3092:
66:
513:
588:
898:. He acknowledged that his proposal for such a dialect was tentative, acknowledging that "the linguistic boundaries of the original dialects could not have enjoyed prolonged stability." As no East Anglian manuscripts, Old English inscriptions or literary records such as charters have survived, there is little evidence to support the existence of such a dialect. According to a study by Von Feilitzen in the 1930s, the recording of many place-names in
478:. The region that was to become East Anglia seems to have been depopulated to some extent around the 4th century. Ken Dark writes that "in this area at least, and possibly more widely in eastern Britain, large tracts of land appear to have been deserted in the late 4th century, possibly including whole 'small towns' and villages. This does not seem to be a localised change in settlement location, size or character but genuine desertion."
1218:
735:
929:
828:, having been driven into exile after an unsuccessful bid for the throne, arrived in Essex after a stay in Northumbria. He was apparently accepted as king by some or all Danes in England and induced the East Anglian Danes to wage war on Edward in Mercia and Wessex. This ended in disaster with the death of Æthelwold and of
839:, often designed to control the use of a river by the Danes. In 917, the Danish position in the area suddenly collapsed. A rapid succession of defeats culminated in the loss of the territories of Northampton and Huntingdon, along with the rest of Essex: a Danish king, probably from East Anglia, was killed at
772:
From then on East Anglia effectively ceased to be an independent kingdom. Having defeated the East Angles, the Danes installed puppet-kings to govern on their behalf, while they resumed their campaigns against Mercia and Wessex. In 878 the last active portion of the Great
Heathen Army was defeated by
613:
In 604, Rædwald became the first East
Anglian king to be baptised. He maintained a Christian altar, but at the same time continued to worship pagan gods. From 616, when pagan monarchs briefly returned in Kent and Essex, East Anglia until Rædwald's death was the only Anglo-Saxon kingdom with a
669:
and successors. From the mid-7th to early 9th centuries
Mercian power grew, until a vast region from the Thames to the Humber, including East Anglia and the south-east, came under Mercian hegemony. In the early 640s, Penda defeated and killed both Ecgric and Sigeberht, who, having retired to
878:. Their language is historically important, as they were among the first Germanic settlers to arrive in Britain during the 5th century: according to Kortmann and Schneider, East Anglia "can seriously claim to be the first place in the world where English was spoken."
573:, that the Wuffingas may have been descendants of an eastern Swedish royal family. However, the items previously thought to have come from Sweden are now believed to have been made in England, and it seems less likely that the Wuffingas were of Swedish origin.
530:, but he provided little on the chronology of the East Anglian kings or the length of their reigns. Nothing is known of the earliest kings, or how the kingdom was organised, although a possible centre of royal power is the concentration of ship-burials at
1021:
that refer to the East Angles are treated with great caution by scholars. So few records from the
Kingdom of the East Angles have survived because of a complete destruction of the kingdom's monasteries and disappearance of the two East Anglian
524:, apparently named after an early king Wuffa, although his name may be a back-creation from the name of the dynasty, which means "descendants of the wolf". An indispensable source on the early history of the kingdom and its rulers is Bede's
493:. While the archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that a large-scale migration and settlement of the region by continental Germanic speakers occurred, it has been questioned whether all of the migrants self-identified as Angles.
454:
East Anglia was settled by the Anglo-Saxons earlier than many other regions, possibly at the start of the 5th century. It emerged from the political consolidation of the Angles in the approximate area of the former territory of the
725:
for protection against the
Mercians and Æthelstan then acknowledged Egbert as his overlord. Whilst Wessex took control of the south-eastern kingdoms absorbed by Mercia in the 8th century, East Anglia could retain its independence.
701:
had the East
Anglian king Æthelberht executed and then took control of the kingdom for himself. A brief revival of East Anglian independence under Eadwald, after Offa's death in 796, was suppressed by the new Mercian king,
1303:
885:
in Old
English comes from the study of texts, place-names, personal names and coins. A. H. Smith was the first to recognise the existence of a separate Old East Anglian dialect, in addition to the recognised dialects of
843:. Despite reinforcement from overseas, the Danish counter-attacks were crushed, and after the defection of many of their English subjects as Edward's army advanced, the Danes of East Anglia and of Cambridge capitulated.
541:. For a brief period in the early 7th century, whilst Rædwald ruled, East Anglia was among the most powerful kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England: he was described by Bede as the overlord of the kingdoms south of the
392:, East Anglia was a powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Rædwald, the first East Anglian king to be baptised a Christian, is seen by many scholars to be the person buried within (or commemorated by) the ship burial at
618:, who was soon afterwards converted from paganism under the influence of Edwin, but his new religion was evidently opposed in East Anglia and Eorpwald met his death at the hands of a pagan,
800:, Guthrum's kingdom probably included Essex, the one portion of Wessex to come under Danish control. A peace treaty was made between Alfred and Guthrum sometime in the 880s.
504:
in the 12th century. Some modern historians have questioned whether the seven ever existed contemporaneously and claim the political situation was far more complicated.
3159:
227:
202:
948:
to the south. The North Sea provided a "thriving maritime link to
Scandinavia and the northern reaches of Germany", according to the historian Richard Hoggett. The
3154:
904:
was "ultimately based on the evidence of local juries" and so the spoken form of Anglo-Saxon places and people was partly preserved in this way. Evidence from
971:
in what is now
Cambridgeshire. At its greatest extent, the kingdom comprised the modern-day counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and parts of eastern Cambridgeshire.
3105:
565:
at Sutton Hoo. It has been suggested by Blair, on the strength of parallels between some objects found under Mound 1 at Sutton Hoo and those discovered at
606:
became established in the 7th century. The extent to which paganism was displaced is exemplified by a lack of any East
Anglian settlement named after the
1155:
See Hoggett, 2010, pp. 24–27, for a detailed discussion of Bede's original sources and an account of the events in East Anglia that he refers to in the
908:
and later sources suggests that a dialect boundary once existed, corresponding with a line that separates from their neighbours the English counties of
3179:
781:. The treaty between Alfred and Guthrum acknowledged the latter's landholdings in East Anglia. In 880 the Vikings returned to East Anglia under
3169:
1387:
Hills, Catherine (2015), "The Anglo-Saxon Migration: An Archaeological Case Study of Disruption", in Baker, Brenda J.; Tsuda, Takeyuki (eds.),
1233:
1028:
526:
534:
and Sutton Hoo in eastern Suffolk. The "North Folk" and "South Folk" may have existed before the arrival of the first East Anglian kings.
2129:
765:
and then buried at Beodericsworth. Following his death Edmund became known as 'the Martyr' and venerated as patron saint and the town of
626:, Christianity prevailed with the accession of Eorpwald's brother (or step-brother) Sigeberht, who had been baptised during his exile in
1238:
17:
821:
In the early 10th century, the East Anglian Danes came under increasing pressure from Edward, King of Wessex. In 901, Edward's cousin
697:, who died in 749. During the late 7th and 8th centuries East Anglia continued to be overshadowed by Mercian hegemony until, in 794,
3149:
582:
2274:
2246:
2227:
2208:
2186:
2164:
2142:
2114:
2093:
2070:
2043:
2021:
1887:
1862:
1824:
1783:
1758:
1713:
1286:
835:
From 911 to 917, Edward expanded his control over the rest of England south of the Humber, establishing in Essex and Mercia
2053:
Fisiak, Jacek (2001). "Old East Anglian: a problem in Old English dialectology". In Fisiak, Jacek; Trudgill, Peter (eds.).
2365:
131:
419:
by the Mercians in 794 until 825, East Anglia ceased to be an independent kingdom, apart from a brief reassertion under
400:. During the decades that followed his death in about 624, East Anglia became increasingly dominated by the kingdom of
985:
and Anglo-Saxon times (and continues to do so). In the latter, the sea flooded the low-lying Fens. As sea levels fell
3044:
299:
1026:
as a result of Viking raids and settlement. The main documentary source for the early period is Bede's 8th-century
3144:
2509:
2489:
1651:
1136:
385:
804:
416:
3174:
2285:
1304:"Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the 4th to 6th centuries AD"
537:
The most powerful of the Wuffingas kings was Rædwald, "son of Tytil, whose father was Wuffa", according to the
276:
630:. Sigeberht oversaw the establishment of the first East Anglian see for Felix of Burgundy at Dommoc, probably
442:. By 918, after a succession of Danish defeats, East Anglia submitted to Edward and was incorporated into the
370:
335:
3164:
2237:
Williams, Gareth (2001). "Mercian Coinage and Authority". In Brown, Michelle P.; Farr, Carol Ann (eds.).
859:
607:
1552:
710:
679:
3096:
3082:
2519:
2514:
2504:
65:
1039:
Anglo-Saxon sources that include information about the East Angles or events relating to the kingdom:
2559:
2494:
846:
East Anglia was absorbed into the Kingdom of Wessex in 917. Norfolk and Suffolk became part of a new
489:(now in modern Germany). The first reference to the East Angles is from about 704–713, in the Whitby
2683:
2628:
694:
389:
3184:
2643:
2499:
603:
554:
405:
374:
816:
2358:
822:
619:
615:
432:
361:
The Kingdom of East Anglia was organised in the first or second quarter of the 6th century, with
2476:
789:, "swiftly adapted to territorial kingship and its trappings, including the minting of coins."
482:
420:
2693:
3049:
1097:
1049:
829:
687:
635:
1340:"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English"
1339:
1223:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
978:
941:
887:
858:. The restored ecclesiastical structure saw two former East Anglian bishoprics (Elmham and
558:
431:, was killed. After 879, the Vikings settled permanently in East Anglia. In 903 the exiled
366:
362:
248:
124:
39:
717:'s attempt to restore Mercian control resulted in his defeat and death, and his successor
388:
were Wuffingas, named after the semi-historical Wuffa. During the early 7th century under
8:
2633:
1548:
1107:
847:
714:
671:
642:
501:
397:
105:
2976:
2780:
2663:
2658:
2416:
2351:
2332:
2324:
2286:"Determining the mint-attribution of East Anglian Sceattas through regression analysis"
1742:
1400:
1169:
1122:
1072:
1065:
998:
803:
Under Scandinavian control, there are settlements in East Anglia which have names with
746:
703:
350:
319:
220:
165:
496:
The East Angles formed one of seven kingdoms known to post-medieval historians as the
3064:
2445:
2336:
2304:
2270:
2242:
2223:
2204:
2182:
2160:
2152:
2138:
2110:
2089:
2066:
2039:
2017:
2009:
1883:
1858:
1820:
1779:
1754:
1709:
1357:
1282:
1117:
1061:
863:
851:
778:
758:
475:
443:
428:
409:
327:
323:
318:
control lapsed briefly following the death of Offa but was reestablished. The Danish
207:
1277:
Higham, N. J. (1999). "East Anglia, Kingdom of". In M. Lapidge; et al. (eds.).
2596:
2481:
2396:
2316:
2137:] (in German). Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.
2081:
2058:
1776:
Alfred's wars: sources and interpretations of Anglo-Saxon warfare in the Viking Age
1392:
1347:
960:
945:
786:
774:
722:
718:
678:. Freed from Anna's challenge, Penda subjected East Anglia to the Mercians. In 655
439:
346:
331:
928:
2840:
2735:
2401:
2264:
2104:
1812:
1002:
949:
895:
891:
792:
Along with the traditional territory of East Anglia, Cambridgeshire and parts of
766:
666:
654:
614:
reigning baptised king. On his death in around 624, he was succeeded by his son
3054:
3026:
2740:
2124:
1091:
909:
855:
698:
531:
470:
311:
272:
256:
47:
2915:
2795:
2320:
646:
3138:
3120:
3107:
3069:
2875:
2865:
2845:
2835:
2648:
2606:
2421:
2196:
2174:
2031:
1361:
1229:
1224:
1036:, thought to have been compiled somewhere in England during the 7th century.
1033:
1023:
982:
900:
797:
665:
The eminence of East Anglia under Rædwald fell victim to the rising power of
549:. In 616, he had been strong enough to defeat and kill the Northumbrian king
378:
2855:
1192:
was a title for a prince of the royal family who was eligible to become king
989:
was deposited near major river estuaries and the "Great Estuary" (which the
709:
East Anglian independence was restored by a rebellion against Mercia led by
550:
2374:
1746:
1404:
994:
793:
460:
81:
2830:
2062:
2825:
2815:
2638:
2611:
2554:
2428:
2086:
A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland, c. 500–c. 1100
1057:
990:
875:
750:
749:, which occupied winter quarters and secured horses before departing for
562:
512:
292:
2770:
2343:
2328:
1652:"Edmund of East Anglia Part 5 – The Last Mystery: Where Did Edmund Die?"
1396:
1189:
674:
and Anna's son Jurmin were killed in 654 at the Battle of Bulcamp, near
587:
481:
According to Bede, the East Angles (and the Middle Angles, Mercians and
3001:
2986:
2949:
2932:
2885:
2880:
2785:
2755:
2725:
2688:
2673:
2591:
2569:
964:
675:
393:
2790:
2775:
1659:
438:
induced the East Anglian Danes to wage a disastrous war on his cousin
3016:
3011:
2996:
2961:
2905:
2890:
2870:
2850:
2800:
2765:
2750:
2745:
2653:
2564:
2466:
2377:
1173:
1032:. East Anglia is first mentioned as a distinct political unit in the
1018:
968:
937:
840:
592:
546:
521:
497:
310:
dynasty in the 7th and 8th centuries, but the territory was taken by
307:
303:
110:
1882:. Vol. 1 Phonology. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 163.
3021:
3006:
2991:
2966:
2910:
2895:
2820:
2720:
2715:
2668:
2579:
2574:
2531:
2471:
2433:
1753:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 79.
1352:
1254:
The Anglo-Saxon migration to Britain: an archaeological perspective
1014:
986:
754:
650:
623:
288:
268:
2036:
The Age of Sutton Hoo: the Seventh Century in North-Western Europe
777:
and withdrew from Wessex after making peace and agreeing that the
670:
religious life was later venerated as a saint. Ecgric's successor
3059:
2981:
2971:
2678:
2549:
2544:
2222:. Origins of the Shire. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
974:
917:
913:
882:
782:
739:
631:
627:
464:
424:
404:. Several of Rædwald's successors were killed in battle, such as
339:
284:
280:
91:
2266:
Angles on a Kingdom: East Anglian Identities from Bede to Ælfric
1056:
The Tribal Hidage, where the East Angles are assessed at 30,000
2900:
2860:
2810:
2703:
2698:
2623:
2601:
2450:
2411:
2406:
1880:
A Handbook of Varieties of English: a Multimedia Reference Tool
1687:
Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History
570:
566:
542:
486:
401:
315:
85:
734:
2937:
2927:
2805:
2438:
1177:
1060:, evidently superior in resources to lesser kingdoms such as
683:
456:
1704:
Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard D.; Pedersen, Frederik (2005).
1017:(and few other documents) have survived, while the medieval
2730:
836:
561:. He was probably the individual honoured by the sumptuous
1557:. Vol. 12. p. 712 – via Internet Archive.
981:
on the north coast altered the East Anglian coastline in
729:
365:
listed as the first king of the East Angles, followed by
298:
The kingdom formed in the 6th century in the wake of the
810:
408:, under whose rule and with the guidance of his bishop,
1853:
Harper-Bill, Christopher; Van Houts, Elisabeth (2002).
1085:
Post-Norman sources (of variable historical validity):
1488:
Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Volume 24
959:
The kingdom's western boundary varied from the rivers
516:
The golden belt buckle from the Sutton Hoo ship-burial
3080:
2080:
Hadley, Dawn (2009). "Viking Raids and Conquest". In
1603:
Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Volume 6
721:
met the same end in 827. The East Angles appealed to
427:
defeated the East Anglians in battle and their king,
2307:(1972). "The pre-Viking age church in East Anglia".
1852:
1708:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 72.
1685:in Essex? A new site for the martyrdom of Edmund".
1741:
690:, where Penda and his ally Æthelhere were killed.
545:. and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle identifies him as
520:The East Angles were initially ruled by the pagan
79:Independent (6th century–794; 796–c. 799; 825–869)
3160:States and territories disestablished in the 910s
1877:
1703:
1279:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
3136:
2016:. London, New York: Leicester University Press.
1819:. London: Methuen & Co Ltd. pp. 135–6.
1176:in Norfolk (documented as Hægelisdun c. 985) or
967:and Kennett to further westwards, as far as the
279:comprising what are now the English counties of
2201:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England
1958:Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England
1391:, University Press of Florida, pp. 45–48,
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
3155:States and territories established in the 570s
2106:The Archaeology of the East Anglian Conversion
1778:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. p. 325.
1377:, Boydell and Brewer Press (2015), pp. 174-178
912:(including the once sparsely-inhabited Fens),
745:In 865, East Anglia was invaded by the Danish
738:England in 878, when East Anglia was ruled by
686:that ended in a massive Mercian defeat at the
657:, are associated with the founding of abbeys.
634:. He later abdicated in favour of his brother
373:for East Angles gives Wehha as descended from
2359:
1878:Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (2004).
1346:, German Society for Name Research: 147–173,
1857:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. p. 7.
1547:
1375:The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo-Saxon England
1259:
1242:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1044:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1029:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
936:The kingdom of the East Angles bordered the
527:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
2130:Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde
1498:
1496:
869:
597:A literary & historical atlas of Europe
2366:
2352:
1001:had guarded) became closed off by a large
785:, who according to the medieval historian
64:
3180:10th-century disestablishments in England
2373:
2241:. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
1351:
1180:in Suffolk, and now with Maldon in Essex.
757:, before being attacked by the forces of
753:. The Danes returned in 869 to winter at
345:It was taken back from Danish control by
2269:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
2239:Mercia: an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in Europe
2236:
2014:Mercia: an Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe
1493:
1446:
1444:
1228:
927:
779:Danes would treat the Christians equally
733:
586:
511:
423:in 796. It survived until 869, when the
330:and making it Danish land in 869. After
27:Anglo-Saxon kingdom in southeast Britain
2173:
2102:
1773:
1597:
1595:
1281:. London: Blackwell. pp. 154–155.
583:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
412:, Christianity was firmly established.
14:
3137:
2580:Bilmingas (part of south Lincolnshire)
2217:
2079:
2052:
1817:The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England
1811:
1751:An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England
1680:
1632:Brown and Farr, 2001, pp. 222 and 313.
1337:
1276:
1211:
1209:
730:Viking attacks and eventual settlement
338:, East Anglia was left as part of the
3170:6th-century establishments in England
2347:
2181:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2151:
2123:
1855:A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World
1441:
1386:
811:Absorption into the Kingdom of Wessex
660:
2315:. Cambridge University Press: 1–22.
1730:A Companion to the early Middle Ages
1592:
940:to the north and the east, with the
326:it returned to East Anglia, killing
322:landed in East Anglia in 865; after
1206:
682:joined Penda in a campaign against
576:
302:and was one of the kingdoms of the
24:
2256:
2203:. London and New York: Routledge.
2159:. London and New York: Routledge.
2135:Encyclopedia of Germanic Antiquity
1941:
1932:
1538:Brown and Farr, 2001, pp. 2 and 4.
956:) was established in 7th century.
944:historically dividing it from the
25:
3196:
3045:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
2109:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
932:A physical map of Eastern England
761:, who was defeated and killed at
485:) were descended from natives of
300:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
3090:
1301:
1216:
287:and perhaps the eastern part of
225:
200:
2002:
1989:
1976:
1963:
1950:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1871:
1846:
1833:
1805:
1792:
1767:
1735:
1722:
1697:
1674:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1583:
1574:
1561:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1432:
1419:
1410:
1183:
1162:
1149:
1137:List of monarchs of East Anglia
3150:Peoples of Anglo-Saxon England
1380:
1367:
1338:Coates, Richard (1 May 2017),
1331:
1322:
1313:
1295:
1246:
13:
1:
2038:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
1623:Brown and Farr, 2001, p. 310.
1614:Brown and Farr, 2001, p. 215.
1199:
1126:, written in the 13th century
1114:, written in the 12th century
1104:, written in the 12th century
595:, according to Bartholomew's
507:
449:
1344:Namenkundliche Informationen
1081:, written in the 7th century
923:
693:The last Wuffingas king was
638:and retired to a monastery.
7:
1681:Briggs, Keith (2011). "Was
1130:
832:in battle in December 902.
263:), informally known as the
261:Regnum Orientalium Anglorum
70:A map of East Anglia c. 650
52:Regnum Orientalium Anglorum
10:
3201:
3007:Sumortūnsǣte and Glestinga
2293:British Numismatic Journal
2157:The Earliest English Kings
2012:; Farr, Carol Ann (2001).
1389:Migrations and Disruptions
1008:
977:on the eastern border and
864:single one at North Elmham
814:
580:
356:
349:and incorporated into the
328:King Edmund ("the Martyr")
291:, the area still known as
267:, was a small independent
245:Kingdom of the East Angles
36:Kingdom of the East Angles
18:Kingdom of the East Angles
3037:
2530:
2459:
2384:
2321:10.1017/S0263675100000053
2103:Hoggett, Richard (2010).
2088:. Chichester: Blackwell.
179:
175:
162:
152:
148:
140:
120:
98:
75:
63:
58:
34:
1920:Fisiak, 2001, pp. 22–23.
1911:Fisiak, 2001, pp. 19–20.
1168:identified variously as
1142:
870:Old East Anglian dialect
680:Æthelhere of East Anglia
604:Anglo-Saxon Christianity
555:Battle of the River Idle
2284:Metcalf, D. M. (2000).
2263:Grossi, Joseph (2021).
1938:Hoggett, 2010, pp. 1–2.
1813:Wilson, David Mackenzie
1589:Kirby, 2000, pp. 78–79.
1554:The Lives of the Saints
1427:East Anglian Conversion
1239:Encyclopædia Britannica
807:, e.g. '-thorp', '-by'
769:was established there.
641:The three daughters of
622:. After three years of
252:
43:
3145:Kingdom of East Anglia
2220:The Origins of Suffolk
2218:Warner, Peter (1996).
2057:. Boydell and Brewer.
1774:Lavelle, Ryan (2010).
1569:The Origins of Suffolk
1157:Ecclesiastical History
933:
874:The East Angles spoke
848:earldom of East Anglia
742:
600:
539:Ecclesiastical History
517:
306:. It was ruled by the
265:Kingdom of East Anglia
260:
164:• Annexed by the
51:
3175:918 disestablishments
3050:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2659:Nox-gaga and Oht-gaga
2063:10.1017/9781846150678
1971:The Age of Sutton Hoo
1520:Warner, 1996, p. 109.
1098:Florence of Worcester
1050:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
931:
830:Eohric of East Anglia
815:Further information:
759:Edmund of East Anglia
737:
688:Battle of the Winwaed
590:
515:
468:, with its centre at
371:Anglo-Saxon genealogy
336:treaty with the Danes
88:(794–796; c. 799–825)
2694:Frithuwald's Sūþrīge
2055:East Anglian English
1947:Hoggett, 2010, p. 2.
1929:Fisiak, 2001, p. 27.
1902:Fisiak, 2001, p. 22.
1662:on 28 September 2015
1641:Kirby, 2000, p. 173.
1549:Baring-Gould, Sabine
1529:Warner, 1996, p. 84.
1319:Warner, 1996, p. 61.
559:Edwin of Northumbria
386:kings of East Anglia
128:(before 7th century)
125:Anglo-Saxon paganism
113:(during Danish rule)
3117: /
3097:Anglo-Saxon England
2309:Anglo-Saxon England
2179:Anglo-Saxon England
1995:Kirby, 2000, p. 11.
1841:Anglo-Saxon England
1800:Anglo-Saxon England
1743:Hunter Blair, Peter
1580:Yorke, 2002, p. 63.
1511:Kirby, 2000, p. 66.
1502:Yorke, 2002, p. 62.
1477:Kirby, 2000, p. 55.
1468:Kirby, 2000, p. 52.
1459:Kirby, 2000, p. 54.
1450:Yorke, 2002, p. 61.
1438:Yorke, 2002, p. 58.
1397:10.2307/j.ctvx0703w
1108:Henry of Huntingdon
715:Beornwulf of Mercia
643:Anna of East Anglia
502:Henry of Huntingdon
500:, a scheme used by
154:• Established
135:(after 7th century)
106:Mercian Old English
3165:571 establishments
2486:Lists of monarchs
2305:Whitelock, Dorothy
2175:Stenton, Sir Frank
2010:Brown, Michelle P.
1656:Hidden East Anglia
1416:Kirby, 2000, p. 4.
1170:Bradfield St Clare
1123:Flores Historiarum
1073:Historia Brittonum
934:
817:Æthelwold's Revolt
805:Old Norse elements
747:Great Heathen Army
743:
661:Mercian aggression
601:
518:
491:Life of St Gregory
415:From the death of
351:Kingdom of England
320:Great Heathen Army
277:Anglo-Saxon period
221:Kingdom of England
166:Kingdom of England
99:Official languages
3078:
3077:
3065:Mercian Supremacy
2575:Spalda (Spalding)
2276:978-14875-0-573-8
2248:978-0-8264-7765-1
2229:978-0-7190-3817-4
2210:978-0-415-16639-3
2188:978-0-19-821716-9
2166:978-0-415-24211-0
2144:978-3-11-010468-4
2116:978-1-84383-595-0
2095:978-1-4051-0628-3
2082:Stafford, Pauline
2072:978-1-84615-067-8
2045:978-0-85115-361-2
2023:978-0-8264-7765-1
1984:Age of Sutton Hoo
1889:978-3-11-017532-5
1864:978-1-84383-341-3
1826:978-0-416-15090-2
1785:978-1-84383-569-1
1760:978-0-521-29219-1
1715:978-0-521-82992-2
1288:978-0-631-22492-1
1252:Catherine Hills,
1118:Roger of Wendover
1112:Historia Anglorum
1089:The 12th century
894:, West Saxon and
881:The evidence for
854:was made earl by
852:Thorkell the Tall
522:Wuffingas dynasty
476:Caistor St Edmund
444:Kingdom of Wessex
429:Edmund the Martyr
410:Felix of Burgundy
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
213:
212:
208:Sub-Roman Britain
16:(Redirected from
3192:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3121:52.500°N 1.000°E
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3086:
2482:Wiglaf of Mercia
2368:
2361:
2354:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2300:
2290:
2280:
2252:
2233:
2214:
2192:
2170:
2148:
2120:
2099:
2076:
2049:
2032:Carver, M. O. H.
2027:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1980:
1974:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1850:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1809:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1739:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1658:. Archived from
1648:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1491:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1384:
1378:
1373:Toby F. Martin,
1371:
1365:
1364:
1355:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1274:
1257:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1013:No East Anglian
862:) replaced by a
787:Pauline Stafford
775:Alfred the Great
723:Egbert of Wessex
577:Christianisation
440:Edward the Elder
347:Edward the Elder
332:Alfred the Great
229:
228:
217:
216:
204:
203:
197:
196:
181:
180:
136:
129:
68:
32:
31:
21:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3185:Former kingdoms
3135:
3134:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3033:
2526:
2455:
2380:
2372:
2303:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2262:
2259:
2257:Further reading
2249:
2230:
2211:
2195:
2189:
2167:
2145:
2125:Hoops, Johannes
2117:
2096:
2073:
2046:
2030:
2024:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1977:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1851:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1810:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1702:
1698:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1275:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1232:, ed. (1911). "
1217:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1133:
1079:Life of Foillan
1011:
950:port of Ipswich
926:
872:
819:
813:
767:Bury St Edmunds
732:
667:Penda of Mercia
663:
655:Seaxburh of Ely
585:
579:
510:
452:
359:
226:
201:
168:
155:
134:
130:
127:
116:
89:
80:
71:
59:6th century–917
54:
46:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3198:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3100:
3099:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3055:Burghal Hidage
3052:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2536:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2301:
2281:
2275:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2234:
2228:
2215:
2209:
2197:Yorke, Barbara
2193:
2187:
2171:
2165:
2149:
2143:
2121:
2115:
2100:
2094:
2077:
2071:
2050:
2044:
2034:, ed. (1992).
2028:
2022:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1988:
1975:
1962:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1888:
1870:
1863:
1845:
1832:
1825:
1804:
1802:, pp. 321–322.
1791:
1784:
1766:
1759:
1734:
1721:
1714:
1706:Viking Empires
1696:
1673:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1560:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1492:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1440:
1431:
1418:
1409:
1379:
1366:
1353:10.58938/ni576
1330:
1321:
1312:
1294:
1287:
1258:
1245:
1230:Chisholm, Hugh
1204:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1182:
1161:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1115:
1105:
1095:
1092:Liber Eliensis
1083:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1054:
1046:
1010:
1007:
925:
922:
910:Cambridgeshire
871:
868:
856:Cnut the Great
850:in 1017, when
812:
809:
731:
728:
699:Offa of Mercia
662:
659:
581:Main article:
578:
575:
509:
506:
471:Venta Icenorum
451:
448:
384:Until 749 the
358:
355:
312:Offa of Mercia
253:Ä’astengla RÄ«Ä‹e
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
230:
223:
214:
211:
210:
205:
193:
192:
187:
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
122:
118:
117:
115:
114:
108:
102:
100:
96:
95:
77:
73:
72:
69:
61:
60:
56:
55:
44:Ä’astengla RÄ«Ä‹e
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3197:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3133:
3130:
3126:52.500; 1.000
3098:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3071:
3070:Tribal Hidage
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:Southumbrians
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:Middle Angles
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:Andredes Leag
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Middle Saxons
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:
1992:
1985:
1979:
1972:
1966:
1959:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1747:Keynes, Simon
1744:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1577:
1570:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1499:
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1328:Kirby, p. 20.
1325:
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1302:Dark, Ken R.
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1225:public domain
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1034:Tribal Hidage
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557:and enthrone
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483:Northumbrians
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417:Æthelberht II
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62:
57:
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49:
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41:
33:
30:
19:
3102:
2956:
2944:
2923:Northumbria:
2922:
2866:South Engele
2760:
2736:Ceasterware
2710:
2629:Godhelmingas
2618:
2586:
2540:East Anglia:
2539:
2422:Middel Seaxe
2391:
2312:
2308:
2296:
2292:
2265:
2238:
2219:
2200:
2178:
2156:
2153:Kirby, D. P.
2134:
2128:
2105:
2085:
2054:
2035:
2013:
2003:Bibliography
1991:
1983:
1978:
1970:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1879:
1873:
1854:
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1769:
1750:
1737:
1729:
1724:
1705:
1699:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1660:the original
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1602:
1585:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1553:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1487:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1434:
1429:, pp. 24–27.
1426:
1421:
1412:
1388:
1382:
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1038:
1027:
1012:
995:Burgh Castle
973:
958:
953:
935:
905:
899:
888:Northumbrian
880:
873:
845:
834:
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794:Bedfordshire
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744:
708:
692:
664:
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434:
414:
383:
360:
344:
297:
264:
244:
242:
190:Succeeded by
189:
184:
132:Christianity
90:Part of the
82:Client state
29:
3124: /
2916:Wreocensæte
2841:North Engle
2826:Lindisfaras
2796:Cilternsæte
2756:Modingahema
2510:Northumbria
2490:East Anglia
2429:Northumbria
2392:East Anglia
2375:Anglo-Saxon
1405:j.ctvx0703w
1234:East Anglia
991:Saxon Shore
946:East Saxons
942:River Stour
876:Old English
751:Northumbria
647:Æthelthryth
563:ship burial
474:, close to
324:taking York
293:East Anglia
275:during the
249:Old English
185:Preceded by
158:6th century
40:Old English
3139:Categories
3002:Sumorsaete
2987:Glastening
2972:Brycgstowl
2950:Haestingas
2933:Beodarsæte
2886:Stoppingas
2881:Spaldingas
2856:Pencersæte
2801:Duddensæte
2786:Beormingas
2781:Banesbyrig
2716:Andredsley
2689:Pæding-tun
2674:Waeclingas
2634:Haueringas
2607:Caningaege
2602:Daenningas
2592:Brahhingas
2565:Herstingas
2477:Frithuwald
1986:, pp. 4–5.
1728:Stafford,
1693:: 277–291.
1683:Hægelisdun
1200:References
1019:chronicles
979:deposition
823:Æthelwold
763:Hægelisdun
676:Blythburgh
551:Æthelfrith
508:Pagan rule
450:Settlement
433:Æthelwold
398:Woodbridge
394:Sutton Hoo
3017:Wiltsaete
3012:Sunningas
2997:RÄ“adingas
2977:Dornsaete
2962:Eorlingas
2928:Elmetsæte
2906:Weorgoran
2891:Sweordora
2871:Snotingas
2861:Reagesate
2831:Magonsæte
2816:Glestinga
2751:Limenwara
2741:Eastorege
2684:Woccingas
2639:HroĂ°ingas
2624:Gillingas
2467:Bretwalda
2378:heptarchy
2337:161209303
2177:(1988) .
2127:(1986) .
1843:, p. 328.
1839:Stenton,
1798:Stenton,
1732:, p. 205.
1605:, p. 328.
1571:, p. 142.
1425:Hoggett,
1362:0943-0849
1174:Hellesdon
1102:Chronicle
1005:of land.
993:forts at
938:North Sea
924:Geography
841:Tempsford
711:Æthelstan
593:Heptarchy
547:Bretwalda
498:Heptarchy
406:Sigeberht
334:forced a
308:Wuffingas
304:Heptarchy
121:Religion
111:Old Norse
94:(869–917)
3038:See also
3022:Wihtwara
2992:Meonwara
2967:Basingas
2911:Westerne
2821:Husmerae
2771:Æbbingas
2766:Ælfingas
2731:Cantware
2726:Boroware
2704:Deningei
2699:Dæningas
2669:Tewingas
2664:Tetingas
2612:Gegingas
2532:Regiones
2472:Iclingas
2460:Monarchs
2434:Bernicia
2385:Kingdoms
2329:44510584
2199:(2002).
2155:(2000).
1982:Carver,
1969:Carver,
1960:, p. 58.
1815:(1976).
1749:(2003).
1666:30 April
1567:Warner,
1551:(1897).
1490:, p. 68.
1190:Ætheling
1172:in 983,
1131:See also
1015:charters
987:alluvium
954:Gipeswic
883:dialects
825:ætheling
755:Thetford
713:in 825.
704:Coenwulf
651:Wendreda
624:apostasy
620:Ricberht
616:Eorpwald
608:old gods
459:and the
435:ætheling
353:in 917.
314:in 794.
289:the Fens
3112:01°00′E
3109:52°30′N
3060:Danelaw
2982:Gewisse
2957:Wessex:
2945:Sussex:
2901:Undaium
2896:Tomsæte
2851:Pecsæte
2791:Bilsæte
2776:Arosæte
2761:Mercia:
2654:Haering
2570:Ikelgas
2550:Suffolk
2545:Norfolk
2417:Lindsey
2299:: 1–11.
2084:(ed.).
1973:, p. 3.
1956:Yorke,
1601:Hoops,
1486:Hoops,
1227::
1066:Lindsey
1009:Sources
999:Caister
975:Erosion
918:Suffolk
914:Norfolk
896:Kentish
892:Mercian
860:Dunwich
783:Guthrum
740:Guthrum
695:Ælfwald
632:Dunwich
628:Francia
553:at the
465:civitas
425:Vikings
421:Eadwald
396:, near
390:Rædwald
357:History
340:Danelaw
285:Suffolk
281:Norfolk
271:of the
269:kingdom
141:History
92:Danelaw
3083:Portal
3027:Ytenes
2938:Loidis
2846:Pecset
2811:Gyrwas
2746:Lympne
2619:Surrey
2587:Essex:
2520:Wessex
2515:Sussex
2505:Mercia
2451:Wessex
2446:Sussex
2412:Hwicce
2407:Mercia
2335:
2327:
2273:
2245:
2226:
2207:
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2163:
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2113:
2092:
2069:
2042:
2020:
1886:
1861:
1823:
1782:
1757:
1712:
1403:
1360:
1285:
1256:(2016)
1221:
1062:Sussex
719:Ludeca
636:Ecgric
599:(1914)
571:Sweden
567:Vendel
543:Humber
487:Angeln
402:Mercia
379:Caesar
369:. The
316:Mercia
273:Angles
144:
86:Mercia
76:Status
2806:Gaini
2711:Kent:
2560:Gywre
2495:Essex
2439:Deira
2397:Essex
2333:S2CID
2325:JSTOR
2289:(PDF)
2133:[
1401:JSTOR
1307:(PDF)
1178:Hoxne
1143:Notes
1058:hides
983:Roman
837:burhs
684:Oswiu
532:Snape
461:Roman
457:Iceni
375:Woden
367:Wuffa
363:Wehha
257:Latin
48:Latin
2679:Tota
2644:Haka
2597:Beda
2555:Elge
2500:Kent
2402:Kent
2271:ISBN
2243:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2183:ISBN
2161:ISBN
2139:ISBN
2111:ISBN
2090:ISBN
2067:ISBN
2040:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1691:XLII
1668:2012
1358:ISSN
1283:ISBN
1064:and
1024:sees
1003:spit
997:and
965:Lark
961:Ouse
916:and
796:and
672:Anna
591:The
377:via
283:and
243:The
2317:doi
2059:doi
1393:doi
1348:doi
1236:".
1120:'s
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569:in
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952:(
247:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
