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apostates, they that lead many to sin, they that turn away from the ways of the community. Five are called 'minim': (1) he who says there is no God and the world has no leader; (2) he who says the world has more than one leader; (3) he who ascribes to the Lord of the
Universe a body and a figure; (4) he who says that God was not alone and Creator of all things at the world's beginning; (5) he who worships some star or constellation as an intermediating power between himself and the Lord of the World.
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The following three classes are called 'apiḳoresim': (1) he who says there was no prophecy nor was there any wisdom that came from God and which was attained by the heart of man; (2) he who denies the prophetic power of Moses our master; (3) he who says that God has no knowledge concerning the doings
265:
The following have no share in the world to come, but are cut off, and perish, and receive their punishment for all time for their great sin: the minim, the apikoresim, they that deny the belief in the Torah, they that deny the belief in resurrection of the dead and in the coming of the
Redeemer, the
532:
term for a Jew who sins inadvertently due to having been raised without an appreciation for the
Judaism practiced by their ancestors. As with most instances of Talmudic terminology, derived from a specific scenario but applied to wider metaphorical analogies, an individual does not literally have to
273:
The following three are called 'koferim ba-Torah': (1) he who says the Torah is not from God: he is a kofer even if he says a single verse or letter thereof was said by Moses of his own accord; (2) he who denies the traditional interpretation of the Torah and opposes those authorities who declare it
559:
The present section lists individuals who have been declared heretical, independent of the particular criteria applied in the assessment. The list below is intended to be inclusive, and thus contains both individuals who have been fully excommunicated, as well as those whose works alone have been
428:
to divorce his wife, even though she demanded it, they would compel him to support her and her children and to pay her an allowance until he agreed to a divorce. At his death, those who are present need not tear their garments as they would by a fellow Jew. The
397:(one who transgresses due to his inability to resist the temptation of illicit pleasure), was placed by some of the Rabbis in the same category as the minim. Even if he habitually transgressed one law only (for example, if he defiantly violated one of the
342:, and to cause them to descend to the pit of destruction, since they cause difficulty to the Jews and sway the people away from God." The heretic was excluded from a portion in the world to come; he was consigned to
437:, the same as the convert. If he claimed to be a good Jew, although he was alleged to have worshiped idols in another town, he was believed when no benefit could have accrued to him from such a course.
326:
The Talmud states that the punishment for some kinds of heretic is to be "lowered into a pit, but not raised out of it", meaning that there are types of people who may legitimately be killed. The
541:: they are not accountable for their distance from complete Jewish observance. That it applies to the many unaffiliated and unobservant Jews in contemporary society is the basis for the various
282:; and (3) he who says, as do the Nazarenes and the Mohammedans, that the Lord has given a new dispensation instead of the old, and that he has abolished the Law, though it was originally divine.
373:
written by a heretic were burned; and an animal slaughtered by a heretic was forbidden food. Books written by heretics did not render the hands impure; they might not be saved from fire on the
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174:
10:1, says the following have no share in the world to come: "One who says: There is no resurrection of the dead from the Torah, and Torah not from Heaven, and an
121:). The law "You shall not cut yourselves" (לא תתגדדו) is interpreted by the rabbis: "You shall not form divisions , but shall form one bond" (after
2798:
928:
13:5; compare ib. 12:9, apparently belonging to 13:5: "He who casts off the yoke , and he who severs the
Abrahamic covenant; he who interprets the
477:
movements to be heretical due to the concessions and changes they have made relative to so-called traditional
Judaism, and even smaller numbers of
290:, in his critical notes, objects to Maimonides characterizing as heretics all those who attribute corporeality to God, and he insinuates that the
3188:
346:, to eternal punishment, but the Jewish courts of justice never attended to cases of heresy; they were left to the judgment of the community.
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1413:
47:, including laws for how to deal with them in a communal context, and statements about the divine punishment they are expected to receive.
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and the priests accepted them, the sacrifices of the heretic were not accepted. The relatives of the heretic did not observe the laws of
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to be heretical due to his sometimes liberal interpretations of the Torah. That being said, many
Orthodox Jews also hold Maimonides's
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155:(he who deviates from the customs of the community). Religious fundamentalists claim that all these groups are consigned to
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because if one denies one divinely ordinated law it is akin to his denial of its godly origin. One who violated the
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states that there were, at the time of the destruction of the Temple, no less than twenty-four kinds of minim.
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who are not responsible for their actions (as opposed to heretics who purposefully and knowingly deny God).
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2018:
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tradition, and he who pronounces in full the
Ineffable Name—all these have no share in the world to come"
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A Jew who rejected Jewish practice could receive a status similar to one who rejected Jewish belief. The
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out of spite for God), he was not allowed to perform any religious function, nor could he testify in a
1114:
64:, αἵρεσις, originally denoted "division," "sect," "religious" or "philosophical party," is applied by
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3116:
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2324:
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466:
1613:
723:: Prevented from becoming British Chief Rabbi and removed from his pulpit due to his published views
381:; and if an Israelite found an object belonging to a heretic, he was forbidden to return it to him.
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81:
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99:
The specific rabbinical term for heresies, or religious divisions due to an unlawful spirit, is
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181:הָאוֹמֵר אֵין תְּחִיַּת הַמֵּתִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה, וְאֵין תּוֹרָה מִן הַשָּׁמָיִם, וְאֶפִּיקוֹרֶס
212:" is explained as "You shall not turn to heretic views which lead your heart away from God".
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2267:
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to be a heretical institution. Ultimately, the majority of
Orthodox Jews consider individual
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303:
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professionals and organizations; even non-professionals make efforts to draw them closer.
225:
on heretics. The belief that the curse was directed at
Christians was sometimes cause for
89:
8:
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697:
93:
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2407:
1103:
Der
Schulchan Aruch und die Rabbinen über das Verhältnis der Juden zu Andersgläubigen,
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824:
820:
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who repented and desired readmittance into the Jewish community was obliged to take a
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996:
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34:
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could not perform the ceremony on another. While the court could not compel the
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after his death, but donned festive garments, and ate and drank and rejoiced.
43:(Jewish religious law). Jewish tradition contains a range of statements about
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pp291-292 ed. William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz – 2006
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The sentiment against the heretic was much stronger than that against the
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1603: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Censorship by religion § Censorship by Jewish religious authorities
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206:) The Biblical verse, "so that you do not follow your heart and eyes"
33:
refers to those beliefs which contradict the traditional doctrines of
27:
Beliefs which contradict the traditional doctrines of Rabbinic Judaism
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have been "captured" as an infant to fall within the definition of a
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wrote that "It is a mitzvah, however, to eradicate Jewish traitors,
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foods; and in other ways violate the ways of their ancestors to be
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37:, including theological beliefs and opinions about the practice of
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1013:
The Cambridge History of Judaism: The late Roman-Rabbinic period
80:. In the sense of a schism to be deprecated, the word occurs in
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1125:
692:
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393:(one who transgresses out of spite for God), as opposed to the
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condemned as heretical. (The list is in chronological order.)
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In summarizing the Talmudic statements concerning heretics in
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The definitions of heresy are sometimes different in certain
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for all eternity and have no possibility of a portion in the
1554:
107:, for "heretic" or "Gnostic," is coined idiomatically, like
3141:
1675:
1313:
1137:
209:וְלֹֽא־תָת֜וּרוּ אַחֲרֵ֤י לְבַבְכֶם֙ וְאַחֲרֵ֣י עֵֽינֵיכֶ֔ם
528:(Hebrew: תינוק שנשבה, literally, "captured infant" ) is a
314:, would protest against the Maimonidean (or Talmudic; see
92:; hence αἱρετικὸς ("heretic") in the sense of "factious" (
1202:
She'ar Avot haTumot 9:10; compare Mishneh Torah 4:6; see
409:
publicly or worshiped idols could not participate in the
1571:"Storobin Adviser Admits He's Not Frum – Blames Hamodia"
636:: A second wave "failed Messiah" who later converted to
377:. A heretic's testimony was not admitted in evidence in
1632:
Begriff und Form der Häresic nach Talmud und Midraschim
229:. Modern scholarship has generally evaluated that the
461:
in very high regard. Many Orthodox Jews consider the
717:
following the publication of his Sabbath Prayer Book
1639:
Ueber den Ursprung und die Bedeutung des Ausdruckes
1557:
After the Return: Maintaining Good Family Relations
1468:"Is Reform Judaism a Movement, A Sect or a Heresy?"
1543:in general grew up without learning about Judaism
3326:
188:says, "Also one who reads external literature" (
151:(he who denies the fundamentals of faith); also
50:
1472:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought
384:
353:. While the pagan brought his offerings to the
627:: The famous "false messiah" who converted to
1660:
440:
196:). This is explained as "books of heretics" (
1504:
567:: considered a heretic by the Talmudic Sages
207:
197:
179:
3149:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
1608:
515:The tinok shenishba in contemporary society
321:
1667:
1653:
602:(who later publicly regretted his actions)
1115:Jewish Encyclopedia – HERESY AND HERETICS
659:for teachings regarding the messianic era
548:
1696:Index of Jewish history-related articles
819:ii. 8, § 1, and elsewhere; compare
294:are not heretics. In the same sense all
241:(and in the eyes of the rabbinic sages,
3195:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1832:
1555:Mordechai Becher; Moshe Noiman (1994).
420:One who would not permit himself to be
194:רבי עקיבא אומר אף הקורא בספרים החיצונים
14:
3327:
1507:"JM da Costa, MD—A tinok she-nishbah?"
237:before Christianity became markedly a
1648:
1465:
691:: For believing in the powers of the
1674:
1626:The JE cites the following sources:
594:: His works condemned and burned by
537:This approach is widely held across
208:
198:
193:
180:
125:, A. V. "troop"). Besides the term
24:
3142:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
3122:American Jewish Historical Society
596:Solomon ben Abraham of Montpellier
25:
3346:
1612:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
3306:
3293:
3292:
1622:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1598:
233:probably did originally include
1583:
1563:
1548:
1531:
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1435:
1419:
1389:
1373:
1357:
1342:
1327:
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1208:
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1119:
1108:
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1041:
1030:
1018:
1006:
986:
975:
617:: His works condemned by Rabbi
248:
55:
3214:Relations with other religions
957:
939:
916:
897:
885:
873:
861:
850:
810:
704:judged to contain heresies by
13:
1:
3201:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
827:, and, with reference to the
803:
682:: Charged with heresy by the
103:(lit. "kinds "; the singular
51:Rabbinic definition of heresy
3132:Leo Baeck Institute New York
3127:American Sephardi Federation
1447:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
1037:Tractate Avodah Zarah 26b:17
735:Anthropomorphism in Kabbalah
385:Rejection of Jewish practice
7:
1955:Constantinopolitan Karaites
727:
318:99a) conception of heresy.
10:
3351:
3183:National Library of Israel
1824:Zionism, race and genetics
1058:Yerushalmi, Sanhedrin 10:5
796:Wissenschaft des Judentums
765:Jewish religious movements
760:Jewish principles of faith
552:
518:
441:Heresy in Orthodox Judaism
68:to the three Jewish sects—
3281:
3137:Yeshiva University Museum
3117:Center for Jewish History
3107:
2972:
2844:
2718:
2612:
2143:
1762:
1704:
1686:
1641:, in Monatsschrift, 1870.
831:sect, the αἵρεσις of the
780:Kabbalah § Criticism
649:for his pantheistic views
608:: His works condemned by
578:: heretical Talmudic Sage
497:; those who drive on the
129:(מין) for "heretic," the
1729:Ancient Israel and Judah
947:"Mishnah Sanhedrin 10:1"
715:Union of Orthodox Rabbis
645:: Excommunicated in the
543:Orthodox Jewish outreach
322:Legal status of heretics
310:of every portion of the
274:to be tradition, as did
2105:North African Sephardim
2078:Jewish tribes of Arabia
1619:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1466:Yuter, Alan J. (1989).
1081:Hilchot Teshuvah 3:6-14
584:: His works reject the
571:Judaism's view of Jesus
453:consider many works of
413:, nor could he write a
153:poresh mi-darke tzibbur
3208:Holocaust Encyclopedia
3178:Jewish Virtual Library
1027:Hilchot Teshuvah 3:6-8
680:Shneur Zalman of Liadi
549:Jews accused of heresy
284:
88:, and particularly in
3155:Encyclopaedia Judaica
2937:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
2122:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
1872:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
1614:"Heresy and Heretics"
1505:N. H. Korbin (1999).
1048:Daf Shevui commentary
706:Samson Raphael Hirsch
610:Shem Tov ibn Shem Tov
263:
1734:Second Temple period
1146:Hilchot Evel 1:5,6;
1105:2d ed., Berlin, 1894
713:: Excommunicated by
655:: Excommunicated in
653:Moshe Chaim Luzzatto
481:groups, such as the
306:, doubt or deny the
3172:Jewish Encyclopedia
2917:Hekhalot literature
2728:Religious movements
2263:Judeo-Tripolitanian
1300:Hilchot Edut 10:3;
870:, Deuteronomy 96.10
740:Apostasy in Judaism
675:kabbalistic amulets
665:: Charged with the
663:Jonathan Eybeschutz
355:Temple in Jerusalem
227:persecution of Jews
82:1 Corinthians 11:19
60:The Greek term for
3313:Judaism portal
3249:Jews and Halloween
3244:Jews and Christmas
2634:Rabbinic authority
2386:Judaeo-Piedmontese
1819:Xueta Christianity
1724:Origins of Judaism
1691:Outline of Judaism
1280:, 2, 5; SHaKh and
965:"Sanhedrin 100b:3"
745:Epikoros (Judaism)
698:David Zvi Hoffmann
3335:Heresy in Judaism
3322:
3321:
3288:extinct languages
3189:YIVO Encyclopedia
2964:Hebrew literature
2932:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
2772:Reconstructionist
2450:Judaeo-Portuguese
2139:
2138:
2095:Eastern Sephardim
1739:Synagogal Judaism
1539:"Ashley Passmore"
1416:, §§ 200-209
1406:ad loc.; compare
1282:Pitchei Teshuvah,
755:Jewish philosophy
619:Shlomo ibn Aderet
576:Elisha ben Abuyah
467:Reconstructionist
308:Mosaic authorship
288:Abraham ben David
235:Jewish Christians
16:(Redirected from
3342:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3296:
3295:
2428:Judeo-Golpaygani
2029:Palestinian Jews
2004:Alexandrian Jews
1960:Crimean Karaites
1877:Unterlander Jews
1830:
1829:
1744:Rabbinic Judaism
1669:
1662:
1655:
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1645:
1634:, Hamburg, 1896;
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1404:Pitchei Teshuvah
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1368:Pitchei Teshuvah
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857:Deuteronomy 14:1
854:
848:
814:
615:Abraham Abulafia
539:Orthodox Judaism
535:tinok shenishba.
508:tinok shenishbim
435:ritual immersion
328:Jerusalem Talmud
302:in his notes on
300:Abraham ibn Ezra
296:biblical critics
211:
210:
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183:
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35:Rabbinic Judaism
21:
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3340:
3339:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3307:
3305:
3277:
3103:
2968:
2840:
2714:
2608:
2423:Judeo-Borujerdi
2398:Judeo-Malayalam
2344:Judeo-Aragonese
2315:Lishanid Noshan
2147:
2135:
1867:Oberlander Jews
1828:
1758:
1700:
1682:
1673:
1610:Singer, Isidore
1599:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1553:
1549:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1424:
1420:
1394:
1390:
1378:
1374:
1362:
1358:
1347:
1343:
1332:
1328:
1312:
1308:
1292:
1288:
1276:
1272:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1232:
1228:
1213:
1209:
1198:
1194:
1182:
1178:
1158:
1154:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1007:
995:, Numbers 115;
991:
987:
980:
976:
969:www.sefaria.org
963:
962:
958:
951:www.sefaria.org
945:
944:
940:
921:
917:
902:
898:
890:
886:
878:
874:
866:
862:
855:
851:
815:
811:
806:
801:
775:Jewish skeptics
730:
711:Mordecai Kaplan
557:
551:
526:Tinok shenishba
523:
521:Tinok shenishba
517:
491:State of Israel
489:, consider the
447:Orthodox Jewish
443:
415:bill of divorce
395:mumar le'teavon
391:mumar le-hachis
387:
324:
304:Deuteronomy 1:2
251:
133:uses the words
58:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3348:
3338:
3337:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3302:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3255:non-Christian
3253:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3192:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3113:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2978:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2954:Shulchan Aruch
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2942:Sefer Yetzirah
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2922:Pardes Rimonim
2919:
2912:Kabbalah texts
2909:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2705:Land of Israel
2702:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2581:Judeo-Alsatian
2573:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:Judeo-Hamedani
2430:
2425:
2420:
2410:
2408:Judaeo-Occitan
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2349:Jewish English
2346:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2280:Judaeo-Aramaic
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2268:Judeo-Tunisian
2265:
2260:
2258:Judeo-Moroccan
2255:
2254:
2253:
2251:Judeo-Baghdadi
2238:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2155:
2153:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2102:
2100:Livornese Jews
2097:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:Afrikaner-Jode
1838:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1594:
1593:
1590:What is Herem?
1582:
1562:
1547:
1530:
1497:
1458:
1434:
1418:
1388:
1372:
1356:
1341:
1334:Shulchan Aruch
1326:
1306:
1302:Ḥoshen Mishpaṭ
1286:
1270:
1254:
1250:Hoshen Mishpat
1242:
1238:Be'er ha-Golah
1234:Hoshen Mishpat
1226:
1207:
1192:
1176:
1164:Shulchan Aruch
1152:
1130:
1118:
1107:
1097:19:5; compare
1083:
1071:
1060:
1051:
1040:
1029:
1017:
1005:
985:
974:
956:
938:
915:
896:
884:
872:
860:
849:
808:
807:
805:
802:
800:
799:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
770:Jewish schisms
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
731:
729:
726:
725:
724:
718:
708:
695:
686:
677:
660:
650:
643:Baruch Spinoza
640:
631:
622:
612:
603:
589:
582:Anan ben David
579:
573:
568:
550:
547:
519:Main article:
516:
513:
483:Satmar dynasty
475:Open Orthodoxy
449:circles. Some
442:
439:
386:
383:
323:
320:
250:
247:
231:Birkat haMinim
218:Birkat haMinim
149:kofer ba-ikkar
145:kofer ba-Torah
86:Galatians 5:20
57:
54:
52:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3347:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3315:
3314:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:Protestantism
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:Sefer HaBahir
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Sifrei Kodesh
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2710:Who is a Jew?
2708:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Chosen people
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2595:Scots-Yiddish
2593:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2568:Klezmer-loshn
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Judeo-Shirazi
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:Judeo-Persian
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:Judeo-Marathi
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2381:Judeo-Italian
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Judeo-Amazigh
2234:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:Hadhrami Jews
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2024:Mountain Jews
2022:
2020:
2019:Egyptian Jews
2017:
2015:
2014:Bukharan Jews
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:Lists of Jews
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1605:public domain
1591:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1409:Sefer Hasidim
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1323:
1320:Eruvin 2:16;
1319:
1318:Mishneh Torah
1315:
1310:
1303:
1299:
1298:Mishneh Torah
1295:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1200:Mishneh Torah
1196:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1143:Mishneh Torah
1139:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:Exodus Rabbah
1093:17a; compare
1092:
1087:
1080:
1079:Mishneh Torah
1075:
1069:
1068:Mishneh Torah
1064:
1055:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1025:Mishneh Torah
1021:
1014:
1009:
1002:
1001:Mishneh Torah
998:
994:
989:
983:
982:Numbers 15:39
978:
970:
966:
960:
952:
948:
942:
935:
931:
927:
924:
919:
912:
908:
905:
900:
893:
888:
881:
876:
869:
864:
858:
853:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
809:
798:
797:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
722:
719:
716:
712:
709:
707:
703:
699:
696:
694:
690:
687:
685:
681:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
661:
658:
654:
651:
648:
644:
641:
639:
635:
632:
630:
626:
625:Sabbatai Zevi
623:
620:
616:
613:
611:
607:
604:
601:
600:Yonah Gerondi
597:
593:
590:
587:
583:
580:
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531:
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512:
510:
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504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:Neturei Karta
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:Mishneh Torah
456:
452:
448:
438:
436:
432:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
411:eruv chazerot
408:
404:
400:
396:
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382:
380:
379:Jewish courts
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:Torah scrolls
360:
356:
352:
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341:
337:
333:
329:
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191:
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177:
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161:world to come
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:
137:(outsiders),
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
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110:
106:
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97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
48:
46:
42:
41:
36:
32:
31:Jewish heresy
19:
3304:
3297:
3283:
3206:
3199:
3187:
3170:
3153:
2987:perspectives
2821:Samaritanism
2782:Neo-Hasidism
2762:Conservative
2676:Names of God
2585:
2566:
2376:Judaeo-Greek
2371:Judeo-Gascon
2310:Lishán Didán
2305:Lishana Deni
2273:Judeo-Yemeni
2241:Judeo-Arabic
2115:Meshuchrarim
2034:Persian Jews
1967:Kurdish Jews
1945:Kaifeng Jews
1894:Beta Abraham
1857:Galitzianers
1812:Antisemitism
1787:Israeli Jews
1772:Assimilation
1638:
1631:
1625:
1617:
1597:
1585:
1576:YeshivaWorld
1574:
1565:
1556:
1550:
1542:
1533:
1513:
1500:
1478:(3): 87–98.
1475:
1471:
1461:
1450:. Retrieved
1446:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1329:
1322:Orach Hayyim
1321:
1309:
1301:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1262:Avodah Zarah
1257:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1221:334:21; see
1219:Orach Hayyim
1218:
1210:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1168:Orach Hayyim
1167:
1155:
1147:
1141:
1133:
1121:
1110:
1102:
1091:Rosh Hashana
1086:
1074:
1063:
1054:
1043:
1032:
1020:
1012:
1008:
988:
977:
968:
959:
950:
941:
932:against the
918:
911:Rosh Hashana
899:
887:
880:Rosh Hashana
875:
863:
852:
816:
812:
794:
721:Louis Jacobs
701:
638:Christianity
558:
534:
525:
524:
506:
495:secular Jews
463:Conservative
444:
430:
425:
419:
410:
403:Jewish court
399:dietary laws
394:
390:
388:
348:
339:
335:
325:
285:
272:
268:
264:
252:
249:Medieval era
245:) religion.
230:
216:
214:
203:
175:
165:
152:
148:
144:
138:
134:
126:
112:
108:
104:
100:
98:
59:
56:Talmudic era
38:
30:
29:
3229:Catholicism
2811:Hellenistic
2649:Eschatology
2587:Lachoudisch
2512:Lotegorisch
2490:Lachoudisch
2480:Koiné Greek
2393:Judeo-Latin
2330:Palestinian
2224:Palestinian
2073:Mustaʿravim
1999:Afghan Jews
1987:Berber Jews
1911:Bene Israel
1899:Falash Mura
1889:Beta Israel
1807:Persecution
1749:Middle Ages
1426:Yoreh De'ah
1414:Wistinetzki
1396:Yoreh De'ah
1380:Yoreh De'ah
1364:Even haEzer
1349:Yoreh De'ah
1337:Even haEzer
1236:34:22; see
1188:Yoreh De'ah
1172:Yoreh De'ah
1148:Yoreh De'ah
1128:13b, et al.
1099:D. Hoffmann
700:: His work
673:for making
671:Jacob Emden
647:Netherlands
634:Jacob Frank
422:circumcised
204:sifrē minim
186:Rabbi Akiva
114:am ha'aretz
90:2 Peter 2:1
3224:Anabaptism
3166:Jew (word)
3033:Leadership
2846:Literature
2831:Secularism
2777:Humanistic
2644:Conversion
2614:Philosophy
2455:Judeo-Urdu
2219:Babylonian
2064:Saada Jews
2049:Adeni Jews
1842:Ashkenazim
1797:Samaritans
1764:Population
1719:Israelites
1637:Goldfahn,
1452:2020-06-10
1382:340:5 and
1278:Yoreh Deah
804:References
702:Mar Samuel
689:Chassidism
684:Vilna Gaon
669:heresy by
606:Gersonides
592:Maimonides
586:Oral Torah
553:See also:
503:non-kosher
455:Maimonides
332:Maimonides
312:Pentateuch
298:who, like
292:Kabbalists
259:Maimonides
243:idolatrous
199:ספרי מינים
119:Gnosticism
94:Titus 2:10
3286:indicate
3234:Mormonism
3219:Christian
3099:Symbolism
3087:Synagogue
3067:Mythology
3028:Education
2999:Astronomy
2982:Astrology
2799:relations
2604:Zarphatic
2552:Galitzish
2354:Yeshivish
2231:Catalanic
2194:Samaritan
2169:Ashkenazi
2150:Diasporic
2145:Languages
2090:Sephardim
2085:Romaniote
1972:Krymchaks
1906:Desi Jews
1782:Buddhists
1484:0041-0608
1402:ad loc.,
1294:Sanhedrin
999:12b; see
926:Sanhedrin
907:Sanhedrin
837:Acts 24:5
833:Nazarenes
829:Christian
825:Acts 26:5
821:Acts 5:17
667:Sabbatean
340:apikorsim
286:However,
255:Sanhedrin
172:Sanhedrin
74:Pharisees
70:Sadducees
3329:Category
3299:Category
3269:Hinduism
3259:Buddhism
3161:Genetics
3077:Politics
3050:Marriage
3009:Holidays
3004:Calendar
2885:Rabbinic
2861:/Hebrew
2806:Haymanot
2733:Orthodox
2720:Branches
2693:Kabbalah
2688:Haskalah
2666:Holiness
2542:dialects
2522:Shassagh
2485:Krymchak
2465:Kayliñña
2359:Yinglish
2335:Galilean
2325:Talmudic
2320:Biblical
2295:Betanure
2214:Biblical
2209:Mishnaic
2204:Medieval
2189:Tiberian
2184:Yemenite
2174:Sephardi
2110:Paradesi
2054:Ḥabbanim
2044:Teimanim
2009:Baghdadi
1982:Maghrebi
1950:Karaites
1928:Gruzínim
1916:Kochinim
1834:Diaspora
1792:Karaites
1777:Atheists
1714:Timeline
1630:Krauss,
1525:42942980
1492:23260628
1443:"Heresy"
1428:119:11,
1398:268:12,
1223:Gilyonim
1138:Semachot
997:Berakhot
934:halakhic
892:Pesachim
750:Gilyonim
728:See also
530:Talmudic
485:and the
367:tefillin
359:mourning
270:of men.
257:90-103,
176:epikoros
157:Gehinnom
140:epikoros
135:ḥitzonim
123:Amos 9:6
66:Josephus
45:heretics
3284:Italics
3109:Studies
3055:Divorce
3021:Kashrut
3016:Cuisine
2974:Culture
2905:Midrash
2900:Tosefta
2890:Mishnah
2878:Ketuvim
2873:Nevi'im
2836:Schisms
2826:Science
2816:Karaite
2787:Renewal
2748:Litvaks
2743:Hasidic
2698:Sefirot
2683:Halakha
2654:Messiah
2627:Mitzvah
2622:Beliefs
2576:Western
2562:Poylish
2557:Litvish
2547:Eastern
2537:Yiddish
2532:Shuadit
2517:Qwareña
2505:Tetuani
2500:Haketia
2475:Knaanic
2470:Kivruli
2418:Bukhori
2364:Heblish
2300:Hulaulá
2290:Barzani
2246:Yahudic
2179:Mizrahi
2039:Urfalim
1994:Mizrahi
1938:Neofiti
1933:Italkim
1862:Lita'im
1754:Zionism
1706:History
1680:Judaism
1607::
1432:ad loc.
1386:ad loc.
1370:ad loc.
1366:154:1;
1351:264:1,
1304:, 34, 2
1284:ad loc.
1266:Horayot
1240:ad loc.
1215:Shabbat
923:Tosefta
904:Tosefta
894:24 168b
499:Sabbath
479:Hasidic
451:Haredim
407:Sabbath
375:Sabbath
371:mezuzot
344:Gehenna
280:Boethus
239:gentile
168:Mishnah
78:Essenes
40:halakha
3092:Hazzan
3082:Prayer
2959:Siddur
2895:Talmud
2859:Tanakh
2794:Neolog
2767:Reform
2755:Modern
2738:Haredi
2661:Ethics
2527:Shassi
2495:Ladino
2460:Karaim
2443:Juhuri
2285:Targum
2199:Signed
2164:Modern
2159:Hebrew
2127:Xuetes
1923:Dönmeh
1882:Yekkes
1523:
1490:
1482:
1412:, ed.
1314:Eruvin
1217:116a;
1184:Hullin
1170:39:1;
1160:Gittin
1140:2:10;
1126:Hullin
909:13:5;
693:tzadik
565:Korach
501:; eat
473:, and
471:Reform
369:, and
338:, and
336:minnim
261:says:
190:Hebrew
143:, and
131:Talmud
117:; see
76:, and
62:heresy
3264:Islam
3072:Names
3062:Music
3043:Rebbe
3038:Rabbi
2992:Monen
2947:Zohar
2868:Torah
2863:Bible
1977:Lemba
1852:Chuts
1521:JSTOR
1515:JSTOR
1510:(PDF)
1488:JSTOR
1339:123:2
1324:385:3
1316:69a;
1296:27a;
1264:26b;
1252:266:2
1204:Tumah
1186:13a;
1174:281:1
1162:45b;
1150:345:5
993:Sifre
930:Torah
868:Sifre
845:28:22
841:24:14
817:B. J.
790:Kafir
785:K-F-R
657:Italy
629:Islam
431:mumar
426:mumar
351:pagan
316:Sanh.
276:Zadok
223:curse
221:is a
170:, in
147:, or
101:minim
18:Kofer
1678:and
1676:Jews
1517:.org
1480:ISSN
1400:Rema
1353:Rema
598:and
469:and
278:and
215:The
166:The
111:and
2671:God
1268:11a
1190:2:5
913:17a
882:17a
184:."
127:min
109:goy
105:min
96:).
3331::
1616:.
1573:.
1541:.
1519:.
1512:.
1486:.
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1474:.
1470:.
1445:.
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967:.
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365:,
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192::
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1579:.
1559:.
1527:.
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1455:.
971:.
953:.
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621:.
588:.
178:(
20:)
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