:
4855:Phillips 2011
4852:
4847:
4840:
4839:Chaplais 1994
4835:
4828:
4827:Phillips 2011
4823:
4816:
4815:Phillips 2011
4811:
4804:
4800:
4799:Phillips 2011
4795:
4788:
4787:Phillips 2011
4783:
4776:
4775:Phillips 2011
4771:
4765:, p. 53.
4764:
4763:Chaplais 1994
4759:
4752:
4751:Phillips 2011
4747:
4740:
4739:Phillips 2011
4735:
4733:
4725:
4724:Phillips 2011
4720:
4713:
4712:Chaplais 1994
4708:
4701:
4700:Phillips 2011
4696:
4689:
4688:Chaplais 1994
4684:
4677:
4676:Chaplais 1994
4673:
4672:Phillips 2011
4668:
4662:, p. 99.
4661:
4660:Phillips 2011
4658:, p. 9;
4657:
4656:Chaplais 1994
4653:
4648:
4641:
4640:Phillips 2011
4637:
4636:Mortimer 2006
4632:
4625:
4624:Mortimer 2006
4620:
4613:
4608:
4602:, p. 52.
4601:
4600:Mortimer 2006
4596:
4590:, p. 50.
4589:
4588:Mortimer 2006
4584:
4578:, p. 97.
4577:
4576:Phillips 2011
4572:
4565:
4561:
4560:Phillips 2011
4557:
4552:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4529:
4528:Hamilton 2010
4525:
4521:
4520:Phillips 2011
4517:
4513:
4508:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4485:
4481:
4480:Phillips 2011
4476:
4469:
4468:Phillips 2011
4464:
4457:
4456:Phillips 2011
4452:
4445:
4444:Chaplais 1994
4441:
4440:Phillips 2011
4436:
4429:
4428:Phillips 2011
4424:
4418:, p. 96.
4417:
4416:Phillips 2011
4412:
4405:
4404:Phillips 2011
4400:
4393:
4392:Phillips 2006
4388:
4381:
4380:Phillips 2011
4376:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4360:Phillips 2011
4356:
4349:
4348:Phillips 2011
4344:
4337:
4336:Phillips 2011
4332:
4330:
4322:
4321:Phillips 2011
4317:
4310:
4309:Phillips 2011
4305:
4298:
4297:Phillips 2011
4293:
4286:
4285:Phillips 2011
4281:
4279:
4271:
4270:Phillips 2011
4266:
4259:
4258:Phillips 2011
4254:
4247:
4246:Phillips 2011
4242:
4235:
4234:Phillips 2011
4230:
4223:
4222:Marshall 2006
4218:
4216:
4208:
4207:Marshall 2006
4204:
4203:Phillips 2011
4199:
4192:
4187:
4181:, p. 30.
4180:
4176:
4175:Phillips 2011
4171:
4164:
4163:Phillips 2011
4159:
4152:
4148:
4147:Phillips 2011
4143:
4141:
4134:, p. 43.
4133:
4132:Phillips 2011
4128:
4126:
4119:, p. 42.
4118:
4117:Phillips 2011
4113:
4107:, p. 19.
4106:
4102:
4101:Phillips 2011
4097:
4091:, p. 72.
4090:
4089:Phillips 2011
4085:
4079:, p. 72.
4078:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4057:
4056:Phillips 2011
4052:
4046:, p. 61.
4045:
4044:Phillips 2011
4041:
4036:
4030:, p. 41.
4029:
4028:Phillips 2011
4025:
4020:
4014:, p. 40.
4013:
4012:Phillips 2011
4010:, p. 6;
4009:
4008:Hamilton 2006
4004:
3997:
3996:Hamilton 2006
3993:
3992:Phillips 2011
3988:
3981:
3980:Phillips 2011
3976:
3969:
3966:, p. 8;
3965:
3964:Hamilton 2006
3960:
3953:
3952:Hamilton 2006
3948:
3941:
3937:
3936:Phillips 2011
3933:
3932:Hamilton 2006
3928:
3922:, p. 45.
3921:
3920:Phillips 2011
3917:
3916:Hamilton 2006
3912:
3905:
3904:Phillips 2006
3900:
3894:, p. 60.
3893:
3892:Phillips 2011
3888:
3881:
3877:
3876:Phillips 2006
3872:
3866:, p. 11.
3865:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3848:
3847:Phillips 2011
3843:
3836:
3835:Phillips 2011
3831:
3824:
3823:Phillips 2006
3819:
3813:, p. 48.
3812:
3811:Phillips 2011
3807:
3801:, p. 47.
3800:
3799:Phillips 2011
3795:
3788:
3785:, p. 5;
3784:
3783:Chaplais 1994
3780:
3779:Phillips 2011
3775:
3773:
3766:, p. 40.
3765:
3764:Phillips 2011
3760:
3758:
3751:, p. 39.
3750:
3749:Phillips 2011
3745:
3738:
3734:
3733:Phillips 2011
3729:
3722:
3717:
3710:
3706:
3705:Phillips 2011
3701:
3694:
3693:Phillips 2011
3689:
3682:
3679:, p. 9;
3678:
3673:
3666:
3662:
3661:Phillips 2011
3657:
3650:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3633:
3628:
3622:, p. 25.
3621:
3616:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3587:, p. 5;
3586:
3585:Phillips 2011
3582:
3577:
3570:
3567:, p. 5;
3566:
3565:Phillips 2011
3562:
3557:
3550:
3545:
3539:, p. 33.
3538:
3533:
3526:
3521:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3489:
3482:
3476:
3466:
3459:
3453:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3428:Polychronicon
3425:
3418:
3409:
3400:
3390:
3380:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3311:
3304:
3298:
3289:
3282:
3276:
3269:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3243:
3233:
3224:
3214:
3205:
3195:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2642:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2588:
2583:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2541:David Bintley
2538:
2537:Royal Academy
2534:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2506:'s 1995 film
2505:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2420:Natalie Fryde
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:Polychronicon
2332:
2331:Oriel College
2328:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:Oriel College
2286:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2268:snake-charmer
2265:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2178:
2168:
2159:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2128:Natalie Fryde
2125:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2082:Controversies
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:Purbeck stone
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1906:
1892:
1890:
1887:January, Sir
1885:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1854:disembowelled
1846:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:Thames Valley
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1759:Oxwich Brooch
1755:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1576:
1567:
1565:
1564:summary trial
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1501:Marcher Lords
1498:
1497:Welsh Marches
1494:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1479:Despenser War
1465:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:in Lancashire
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1388:royal council
1382:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1314:Holkham Bible
1311:
1306:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1235:Blacklow Hill
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1165:
1163:
1162:Kings Langley
1159:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:royal steward
1102:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
955:Waltham Abbey
952:
948:
944:
935:
921:
919:
915:
910:
907:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
869:
867:
863:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
811:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
708:
699:
697:
694:
690:
682:
678:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
648:, as well as
647:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
610:horsebreeding
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
581:
580:Edward I
577:
572:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
541:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
502:
494:
490:
476:
473:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:Ninth Crusade
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
395:
392:
388:
387:
383:'s 1592 play
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
256:
253:
249:
246:
243:
239:
236:
233:
231:
227:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
194:
191:
190:
184:
180:
164:
159:
155:
150:
144:
140:
136:
131:
127:
123:
119:25 April 1284
118:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
12114:
12102:from Commons
12097:
12076:
12003:
11980:
11970:
11960:
11950:
11940:
11930:
11920:
11910:
11900:
11890:
11880:
11870:
11860:
11850:
11840:
11830:
11820:
11810:
11800:
11790:
11780:
11770:
11760:
11757:
11703:
11682:Elizabeth II
11610:
11526:
11453:
11431:
11422:Alexander II
11339:
11302:
11295:
11288:
11281:
11274:
11267:
11249:
11238:
11178:
11161:
11144:
11132:
11105:
11068:
11026:
11019:
11012:
10935:
10929:
10920:
10913:
10907:
10889:
10866:
10843:
10821:
10814:
10807:
10751:. Retrieved
10747:the original
10688:
10684:
10657:
10653:
10630:
10627:Weir, Alison
10600:
10581:
10548:
10544:
10519:
10515:
10509:
10477:
10458:
10437:
10419:
10400:
10381:
10348:
10344:
10323:
10309:
10268:
10264:
10243:
10225:
10206:
10187:
10169:
10145:
10131:
10106:
10102:
10083:
10061:
10042:
10023:
10005:
9978:
9960:
9941:
9908:
9904:
9883:
9865:
9832:
9828:
9809:
9790:
9768:
9748:
9744:
9724:
9698:
9679:
9656:
9629:
9606:
9575:
9553:
9523:
9501:
9482:
9441:
9437:
9415:
9397:Conwy Castle
9396:
9363:
9359:
9340:
9332:Bibliography
9318:, retrieved
9313:
9299:, retrieved
9294:
9264:
9248:
9232:
9220:
9208:
9188:
9176:
9160:
9148:
9132:
9120:
9104:
9075:, retrieved
9071:
9045:
9029:
9013:
8982:
8970:
8958:
8946:
8934:
8922:
8910:
8905:, p. 9.
8890:
8878:
8851:
8844:Menache 2002
8839:
8828:Menache 2002
8823:
8807:
8795:
8760:
8740:
8728:
8701:
8689:
8677:
8665:
8649:
8637:
8625:
8613:
8597:
8585:
8570:Valente 1998
8565:
8545:
8533:
8521:
8509:
8497:
8481:
8446:
8418:
8406:
8394:
8382:
8366:
8350:
8338:. Retrieved
8333:
8319:
8303:
8284:
8275:
8263:
8256:Doherty 2004
8251:
8240:Doherty 2004
8235:
8228:Doherty 2004
8223:
8216:Doherty 2004
8211:
8204:Doherty 2004
8199:
8188:Doherty 2004
8171:
8155:
8143:
8119:
8107:
8095:, retrieved
8091:the original
8081:
8065:
8049:
8037:, retrieved
8033:the original
8019:
8003:
7987:
7975:
7963:
7951:, retrieved
7947:the original
7918:
7902:
7890:
7878:
7866:
7846:
7834:
7818:
7806:
7794:
7782:
7770:
7758:
7746:
7734:
7722:
7706:
7690:
7678:
7666:, retrieved
7662:the original
7657:
7600:
7588:
7576:
7564:
7557:Valente 2002
7510:
7498:
7482:
7470:
7454:
7442:
7430:
7418:
7406:
7394:
7382:
7370:
7358:
7346:
7334:
7322:
7310:
7294:
7282:
7266:
7254:
7242:
7230:
7214:
7202:
7190:
7178:
7166:
7159:Ruddick 2013
7154:
7142:
7130:
7118:
7106:
7094:
7082:
7070:
7058:
7047:Doherty 2004
7038:
7022:
7010:
7003:Doherty 2004
6998:
6986:
6979:Doherty 2004
6974:
6967:Doherty 2004
6962:
6955:Doherty 2004
6950:
6934:
6918:
6906:
6894:
6882:
6855:
6843:
6831:
6819:
6807:
6795:
6768:
6756:
6744:
6732:
6720:
6708:
6696:
6684:
6672:
6656:
6644:
6628:
6612:
6600:
6588:
6559:
6543:
6531:
6519:
6503:
6491:
6475:
6463:
6436:
6424:
6412:
6400:
6388:
6361:
6349:
6333:
6321:
6305:
6293:
6281:
6269:
6257:
6245:
6233:
6221:
6209:
6197:
6185:
6169:
6153:
6141:
6129:
6102:
6086:
6070:
6058:
6046:
6030:
6018:
6006:
5994:
5978:
5962:
5950:
5934:
5918:
5906:
5894:
5878:
5806:
5794:
5778:
5751:
5735:
5723:
5711:
5699:
5687:
5675:
5663:
5651:
5639:
5623:
5607:
5580:
5564:
5552:
5536:
5524:
5512:
5500:
5488:
5472:
5460:
5440:
5428:
5416:
5404:
5392:
5380:
5364:
5352:
5340:
5328:
5316:
5304:
5292:
5280:
5268:
5252:
5240:
5228:
5216:
5204:
5192:
5180:
5168:
5156:
5144:
5132:
5120:
5108:
5096:
5084:
5053:
5041:
5029:
5013:
5001:
4957:
4926:
4914:
4902:
4886:
4874:
4862:
4846:
4834:
4822:
4810:
4794:
4782:
4770:
4758:
4746:
4719:
4707:
4695:
4683:
4667:
4647:
4631:
4619:
4607:
4595:
4583:
4571:
4551:
4535:
4507:
4491:
4475:
4463:
4451:
4446:, p. 4.
4435:
4423:
4411:
4399:
4387:
4375:
4355:
4343:
4316:
4304:
4292:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4229:
4198:
4186:
4170:
4158:
4112:
4096:
4084:
4051:
4035:
4019:
4003:
3998:, p. 9.
3987:
3975:
3970:, p. 7.
3959:
3947:
3927:
3911:
3899:
3887:
3871:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3794:
3789:, p. 4.
3744:
3728:
3716:
3711:, p. 3.
3700:
3688:
3672:
3656:
3627:
3615:
3603:, retrieved
3599:the original
3594:
3576:
3556:
3544:
3532:
3520:
3515:, p. 3.
3508:
3488:
3475:
3465:
3457:
3452:
3437:Ian Mortimer
3427:
3423:
3417:
3408:
3399:
3389:
3379:
3369:
3361:May McKisack
3351:
3344:Ian Mortimer
3337:
3323:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3288:
3275:
3256:
3242:
3232:
3223:
3213:
3204:
3194:
3173:
2881:
2633:
2592:
2587:coat of arms
2570:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2553:'s symphony
2544:
2533:Marcus Stone
2528:
2526:
2521:Marcus Stone
2507:
2488:Derek Jarman
2485:
2478:
2455:
2449:
2441:
2400:
2369:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2304:
2297:
2277:
2256:
2249:
2242:showing the
2238:1575 map of
2212:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2132:Ian Mortimer
2101:
2085:
2078:
2054:
2020:Isabella at
2014:
1994:
1967:
1961:
1942:
1938:
1915:
1895:Death (1327)
1877:
1870:
1866:Fleet Prison
1851:
1820:
1797:
1781:
1764:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1676:
1657:
1614:
1594:
1581:
1539:River Severn
1536:
1525:
1522:Leeds Castle
1514:
1510:
1482:
1462:Roger Damory
1455:
1443:
1419:Edward Bruce
1408:
1404:Great Famine
1397:
1384:
1352:
1340:Bannock Burn
1337:
1318:
1280:
1264:
1260:
1224:
1212:
1176:
1150:
1142:
1130:
1103:
1090:
1067:
1063:
1037:in 1318 and
1019:
987:
974:custos regni
973:
963:
940:
911:
890:
874:Adam Orleton
870:
858:
839:
776:
769:
741:
735:in 1300 and
724:peace treaty
713:
658:
642:
607:
594:
584:
574:Portrait in
530:
498:
468:
444:native Welsh
401:
384:
378:
347:
311:
270:
266:
262:
261:
219:Adam FitzRoy
187:
36:
12145:1327 deaths
12140:1284 births
12057:Middle Ages
11971:(1958–2022)
11961:(1910–1936)
11951:(1901–1910)
11941:(1841–1901)
11931:(1762–1820)
11921:(1751–1760)
11911:(1728–1751)
11901:(1714–1727)
11881:(1641–1649)
11871:(1616–1625)
11861:(1610–1612)
11851:(1537–1547)
11841:(1504–1509)
11831:(1489–1502)
11821:(1483–1484)
11811:(1471–1483)
11801:(1454–1471)
11791:(1399–1413)
11781:(1376–1377)
11771:(1343–1376)
11761:(1301–1307)
11687:Charles III
11672:Edward VIII
11402:Alexander I
11382:Malcolm III
11357:Kenneth III
11257:Elizabeth I
11219:Richard III
10422:. pp.
10228:. pp.
10172:. pp.
10008:. pp.
9963:. pp.
9868:. pp.
9659:. pp.
9253:Haines 2003
9237:Haines 2003
9213:Aberth 2003
9181:Prasch 1993
9169:Prasch 1993
9125:Martin 2010
9113:Martin 2010
9068:"Holy Fool"
9022:Haines 2003
8899:Haines 2003
8883:Haines 2003
8856:Haines 2003
8812:Musson 2006
8550:Haines 2003
8538:Musson 2006
8526:Musson 2006
8514:Musson 2006
8502:Musson 2006
8486:Haines 2003
8439:Haines 2003
8431:Musson 2006
8375:Haines 2003
8359:Haines 2003
8244:Haines 2003
8180:Haines 2003
8148:Ormrod 2006
8132:Ormrod 2006
8074:Haines 2003
8058:Ormrod 2004
8012:Ormrod 2004
7996:Haines 2003
7911:Burden 2004
7895:Burden 2004
7883:Burden 2004
7871:Burden 2004
7859:Haines 2003
7855:Burden 2004
7827:Burden 2004
7811:Burden 2004
7787:Ormrod 2004
7775:Haines 2003
7763:Haines 2003
7751:Haines 2003
7739:Haines 2003
7715:Haines 2003
7699:Haines 2003
7683:Ormrod 2004
7654:"Holy Fool"
7640:Haines 2003
7632:Ormrod 2004
7628:Burden 2004
7491:Haines 2003
7463:Haines 2003
7351:Haines 2003
7315:Haines 2003
7303:Haines 2003
7275:Haines 2003
7223:Haines 2003
7171:Haines 2003
7051:Haines 2003
7031:Haines 2003
6943:Haines 2003
6927:Haines 2003
6761:Haines 2003
6665:Haines 2003
6637:Haines 2003
6621:Haines 2003
6552:Haines 2003
6512:Haines 2003
6484:Haines 2003
6342:Haines 2003
6314:Jordan 1996
6214:Haines 2003
6178:Haines 2003
6174:Tebbit 2003
6162:Haines 2003
6158:Tebbit 2003
6146:Tebbit 2003
6134:Childs 1991
6122:Haines 2003
6079:Haines 2003
6039:Haines 2003
6011:Ormrod 2011
5999:Jordan 1996
5983:Jordan 1996
5967:Jordan 1996
5943:Tebbit 2003
5927:Haines 2003
5887:Haines 2003
5787:Haines 2003
5632:Haines 2003
5545:Haines 2003
5453:Haines 2003
5373:Haines 2003
5006:Haines 2003
4977:Haines 2003
4950:Haines 2003
4879:Haines 2003
4564:Haines 2003
4540:Ormrod 2006
4524:Ormrod 2006
4512:Haines 2003
4500:Haines 2003
4496:Ormrod 2006
4484:Haines 2003
4368:Haines 2003
4105:Haines 2003
3968:Haines 2003
3940:Haines 2003
3880:Haines 2003
3864:Haines 2003
3787:Haines 2003
3737:Haines 2003
3709:Haines 2003
3677:Ashbee 2007
3632:Haines 2003
3620:Haines 2003
3513:Haines 2003
3251:statements.
2551:John McCabe
2407:Thomas Tout
2285:King's Hall
2244:King's Hall
2124:Alison Weir
1969:coup d'état
1949: [
1702:The future
1527:casus belli
1493:chamberlain
1272:River Seine
1216:Scarborough
1182:, Lincoln,
1134:Frescobaldi
797:called the
673:King Philip
626:Welsh music
537:Anglo-Saxon
526:David Powel
522:King Arthur
505:north Wales
450:, claiming
235:Plantagenet
92:Predecessor
12129:Categories
11662:Edward VII
11652:William IV
11642:George III
11571:Charles II
11466:Robert III
11412:Malcolm IV
11387:Donald III
11362:Malcolm II
11347:Kenneth II
11229:Henry VIII
11189:Richard II
11184:Edward III
11118:William II
11091:Harthacnut
10926:1301–1307
10895:1290–1325
10872:1306–1325
10859:Edward III
10853:1307–1327
10244:Edward III
9751:: 78–111.
9225:Horne 1999
9141:Perry 2000
9137:Logan 2007
9058:Waugh 1991
9034:Waugh 1991
9002:Waugh 1991
8987:Horne 1999
8975:Horne 1999
8773:Rubin 2006
8753:Rubin 2006
8658:Rubin 2006
8606:Rubin 2006
8578:Rubin 2006
8558:Waugh 1991
8554:Rubin 2006
8490:Rubin 2006
8427:Rubin 2006
8411:Rubin 2006
8112:Rubin 2006
8070:Duffy 2003
8054:Duffy 2003
8024:Duffy 2003
8008:Duffy 2003
7992:Duffy 2003
7980:Duffy 2003
7968:Duffy 2003
7938:Duffy 2003
7923:Duffy 2003
7907:Duffy 2003
7851:Duffy 2003
7839:Duffy 2003
7823:Duffy 2003
7799:Rubin 2006
7620:Rubin 2006
6091:Rubin 2006
5022:Rubin 2006
4895:Brown 1988
4851:Brown 1988
4612:Rubin 2006
4516:Rubin 2006
4364:Rubin 2006
4191:Brown 1988
4179:Rubin 2006
3721:Coote 2000
3649:Brown 1988
3501:References
3303:aura eslau
3183:town walls
2559:The Gascon
2509:Braveheart
2504:Mel Gibson
2496:postmodern
2475:Ben Jonson
2280:almsgiving
2177:Great Seal
2030:tomb chest
2005:high altar
1957:depression
1834:Abdication
1828:Kenilworth
1768:Portsmouth
1735:and eight
1704:Edward III
1585:collateral
1451:changeling
1411:Lancashire
1255:Notre Dame
1227:Deddington
1196:Gloucester
1115:purveyance
1069:Parliament
1002:True Cross
978:Great Seal
893:chronicler
693:rebellious
689:Gascon War
614:greyhounds
452:suzerainty
398:Background
370:Edward III
271:Caernarvon
106:Edward III
83:Coronation
67:(more ...)
53:Effigy in
12045:Biography
11908:Frederick
11677:George VI
11647:George IV
11637:George II
11549:Charles I
11531:from 1603
11481:James III
11461:Robert II
11417:William I
11392:Duncan II
11320:Malcolm I
11310:Donald II
11234:Edward VI
11224:Henry VII
11209:Edward IV
11179:Edward II
11169:Henry III
11152:Richard I
11113:William I
11034:Æthelstan
10768:Edward II
10762:Edward II
10721:154602148
10705:0038-7134
10676:0013-8266
10565:0026-7937
10536:0038-7134
10496:18287761M
10365:0002-8762
10324:Edward II
10301:155958161
10285:1935-0236
10123:0013-8266
10062:Clement V
9997:10852938M
9925:1477-4569
9849:0095-1390
9757:0068-1202
9733:221519473
9648:17882067M
9474:154858717
9458:0038-7134
9388:154988120
9380:0021-9371
8630:Dodd 2006
8618:Dodd 2006
8602:Dodd 2006
8590:Dodd 2006
8574:Dodd 2006
8268:Weir 2006
3237:unfairly.
2585:Edward's
2240:Cambridge
2220:burgesses
2175:Edward's
2091:into his
2070:canonised
2026:alabaster
2009:gold leaf
1862:quartered
1858:castrated
1662:in 1324.
1605:Tynemouth
1601:Edinburgh
1485:civil war
1439:Glamorgan
1415:Yorkshire
1356:Carmelite
1184:Salisbury
1146:Ordainers
1072:moderate
1060:(tallest)
1041:in 1321.
1033:in 1316,
829:granting
825:from the
807:crusading
593:, as his
591:Guy Ferre
559:wet nurse
551:Castilian
518:Last Days
428:Castilian
386:Edward II
341:in 1314.
322:favourite
263:Edward II
102:Successor
42:Edward II
12069:Monarchy
12004:See also
11667:George V
11657:Victoria
11632:George I
11501:James VI
11486:James IV
11476:James II
11449:David II
11444:Robert I
11433:Margaret
11367:Duncan I
11276:Donald I
11214:Edward V
11204:Henry VI
11194:Henry IV
11174:Edward I
11140:Henry II
11039:Edmund I
11028:Ælfweard
10986:monarchs
10980:Scottish
10884:Edward I
10838:Edward I
10753:6 August
10685:Speculum
10629:(2006).
10619:1850113M
10516:Speculum
10506:(2005).
10382:Edward I
10168:(2006).
10082:(2004).
9933:11623897
9789:(2003).
9767:(1996).
9678:(2004).
9628:(2006).
9598:8976202M
9552:(1994).
9542:7348814M
9522:(2004).
9438:Speculum
9320:22 April
9301:22 April
8340:20 April
8283:(2007).
8097:22 April
8039:22 April
7953:22 April
7668:22 April
3605:22 April
3281:chancery
3147:See also
2645:Ancestry
2571:Gaveston
2569:'s 2002
2563:Gaveston
2499:pastiche
2454:'s play
2354:and the
2274:Religion
1997:embalmed
1804:Chepstow
1776:Normandy
1743:Invasion
1737:warships
1729:Philippa
1683:Bordeaux
1625:Miracles
1599:towards
1544:Tickhill
1532:Margaret
1333:spearmen
1325:Carlisle
1204:Pembroke
1200:Hereford
1109:and the
990:Boulogne
947:Dumfries
899:and the
854:Ponthieu
791:knighted
728:Margaret
720:Flanders
654:ditching
638:jousting
622:falconry
595:magister
555:Alphonso
514:prophets
303:Isabella
291:knighted
283:Alphonso
279:Edward I
96:Edward I
12033:England
12019:Portals
11978:William
11968:Charles
11878:Charles
11868:Charles
11585:Mary II
11491:James V
11471:James I
11407:David I
11372:Macbeth
11304:Eochaid
11199:Henry V
11134:Matilda
11128:Stephen
11123:Henry I
10984:British
10978:,
10976:English
10880:Eleanor
10788:at the
10713:3301327
10573:3724989
10373:2166608
10293:2901456
9857:4050602
9466:2852635
9077:26 June
3483:'s egg.
3481:griffin
3394:period.
2589:as king
2252:chapels
2224:commons
2216:knights
2112:Antwerp
2046:sceptre
1884:Lincoln
1812:Cardiff
1672:Agenais
1670:in the
1664:Charles
1629:gallows
1597:Lothian
1435:Bristol
1348:archers
1284:florins
1208:Warwick
1192:Arundel
1158:Windsor
1111:marshal
1035:Eleanor
994:psalter
850:Gascony
827:charter
823:Initial
681:Gascony
650:hedging
618:hunting
533:English
475:death.
422:), and
412:Gascony
337:at the
176:
168:
11958:Edward
11948:George
11928:George
11918:George
11898:George
11891:(1688)
11848:Edward
11828:Arthur
11808:Edward
11496:Mary I
11377:Lulach
11341:Amlaíb
11335:Cuilén
11325:Indulf
11251:Philip
11246:Mary I
11049:Eadwig
11044:Eadred
10930:Vacant
10908:Vacant
10820:
10719:
10711:
10703:
10674:
10637:
10617:
10607:
10588:
10571:
10563:
10534:
10494:
10484:
10465:
10444:
10407:
10388:
10371:
10363:
10330:
10299:
10291:
10283:
10250:
10213:
10194:
10152:
10121:
10090:
10068:
10049:
10030:
9995:
9985:
9948:
9931:
9923:
9890:
9855:
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9775:
9755:
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9686:
9646:
9636:
9613:
9596:
9586:
9582:–164.
9560:
9540:
9530:
9508:
9489:
9472:
9464:
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9422:
9403:
9386:
9378:
9347:
8291:
3364:poem".
3179:castle
2446:(1594)
2382:, and
2374:, and
2317:Legacy
2208:gentry
2064:, and
2062:martyr
2034:oolite
2017:effigy
1928:, and
1772:Orwell
1636:, and
1365:Dunbar
1360:Oxford
1276:Levant
1257:, 1312
1220:Surrey
1138:prises
1082:Dublin
1013:, the
998:livres
959:marble
876:, the
862:heresy
846:squire
716:regent
685:
675:
646:rowing
547:Norman
472:homage
416:feudal
364:, and
273:, was
251:Mother
241:Father
189:Detail
157:Spouse
142:Burial
12116:Texts
12099:Media
11888:James
11838:Henry
11397:Edgar
11297:Giric
11163:Louis
11070:Sweyn
10822:Died:
10815:Born:
10717:S2CID
10709:JSTOR
10569:JSTOR
10369:JSTOR
10297:S2CID
10289:JSTOR
10176:–164.
10012:–204.
9967:–219.
9853:JSTOR
9663:–189.
9470:S2CID
9462:JSTOR
9384:S2CID
3330:allod
3165:Notes
2577:Issue
2260:camel
2230:Court
2089:poker
1953:]
1808:Lundy
1188:Derby
982:dower
630:crwth
603:Latin
540:saint
484:Birth
456:earls
230:House
183:Issue
170:(
166:
74:Reign
11627:Anne
11590:Anne
11583:and
11439:John
11248:and
11240:Jane
11157:John
11081:Cnut
10882:and
10755:2019
10701:ISSN
10672:ISSN
10635:ISBN
10605:ISBN
10586:ISBN
10561:ISSN
10532:ISSN
10482:ISBN
10463:ISBN
10442:ISBN
10426:–76.
10405:ISBN
10386:ISBN
10361:ISSN
10328:ISBN
10281:ISSN
10248:ISBN
10232:–47.
10211:ISBN
10192:ISBN
10150:ISBN
10119:ISSN
10088:ISBN
10066:ISBN
10047:ISBN
10028:ISBN
9983:ISBN
9946:ISBN
9929:PMID
9921:ISSN
9888:ISBN
9872:–21.
9845:ISSN
9814:ISBN
9795:ISBN
9773:ISBN
9753:ISSN
9729:OCLC
9703:ISBN
9684:ISBN
9634:ISBN
9611:ISBN
9584:ISBN
9558:ISBN
9528:ISBN
9506:ISBN
9487:ISBN
9454:ISSN
9420:ISBN
9401:ISBN
9376:ISSN
9345:ISBN
9322:2014
9303:2014
9079:2014
8342:2014
8289:ISBN
8099:2014
8041:2014
7955:2014
7670:2014
3607:2014
3439:and
3426:and
3424:Brut
3181:and
3096:15.
3038:14.
2976:13.
2918:12.
2854:11.
2796:10.
2492:film
2414:and
2390:and
2310:John
2264:lion
2218:and
2093:anus
2048:and
2042:coif
2036:and
1882:and
1860:and
1433:and
1413:and
1369:York
1206:and
1186:and
1160:and
1039:Joan
1031:John
1023:Adam
833:the
805:and
652:and
549:and
129:Died
116:Born
11330:Dub
11290:Áed
10693:doi
10662:doi
10658:113
10553:doi
10524:doi
10428:in
10353:doi
10314:in
10273:doi
10234:in
10178:in
10174:140
10136:in
10111:doi
10107:120
10014:in
10010:190
9969:in
9965:204
9913:doi
9874:in
9837:doi
9665:in
9661:165
9580:149
9446:doi
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3064:7.
3002:3.
2944:6.
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2469:'s
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1972:at
1920:in
620:or
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