Byzantine army (Komnenian era)

2857:(in the south-east). Soldiers were also drawn from defeated peoples, who were forcibly recruited into the army; examples include the Pechenegs (horse archers) and Serbs, who were transplanted as military settlers to the regions around Moglena and Nicomedia respectively. Native troops were organised into regular units and stationed in both the Asian and European provinces. Later Komnenian armies were also often reinforced by allied contingents from Antioch, Serbia and Hungary, yet even so they generally consisted of about two-thirds Byzantine troops to one-third foreigners. Units of archers, infantry and cavalry were grouped together so as to provide combined arms support to each other. Field armies were divided into a vanguard, main body and rearguard. The vanguard and rearguard could operate independently of the main body, where the emperor would be. This suggests that subordinate commanders were able to take tactical initiatives, and that the officer class was well trained and trusted by the emperor. John fought fewer pitched battles than either his father or son. His military strategy revolved around sieges and the taking and holding of fortified settlements, in order to construct defensible frontiers. John personally conducted approximately twenty five sieges during his reign. 428: 2294: 2586:

therefore reasons other than a deficit in armour protection must be sought for the poor performance of the Byzantine cavalry. It is probable that the Byzantine heavy cavalry traditionally made charges at relatively slow speed, certainly the deep wedge formations described in Nikephoros II Phokas' day would have been impossible to deploy at anything faster than a round trot. In the course of the late 11th century the Normans, and other Westerners, evolved a disciplined charge at high speed which developed great impetus, and it is this which outclassed the Byzantines. The role of the couched lance technique, and the connected development of the high-cantled war saddle, in this process is obscure but may have had considerable influence.

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the close order charge at speed and increased the use of heavier armour. Manuel personally took part in knightly tournaments in the Western fashion; his considerable prowess impressed Western observers. Manuel organised his army in the Myriokephalon campaign as a number of 'divisions' each of which could act as small independent army. It has been argued that it was this organisation which allowed the greater part of his army to survive the ambush inflicted on it by the Seljuk Turks. Indeed, it was a stock of Byzantine writing to contrast the order of the Byzantine battle array with the disorder of barbarian military dispositions. Manuel is credited with greatly expanding the

2516: 1207: 790: 1646: 2833:. Most important is the prominent place in this new army of Alexios' extended family and their many connections, each aristocrat bringing to the field his armed retinue and retainers. Before campaigning against the Pechenegs in 1090 he is recorded as summoning "his kinsmen by birth or marriage and all the nobles enrolled in the army." From pure necessity an army based on a model derived ultimately from Classical Antiquity was transformed, like the empire as a whole, into a type of family business. At this point the army could be characterised as being a feudal host with a substantial mercenary element. 2415:) is far more heavily referenced in contemporary sources than the "spearman". Although the peltasts of Antiquity were light skirmish infantry armed with javelins, it would be unsafe to assume that the troops given this name in the Komnenian period were identical in function; indeed, Byzantine peltasts were sometimes described as "assault troops". Komnenian peltasts appear to have been relatively lightly equipped soldiers capable of great battlefield mobility, who could skirmish but who were equally capable of close combat. Their arms may have included a shorter version of the 2495:. Alternatively, bands of mercenary knights were often hired for the duration of a particular campaign. The charge of the western knight was held in considerable awe by the Byzantines; Anna Komnene stated that "A mounted Kelt is irresistible; he would bore his way through the walls of Babylon." The Latins' equipment and tactics were identical to those of their regions of origin; though the appearance and equipment of such troops must have become progressively more Byzantine the longer they were in the emperor's employ. Some Latin soldiers, for example the Norman 2127:, above this is a deep lower skull section surmounted by an upper skull-piece raised from a single plate. The upper part of the helmet has a riveted iron crosspiece reinforcement. A high-quality Byzantine helmet, decorated in gilt brass inlay, was found in Vatra Moldovitei in Rumania. This helmet, dating to the late 12th century, is similar to the Yasenovo helmet in having a deep lower skull section with a separate upper skull. However, this helmet is considerably taller and of a conical 'pear shape', indeed it bears some similarity in outline to the later 2953:, who attempted to break the power of the aristocracy who provided the leadership of the army, and finally the incompetents of the Angeloi dynasty. Weak leadership allowed the Komnenian system of rule through the extended imperial family to break down. The regionally based interests of the powerful aristocracy were increasingly expressed in armed rebellion and secession; mutual distrust between the aristocracy and the bureaucrats of the capital was endemic and both these factors led to a disrupted and fatally weakened Empire. 2922:(military stations established along major communication routes), and may have played an important role in the improvement in the effectiveness of the Byzantine forces seen in the period. The camps were used for the training of troops and for the preparation of armies for the rigours of campaign; they also functioned as supply depots, transit stations for the movement of troops and concentration points for field armies. It has also been suggested that the regions around these military bases were the most likely areas for 2306:, well armoured and protected by long shields, armed with spears and their distinctive two-handed Danish axes. Unlike other Byzantine heavy infantry their battlefield employment appears to have been essentially offensive in character. In both of the battles in which they are recorded as playing a prominent role they are described as making aggressive attacks. At Dyrrhachion they defeated a Norman cavalry charge but then their counterattack was pushed too far and, finding themselves unsupported, they were broken. At 811:

of Manuel's reign. The total number of mobile professional and mercenary forces that the emperor could assemble was about 25,000 soldiers while the static garrisons and militias spread around the empire made up the remainder. During this period, the European provinces in the Balkans were able to provide more than 6,000 cavalry in total while the Eastern provinces of Anatolia provided about the same number. This amounted to more than 12,000 cavalry for the entire Empire, not including those from allied contingents.

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capabilities of the immediate imperial household, the relatives of the ruling dynasty and the provincial Byzantine aristocracy. Another distinctive element of the new army was an expansion of the employment of foreign mercenary troops and their organisation into more permanent units. However, continuity in equipment, unit organisation, tactics and strategy from earlier times is evident. The Komnenian army was instrumental in creating the territorial integrity and stability that allowed the

2248:'city-takers'; both the man-powered and the more powerful and accurate counterweight trebuchets were known to the Byzantines. The development of the trebuchet, the largest of which could batter down contemporary defensive walls, was attributed to the Byzantines by some western writers. Additionally, the Byzantines also used long range, anti-personnel, bolt firing machines such as the 'great crossbow,' which was often mounted on a mobile chassis, and the 'skein-bow' or 1815: 7963: 2093: 2761: 2937: 45: 4751:, pp. 149–150. The circumstances of the passage make it clear that the incident was in a melee context, no armour would have been proof to a lance propelled by the impetus of a horse charging at speed. Whereas a Western knight would have had merely a padded undergarment and a single layer of mail as protection a well-armoured Byzantine could have had up to four layers of protection to the torso; that is: first a padded 2627: 2037:. This was a skirt, perhaps quilted or of pleated fabric, usually reinforced with metal splints similar to those found in the arm defences. Although the splinted construction is that most often shown in pictorial sources, there are indications that the kremasmata could also be constructed of mail, scale or inverted lamellar over a textile base. This garment protected the hips and thighs of the wearer. 2230: 2804: 2837:

family continued to play a very prominent role. Alexios, it is recorded, personally educated an elite corps of young, aspiring commanders. The best of them were then given commands in the army. In this manner Alexios improved both the quality of his field officers and the level of loyalty they had to him. This was the army that his successors inherited and further modified.

2791:– indicating guard status) at Sozopolis in 1120 performed a feigned flight manoeuvre, always demanding the greatest self-confidence and discipline, which led to the taking of the city from the Turks. Given that they were usually armoured, even if it was comparatively light armour, this type of horse-archer also had the capability to fight with melee weapons in close combat. 1941:

passing through holes in the lamellae. Modern reconstructions have shown this armour to be remarkably resistant to piercing and cutting weapons. Because of the expense of its manufacture, in particular the lamellae surrounding the arm and neck apertures had to be individually shaped, this form of armour was probably largely confined to heavy cavalry and elite units.

3164:, and most of coastal Apulia were captured, however, the expedition ultimately failed, despite the reinforcements sent by the emperor because the Byzantine fleet of 14 ships was vastly outnumbered by the Norman fleet. The Byzantine army never numbered more than a few thousand and consisted of Cuman, Alan, and Georgian mercenaries. 1445:

native infantry of the Byzantine army of this period are obscure. It is known that there was an official register of soldiers serving as infantry, but their geographical origins and unit names are not recorded. Though rarely mentioned, the infantry were at least as numerous as the cavalry and were vital for prosecuting sieges.

1449: 1541:. The Byzantines usually took care to mix ethnic groups within the formations making up a field army in order to minimize the risk of all the soldiers of a particular nationality changing sides or decamping to the rear during battle. During the early part of the 12th century, the Serbs were required to send 300 3045:. Using delaying tactics and not offering battle, while his navy cut all communications with Italy, Alexios starved and harassed the Normans into capitulation. Bohemond was forced to become a vassal of the emperor for his principality of Antioch, but was unable or unwilling to put this agreement into effect. 1755:, a visually distinctive edged weapon, was carried by guardsmen in close attendance on the emperor. It was carried on the shoulder, but the primary sources are inconsistent as to whether it was single- or double-edged. Heavy cavalry made use of maces. Byzantine maces were given a variety of names including: 819:, and Antioch, though this was for an exceptional campaign. His military resources stretched to putting another, smaller, army in the field simultaneously. After the death of Manuel I, the Byzantine army seems to have declined in numbers. In 1186, Isaac II assembled 250 knights and 500 infantry from the 2397:. The role of such infantrymen, drawn up in serried ranks, was largely defensive. They constituted a bulwark which could resist enemy heavy cavalry charges, and formed a movable battlefield base from which the cavalry and other more mobile troops could mount attacks, and behind which they could rally. 2784:

realms of central and eastern Anatolia, and those Byzantinised Turks and Magyars settled within the Empire, such as the Vardariots, supplied the bulk of the heavy horse-archers of the Komnenian army. Towards the end of the period Alans were also supplying this type of cavalry. Such horse archers were

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The light cavalry of the Komnenian army consisted of horse-archers. There were two distinct forms of horse-archer: the lightly equipped skirmisher and the heavier, often armoured, bow-armed cavalryman who shot from disciplined ranks. The native Byzantine horse-archer was of the latter type. They shot

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in the mid 12th century. Kite shields remained standard equipment for Byzantine armies long after they had fallen out of favor in Western Europe, and were still being carried by local Greek infantry well into the 13th century. Those in the front rank, at least, might be expected to have metal armour,

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Face protection is mentioned at least three times in the literature of the Komnenian period, and probably indicates face-covering mail, leaving only the eyes visible. This would accord with accounts of such protection in earlier military writings, which describe double-layered mail covering the face,

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The arms and armour of the Byzantine forces in the late 11th and 12th centuries were generally more sophisticated and varied than those found in contemporary Western Europe. Byzantium was open to military influences from the Muslim world and the Eurasian steppe, the latter being especially productive

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of Macedonia, Thrace and Thessaly being particularly notable. Though raised in particular provinces, these cavalry regiments had long ceased to have any local defence role. As regions were reconquered and brought under greater control provincial forces were re-established, though initially they often

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Other historians have, however, made attempts to estimate overall army size. During the reign of Alexios I, the field army may have numbered around 20,000 men. By 1143, the entire Byzantine army has been estimated to have numbered about 50,000 men and continued to remain about this size until the end

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There are no surviving reliable and detailed records to allow the accurate estimation of the overall size of the Byzantine army in this period; it is notable that John Birkenmeier, the author of the definitive study of the Komnenian army, made no attempt to do so. He merely noted that while Alexios I

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in an unsuccessful attempt to halt the Norman advance. At Dyrrhachion there were 1,400 Varangians while at Beroia, only 480–540 were present. This suggests that emperors usually only brought around 500 Varangians for personal protection on campaigns, unless they needed a particularly strong force of

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There are no Byzantine pictorial sources depicting horse armour dating from the Komnenian period. The only description of horse armour in the Byzantine writing of this time is by Choniates and is a description of the front ranks of the cavalry of the Hungarian army at the Battle of Sirmium. However,

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Most Byzantine helmets are shown being worn with armour for the neck. Somewhat less frequently the defences also cover the throat and there are indications that full facial protection was occasionally afforded. The most often illustrated example of such armour is a sectioned skirt depending from the

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helmets of Western Europe. The helmet has a decorative finial, and a riveted brow-reinforce (possibly originally the base-plate of a nasal). A second helmet found in the same place is very like the Russian helmet illustrated here, having an almost identical combined brow-piece and nasal, this helmet

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or provincial magnates were a useful addition to the Byzantine army, and during the middle years of the reign of Alexios I probably made up the greater proportion of many field armies. Some leading provincial families became very powerful; for example, the Gabras family of Trebizond achieved virtual

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The financial state of the Empire improved throughout the Komnenian period; while Alexios I in the early part of his reign was reduced to producing coin from church gold and silver plate, his successors were able to spend very great sums on the army. One of the strengths of the Byzantine emperor was

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against the Pechenegs. Yet, through a combination of improved finances, skill, determination, and years of campaigning, Alexios, John, and Manuel Komnenos managed to restore the power of the Byzantine Empire, constructing a new army in the process. These developments should not, however, at least in

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The death knell of the traditional Byzantine army was at the Battle of Dyrrachion in 1081, where Alexios I was very heavily defeated by the Normans of southern Italy. The nadir of the Byzantine army as a professional fighting force was reached in 1091, when Alexios managed to field only 500 soldiers

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in 1081, the Byzantine Empire had been reduced to the smallest territorial extent in its history. Surrounded by enemies, and financially ruined by a long period of civil war, the empire's prospects had looked grim. The state lay defenceless before internal and external threats, as the Byzantine army

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do not make it clear whether the men given this title were part of a fighting regiment or merely young aristocrats attached to the emperor's household. The Byzantine army had a long history of elite formations raised as fighting regiments declining over time into merely ornamental appendages of the

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based their military systems on the Komnenian army. The success of the Empire of Nicaea in particular in reconquering former Byzantine territories (including Constantinople) after 1204, may be seen as evidence of the strengths of the Komnenian army model. Though there is some reason to restrict the

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The emperor Manuel I was heavily influenced by Westerners (both of his empresses were Franks) and at the beginning of his reign he is reported to have re-equipped and retrained his native Byzantine heavy cavalry along Western lines. It is inferred that Manuel introduced the couched lance technique,

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Latin heavy cavalry was recruited from the warriors and knights of Italy, France, The Low Countries, Germany and the Crusader States. The Byzantines considered the French to be more formidable mounted warriors than the Germans. Some Latin cavalrymen formed part of the regular soldiery of the empire

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Few archaeological specimens of helmets attributable to Byzantine manufacture have been discovered to date, though it is probable that some of the helmets found in pagan graves in the Ukrainian steppe are of ultimately Byzantine origin. A rare find of a helmet in Yasenovo in Bulgaria, dating to the

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was the equal of his Western counterpart. Although Manuel was credited by the historian Kinnamos with introducing Latin 'knightly' equipment and techniques to his native cavalry, it is likely that the process was far more gradual and began in the reign of Alexios. Manuel's enthusiastic adoption of

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were clearly regarded as being quite separate from the peltasts. Such troops usually carried a small buckler for protection and would have had an auxiliary weapon, a sword or light axe, for use in a close combat situation. These missile troops could be deployed in open battle behind the protective

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Prior to the Komnenian period records of payment rates for troops are extant and show a great variation in the amounts paid to individuals, based on rank, troop type and perceived military worth, and the prestige of the unit that the soldier belonged to. There is almost no evidence of rates of pay

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writing, which seems to have petered out during the 11th century. So, unlike in earlier periods, there are no detailed descriptions of Byzantine tactics and military equipment. Information on military matters in the Komnenian era must be gleaned from passing comments in contemporary historical and

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Later in his reign, when the empire had recovered territory and its economic condition had improved, the increased monetary revenue available allowed Alexios to impose a greater regularity on the army, with a higher proportion of troops raised directly by the state; however, the extended imperial

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With the notable exception of the Varangians, the Byzantine infantry of the Komnenian period are poorly described in the sources. The emperors and aristocracy, who form the primary subjects of contemporary historians, were associated with the high-status heavy cavalry and as a result the infantry

2210:, mention horse armour being used and a later, 14th-century, Byzantine book illustration shows horse armour. It is therefore very likely that horse armour continued to be used by the Byzantines through the Komnenian era; though its use was probably limited to the very wealthiest of the provincial 872:

gold coin. At the same time he created new senior financial officials in the bureaucracy and reformed the taxation system. Though Alexios I was sometimes forced by circumstances into extemporising finances, the ideal of using state resources from regular taxation to support the military was still

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Icons of soldier-saints, often showing very detailed illustrations of body armour, usually depict their subjects bare-headed for devotional reasons and therefore give no information on helmets and other head protection. Illustrations in manuscripts tend to be relatively small and give a limited

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revenue grants, from the income generated by parcels of land, allowed the provinces to be used to raise heavy cavalrymen with less immediate drain on the state treasury. Most references to the organisation of soldiers that occur in the period concern cavalry. The origins and organisation of the

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proved to be unable to withstand the charge of Norman knights, and Alexios, in his later campaigns, was forced to use stratagems which were aimed at avoiding the exposure of his heavy cavalry to such a charge. Contemporary Byzantine armour was probably more effective than that of Western Europe

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probably varied considerably, as both John II and Manuel I are recorded as employing formations of "picked lancers" who were taken from their parent units and combined. This approach may have been adopted in order to re-create the concentration of very effective heavy cavalry represented by the

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Byzantine general as part of his command, to be brigaded with other troops of a similar fighting capability, or combined to create field forces of mixed type. However, if the foreign contingent were particularly large and its leader a powerful and prominent figure then it might remain separate;

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Skirmish horse-archers, usually unarmoured, were supplied by the Turkic Pechenegs, Cumans and Uzes of the steppes. These troops were ideal scouts and were adept at harassment tactics. They usually attacked as a swarm and were very difficult for a more heavily equipped enemy to bring into close

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The heavy cavalry were the social and military elite of the whole army and were considered to be the pre-eminent battle winners. The charge of the lancers, and the subsequent melee, was often the decisive event in battle. The lance-armed heavy cavalry of the Komnenian army were of two origins,

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The Komnenian army had a formidable artillery arm which was particularly feared by its eastern enemies. Stone-firing and bolt-firing machines were used both for attacking enemy fortresses and fortified cities and for the defence of their Byzantine equivalents. In contemporary accounts the most

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was a rather different type of garment. Byzantine lamellar, from pictorial evidence, possessed some unique features. It was made up of round-topped metal lamellae riveted, edge to edge, to horizontal leather backing bands; these bands were then laced together, overlapping vertically, by laces

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of the Manichaeans", while 7,000 Turks were also hired. Foreign mercenaries and the soldiers provided by imperial vassals (such as the Serbs and Antiochenes), serving under their own leaders, were another feature of the Byzantine army of the time. These troops would usually be placed under a

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in 1107–1108 the best of these officers commanded the blockading forces keeping the Norman army pent up on the Albanian coast. The victorious outcome of this campaign probably resulted, in part, from the increased discipline the Byzantine forces showed due to the quality of their commanders.

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in 1081, Alexios constructed a new army from the ground up. This new army was significantly different from previous forms of the Byzantine army, especially in the methods used for the recruitment and maintenance of soldiers. The army was characterised by an increased reliance on the military

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Modern historians have estimated the size of Komnenian armies on campaign at about 15,000 to 20,000 men, but field armies with less than 10,000 men were quite common. In 1176 Manuel I managed to gather approximately 30,000–35,000 men, of which 25,000 were Byzantines and the rest were allied

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and cut their way into it, achieving a very complete victory. It is likely, given their elite status and their constant attendance on the emperor, that the Varangians were mounted on the march though they usually fought on foot. It has been estimated that throughout Alexios I's reign, some

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their earlier phases, be seen as a planned exercise in military restructuring. In particular, Alexios I was often reduced to reacting to events rather than controlling them; the changes he made to the Byzantine army were largely done out of immediate necessity and were pragmatic in nature.

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The earlier Byzantine heavy cavalryman, who combined the use of a bow with a lance for close combat, seems to have disappeared before the Komnenian age. The typical heavy cavalryman of the Komnenian army was a dedicated lancer, though armoured horse-archers continued to be employed.

2499:, became thoroughly integrated into Byzantine society. The descendants of such men, including the general Alexios Petraliphas and the naval commander Constantine Frangopoulos ("son-of-a-Frank"), often remained in military employ. The son of the Norman knight Roger son of Dagobert, 1610:

guards. There is a record of Isaac Komnenos transferring ownership of two villages to a monastery. Alongside the land transfer, control of the local soldiery also passed to the monastery. This suggests that these soldiers were effectively members of a class of petty, "personal

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term Komnenian army solely to the period of the rule of the Komnenian emperors, the real break with this system came after the recovery of Constantinople in 1261, when the Byzantine army became sufficiently distinct from its earlier form to deserve a separate identity as the

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arrows by command from, often static, ranks and offered a mobile concentration of missile fire on the battlefield. The native horse-archer had declined in numbers and importance by the Komnenian period, being largely replaced by soldiers of foreign origins. However, in 1191

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Though Georgian, this 11th century icon of St. George shows the type of armour most often depicted as being worn by Byzantine heavy cavalrymen of the Komnenian period. Despite being superficially "Classical" in appearance the armour is in fact contemporary: a lamellar

2746:. A type of cavalry, differentiated from both horse archers and those with the heaviest armour, is referred to by Kinnamos in 1147 as forming a sub-section of a Byzantine army array; they are described as "those who rode swift horses," indicating that they were 1491:, 'the Frankish regiment'. It has been suggested that to regard these knights as mercenaries is somewhat mistaken and that they were essentially regular soldiers paid directly from the state treasury, but having foreign origins or ancestry. Another unit was the 2488:

grants, and were organised into formal regiments. Regular Latin 'knightly' heavy cavalry were part of the guard, with individual Latins or those of Western descent to be found in the imperial household, others were grouped into a formation later known as the

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1148 - Before setting out to recapture Corfu, Manuel I diverted his army to the Danube after learning of a Cuman raid. Leaving the bulk of the army south of the river, the emperor personally crossed the Danube with 500 cavalry and defeated the Cuman raiding

1485:, a heavy cavalry formation of Western European 'knights', and members of families of western origin who had been in Byzantine employ for generations. Early in the period, during the reign of Alexios I, the westerners in the central army were referred to as 2275:

The Byzantine Empire was a highly developed society with a long military history and could recruit soldiers from various peoples, both within and beyond its borders; as a result of these factors a wide variety of troop types were to be found in its army.

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whenever the Byzantine emperor was campaigning in Anatolia. This number was increased after Manuel I defeated the Serb rebellion in 1150 to 2,000 Serbs for European campaigns and 500 Serbs for Anatolian campaigns. Towards the end of the Komnenian period

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Though fief-holding as such did not exist in the Byzantine state, the concept of lordship pervaded society, with not only the provincial magnates but also state functionaries having authority over private citizens. The semi-feudal forces raised by the

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Varangian Guardsmen, with prominently displayed Danish axes, arranged around a Byzantine palace. Note the sub-conical helmets of both composite and single-piece skull construction, with attached neck defences and the use of both round and kite-shaped

3082:, realizing the Imperial army was making little headway, John II personally led 500 Varangians forward to smash through the Pecheneg defensive wagon fort. As an independent people the Pechenegs disappear from historical records following this defeat. 1046:(Grand Duke), who was also the military commander for Crete, the Aegean Islands and the southern parts of mainland Greece. A commander entrusted with an independent field force or one of the major divisions of a large expeditionary army was termed a 2220:

composed of metal or rawhide lamellae, or soft armour of quilted or felted textile. The historian John Birkenmeier has stated: "The Byzantines, like their Hungarian opponents, relied on mailed lancers astride armored horses for their first charge."

765:, plus various other provincial forces. Alongside troops raised and paid for directly by the state the Komnenian army included the armed followers of members of the wider imperial family, its extensive connections, and the provincial aristocracy ( 1333:. These household troops would have included the emperor's personal retinue, his relatives and close associates, also accompanied by their immediate retinues, and the young aristocrats attached to the court; plus they probably also included the 877:

hiring of bands of foreign troops and over-reliance on his kinsmen and other magnates to fill out the ranks of his armies, regular recruitment based on salaries, annual payments and bounties remained the preferred method of supporting soldiers.

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spear than that employed by the heavy infantry. At Dyrrachion, for example, a large force of peltasts achieved the feat of driving off Norman cavalry. Peltasts were sometimes employed in a mutually supportive association with heavy cavalry.

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Kinnamos, 112, 125, 156–157, 273–274. Kinnamos credits Manuel with the adoption of the long "kite" shield in place of round shields; this is manifestly untrue as Byzantine illustrations of kite shields are found much earlier than Manuel's

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on the Anatolian plateau to serve the same function for his Myriokephalon campaign of 1175–76. These great military camps seem to have been an innovation of the Komnenian emperors, possibly as a more highly developed form of the earlier

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Under John II, a Macedonian division was described, and new native Byzantine troops were recruited from the provinces. As Byzantine Anatolia began to prosper under John and Manuel, more soldiers were raised from the Asiatic provinces of

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and later illustrations. Such a complete camail could be raised off the face by hooking up the mail to studs on the brow of the helmet. However, the remains of metal 'face-mask' anthropomorphic visors were discovered at the site of the

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The helmet of a Russian prince dating to the early 13th century – very indicative of the appearance of Byzantine helmets with a single-piece skull. The decoration of this helmet, with its religious iconography, is of direct Byzantine

1426:." This wording implies that regular regiments were once again being raised in Anatolia. Military settlers, often derived from defeated foes, also supplied soldiers; one such group of settlers, defeated Pechenegs, was settled in the 2815:. This army, though small due to the loss of territory and revenue, was in its nature similar to that of earlier Byzantine armies back as far as Nikephoros Phokas and beyond; indeed some units could trace their history back to the 2252:

which was a torsion device using twisted skeins of silk or sinew to power two bow-arms. The artillerists of the Byzantine army were accorded high status, being described as "illustrious men." The emperor John II and the generals

1297:. The Vardariots, a cavalry unit initially recruited from the Christianized Magyars of the Vardar valley, were a later addition to the guard and were probably raised by John II. They were commanded by an officer with the rank of 3040:

1107–1108 - The Italo-Normans under Bohemond invaded the western Balkans. Alexios' response was cautious, he relied on defending mountain passes in order to keep the Norman army pent up on the Albanian coast, where they were

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independence of central authority at times during the 12th century. The wealthy and influential members of the regional aristocracy could raise substantial numbers of troops from their retainers, relatives and tenants (called

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from the Empire's regular soldiery. These formed the nucleus of the army, with the addition of the armed retainers of Alexios' relatives and the nobles enrolled in the army, plus the substantial aid of a large force of allied

2891:), but as Lopadion is recorded as being newly fortified in the reign of John II it is the latter who seems to have fully realised the advantages of this type of permanent camp. The main Anatolian camp was at Lopadion on the 2315:

4,000–5,000 Varangians in total joined the Byzantine army. Before he set out to relieve Dyrrhachion in 1081, the emperor left 300 Varangians to guard Constantinople. After the defeat, Alexios left 500 Varangians to garrison

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The general Andronikos Kontostephanos is described as donning his mailshirt and then "the rest of his armour" just before the Battle of Sirmium, a good indicator that the kivanion was indeed worn over mail. Choniates, p.

2819:. This rather traditional Byzantine army was destroyed by the Italo-Normans at Dyrrachion in 1081. In the aftermath of this disaster Alexios laid the foundations of a new military structure. He raised troops entirely by 1408:

of the southern Balkans which survived. These regiments, whose soldiers could be characterized as "native mercenaries," became an integral part of the central army and many field armies of the Komnenian period, the

908:'to administer'), beginning in the reign of Alexios I, was to become a notable element in the military infrastructure towards the end of the Komnenian period, though it became even more important subsequently. The 3281:, Manuel I led a large army of 25–40,000 men which was supported by 3,000 wagons carrying supplies and siege engines. The campaign ultimately ended in failure after suffering defeat at the Battle of Myriokephalon. 2163:

back and sides of the helmet; this may have been of quilted construction, leather strips or of metal splint reinforced fabric. Other depictions of helmets, especially the 'Caucasian' type, are shown with a mail

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St. Mercurios in armour. Byzantine depictions of military saints give useful information concerning armour; however, some elements can be fanciful or anachronistic. 11th century mosaic, Hosios Loukas Monastery

3329:'s army of 1,000 men. Together they defeated and killed the rebel commander outside the city walls. Later in the year, the Emperor returned to Bulgaria with 2,000 men (possibly cavalry) to quell the rebellion. 2944:

The Komnenian Byzantine army was a resilient and effective force but it was over-reliant on the leadership of an able emperor. After the death of Manuel I in 1180 able leadership was wanting. First there was

747:(the latter recruited by Alexios from the sons of dead Byzantine officers), foreign mercenary regiments, and also units of professional soldiers recruited from the provinces. These provincial troops included 827:' rebellion. The rebel army which could not have numbered much more than 3,000–4,000 men had been the field force sent against the Bulgarians. Another force of about 3,000–4,000 was stationed at the city of 3288:. The refusal of Count Philip of Flanders to co-operate with the Byzantine force led to the abandonment of the campaign. A large raiding force of Seljuk Turks was destroyed by a Byzantine army commanded by 2114:

style), of a single-piece skull construction, often with an added brow-band. Helmets with a more rounded shape are also illustrated, being of a composite construction and perhaps derived from the earlier

2873:

grants were limited to members of the imperial family and their close connections; Manuel extended the system to include men of considerably more lowly social origins and foreigners. Both classes of new

3133:

a Byzantine army defeated part of the crusading army of Conrad III of Germany outside the walls of the city. Conrad was forced to come to terms and have his army rapidly shipped across the Bosphoros to

3777:

Magdalino, p. 231, Haldon (1999), p. 120. Though probably in origin horse archers of Magyar ancestry, at an undetermined time, possibly after the Komnenian period they became a type of military police.

2080:. Greaves of a splint construction also occur, very sporadically, in illustrated manuscripts and church murals. A single illustration, in the Psalter of Theodore of Caesarea dating to 1066, shows mail 2110:

where the segments of the composite skull were riveted directly to one another and not to a frame. Illustrations also indicate conical helmets, and the related type with a forward deflected apex (the

1550:

soldiers, undoubtedly cavalry, became an important element in Byzantine armies. It is notable that there was no major incident of mutiny or treachery involving foreign troops between 1081 and 1185.

1620:". A class that was not dependent on state-owned land for income, but upon the estates of a leading landowner, evidently the landowner could be either secular or ecclesiastical. The guard of the 2132:

has a single-piece conical skull, which is fluted vertically, and has overall gilding. It has been characterised as a Russo-Byzantine helmet, indicative of the close cultural connection between

882:

for Komnenian soldiery, however, the same principles undoubtedly still operated, and a Frankish knightly heavy cavalryman was most probably paid considerably more than a Turkish horse archer.

4369:, p. 42. "... Alexius covered his face, drawing down the vizor fastened to the rim of his helmet..." Both Choniates and Kinnamos describe the Emperor Manuel I having armour covering his face. 2728:

but were armoured more lightly, and were mounted on lighter, swifter horses. Being relatively lightly equipped they were more suited to the pursuit of fleeing enemies than the heavyweight

2368:(spearbearer/spearman). Choniates' usage was, however, literary and may not accurately represent contemporary technical terminology. Byzantine heavy infantry were armed with a long spear ( 6132: 2829:

from the sons of dead soldiers and even pressing heretic Paulicians from Philippopolis into the ranks. The only Anatolian troops that are mentioned as part of the army of Alexios are the

2123:

10th century, may represent an example of a distinctively Byzantine style. This rounded helmet is horizontally divided: with a brow-band constructed for the attachment of a face-covering

1377:

also served as a sort of "staff college" for training promising young officers. Alexios took 300 young officers into his household, whom he trained personally. In the campaign against

920:

holders, whether native or of foreign origin, lived locally in their holding and collected their income at source, eliminating the cost of an unnecessary level of bureaucracy; also the

1273:, is still mentioned, though it was always more a collection of individual units under an administrative title than a single regiment. In this period, the Varangian Guard consisted of 1934:). Both mail and scale armours were similar to equivalent armours found in Western Europe, a pull-on "shirt" reaching to the mid-thigh or knee with elbow length sleeves. The lamellar 3970:, but references to formations of troops, often translated as 'divisions,' from these ethnic groups abound in the Komnenian sources. See Birkenmeier, p. 93 for John II's army at the 2576:

relates that when the emperor Alexios was simultaneously thrust at from both flanks by lance-wielding Norman knights, his armour was so effective that he suffered no serious injury.

1587:

The 'personal guards' of aristocrats who were also generals in the Byzantine army are also notable in this period. These guards would have resembled smaller versions of the imperial

2195:

Depiction of two armoured horses in a 14th-century Byzantine manuscript – also notable is the leftmost man hanging over the battlements, there is a seam depicted on the back of his

5807:, in: Journal of Medieval Military History, Volume VI: Rogers, Clifford J., DeVries, Kelly and France, John (ed.s), Boydell & Brewer, Boydell Press, Woodbridge ISSN 1477-545X 1885:, usually reaching to just above the knees with elbow or full-length sleeves, was often the sole body protection for lighter troops, both infantry and cavalry. Alternatively the 2183:

from the Pontic Steppe. The existence of these masks could indicate that the references to face-protection in Byzantine literature describe the use of this type of solid visor.

2777:

from horseback during the latter's conquest of Cyprus. This suggests that mounted archery remained a martial skill practised within the upper reaches of Byzantine aristocracy.

1958:. The image also shows the tubular nature of the upper arm defences of the raised arm, that is the defences are not made up of separate strips. Unusually, the Biblical figure ( 6842: 3701:

in Justinian the Great's time was manned by unwarlike rich civilians who had bought positions in the regiment as a social perk). See Bartusis, p. 206. Birkenmeier regards the

2795:

combat. Light horse-archers were also effective as a screening force, preventing an enemy discerning the dispositions of other troops (for example at the Battle of Sirmium).

3707:

as being primarily a 'palace training corps' for officers, and their deployment as a field regiment by Alexios I as an isolated expedient. See Birkenmeier, p. 158 (footnote)

1861:, were usually of the long "kite" shape, though round shields are still shown in pictorial sources. Whatever their overall shape, all shields were strongly convex. A large 1345:

would have been equipped with the finest arms and armour and mounted on the highest quality war-horses available. Although not an entirely formal regiment the "household" (

3828:

is described by the historian Kinnamos as being surrounded by those troops usually attendant on the emperor, when he commanded the Byzantine army at the Battle of Sirmium.

3126:. The Byzantines were defeated by the conditions rather than by the Turks: the weather was very bad, large numbers of the army's horses died, and provisions became scarce. 823:

population of Constantinople, an equivalent number of Georgian and Turkish mercenaries, and about 1,000 Byzantine soldiers. This force of possibly 2,500 managed to defeat

4477:

Anna Komnene records that the Emperor Alexios I ordered the Varangians to dismount and march at the head of the army, in the opening stages of the Battle of Dyrrachion –

1452:

12th century western European knights. Their helmets are of the 'Phrygian cap' shape (with a forward-deflected apex), a type also used and manufactured by the Byzantines

1584:

of c. 1078, there is mention of the armed retinue of a magnate, they are described as "the freemen who will have to mount horses together with you and go into battle".

2216:, aristocrats serving in the army, members of some guards units and the imperial household. The construction of horse armour was probably somewhat varied; including 1968:

guards for the forearm (the forearms are not shown in the same green as the hem of the tunic and there is no appearance of folds as would be used to indicate cloth).

606: 1978:

was restricted to a cuirass covering the torso only. It did not have integral sleeves and reached only to the hips; it covered much the same body area as a bronze '

914:

was essentially the grant of rights to receive revenue from a particular area of land, a form of tax farming, and it was held in return for military obligations.

932:

also had a direct interest in keeping his 'fief' productive and in defending the locality in which it was situated. The local people who worked the land under a

3107:

1137-1138 - John II recovered control of Cilicia, enforced the vassalage of the crusader Principality of Antioch and campaigned against the Muslims of Northern

3052:

consisted of series of clashes over a number of days between a Byzantine expeditionary army under Alexios I and the forces of the Sultanate of Rûm under Sultan

7075: 1010:

greaves are being depicted. Note the overtly straight-legged riding posture (with the heel lower than the toes) indicative of the adoption of Western-style

2589:

There is evidence of a relative lack of quality warhorses in the Byzantine cavalry. The Byzantines may have suffered considerable disruption to access to

1962:) is shown wearing headgear; the helmet and its attached neck and throat defences appear to be cloth-covered. It is possible that the figure depicts mail 3357: 2102:

amount of detail. However, some description of the helmets in use by the Byzantines can be given. The so-called 'Caucasian' type of helmet in use in the

2597:, traditional sources of good quality cavalry mounts, in the wake of the fall of Anatolia to the Turks. However, by the reign of Manuel I the Byzantine 1891:

could provide the base garment (like an arming doublet) worn under metallic armour by more heavily protected troops. Another form of padded armour, the

6024: 851:

The Byzantine army of the Komnenian era was recruited and maintained by disparate means, ranging from regular payment from the state treasury, through

3960:

Heath, Ian: Armies and Enemies of the Crusades 1096–1291, Wargames Research Group. (1978), p. 28. The sources unequivocally give names to the foreign

864:

his ability to raise ready cash. After a period of financial instability, Alexios reformed the currency in 1092–1094, by introducing the high purity

6055: 1351:) would have been a formidable fighting force, however, it would have been available only when the emperor took the field in person. Officers of the 5598:

Brand, Charles M. (1989) The Turkish Element in Byzantium, Eleventh-Twelfth Centuries, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Cambridge MA, Vol. 43, pp. 1–25.

4797:" (see Birkenmeier, p. 92); this tends to suggest a deeper formation. The deeper the formation the less the speed that can be achieved in a charge. 3361: 855:, reliance on the familial obligations of aristocrats, who fielded their armed retainers, to forcible impressment, especially of defeated enemies. 3974:, which was organised in three divisions: 'Macedonians' (native Byzantines), 'Kelts' (Normans and Franks) and 'Pechenegs' (Turkic steppe nomads). 831:. Expeditionary forces remained around the same size for the rest of Angeloi period. In 1187 Isaac II campaigned with 2,000 cavalry in Bulgaria. 1086:(castle-warden). Lesser commanders, with the exception of some archaic titles, were known by the size of the unit they commanded, for example a 7951: 6305: 6206: 5970: 2438:. This term included foot archers, javelineers and slingers, though archers were sometimes differentiated from the others in descriptions. The 2704:

were primarily intended to engage enemy cavalry and were usually placed on the flanks of the main battle line. Those on the left wing, termed

2519:

Byzantine soldiers of the 14th century. The general appearance of the troops depicted is equally applicable to the Komnenian period (note the

1709:

which was straight and double-edged and differed only in details of the hilt from the typical 'sword of war' found in Western Europe, and the

7639: 6216: 6149: 3203:

1166 – Two Byzantine armies were dispatched in a vast pincer movement to ravage the Hungarian province of Transylvania. One army crossed the

2978: 2386:

polearm. At the beginning of the Komnenian era, all Byzantine infantry still carried round shields, but these were superseded by much larger

427: 6164: 6159: 647: 2445:

ranks of the heavy infantry, or thrown forward to skirmish. The light troops were especially effective when deployed in ambush, as at the

7240: 6226: 6201: 2981:

and the Komnenian army played a crucial part in providing the political and territorial stability which allowed this cultural flowering.

2136:

and Byzantium. A remarkably tall Byzantine helmet, of the elegant 'Phrygian cap' shape and dating to the late 12th century, was found at

1642:

of military equipment innovation. The effectiveness of Byzantine armour would not be exceeded in Western Europe before the 14th century.

3284:

1177 – Andronikos Kontostephanos led a fleet of 150 ships in another attempt to conquer Egypt, the force returned home after landing at

7591: 7574: 6231: 6211: 687:

deprived the Empire of its main recruiting ground. In the Balkans, at the same time, the Empire was exposed to invasions by the Norman

2716:, were intended to attack the enemy's flank. Cavalry on detached duty, such as scouting or screening the main army, were also called 7290: 7136: 7108: 6752: 6744: 6221: 6154: 2993:

1083 – Leading his rebuilt army of 15,000 men (including 7,000 Seljuk Turks), the emperor decisively defeated the Norman army at the

3145:

supported by a fleet of 50 galleys along with numerous small pirate galleys, horse transports, merchantmen, and light pirate skiffs.

2990:

1081 – Alexios I led an army of 20–25,000 men to attack the invading Normans, but was heavily defeated at the Battle of Dyrrhachion.

2740:

were often segregated to create formations of "picked lancers," presumably the remainder, being more lightly equipped, provided the

7486: 6847: 616: 578: 17: 4787:

Haldon (2000) pp. 111–112. Western knights usually charged in a shallow formation, usually of two ranks, a formation later termed

4423:

Nicolle, pp. 173–174, the espringal is depicted, in the form of a fairly detailed diagram, in an 11th-century Byzantine manuscript

3263:

made peace and withdrew. The Byzantine fleet withdrew after a siege of over 50 days and sailed away in some haste, leaving only 6

2883:

Permanent military camps were established in the Balkans and in Anatolia, they are first mentioned during the reign of Alexios I (

7335: 2140:

in Bulgaria. It has a single-piece skull with a separate brow-band and had a nasal (now missing) which was riveted to the skull.

1223:, a splinted 'skirt,' to protect the hips and thighs; the boots are of a typical knee-length Byzantine type employed by cavalry. 7815: 7340: 1743:) as a secondary weapon, whilst the Varangians were known as the "Axe-bearing Guard" because of their use of the double-handed 1537:

commanded a major division, composed of Westerners (Antiochenes, Hungarians and other 'Latins'), of the Byzantine army at the

1790:

origin, but by the Komnenian period bows of Turkish form were in widespread use. Such bows could be used to fire short bolts (

7739: 6499: 6492: 6048: 5906: 5849: 5748: 5729: 5644: 5625: 5610: 5533: 2811:

Alexios I inherited an army which had been painstakingly reconstituted through the administrative efforts of the able eunuch

2167:

or camail attached to the brow-band (which is confirmed by actual examples from the Balkans, Romania, Russia and elsewhere).

1245:

are not mentioned in the reigns of his immediate successors. The notable exceptions to this process being the Varangians and

4293:

Oman, Charles: The Art of War in the Middle Ages, Vol. I: 378-1278AD, London (1924). pp. (illustration facing) 190, and 191.

2646:) is documented in Byzantine military literature from the sixth century onwards. The term is a transliteration of the Latin 1725:

rather than a waist belt. Heavy cavalry are described (in slightly earlier writings) as being doubly equipped with both the

7491: 7350: 6638: 3375:

reached Constantinople, the city was defended by a garrison of 10,000 men including the Imperial Guard of 5,000 Varangians.

3153: 3042: 2541:, some imperial guards units and the personal guards of generals, but the largest numbers were found within the provincial 665:

had been reduced to a shadow of its former self. During the 11th century, decades of peace and neglect had reduced the old

4213: 6482: 3238: 799:

had difficulty raising sufficient troops to repel the Italo-Normans, John II could field armies as large as those of the

2293: 8005: 7820: 7233: 6006: 4570: 4545: 4143:

Nicolle, David: Medieval Warfare Source Book, Vol. II London (1996), pp. 75–76, mace use is also mentioned by Kinnamos.

3190:

was placed under siege. The commanding general, and future emperor, Andronikos I Komnenos personally adjusted the four

800: 5059:

Choniates pp. 19–21, for John's use of Lopadion as a troop assembly point and as a military base for campaigning from.

1664:

skirt for the hips and thighs of matching splint armour. The saint wears plate greaves and some form of scale or mail

719:

The new force had a core of units which were both professional and disciplined. It contained guards units such as the

7921: 6487: 5980: 5956: 5933: 5888: 5861:, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 25 (1971), pp. 1–32, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, Cambridge MA 5820: 5794: 5772: 5710: 5691: 5589: 5570: 5554: 5508: 5487: 5466: 3025:, led campaigns on both land and sea and was responsible for the re-establishment of firm Byzantine control over the 1497:("sons of Turks"), which, as its name implies, was composed of Byzantinised Turks and mercenaries recruited from the 2547:. The level of military effectiveness, especially the quality of the armour and mount, of the individual provincial 1473:), in addition to the guards units and the native regiments raised from particular provinces, comprised a number of 6984: 6041: 3739: 3293: 2446: 2052:, but are not very evident in pictorial representations of the Komnenian period. Most images show knee-high boots ( 1994:

could be worn over a mail shirt, as shown on some contemporary icons depicting military saints. More commonly the

640: 586: 480: 298: 2710:, were placed to defend that flank from enemy cavalry attack, whilst the cavalry placed on the right wing, termed 2068:

show tubular greaves (with no detailing indicative of a composite construction). These would presumably be termed

1873:

The Byzantines made great use of 'soft armour' of quilted, padded textile construction identical to the "jack" or

1402:(regiments). The political and military anarchy of the later 11th century meant that it was solely the provincial 7956: 7778: 6310: 6078: 5805:

Light Cavalry, Heavy Cavalry, Horse Archers, Oh My! What Abstract Definitions Don’t Tell Us About 1205 Adrianople

3342: 3130: 1645: 836: 286: 3318:

by a Byzantine army led by Alexios Branas. Thessalonica was re-occupied by the Byzantines soon after the battle.

2880:

infuriated the historian Choniates, who characterised them as: tailors, bricklayers and "semi-barbarian runts".

7926: 7916: 7788: 7709: 7527: 7395: 6911: 6832: 6699: 5873: 5763: 5671: 2172: 310: 306: 2151:. The elaborate element riveted to the front of the helmet is probably the anchor for a hinged face-mask visor 7783: 7773: 7688: 7443: 7228: 3149: 3059:

1119 - The Seljuks had pushed into the southwest of Anatolia cutting the land route to the Byzantine city of

2764:

Magyar warrior of the 10th century. Typical of the appearance of light skirmish horse-archers of all periods.

1629:

was large enough to put down an outbreak of rioting between Byzantine troops and allied Venetians during the

1285:, totalling 5,000 men. Immediately after the Battle of Dyrrachion, Alexios I recruited 2,000 men to form the 6663: 6021: 4793:(like a hedge) in French. Byzantine sources, such as Choniates, often refer to heavy cavalry formations as " 2503:, married a daughter of John II, was made caesar and even made an unsuccessful bid for the imperial throne. 2191: 1677:

Close combat troops, infantry and cavalry, made use of a spear, of varying length, usually referred to as a

350:

during the late 11th/early 12th century. It was further developed during the 12th century by his successors

7857: 7825: 7729: 7438: 7410: 7218: 6757: 3168: 2626: 816: 363: 259: 2310:

the Varangians were more successful, with John II commanding them personally, they assaulted the Pecheneg

7581: 7223: 7070: 6827: 6578: 3307: 3248: 2515: 633: 549: 497: 232: 5986: 7901: 7847: 7586: 7458: 7448: 7148: 7028: 6906: 6837: 6725: 6694: 6537: 6477: 3321:

1187 – After a successful campaign against the Bulgarians and Vlachs, General Alexios Branas rebelled.

1836:

skirt shows that the splint elements were firmly attached to a textile foundation and are not separate

777: 666: 611: 450: 3267:

for Kontostephanos. With an escort, the general decided to march via Jerusalem back to Constantinople.

1988:

was usually worn with other armour elements which extended the area of the body given protection. The

1572:'household men'). Their quality, however, would tend to be inferior to the professional troops of the 1498: 679:, the core of the Byzantine army. At Manzikert, units tracing their lineage for centuries back to the 220: 8010: 7995: 7761: 7285: 7141: 6926: 6817: 6704: 5925: 5479: 3825: 3223: 2692:

were mobile close-combat cavalry and may be considered as being drawn from the more lightly equipped

2258: 2106:

area and the Slavic areas of Eastern Europe is also indicated in Byzantium. This was a tall, pointed

1580: 1512: 1113: 983: 582: 7060: 6812: 6299: 6178: 5664:

Arms and Armour of the Warrior Saints: Tradition and Innovation in Byzantine Iconography (843–1261)

4538:

Arms and Armour of the Warrior Saints: Tradition and Innovation in Byzantine Iconography (843–1261)

3325:

assembled 250 knights and 500 infantry from the Latin population of Constantinople to join Emperor

3212: 2770: 2500: 2254: 1601: 1206: 839:

in 1189 was about 3,000 strong; it consisted of his own force of 2,000 cavalry and the garrison at

601: 553: 161: 106: 8015: 8000: 7990: 7966: 7390: 7116: 6936: 6822: 3804:

appear to have been considered as composing part of the emperor's household. One function of the

2496: 2116: 1538: 953:

had armed retinues and that the military service that this class provided was not limited to the

926:

ensured an income for the soldier whether or not he was on active campaign or garrison duty. The

620: 507: 294: 224: 216: 189: 1721:. Most Byzantine soldiers would have worn swords as secondary weapons, usually suspended from a 7891: 7481: 7323: 6767: 6573: 6547: 6542: 6315: 6291: 6287: 6254: 3289: 3260: 2846: 574: 3348:

1198–1203 – Successive revolts by semi-autonomous magnates and provincial governors. Those of

789: 7609: 7463: 6653: 6563: 6527: 6412: 6142: 6137: 3315: 3299:

1179 – Manuel Komnenos personally lead an army which defeated the Seljuks who were besieging

3068: 3049: 2950: 2686:

had a defined tactical role but may or may not have been an officially defined cavalry type.

2176: 1845: 1378: 804: 368: 302: 270: 3259:. The Byzantine army launched several assaults and were about to capture the city when King 1305:. Of increasing importance during the family-centric Komnenian period were the men known as 1111:

During the Komnenian period the earlier names for the basic units of the Byzantine cavalry,

7852: 7835: 7656: 7415: 7380: 7263: 7200: 7195: 6730: 6673: 3322: 3216: 3208: 3176: 2774: 1364: 1268: 1186: 1054:(general). Individual provinces and the defensive forces they contained were governed by a 820: 358:. From necessity, following extensive territorial loss and a near disastrous defeat by the 181: 3211:), whilst the other army made a wide circuit to the south-western Russian principality of 1390:

In the course of the 11th century the units of part-time soldier-farmers belonging to the

8: 6762: 6678: 6668: 6532: 6295: 6283: 6170: 5837: 3845: 3005: 2965: 2961: 2946: 2850: 712: 670: 263: 27:

Period of the Byzantine Empire that created a new army that served from 1081 AD – 1204 AD

3053: 2430:

The true skirmish infantry, usually entirely unarmoured, of the Byzantine army were the

1972:

Because lamellar armour was inherently less flexible than other types of protection the

7840: 7830: 7704: 7375: 7258: 7175: 7038: 6390: 6370: 6350: 6340: 6106: 5994: 4248:

Dawson, Timothy: Byzantine Infantryman, Oxford (2007), p. 23 (illustration with notes).

3270:

1175 – The Emperor dispatched Alexius Petraliphas with 6,000 men to capture Gangra and

3251:. The combined Byzantine-Crusader army successfully captured the cities of Tounion and 3183: 3072: 2207: 2175:

in association with a coin of Manuel I Komnenos. Such masks were found on some ancient

1699: 1534: 1327:

were the equivalent of the household knights of western kings and would have served as

754: 675: 347: 208: 204: 177: 157: 145: 3085:

1128 - An army led by John II inflicted a significant defeat on the Hungarians at the

773:). In this can be seen the beginnings of the feudalisation of the Byzantine military. 7962: 7896: 7801: 7734: 7714: 7682: 7614: 7601: 7522: 7517: 7268: 7033: 6883: 6402: 6355: 6345: 6335: 6002: 5976: 5952: 5945: 5929: 5902: 5884: 5869: 5845: 5816: 5790: 5768: 5758: 5744: 5725: 5706: 5687: 5667: 5640: 5621: 5606: 5585: 5566: 5550: 5529: 5504: 5483: 5462: 5454: 4794: 4566: 4541: 3723: 3697: 3311: 2994: 2341: 1417: 1229: 944:

was not strictly hereditary. It is very probable that, like the landowning magnates,

688: 355: 290: 228: 185: 149: 2018:, thus indicating that they are also constructed of metal. Less often depicted are 1371:, were prominent generals. Under Alexios I, and probably subsequently, the imperial 7766: 7559: 7507: 7453: 7420: 7370: 7163: 7153: 6931: 6619: 6511: 6434: 6417: 6395: 6380: 6365: 6279: 6064: 5915: 3971: 3967: 3349: 3326: 3112: 3079: 2974: 2969: 2854: 2830: 2307: 2009: 1119: 1021: 661: 502: 455: 351: 343: 324: 282: 274: 50: 36: 2356:. These terms are not mentioned in 12th-century sources; Choniates used the terms 2302:

The Varangian Guard were the elite of the infantry. In the field they operated as

2012:, these defences are shown decorated with gold leaf in an identical manner to the 776:

The Komnenian period, despite almost constant warfare, is notable for the lack of

7911: 7744: 7724: 7719: 7674: 7664: 7624: 7619: 7569: 7564: 7345: 6951: 6868: 6863: 6603: 6593: 6429: 6423: 6407: 6385: 6375: 6360: 6028: 5919: 5681: 5544: 4217: 3732:

named John Doukas is recorded (Magdalino, p, 344). In the later 12th century the

3338: 3204: 3086: 2892: 2816: 2065: 1952:

monastery, 12th to 13th century. A good view of the construction of the lamellar

1944: 1925: 832: 803:

and Manuel I assembled an army capable of defeating the large crusading force of

517: 492: 442: 278: 267: 240: 165: 5833:, Byzantion, Vol. 58, No. 2 (1988), pp. 422–435, Peeters Publishers, Leuven 1080:

a fortified settlement or a fortress was commanded by an officer with the title

1068:(though this title was sometimes bestowed on the senior administrator below the 7749: 7629: 7362: 7121: 7015: 7001: 6800: 6504: 6259: 5966: 5782: 5521: 4207: 3742:

as being customarily composed of young Byzantine nobles (Kazhdan 1991, p. 925).

3372: 3353: 3108: 2977:. The Byzantine Empire enjoyed an economic and cultural renaissance during the 2957: 2896: 2674:). According to one theory, it is posited as the etymological root of the term 2659: 2303: 2143: 1979: 1803: 1652:(Byzantine steatite icon, 11th century). The saint is shown wearing a lamellar 1416:

only served to provide local garrisons. In the reign of Manuel I the historian

1035: 824: 742: 535: 512: 419: 392: 193: 169: 114: 94: 80: 2722:. It is thought that this type of cavalry were armed identically to the heavy 1697:, the precise nature of which is uncertain; they are mentioned in the earlier 7984: 7669: 7546: 7512: 7250: 7185: 7158: 7043: 6658: 6598: 5471: 2812: 2608:

probably had beneficial effects on the proficiency of his heavy cavalry. The

2103: 2008:

or 'cops' to protect the shoulders. In illustrated manuscripts, such as the

2001: 1949: 1783: 1596: 1396:(military provinces) were largely replaced by smaller, full-time, provincial 1149:, was probably divided into subunits of 100, 50 and 10 men. On campaign the 978: 3810:

was guarding the public and private imperial treasuries (Magdalino, p. 231).

3661:

Heath, Ian; McBride, Angus (1995). Byzantine Armies: AD 1118–1461.pp. 12–19.

3075:, restoring Byzantine control of the region and communications with Attalia. 2040:

Defences for the forearm are mentioned in earlier treatises, under the name

1717:

which appears to have been a form of single-edged, perhaps slightly curved,

1227:

Many of the earlier guard units did not survive the reign of Alexios I; the

7430: 7405: 7385: 7190: 7168: 7023: 6271: 6266: 6100: 5492: 4266:

Nicolle, David: Medieval Warfare Source Book, Vol. II London (1996), p. 78.

4152:

Nicolle, David: Medieval Warfare Source Book, Vol. II London (1996), p. 74.

3285: 2908: 2111: 1915: 1649: 1089: 1029: 680: 522: 6033: 3056:; the Byzantine victory ensured a peace treaty advantageous to the Empire. 2670: 1844:. Byzantine relief icon, spoils of the sacking of Constantinople in 1204, 1518:

In order to increase the size of his army, Alexios I even recruited 3,000

1448: 7931: 7906: 7400: 7210: 6977: 6583: 6568: 5677: 3365: 3123: 2781: 2594: 2387: 2159:' helmet begins to be depicted and is, perhaps, a Byzantine development. 2148: 2107: 1626: 1508: 1420:

mentions a division of a field army composed of "the eastern and western

1368: 1300: 1282: 938:

also rendered labour services, making the system semi-feudal, though the

852: 734: 726: 212: 153: 2340:

Heavy infantry are almost invisible in the contemporary sources. In the

1155:

could be grouped together (usually in threes) into larger bodies called

7205: 7065: 7055: 6888: 6878: 6588: 4852:

Dawson, Timothy: Byzantine Cavalryman, Oxford (2009), pp. 34–36, 53, 54

3274:, however the expedition failed due to heavy resistance from the Turks. 3227: 3197: 3179:

and from there entered the Cilician plain as part of a surprise attack.

3026: 2842: 2590: 2566:

were the most heavily armoured type of Byzantine soldier and a wealthy

2311: 2156: 2133: 2064:) as the only form of defence for the lower leg though a few images of 1905: 1744: 1712: 1519: 1274: 1241: 1108:(acolyte), indicative of his close personal attendance on the emperor. 1103: 1041: 867: 781:

biographical literature, court panegyrics and from pictorial evidence.

748: 720: 558: 539: 1814: 1773:, suggesting that the weapons themselves were of varied construction. 7754: 7634: 7126: 6994: 6941: 6873: 3300: 3001: 2912: 2904: 2525:

in the lower register, particularly the one with face-covering mail).

2329: 2320:

infantry. A garrison of Varangians was also stationed in the city of

2249: 2239: 2092: 2019: 1750: 1692: 1493: 1435: 1318: 1260: 1049: 460: 396: 244: 5975:, Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 4565:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 322–342. 2899:, the European equivalent was at Kypsella in Thrace, others were at 2884: 2760: 1786:

used by both infantry and cavalry. The earlier Byzantine bow was of

1737:. Some missile-armed skirmish infantry used a relatively light axe ( 7280: 7180: 7131: 6989: 6921: 6709: 5972:

The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World

3264: 3256: 3116: 3097: 3034: 3013: 2936: 2888: 2605: 2316: 2180: 2164: 2128: 2081: 2005: 1839: 1278: 1192: 1126: 1063: 758: 696: 684: 485: 388: 90: 4211:: Some Aspects of Middle Byzantine Military Equipment Reconsidered 2380:) but it is possible that a minority may have been armed with the 1430:

district and provided a unit to the army; another was composed of

44: 7646: 7532: 7473: 6972: 6946: 6624: 5503:, trans. by Edgar Robert Ashton Sewter. Penguin Classics, London 4302:

Dawson, Timothy: Byzantine Infantryman, Oxford (2007), pp. 20–21.

3278: 3172: 3064: 3060: 2406: 2328:

during the Komnenian period, until the island's conquest by King

2217: 2179:

and on contemporary helmets found in grave sites associated with

1898: 1722: 1542: 1523: 1427: 897: 840: 768: 472: 380: 372: 359: 236: 102: 98: 5461:, trans. by H. Magoulias, Wayne State University Press, Detroit 4356:

Dawson, Timothy: Byzantine Infantryman, Oxford (2007), pp. 20–21

2630:

Mace-wielding Byzantine cavalry in pursuit – Skylitzes Chronicle

1217:

cuirass with tubular splint defences for the upper arms and the

1189:; it was theoretically 1,000 men strong, and was commanded by a 1100:(regiment). The commander of the Varangians had a unique title, 7275: 7050: 6916: 3271: 3252: 3234: 3157: 3101: 3090: 2676: 2614:

was famed for his use of a fearsome iron mace in melee combat.

2433: 2325: 2321: 2137: 2124: 1959: 1862: 1849: 1665: 1169: 828: 762: 708: 700: 692: 544: 384: 248: 173: 110: 5549:

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.

2785:

often highly disciplined. The Byzantine horse-archers (termed

1703:

but may still have been extant. Swords were of two types: the

1074:), who was a military officer with civil authority; under the 1018:

Under the emperor, the commander-in-chief of the army was the

691:, the expansionist activities of the principality of Dioclea ( 4764: 4758: 4752: 4311:

Dawson, Timothy: Byzantine Infantryman, Oxford (2007), p. 61.

4284:

Dawson, Timothy: Byzantine Infantryman, Oxford (2007), p. 23.

4170:

Dawson, Timothy: Byzantine Infantryman, Oxford (2007), p. 23.

4090:

Dawson, Timothy: Byzantine Infantryman, Oxford (2007), p. 25.

3961: 3910: 3909:

Kinnamos, 71, 11. 13–15. "... some Romans from the register (

3850: 3838: 3820: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3733: 3727: 3717: 3702: 3689: 3333: 3242: 3191: 3187: 3167:

1158 – At the head of a large army, Manuel I marched against

3142: 3030: 3020: 3009: 2923: 2917: 2900: 2875: 2868: 2862: 2824: 2786: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2641: 2635: 2618: 2609: 2598: 2580: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2520: 2507: 2490: 2483: 2468: 2439: 2431: 2416: 2410: 2392: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2262: 2243: 2229: 2211: 2196: 2075: 2069: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2032: 2026: 2013: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1973: 1963: 1953: 1935: 1929: 1919: 1909: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1856: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1797: 1791: 1777: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1748: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1718: 1710: 1704: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1659: 1653: 1630: 1621: 1612: 1605: 1594: 1588: 1573: 1567: 1560: 1547: 1527: 1502: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1439: 1431: 1421: 1410: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1372: 1358: 1352: 1346: 1340: 1334: 1328: 1322: 1312: 1306: 1298: 1292: 1286: 1266: 1258: 1252: 1246: 1234: 1218: 1212: 1190: 1180: 1174: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1144: 1138: 1137:), believed to have been between 300 and 500 men strong. The 1132: 1124: 1101: 1095: 1087: 1081: 1075: 1069: 1061: 1055: 1047: 1039: 1027: 1019: 1011: 1005: 999: 993: 987: 960: 954: 945: 939: 933: 927: 921: 915: 909: 903: 895: 886: 865: 766: 740: 732: 724: 669:

forces, and the military and political anarchy following the

400: 376: 118: 4229:

Grotowski, pp. 137–151 (klivanion), 154–162 (scale and mail)

4179:

Dawson, Timothy: Byzantine Infantryman, Oxford (2007), p. 22

4099:

Dawson, Timothy: Byzantine Cavalryman, Oxford (2009), p. 36.

2803: 2734:. In the Komnenian period, the more heavily equipped of the 2482:

and were supported by pay from the imperial treasury, or by

2000:

is depicted being worn with tubular upper arm defences of a

7554: 5683:

Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204

4220:, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 22 (1998), pp. 38–50. 3161: 2658:'course, line of advance, raid, running, speed, zeal' – in 1787: 1456: 3171:

of Armenia. The emperor left the main body of the army at

1879:

found later in the Latin West. Such a garment, called the

1201: 2949:, a child-emperor with a divided regency, then a tyrant, 973: 3141:

1149 – Manuel I commanded 20–30,000 men at the siege of

3122:

1140 - John II besieged but failed to take the city of

2960:

in 1204, the Byzantine successor states established at

1796:, 'flies') with the use of an 'arrow guide' called the 5899:

The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204

5618:

Byzantine Infantryman. Eastern Roman Empire c.900–1204

3008:

by an army of Byzantines with the assistance of 5,000

2940:

The Byzantine empire c.1180, at the death of Manuel I.

1604:, brother of John II, even maintained his own unit of 53:, the most successful commander of the Komnenian army. 3067:. John II responded with a campaign which recaptured 1553: 5658:. The Catholic University of America, Washington DC. 4763:

and then a further layer of quilted protection, the

4563:

The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204-1453

4134:

Slingshot 313, July/August 2017, Society of Ancients

3207:

and entered Hungary through the Transylvanian Alps (

3104:

which capitulated and was garrisoned with 2,000 men.

5738: 5545:

The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453

2267:, are recorded personally operating siege engines. 998:with splint armour for the upper arms and a splint 959:himself. Though Manuel I extended the provision of 5944: 4540:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV. pp. 231–234. 3722:are mentioned by Kinnamos as being present at the 3368:in Greece succeed in establishing their authority. 5881:The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople 4112:, Anna Comnena, trans E. R. A. Sewter, pp. 42–43. 3753:The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople 3360:in Macedonia and Thrace are suppressed, those of 3341:(with 2,000 cavalry) attempted to ambush part of 1806:and staff-slings are also mentioned on occasion. 1026:(Grand Domestic). His second-in-command was the 873:adhered to. Despite a number of instances of the 7982: 5767:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 5563:The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180 5459:O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniates 3186:was invaded by a Byzantine army and the city of 2084:being worn (with boots) by a Byzantine soldier. 1507:recruited from the Turkic Pechenegs, Cumans and 673:in 1071 had destroyed the professional Imperial 371:of the Byzantine Empire. It was deployed in the 6022:Reconstructions of Byzantine armour and weapons 5965: 2238:conspicuous engines of war were stone-throwing 2155:In the course of the 12th century the brimmed ' 1865:-like infantry shield may also have been used. 1824:with splint defences for the arms and a splint 1004:. The detailing at the ankle may indicate that 965:, payment of troops by cash remained the norm. 6424:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands) 3332:1189 – On the orders of Emperor Isaac II, the 6049: 5831:Crossbows, Arrow–guides, and the "Solenarion" 2467:firstly 'Latin knights', and secondly native 1904:The repertoire of metal body armour included 1636: 986:as a cavalryman. The saint is armoured in an 641: 5921:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 5859:Observations on the Aristocracy in Byzantium 4788: 3985:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 3766:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 3345:'s army near Philippopolis but was defeated. 2206:earlier military treatises, such as that of 1123:, gradually disappear to be replaced by the 6063: 5560: 3222:1167 – With an army of 15,000 men, general 2752:, though the term itself is not employed. 2663: 2653: 2647: 2261:, both leading commanders with the rank of 1438:in Anatolia. Towards the end of the period 1265:(literally 'companions'), commanded by the 683:were wiped out, and the subsequent loss of 6056: 6042: 5787:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180 4529: 648: 634: 5993: 5942: 5914: 5789:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 5781: 5584:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 4554: 4535: 3400:See Birkenmeier for the use of this term. 3306:1185 - Following the sack of the city of 3115:was besieged and bombarded with 18 large 2579:In the reign of Alexios I, the Byzantine 1658:, with defences for the upper arms and a 5878: 5656:Byzantine Heavy Artillery: The Helepolis 4560: 4468:Choniates pp. 10–11, Birkenmeier, p. 90. 2935: 2802: 2759: 2625: 2572:could be very well armoured indeed. The 2514: 2335: 2292: 2228: 2190: 2142: 2091: 1943: 1813: 1644: 1479:of foreign soldiers. These included the 1457:Foreign regiments and allied contingents 1447: 1205: 977: 788: 7312: 5969:; Mottahedeh, Roy Parviz, eds. (2001), 5836: 5810: 5757: 5579: 4720:For Frangopoulos see Choniates, p. 290. 2344:a heavy infantryman was described as a 2224: 1782:, used by light infantry, and powerful 1689:used a heavy-shafted weapon called the 1202:Guards units and the Imperial household 14: 7983: 5719: 5700: 5676: 5653: 5634: 5615: 5520: 3277:1176 – In his last attempt to capture 3247:Andronikos Kontostephanos was sent to 3233:1169 – A Byzantine fleet of about 150 3016:knights, and supposedly 40,000 Cumans. 974:Command hierarchy and unit composition 846: 7880: 7311: 7096: 6788: 6455: 6076: 6037: 5901:, Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden, 5896: 3200:) that were used to bombard the city. 2680:, used for a later cavalry type. The 2201:suggesting that it opened at the back 7097: 5813:Medieval Warfare Source Book Vol. II 3314:, the Norman army was routed at the 3215:and, with Galician aid, crossed the 3096:1135 – After successfully capturing 3033:and Cyprus and the western parts of 2025:A garment often shown worn with the 1948:Byzantine fresco of Joshua from the 1776:Missile weapons included a javelin, 1357:were given the lofty court title of 6799: 5739:Heath, Ian; McBride, Angus (1995). 3226:scored a decisive victory over the 2823:means: raising the regiment of the 2662:a term for a raider or brigand was 2119:' dating back to Late Roman times. 1385: 1185:, a unit type first recorded under 1014:techniques. Byzantine, 12th century 858: 336:Byzantine army of the Komnenian era 24: 5764:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5724:. Hambledon & London, London. 4815:Birkenmeier, pp. 61–62 (footnote). 3292:in an ambush in Western Anatolia ( 3156:were sent with 10 ships to invade 2867:system. In the reign of Alexios I 2634:A category of cavalryman termed a 1554:Armed followers of the aristocracy 25: 8027: 7922:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 6015: 5999:War in Eleventh-Century Byzantium 5476:Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus 4757:, then a mail shirt, over this a 4209:Kresmasmata, Kabbadion, Klibanion 3819:Heath, p. 14. Exceptionally, the 3000:1091 – A massive invasion by the 2535:were to be found in the imperial 2425: 2405:The type of infantryman called a 7961: 5637:Byzantine Cavalryman. c.900–1204 5431: 5422: 5413: 5404: 5395: 5386: 5377: 5368: 5359: 5350: 5341: 5332: 5323: 5314: 5305: 5296: 5287: 5278: 5269: 5260: 5251: 5242: 5233: 5224: 5215: 5206: 5197: 5188: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5152: 5143: 5134: 5125: 5116: 5107: 5098: 5095:Birkenmeier, pp. xi-xii, 234-235 5089: 5080: 5071: 5062: 5053: 5044: 5035: 5026: 5017: 5008: 4999: 4990: 4981: 4972: 4963: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4927: 4918: 4909: 4900: 4891: 4882: 4873: 4864: 4855: 4846: 4837: 4827: 4818: 4809: 4800: 4781: 4772: 4741: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4705: 4696: 4687: 4678: 4669: 4660: 4651: 4642: 4633: 4624: 4615: 4606: 4597: 4588: 4579: 4520: 4511: 4502: 4493: 4484: 4471: 4462: 4453: 4444: 4435: 3740:Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger 3294:Battle of Hyelion and Leimocheir 3237:, 10-12 large transports and 60 2956:When Constantinople fell to the 2755: 2652:with the meaning 'raider' (from 2476: 2461: 2447:Battle of Hyelion and Leimocheir 426: 43: 6311:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 6133:Constantinian–Valentinianic era 5842:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall 5443: 5428:Ostrogorsky (1980), pp. 410-411 4426: 4417: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4232: 4223: 4200: 4191: 4188:Grotowski, pp. 151–154, 166-170 4182: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4124: 4115: 4102: 4093: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4057: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4012: 3999: 3990: 3977: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3927: 3918: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3831: 3813: 3780: 3771: 3758: 3745: 3710: 3682: 3673: 3664: 3655: 3646: 3637: 3634:Magdalino, pp. 175–177, 231-233 3628: 3619: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3520: 3511: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3160:. A number of towns, including 2506: 2186: 1818:Seated St. Demetrios wearing a 1321:'); when mobilized for war the 406: 7396:Great Palace of Constantinople 7137:Patriarchate of Constantinople 6456: 5951:. Palgrave Macmillan, London. 5947:A Concise History of Byzantium 5866:History of the Byzantine State 5741:Byzantine Armies: AD 1118–1461 5526:The Byzantine Empire 1025–1204 4347:Nicolle, David (1996), p. 163. 4007:Byzantine Armies: AD 1118–1461 3837:Angold, p. 213. Lampardas was 3457: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3403: 3394: 3385: 2798: 2270: 2173:Great Palace of Constantinople 2004:construction often with small 1868: 13: 1: 5603:The Varangian Guard 988-1453, 5561:Birkenmeier, John W. (2002). 3310:by the Siculo-Normans of the 3019:1092–1097 – John Doukas, the 2773:is recorded firing arrows at 2288: 2022:made of "inverted lamellar". 1897:, could be worn over a metal 1683:. Specialist infantry called 835:' army that ambushed Emperor 7858:University of Constantinople 7439:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda 6789: 6589:Chartoularios tou vestiariou 6278:Byzantine successor states ( 4765: 4759: 4753: 3962: 3911: 3851: 3839: 3821: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3786:The distinction between the 3734: 3728: 3718: 3703: 3690: 3334: 3243: 3192: 3175:while he led 500 cavalry to 3021: 2924: 2918: 2876: 2869: 2863: 2825: 2787: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2642: 2636: 2619: 2617: 2610: 2599: 2581: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2521: 2508: 2491: 2484: 2469: 2440: 2432: 2417: 2411: 2393: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2263: 2244: 2212: 2197: 2076: 2070: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2033: 2027: 2014: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1974: 1964: 1954: 1936: 1930: 1920: 1910: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1857: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1798: 1792: 1778: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1749: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1711: 1705: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1668:, and holds a 'kite shield'. 1660: 1654: 1622: 1613: 1606: 1595: 1589: 1574: 1568: 1561: 1528: 1503: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1440: 1422: 1411: 1404: 1398: 1392: 1373: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1335: 1329: 1323: 1307: 1299: 1293: 1287: 1267: 1259: 1253: 1247: 1235: 1219: 1213: 1191: 1181: 1179:. The infantry unit was the 1175: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1125: 1102: 1096: 1088: 1082: 1076: 1070: 1062: 1056: 1048: 1040: 1028: 1020: 1006: 1000: 994: 988: 968: 961: 955: 946: 940: 934: 928: 922: 916: 910: 904: 896: 887: 866: 767: 741: 733: 725: 699:(Patzinak) raids across the 7: 7528:Saint Catherine's Monastery 6584:Chartoularios tou sakelliou 6579:Logothetes tou stratiotikou 6077: 5879:Phillips, Jonathan (2005), 5868:, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 5815:. Arms and Armour, London. 5582:The Varangians of Byzantium 5478:, trans. Charles M. Brand. 3679:Haldon (1999), pp. 115–117. 2984: 2400: 2279: 447:'Classical' Byzantine army 342:was a force established by 10: 8032: 7917:Neo-Byzantine architecture 7881: 6538:Comes sacrarum largitionum 5943:Treadgold, Warren (2002). 5722:Byzantium and The Crusades 5654:Dennis, George T. (1999). 5542:Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). 5023:Haldon (1999), pp. 208-209 4738:Birkenmeier, pp. 121, 160. 4132:On the Byzantine Rhomphaia 2780:Turks from the Seljuk and 2668:, which was the origin of 2452: 2233:A counterweight trebuchet. 2087: 1809: 1637:Equipment: arms and armour 1526:and formed them into the " 1313: 1133: 885: 815:contingents from Hungary, 7944: 7887: 7876: 7797: 7697: 7655: 7600: 7545: 7500: 7487:Sant'Apollinare in Classe 7472: 7429: 7361: 7331: 7322: 7318: 7307: 7249: 7107: 7103: 7092: 7014: 6960: 6899: 6856: 6808: 6795: 6784: 6743: 6718: 6687: 6646: 6637: 6612: 6556: 6520: 6473: 6466: 6462: 6451: 6324: 6240: 6187: 6118: 6089: 6085: 6072: 5926:Stanford University Press 5883:, Penguin Books, London, 5844:, Penguin Books, London, 5803:Mitchell, Russell (2008) 5720:Harris, Jonathan (2006). 5601:D'Amato, Raffaele (2010) 5528:. Longman, Harlow Essex. 5480:Columbia University Press 4915:Heath (1995), pp. 23, 33. 4879:Haldon (1999) p. 216-217. 4693:Birkenmeier, pp. 215–216. 4666:Dawson (2007), pp. 53–54. 4536:Grotowski, Piotr (2009). 4450:Birkenmeier, pp. 96, 232. 4063:Ostrogorsky (1971), p. 15 3826:Andronikos Kontostephanos 3798:is not clear, though the 3643:Ostrogorsky (1971), p. 14 3508:Treadgold (2002), p. 236. 3490:Treadgold (1997), p. 680. 3230:at the Battle of Sirmium. 3224:Andronikos Kontostephanos 2931: 2285:received little mention. 2259:Andronikos Kontostephanos 1581:Strategikon of Kekaumenos 1363:and two of their number, 316: 255: 200: 141: 133: 125: 86: 76: 66: 58: 42: 34: 7061:Droungarios of the Fleet 6001:, Taylor & Francis, 5924:. Stanford, California: 5829:Nishimura, David (1988) 5662:Grotowski, Piotr (2010) 5635:Dawson, Timothy (2009). 5616:Dawson, Timothy (2007). 5580:Blondal, Sigfus (1978). 5474:(John Cinnamus) (1976), 5221:Birkenmeier, pp. 109-111 3589:Birkenmeier, pp. 154-158 3463:Birkenmeier, pp. 148-154 3379: 3198:counterweight trebuchets 3131:Battle of Constantinople 3100:, John II marched on to 2771:Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus 2501:John Rogerios Dalassenos 1434:who were settled around 660:At the beginning of the 554:Droungarios of the Fleet 18:Komnenian Byzantine army 7575:Early Byzantine mosaics 6937:Domestic of the Schools 5864:Ostrogorsky, G. (1980) 5857:Ostrogorsky, G. (1971) 5811:Nicolle, David (1996). 5701:Haldon, John F (2000). 5374:Birkenmeier pp. 134–135 5356:Haldon (2000), p. 1980. 5176:R. D'Amato (2010), p. 5 4778:Birkenmeier, pp. 60–70. 4561:Bartusis, Mark (1997). 4459:Birkenmeier, pp. 62–68. 4432:Birkenmeier pp. 189–191 4045:Ostrogorsky 1971, p. 14 4036:Angold, pp. 112 and 157 3148:1155–56 – The generals 2604:the western pastime of 1830:. The depiction of the 1672: 1539:Battle of Myriokephalon 1034:. The commander of the 784: 621:Walls of Constantinople 508:Domestic of the Schools 414:Part of a series on the 7892:Byzantine commonwealth 6654:Praetorian prefectures 6574:Logothetes tou genikou 6548:Quaestor sacri palatii 6543:Comes rerum privatarum 6316:Fall of Constantinople 6255:Sack of Constantinople 5493:Komnene (Comnena) Anna 4987:Birkenmeier, pp. 86-87 4978:Birkenmeier, pp. 92-93 4789: 4594:Haldon (1999), p. 224. 4405:Birkenmeier pp.188–189 4378:Nicolle (1996) p. 163 4365:For example: Komnene, 4275:Grotowski, pp. 166-170 4257:Grotowski, pp. 170-174 4197:Grotowski, pp. 177-179 4027:Magdalino, pp. 248-249 3900:Magdalino, pp. 232-233 3873:Haldon (1999), p. 118. 3562:Haldon (1999), p. 105. 3535:Haldon (1999), p. 104. 3517:Haldon (1999), p. 104. 3499:Haldon (1999), p. 104. 3454:Birkenmeier, pp. 83-84 3391:Haldon (1999), p. 104. 3290:John Komnenos Vatatzes 3119:(traction trebuchets). 2941: 2928:grants to be located. 2847:Mylasa and Melanoudion 2808: 2765: 2664: 2654: 2648: 2631: 2526: 2299: 2234: 2202: 2152: 2098: 1969: 1852: 1669: 1488:ton Frangikon tagmaton 1453: 1224: 1015: 795: 579:revolts and civil wars 299:Hyelion and Leimocheir 35:Byzantine army of the 8006:Byzantine–Seljuk wars 7592:Komnenian renaissance 7587:Macedonian period art 7492:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo 7464:Walls of Thessaloniki 6564:Logothetes tou dromou 6179:Twenty Years' Anarchy 6143:Valentinianic dynasty 6138:Constantinian dynasty 5686:. London: UCL Press. 5383:Angold (1984), p. 193 5275:Haldon (1999), p. 126 5140:Angold (1997), p. 150 5104:Haldon (2000), p. 134 4806:Haldon (1999), p. 133 4657:Dawson (2007), p. 59" 4585:Dawson (2007), p. 63. 3625:Haldon (1999), p. 128 3616:Haldon (1999), p. 126 3316:Battle of Demetritzes 3050:Battle of Philomelion 3043:besieging Dyrrhachion 2939: 2806: 2763: 2629: 2560:of former times. The 2518: 2497:Roger son of Dagobert 2336:Native heavy infantry 2296: 2232: 2194: 2146: 2095: 1947: 1817: 1648: 1451: 1379:Bohemond I of Antioch 1209: 981: 792: 369:Komnenian restoration 362:of southern Italy at 311:Constantinople (1204) 307:Constantinople (1203) 287:Constantinople (1147) 7789:Units of measurement 7523:Panagia Gorgoepikoos 7416:Pammakaristos Church 7264:Corpus Juris Civilis 7215:Missionary activity 6674:Exarchate of Ravenna 6500:Imperial bureaucracy 5897:Pryor, John (2006), 5838:Norwich, John Julius 5158:Birkenmeier, p.78-80 5149:Angold, pp. 142-143. 4711:Anna Komnene, p. 416 4684:Haldon (1999), p.216 4621:Dawson (2007), p. 59 4441:Birkenmeier, p. 200. 3729:megas hetaireiarchēs 3695:imperial court (the 3688:Later references to 3553:Birkenmeier, p. 180. 3544:Birkenmeier, p. 151. 3526:Birkenmeier, p. 197. 3481:Birkenmeier, p. 139. 3472:Birkenmeier, pp. 1-2 3343:Frederick Barbarossa 3323:Conrad of Montferrat 3217:Carpathian Mountains 3209:Southern Carpathians 3004:was defeated at the 2775:Richard I of England 2225:Equipment: artillery 1982:' of antiquity. The 1365:Andronikos Lampardas 1269:megas hetaireiarchēs 1187:Nikephoros II Phokas 837:Frederick Barbarossa 594:Strategy and tactics 481:Palaiologan-era army 7313:Culture and society 7176:Ecumenical councils 6679:Exarchate of Africa 6669:Quaestura exercitus 6533:Magister officiorum 6528:Praetorian prefects 6171:Byzantine Dark Ages 5995:Theotokis, Georgios 5347:Birkenmeier, p. 180 5320:Pryor (2006), p.115 5311:Birkenmeier p. 241. 5194:Birkenmeier p. 205. 5131:Birkenmeier, p. 76. 5086:Birkemmeier, p. 235 5077:Angold, pp. 270-271 5068:Angold, pp. 226-227 5050:Birkenmeier, p. 127 5032:Angold, pp. 225-226 4924:Mitchell, pp. 95-98 4897:Birkenmeier, p. 89. 4824:Birkenmeier p. 240. 4702:Birkenmeier, p. 112 4648:"Birkenmeier, p. 64 4639:Birkenmeier, p. 83. 4630:Birkenmeier, p. 64. 4612:Birkenmeier, p.241. 4603:Birkenmeier, p.123. 4396:Birkenmeier, p. 121 4081:Mitchell, pp.99-103 4054:Angold, pp. 213–214 3951:Birkenmeier, p. 162 3933:Birkenmeier, p. 200 3891:Birkenmeier, p. 162 3855:, Magdalino p. 505. 3846:oikeios vestiaritēs 3652:Birkenmeier, p. 154 3607:Angold, pp. 131-133 3598:Birkenmeier, p. 155 3418:Angold, pp. 106-111 3150:Michael Palaiologos 3063:and the region of 3006:Battle of Levounion 2911:. Manuel I rebuilt 2147:A 'Caucasian type' 1911:lōrikion alysidōton 1369:Alexios Petraliphas 1251:, and probably the 847:Supporting the army 713:Battle of Levounion 671:Battle of Manzikert 87:Active regions 7730:Flags and insignia 7376:Baths of Zeuxippus 7259:Codex Theodosianus 7149:Oriental Orthodoxy 6107:Later Roman Empire 6027:2011-06-13 at the 5967:Laiou, Angeliki E. 5759:Kazhdan, Alexander 5743:. Osprey, Oxford. 5705:. Tempus, Stroud. 5703:The Byzantine Wars 5639:. Osprey, Oxford. 5620:. Osprey, Oxford. 5455:Choniates, Niketas 5401:Choniates, p. 211 5266:Birkenmeier, p.151 5113:Birkenmeier, p. 62 5014:Birkenmeier, p.132 4969:Birkenmeier, p. 97 4942:Birkenmeier, p. 59 4933:Birkenmeier, p. 45 4216:2011-02-16 at the 3942:Birkenmeier, p. 62 3924:Birkenmeier, p. 97 3184:Kingdom of Hungary 2942: 2809: 2766: 2632: 2527: 2350:(shieldbearer) or 2300: 2235: 2208:Nikephoros Ouranos 2203: 2153: 2099: 1970: 1921:lōrikion folidōton 1853: 1846:St Mark's Basilica 1700:Sylloge Tacticorum 1670: 1633:of Corfu in 1149. 1535:Baldwin of Antioch 1501:. A third was the 1461:The central army ( 1454: 1225: 1143:, commanded by an 1016: 801:Kingdom of Hungary 796: 468:Komnenian-era army 435:Structural history 348:Alexios I Komnenos 129:50,000 (1143–1180) 68:Dates of operation 7978: 7977: 7940: 7939: 7897:Byzantine studies 7872: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7683:Alexander Romance 7541: 7540: 7518:Nea Moni of Chios 7381:Blachernae Palace 7303: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7269:Code of Justinian 7117:Eastern Orthodoxy 7088: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7010: 7009: 6884:Scholae Palatinae 6780: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6745:Foreign relations 6739: 6738: 6633: 6632: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6246:(1204–1453) 5916:Treadgold, Warren 5908:978-90-04-15197-0 5851:978-0-14-011449-2 5750:978-1-85532-347-6 5731:978-1-85285-501-7 5646:978-1-84908-090-3 5627:978-1-84603-105-2 5611:978-1-84908-179-5 5565:. Brill, Leiden. 5535:978-0-58-249060-4 5515:Secondary sources 5472:Kinammos, Ioannes 5419:Choniates, p. 224 5410:Choniates, p. 218 5284:Kinnamos, 137-138 4843:Choniates, p. 89. 4729:Magdalino, p. 209 4675:Choniates, p. 108 4206:Dawson, Timothy: 4130:Deligiannis, P., 4018:Magdalino, p. 232 3996:Magdalino, p. 232 3882:Choniates, p. 102 3724:Battle of Sirmium 3698:Scholae Palatinae 3571:Choniates, p. 224 3445:Birkemeier, p. 66 3409:Angold, pp. 94-98 3358:John Sypridonakes 3312:Kingdom of Sicily 3255:before besieging 3029:, the islands of 3012:mercenaries, 500 2995:Battle of Larissa 2903:(Serdica) and at 2342:Macedonian period 1418:Niketas Choniates 778:military treatise 689:Kingdom of Sicily 658: 657: 356:Manuel I Komnenos 332: 331: 320:Succeeded by 62:Byzantine Emperor 16:(Redirected from 8023: 8011:Military reforms 7996:Komnenos dynasty 7965: 7878: 7877: 7821:Imperial Library 7767:Byzantine Greeks 7508:Daphni Monastery 7459:Panagia Chalkeon 7454:Hagios Demetrios 7421:Prison of Anemas 7371:Basilica Cistern 7329: 7328: 7320: 7319: 7309: 7308: 7164:West Syriac Rite 7154:Alexandrian Rite 7105: 7104: 7098:Religion and law 7094: 7093: 7029:Maritime themata 6985:Palaiologan army 6838:Military manuals 6806: 6805: 6797: 6796: 6786: 6785: 6644: 6643: 6620:Megas logothetes 6471: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6453: 6452: 6326:By modern region 6247: 6194: 6193:(717–1204) 6125: 6087: 6086: 6074: 6073: 6065:Byzantine Empire 6058: 6051: 6044: 6035: 6034: 6011: 5990: 5985:, archived from 5962: 5950: 5939: 5911: 5893: 5854: 5826: 5800: 5778: 5754: 5735: 5716: 5697: 5666:, Brill, Leiden 5659: 5650: 5631: 5595: 5576: 5539: 5438: 5437:Phillips, p. 159 5435: 5429: 5426: 5420: 5417: 5411: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5375: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5330: 5329:Choniates, p. 96 5327: 5321: 5318: 5312: 5309: 5303: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5285: 5282: 5276: 5273: 5267: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5240: 5239:Choniates, p. 45 5237: 5231: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5213: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5150: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5123: 5122:Theotokis, p. 69 5120: 5114: 5111: 5105: 5102: 5096: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5078: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5060: 5057: 5051: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5033: 5030: 5024: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5006: 5003: 4997: 4996:Kinnamos, p. 99. 4994: 4988: 4985: 4979: 4976: 4970: 4967: 4961: 4958: 4952: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4925: 4922: 4916: 4913: 4907: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4889: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4770: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4730: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4685: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4667: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4604: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4586: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4491: 4490:Blondal, p. 140 4488: 4482: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4442: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4415: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4388: 4387:Choniates, p. 88 4385: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4312: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4294: 4291: 4285: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4221: 4204: 4198: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4162: 4161:Nishimura (1996) 4159: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4141: 4135: 4128: 4122: 4121:Choniates, p 148 4119: 4113: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4010: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3988: 3981: 3975: 3972:Siege of Shaizar 3965: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3916: 3914: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3862: 3856: 3854: 3842: 3835: 3829: 3824: 3817: 3811: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3769: 3762: 3756: 3749: 3743: 3738:was recorded by 3737: 3731: 3721: 3714: 3708: 3706: 3693: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3554: 3551: 3545: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3392: 3389: 3371:1204 – When the 3350:Dobromir Chrysos 3337: 3327:Isaac II Angelos 3246: 3239:horse transports 3195: 3080:Battle of Beroia 3024: 2975:Palaiologan army 2927: 2921: 2879: 2872: 2866: 2828: 2790: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2667: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2622: 2613: 2602: 2584: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2524: 2511: 2494: 2487: 2472: 2443: 2437: 2420: 2414: 2396: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2266: 2247: 2215: 2200: 2079: 2073: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2036: 2030: 2017: 2010:Madrid Skylitzes 1999: 1993: 1987: 1977: 1967: 1957: 1939: 1933: 1923: 1913: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1860: 1843: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1801: 1795: 1781: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1716: 1708: 1696: 1688: 1682: 1663: 1657: 1625: 1623:megas domestikos 1616: 1609: 1600: 1592: 1577: 1575:basilika allagia 1571: 1569:oikeoi anthropoi 1564: 1531: 1506: 1499:Seljuk Sultanate 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1464:basilika allagia 1443: 1425: 1414: 1407: 1401: 1395: 1386:Native regiments 1376: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1326: 1317:, 'those of the 1316: 1315: 1310: 1304: 1296: 1290: 1272: 1264: 1256: 1250: 1238: 1222: 1216: 1197: 1184: 1178: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1107: 1099: 1093: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1059: 1053: 1045: 1033: 1025: 1022:megas domestikos 1009: 1003: 997: 991: 964: 958: 949: 943: 937: 931: 925: 919: 913: 907: 901: 894:The granting of 890: 871: 859:Taxation and pay 772: 746: 738: 730: 711:, which won the 662:Komnenian period 650: 643: 636: 612:Military manuals 568:Campaign history 503:Magister militum 430: 411: 410: 352:John II Komnenos 325:Palaiologan army 256:Battles and wars 233:Armenian Cilicia 137:Byzantine Empire 69: 51:John II Komnenos 47: 37:Komnenian period 32: 31: 21: 8031: 8030: 8026: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8021: 8020: 7981: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7971: 7936: 7912:Cyrillic script 7883: 7864: 7809: 7793: 7693: 7675:Digenes Akritas 7651: 7596: 7537: 7501:Other locations 7496: 7468: 7425: 7357: 7346:Cross-in-square 7314: 7295: 7245: 7099: 7080: 7006: 6956: 6952:Varangian Guard 6895: 6869:East Roman army 6864:Late Roman army 6852: 6791: 6772: 6735: 6714: 6683: 6629: 6608: 6604:Epi ton deeseon 6594:Epi tou eidikou 6552: 6516: 6458: 6439: 6426: 6329: 6327: 6320: 6306:Palaiologan era 6248: 6245: 6236: 6207:Nikephorian era 6195: 6192: 6183: 6126: 6124:(330–717) 6123: 6114: 6094: 6081: 6068: 6062: 6029:Wayback Machine 6018: 6009: 5983: 5959: 5936: 5909: 5891: 5852: 5823: 5797: 5783:Magdalino, Paul 5775: 5751: 5732: 5713: 5694: 5647: 5628: 5605:Osprey, Oxford 5592: 5573: 5536: 5522:Angold, Michael 5501:of Anna Comnena 5449:Primary sources 5446: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5302:Angold, p. 177. 5301: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5234: 5230:Kinnamos, 76-78 5229: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5185:Kinnamos, p. 18 5184: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5041:Kinnamos, p. 38 5040: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4955: 4951:Angold, p. 127. 4950: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4906:Mitchell, 95-98 4905: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4870:Nicolle, p. 75. 4869: 4865: 4861:Kinnamos, p. 65 4860: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4534: 4530: 4526:Blondal, p. 137 4525: 4521: 4517:Blondal, p. 181 4516: 4512: 4508:Blondal, p. 127 4507: 4503: 4499:Blondal, p. 123 4498: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4414:Nicolle, p. 173 4413: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4218:Wayback Machine 4205: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3982: 3978: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3915:) of infantry." 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3864:Angold, p. 128. 3863: 3859: 3836: 3832: 3818: 3814: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3763: 3759: 3750: 3746: 3715: 3711: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3339:Manuel Kamytzes 3205:Walachian Plain 3087:Battle of Haram 2987: 2968:and especially 2934: 2895:River near the 2817:Late Roman army 2801: 2758: 2624: 2513: 2479: 2464: 2455: 2428: 2403: 2391:perhaps even a 2338: 2291: 2282: 2273: 2242:, often termed 2227: 2189: 2090: 2066:military saints 1871: 1812: 1675: 1639: 1556: 1459: 1388: 1204: 976: 971: 892: 861: 849: 833:Manuel Kamytzes 787: 654: 518:Stratopedarches 493:Varangian Guard 443:East Roman army 409: 328: 327: 322: 166:Vladimir-Suzdal 67: 54: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8029: 8019: 8018: 8016:Fourth Crusade 8013: 8008: 8003: 8001:Second Crusade 7998: 7993: 7991:Byzantine army 7976: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7959: 7954: 7948: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7850: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7701: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7691: 7686: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7667: 7661: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7606: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7551: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7504: 7502: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7478: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7444:Byzantine Bath 7441: 7435: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7367: 7365: 7363:Constantinople 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7348: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7316: 7315: 7305: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7261: 7255: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7122:Byzantine Rite 7113: 7111: 7101: 7100: 7090: 7089: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7026: 7020: 7018: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7004: 7002:Grand domestic 6999: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6968:Komnenian army 6964: 6962: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6866: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6843:Military units 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6813:Battle tactics 6809: 6803: 6793: 6792: 6782: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6749: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6650: 6648: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6505:Medieval Greek 6497: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6474: 6468: 6460: 6459: 6449: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6332: 6330: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6260:Fourth Crusade 6251: 6249: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6217:Macedonian era 6214: 6209: 6204: 6198: 6196: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6150:Theodosian era 6147: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6129: 6127: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6097: 6095: 6090: 6083: 6082: 6070: 6069: 6061: 6060: 6053: 6046: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6017: 6016:External links 6014: 6013: 6012: 6008:978-0429576881 6007: 5991: 5981: 5963: 5957: 5940: 5934: 5912: 5907: 5894: 5889: 5876: 5862: 5855: 5850: 5834: 5827: 5821: 5808: 5801: 5795: 5779: 5773: 5761:, ed. (1991). 5755: 5749: 5736: 5730: 5717: 5711: 5698: 5692: 5674: 5660: 5651: 5645: 5632: 5626: 5613: 5599: 5596: 5590: 5577: 5571: 5558: 5540: 5534: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5490: 5469: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5430: 5421: 5412: 5403: 5394: 5392:Angold, p. 272 5385: 5376: 5367: 5358: 5349: 5340: 5331: 5322: 5313: 5304: 5295: 5293:Dennis p. 113. 5286: 5277: 5268: 5259: 5257:Brand, p. 124. 5250: 5248:Brand, p. 108. 5241: 5232: 5223: 5214: 5212:Angold, p. 157 5205: 5203:Angold, p. 156 5196: 5187: 5178: 5169: 5167:Norwich, p. 68 5160: 5151: 5142: 5133: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5097: 5088: 5079: 5070: 5061: 5052: 5043: 5034: 5025: 5016: 5007: 5005:Angold, p. 226 4998: 4989: 4980: 4971: 4962: 4960:Angold, p. 128 4953: 4944: 4935: 4926: 4917: 4908: 4899: 4890: 4881: 4872: 4863: 4854: 4845: 4836: 4826: 4817: 4808: 4799: 4780: 4771: 4769:, outside all. 4740: 4731: 4722: 4713: 4704: 4695: 4686: 4677: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4641: 4632: 4623: 4614: 4605: 4596: 4587: 4578: 4572:978-0812216202 4571: 4553: 4547:978-9004185487 4546: 4528: 4519: 4510: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4434: 4425: 4416: 4407: 4398: 4389: 4380: 4371: 4358: 4349: 4340: 4338:D'Amato, p. 47 4331: 4329:D'Amato, p. 33 4322: 4320:D'Amato, p. 11 4313: 4304: 4295: 4286: 4277: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4231: 4222: 4199: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4136: 4123: 4114: 4101: 4092: 4083: 4074: 4065: 4056: 4047: 4038: 4029: 4020: 4011: 3998: 3989: 3983:W. Treadgold, 3976: 3968:Nicaean period 3953: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3830: 3812: 3779: 3770: 3764:W. Treadgold, 3757: 3744: 3726:in 1167 and a 3709: 3704:archontopouloi 3691:archontopouloi 3681: 3672: 3663: 3654: 3645: 3636: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3546: 3537: 3528: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3436:Angold, p. 127 3429: 3427:Angold, p. 127 3420: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3373:Fourth Crusade 3369: 3362:Leo Chamaretos 3346: 3330: 3319: 3304: 3297: 3282: 3275: 3268: 3231: 3220: 3201: 3180: 3165: 3146: 3139: 3135: 3129:1147 - At the 3127: 3120: 3111:. The city of 3105: 3094: 3083: 3078:1122 – At the 3076: 3057: 3046: 3038: 3017: 2998: 2991: 2986: 2983: 2958:Fourth Crusade 2933: 2930: 2897:Sea of Marmara 2826:archontopouloi 2800: 2797: 2757: 2754: 2719:prokoursatores 2713:prokoursatores 2660:Medieval Latin 2623: 2616: 2512: 2505: 2478: 2475: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2427: 2426:Light infantry 2424: 2402: 2399: 2337: 2334: 2304:heavy infantry 2290: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2226: 2223: 2188: 2185: 2089: 2086: 1980:muscle cuirass 1870: 1867: 1811: 1808: 1784:composite bows 1674: 1671: 1638: 1635: 1555: 1552: 1513:Pontic Steppes 1458: 1455: 1387: 1384: 1294:archontopouloi 1254:archontopouloi 1203: 1200: 975: 972: 970: 967: 891: 884: 860: 857: 848: 845: 825:Alexios Branas 786: 783: 743:archontopouloi 656: 655: 653: 652: 645: 638: 630: 627: 626: 625: 624: 617:Fortifications 614: 609: 604: 596: 595: 591: 590: 587:Constantinople 570: 569: 565: 564: 563: 562: 556: 547: 542: 536:Byzantine navy 530: 529: 528: 527: 526: 525: 520: 515: 513:Grand Domestic 510: 505: 495: 490: 489: 488: 478: 477: 476: 465: 464: 463: 458: 453: 445: 437: 436: 432: 431: 423: 422: 420:Byzantine army 416: 415: 408: 405: 340:Komnenian army 330: 329: 318: 317: 314: 313: 257: 253: 252: 202: 198: 197: 143: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 95:Southern Italy 88: 84: 83: 81:Constantinople 78: 74: 73: 70: 64: 63: 60: 56: 55: 48: 40: 39: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8028: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7943: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7886: 7879: 7875: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7816:Encyclopedias 7814: 7813: 7811: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7796: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7740:Hellenization 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7698:Everyday life 7696: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7670:Acritic songs 7668: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7599: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7513:Hosios Loukas 7511: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7499: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7428: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7306: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7186:Monophysitism 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7159:Armenian Rite 7157: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7095: 7091: 7077: 7076:Naval battles 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6787: 6783: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6599:Protasekretis 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6454: 6450: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6323: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6244: 6239: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6227:Komnenian era 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6191: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6165:Heraclian era 6163: 6161: 6160:Justinian era 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6122: 6117: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6054: 6052: 6047: 6045: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6010: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5989:on 2010-11-23 5988: 5984: 5982:0-88402-277-3 5978: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5958:0-333-71830-5 5954: 5949: 5948: 5941: 5937: 5935:0-8047-2630-2 5931: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5892: 5890:0-14-303590-8 5886: 5882: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5822:1-86019-861-9 5818: 5814: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5796:0-521-52653-1 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5774:0-19-504652-8 5770: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5714: 5712:0-7524-1795-9 5708: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5693:1-85728-495-X 5689: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5591:0-521-21745-8 5587: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5572:90-04-11710-5 5568: 5564: 5559: 5556: 5555:0-8122-1620-2 5552: 5548: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5509:0-14-044215-4 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5488:0-231-04080-6 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5467:0-8143-1764-2 5464: 5460: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5434: 5425: 5416: 5407: 5398: 5389: 5380: 5371: 5365:Harris p. 109 5362: 5353: 5344: 5338:Brand p. 219. 5335: 5326: 5317: 5308: 5299: 5290: 5281: 5272: 5263: 5254: 5245: 5236: 5227: 5218: 5209: 5200: 5191: 5182: 5173: 5164: 5155: 5146: 5137: 5128: 5119: 5110: 5101: 5092: 5083: 5074: 5065: 5056: 5047: 5038: 5029: 5020: 5011: 5002: 4993: 4984: 4975: 4966: 4957: 4948: 4939: 4930: 4921: 4912: 4903: 4894: 4885: 4876: 4867: 4858: 4849: 4840: 4830: 4821: 4812: 4803: 4796: 4791: 4784: 4775: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4735: 4726: 4717: 4708: 4699: 4690: 4681: 4672: 4663: 4654: 4645: 4636: 4627: 4618: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4574: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4523: 4514: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4480: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4438: 4429: 4420: 4411: 4402: 4393: 4384: 4375: 4368: 4362: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4326: 4317: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4235: 4226: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4203: 4194: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4140: 4133: 4127: 4118: 4111: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4078: 4069: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4015: 4008: 4002: 3993: 3986: 3980: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3913: 3906: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3853: 3852:chartoularios 3848: 3847: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3783: 3774: 3767: 3761: 3754: 3751:J. Phillips, 3748: 3741: 3736: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3713: 3705: 3700: 3699: 3692: 3685: 3676: 3670:Heath, p. 13. 3667: 3658: 3649: 3640: 3631: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3532: 3523: 3514: 3505: 3496: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3451: 3442: 3433: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3089:on the River 3088: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2813:Nikephoritzes 2805: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2762: 2756:Light cavalry 2753: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2672: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2628: 2621: 2615: 2612: 2607: 2601: 2596: 2593:and Northern 2592: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2575: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2523: 2517: 2510: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2486: 2477:Latin knights 2474: 2471: 2462:Heavy cavalry 2459: 2450: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2408: 2398: 2395: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2343: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2231: 2222: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2199: 2193: 2184: 2182: 2181:Kipchak Turks 2178: 2177:Roman helmets 2174: 2168: 2166: 2160: 2158: 2157:chapel de fer 2150: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2134:Kievan Russia 2130: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104:Pontic Steppe 2094: 2085: 2083: 2078: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1950:Hosios Loukas 1946: 1942: 1938: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1866: 1864: 1859: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1841: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1770:siderorabdion 1765: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1746: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1714: 1707: 1702: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1687: 1681: 1667: 1662: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1597:sebastokrator 1591: 1585: 1583: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1563: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1525: 1524:Philippopolis 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1413: 1406: 1400: 1394: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1331: 1325: 1320: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1295: 1289: 1284: 1283:Scandinavians 1280: 1276: 1271: 1270: 1263: 1262: 1255: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1237: 1233:, Immortals ( 1232: 1231: 1221: 1215: 1208: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1188: 1183: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1165: 1159: 1153: 1147: 1141: 1129: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1084: 1078: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1058: 1052: 1051: 1044: 1043: 1037: 1032: 1031: 1024: 1023: 1013: 1008: 1002: 996: 990: 985: 982:Gold icon of 980: 966: 963: 957: 952: 948: 942: 936: 930: 924: 918: 912: 906: 900: 899: 889: 883: 879: 876: 870: 869: 856: 854: 844: 842: 841:Philippopolis 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 812: 808: 806: 802: 791: 782: 779: 774: 771: 770: 764: 760: 756: 753:cavalry from 752: 751: 745: 744: 739:and also the 737: 736: 729: 728: 722: 717: 714: 710: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677: 672: 668: 663: 651: 646: 644: 639: 637: 632: 631: 629: 628: 622: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 607:Siege warfare 605: 603: 600: 599: 598: 597: 593: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 571: 567: 566: 560: 557: 555: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 537: 534: 533: 532: 531: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 500: 499: 496: 494: 491: 487: 484: 483: 482: 479: 474: 471: 470: 469: 466: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 448: 446: 444: 441: 440: 439: 438: 434: 433: 429: 425: 424: 421: 418: 417: 413: 412: 404: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 326: 321: 315: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 295:Myriokephalon 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 269: 265: 261: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 89: 85: 82: 79: 75: 71: 65: 61: 57: 52: 46: 41: 38: 33: 30: 19: 7681: 7449:Hagia Sophia 7431:Thessalonica 7406:Hagia Sophia 7386:Chora Church 7324:Architecture 7201:Great Schism 7191:Paulicianism 7169:Miaphysitism 7024:Karabisianoi 6967: 6328:or territory 6288:Thessalonica 6272:Latin Empire 6267:Frankokratia 6242: 6202:Isaurian era 6189: 6120: 6105: 6101:Roman Empire 6091: 5998: 5987:the original 5971: 5946: 5920: 5898: 5880: 5865: 5858: 5841: 5830: 5812: 5804: 5786: 5762: 5740: 5721: 5702: 5682: 5678:Haldon, John 5663: 5655: 5636: 5617: 5602: 5581: 5562: 5543: 5525: 5500: 5496: 5475: 5458: 5444:Bibliography 5433: 5424: 5415: 5406: 5397: 5388: 5379: 5370: 5361: 5352: 5343: 5334: 5325: 5316: 5307: 5298: 5289: 5280: 5271: 5262: 5253: 5244: 5235: 5226: 5217: 5208: 5199: 5190: 5181: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5145: 5136: 5127: 5118: 5109: 5100: 5091: 5082: 5073: 5064: 5055: 5046: 5037: 5028: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4992: 4983: 4974: 4965: 4956: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4920: 4911: 4902: 4893: 4888:Heath, p. 24 4884: 4875: 4866: 4857: 4848: 4839: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4783: 4774: 4748: 4743: 4734: 4725: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4671: 4662: 4653: 4644: 4635: 4626: 4617: 4608: 4599: 4590: 4581: 4562: 4556: 4537: 4531: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4495: 4486: 4478: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4419: 4410: 4401: 4392: 4383: 4374: 4366: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4289: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4234: 4225: 4208: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4139: 4131: 4126: 4117: 4109: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4006: 4001: 3992: 3984: 3979: 3966:only in the 3956: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3869: 3860: 3844: 3833: 3815: 3782: 3773: 3765: 3760: 3752: 3747: 3712: 3696: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3657: 3648: 3639: 3630: 3621: 3612: 3603: 3594: 3585: 3580:Brand p. 104 3576: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3531: 3522: 3513: 3504: 3495: 3486: 3477: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3387: 3335:protostrator 3308:Thessalonica 3301:Claudiopolis 3249:invade Egypt 2979:12th century 2955: 2951:Andronikos I 2943: 2909:Thessalonica 2882: 2859: 2839: 2835: 2820: 2810: 2793: 2779: 2767: 2737:kataphraktoi 2731:kataphraktoi 2725:kataphraktoi 2695:kataphraktoi 2675: 2669: 2633: 2611:kataphraktos 2600:kataphraktos 2588: 2582:kataphraktoi 2578: 2573: 2569:kataphraktos 2563:kataphraktoi 2550:kataphraktos 2532:kataphraktoi 2528: 2522:kataphraktoi 2509:Kataphraktoi 2480: 2470:kataphraktoi 2465: 2456: 2429: 2404: 2388:kite shields 2365:lonchephoros 2339: 2301: 2283: 2274: 2236: 2213:kataphraktoi 2204: 2187:Horse armour 2169: 2161: 2154: 2121: 2117:ridge helmet 2112:Phrygian cap 2100: 2097:inspiration. 2043:cheiropsella 2039: 2024: 1971: 1903: 1872: 1854: 1775: 1698: 1676: 1650:Saint George 1640: 1617: 1586: 1579: 1557: 1517: 1494:tourkopouloi 1492: 1460: 1389: 1339:guards. The 1330:kataphraktoi 1301:primmikērios 1240: 1228: 1226: 1168: 1118: 1112: 1110: 1094:commanded a 1090:tagmatarchēs 1083:kastrophylax 1030:prōtostratōr 1017: 984:St Demetrios 950: 905:eis pronoian 893: 880: 874: 862: 850: 813: 809: 797: 775: 750:kataphraktoi 749: 718: 705: 681:Roman Empire 674: 659: 523:Protostrator 467: 407:Introduction 339: 335: 333: 319: 77:Headquarters 72:1081–1204 AD 29: 7932:Megali Idea 7907:Byzantinism 7610:Agriculture 7401:Hagia Irene 7234:Kievan Rus' 7211:Mount Athos 7034:Cibyrrhaeot 6978:Vestiaritai 6833:Mercenaries 6710:Catepanates 6569:Sakellarios 6488:Family tree 6413:Mesopotamia 6232:Angelid era 6212:Amorian era 5482:, New York 4766:epilorikion 4072:Brand p. 5. 3807:vestiaritai 3801:vestiaritai 3795:vestiaritai 3366:Leo Sgouros 3182:1165 – The 3154:John Doukas 3124:Neocaesarea 3048:1116 - the 2851:Paphlagonia 2799:Development 2529:The native 2359:kontophoros 2271:Troop types 2250:'espringal' 2149:spangenhelm 2108:spangenhelm 2077:chalkotouba 1894:epilōrikion 1869:Body armour 1764:apelatikion 1758:mantzoukion 1627:John Axouch 1607:vestiaritai 1354:vestiaritai 1336:vestiaritai 1248:vestiaritai 989:epilōrikion 853:tax-farming 735:vardariotai 727:vestiaritai 303:Demetritzes 271:Philomelion 260:Dyrrhachium 213:Danishmends 154:Danishmends 7985:Categories 7927:Third Rome 7853:University 7836:Philosophy 7826:Inventions 7689:Historians 7657:Literature 7640:Varangians 7482:San Vitale 7411:Hippodrome 7391:City Walls 7291:Mutilation 7286:Hexabiblos 7206:Bogomilism 7196:Iconoclasm 7066:Megas doux 7056:Greek fire 7039:Aegean Sea 6912:Kleisourai 6889:Excubitors 6879:Bucellarii 6731:Despotates 6700:Kleisourai 6639:Provincial 6483:Coronation 6457:Governance 6222:Doukid era 6155:Leonid era 5874:0631127828 5672:9004185488 4005:I. Heath, 3822:megas doux 3244:megas doux 3228:Hungarians 3193:helepoleis 3054:Malik Shah 3022:megas doux 2947:Alexios II 2907:, west of 2843:Thrakesion 2831:Chomatenes 2788:doryphoroi 2782:Danishmend 2707:defensores 2591:Cappadocia 2312:wagon fort 2289:Varangians 2264:megas doux 2240:trebuchets 2071:podopsella 2061:hypodemata 2049:manikellia 2034:kremasmata 2020:rerebraces 1965:manikellia 1833:kremasmata 1827:kremasmata 1799:sōlēnarion 1745:Danish axe 1740:tzikourion 1734:paramērion 1713:paramērion 1686:menavlatoi 1661:kremasmata 1520:Paulicians 1275:Englishmen 1242:exkoubitoi 1220:kremasmata 1182:taxiarchia 1104:akolouthos 1060:(duke) or 1042:megas doux 1007:podopsella 1001:kremasmata 868:hyperpyron 805:Conrad III 721:Varangians 559:Megas doux 540:Greek fire 364:Dyrrachion 7755:Octoechos 7635:Silk Road 7127:Hesychasm 6995:Paramonai 6942:Hetaireia 6874:Foederati 6763:Diplomacy 6758:Diplomats 6664:Provinces 6493:Empresses 6296:Trebizond 6092:Preceding 4795:phalanxes 4760:klivanion 4747:Komnene, 4108:Komnene, 3912:katalogon 3735:hetaireia 3719:hetaireia 3188:Zeugminon 3177:Seleukeia 3169:Thoros II 3134:Anatolia. 3117:mangonels 3073:Sozopolis 3002:Pechenegs 2966:Trebizond 2913:Dorylaion 2905:Pelagonia 2893:Rhyndakos 2853:and even 2807:Alexios I 2749:koursores 2743:koursores 2701:koursores 2689:Koursores 2665:cursarius 2643:koursores 2620:Koursores 2554:Imperial 2492:latinikon 2449:in 1177. 2418:kontarion 2412:peltastēs 2394:klivanion 2383:menavlion 2377:kontarion 2347:skoutatos 2330:Richard I 2255:Stephanos 2245:helepolis 2198:klivanion 2028:klivanion 2015:klivanion 2006:pauldrons 1997:klivanion 1991:klivanion 1985:klivanion 1975:klivanion 1955:klivanion 1937:klivanion 1931:klivanion 1858:skoutaria 1855:Shields, 1821:klivanion 1779:riptarion 1751:rhomphaia 1693:menavlion 1680:kontarion 1655:klivanion 1578:. In the 1504:skythikon 1482:latinikon 1436:Nicomedia 1319:household 1261:hetaireia 1236:athanatoi 1214:klivanion 1164:syntaxeis 1146:allagatōr 1050:stratēgos 995:klivanion 992:-covered 969:Structure 755:Macedonia 695:) and by 573:Lists of 461:Hetaireia 397:Holy Land 344:Byzantine 264:Levounion 245:Pechenegs 201:Opponents 182:Jerusalem 7848:Scholars 7841:Rhetoric 7831:Medicine 7806:Learning 7705:Calendar 7582:Painters 7281:Basilika 7219:Bulgaria 7181:Arianism 7132:Hayhurum 7109:Religion 7071:Admirals 6990:Allagion 6922:Droungos 6828:Generals 6790:Military 6753:Treaties 6659:Dioceses 6478:Emperors 6391:Sardinia 6371:Dalmatia 6351:Bulgaria 6341:Anatolia 6300:Theodoro 6294: / 6290: / 6282: / 6025:Archived 5997:(2020), 5918:(1997). 5840:(1995), 5785:(2002). 5680:(1999). 5524:(1984). 4754:kavadion 4481:, IV, 6. 4214:Archived 3987:, p. 614 3840:sebastos 3792:and the 3768:, p. 617 3755:, p. 159 3265:triremes 3257:Damietta 3173:Attaleia 3098:Kastamon 3069:Laodicea 3035:Anatolia 2985:Timeline 2889:Lopadion 2885:Kypsella 2877:pronoiar 2855:Seleucia 2606:jousting 2401:Peltasts 2353:hoplites 2317:Kastoria 2280:Infantry 2218:bardings 2165:aventail 2129:bascinet 2082:chausses 2055:krepides 2031:was the 2002:splinted 1926:lamellar 1888:kavadion 1882:kavadion 1840:pteruges 1728:spathion 1706:spathion 1614:pronoiar 1360:sebastos 1279:Russians 1193:taxiarch 1140:allagion 1134:ἀλλάγιον 1127:allagion 1064:katepanō 1038:was the 956:pronoiar 947:pronoiar 935:pronoiar 929:pronoiar 759:Thessaly 697:Pecheneg 685:Anatolia 667:thematic 550:Admirals 498:Generals 389:Anatolia 346:emperor 323:Nicaean/ 241:Ayyubids 237:Fatimids 217:Bulgaria 91:Anatolia 49:Emperor 7957:Outline 7902:Museums 7802:Science 7779:Slavery 7735:Gardens 7715:Cuisine 7647:Dynatoi 7615:Coinage 7602:Economy 7570:Mosaics 7533:Mystras 7474:Ravenna 7336:Secular 7224:Moravia 6973:Pronoia 6947:Akritai 6932:Tagmata 6907:Themata 6848:Revolts 6818:Battles 6726:Kephale 6695:Themata 6625:Mesazon 6467:Central 6403:Maghreb 6356:Corsica 6346:Armenia 6336:Albania 6079:History 5499:Alexiad 5495:(1969) 5457:(1984) 4790:en haie 4749:Alexiad 4479:Alexiad 4367:Alexiad 4110:Alexiad 4009:, p. 33 3963:tagmata 3789:oikeioi 3279:Iconium 3261:Amalric 3235:galleys 3213:Galicia 3113:Shaizar 3065:Cilicia 3061:Attalia 3014:Flemish 2925:pronoia 2919:aplekta 2870:pronoia 2864:pronoia 2683:koursōr 2671:corsair 2637:koursōr 2574:Alexiad 2557:Tagmata 2544:tagmata 2485:pronoia 2453:Cavalry 2407:peltast 2298:shields 2088:Helmets 1899:cuirass 1810:Shields 1723:baldric 1562:dynatoi 1543:cavalry 1511:of the 1476:tagmata 1441:pronoia 1428:Moglena 1423:tagmata 1412:tagmata 1405:tagmata 1399:tagmata 1393:themata 1342:oikeioi 1324:oikeioi 1314:οἰκείοι 1308:oikeioi 1291:of the 1239:), and 1230:scholai 1176:tagmata 1152:allagia 962:pronoia 941:pronoia 923:pronoia 917:Pronoia 911:pronoia 898:pronoia 888:Pronoia 794:Boeotia 769:dynatoi 676:Tagmata 602:Tactics 583:battles 486:allagia 473:pronoia 456:tagmata 381:Hungary 373:Balkans 360:Normans 291:Sirmium 283:Shaizar 225:Antioch 221:Seljuks 209:Hungary 190:Antioch 186:Tripoli 178:Hungary 162:Galicia 158:Georgia 134:Part of 107:Galicia 103:Hungary 99:Balkans 59:Leaders 7967:Portal 7882:Impact 7762:People 7710:Cities 7560:Enamel 7341:Sacred 7276:Ecloga 7142:Saints 7051:Dromon 6927:Bandon 6917:Tourma 6900:Middle 6823:Beacon 6705:Bandon 6688:Middle 6557:Middle 6512:Senate 6435:Thrace 6418:Serbia 6396:Sicily 6381:Greece 6366:Cyprus 6284:Epirus 6280:Nicaea 6190:Middle 6067:topics 6005: 5979: 5955: 5932: 5905: 5887: 5872: 5848: 5819: 5793: 5771: 5747: 5728: 5709: 5690: 5670: 5643: 5624: 5609: 5588: 5569: 5553: 5532: 5507: 5486: 5465: 4834:reign. 4569: 4544: 3354:Ivanko 3272:Ancyra 3253:Tinnis 3241:under 3158:Apulia 3138:party. 3102:Gangra 3091:Danube 3027:Aegean 2970:Nicaea 2962:Epirus 2932:Legacy 2821:ad hoc 2698:. The 2677:hussar 2655:cursus 2649:cursor 2441:psiloi 2434:psiloi 2371:kontos 2326:Cyprus 2322:Paphos 2308:Beroia 2138:Pernik 2125:camail 1960:Joshua 1924:) and 1876:aketon 1863:pavise 1850:Venice 1804:Slings 1788:Hunnic 1747:. The 1666:gorget 1593:. The 1470:taxeis 1281:, and 1257:. The 1170:lochoi 1158:taxeis 1114:bandon 902:(from 875:ad hoc 829:Serres 817:Serbia 763:Thrace 731:, the 723:, the 709:Cumans 701:Danube 693:Duklja 581:, and 545:Dromon 451:themes 395:, the 385:Russia 275:Beroia 268:Nicaea 249:Cumans 229:Sicily 205:Venice 174:Ancona 146:Venice 142:Allies 111:Crimea 7952:Index 7784:Death 7774:Women 7745:Music 7725:Dress 7720:Dance 7665:Novel 7625:Trade 7620:Mints 7565:Glass 7555:Icons 7351:Domes 7229:Serbs 7044:Samos 6857:Early 6647:Early 6521:Early 6430:Syria 6408:Malta 6386:Italy 6376:Egypt 6361:Crete 6292:Morea 6121:Early 3380:Notes 3143:Corfu 3109:Syria 3031:Crete 3010:Vlach 2901:Sofia 2640:(pl. 2595:Syria 2538:oikos 1916:scale 1719:sabre 1631:siege 1602:Isaac 1590:oikos 1529:Tagma 1522:from 1432:Serbs 1374:oikos 1348:oikos 1288:tagma 1120:moira 1097:tagma 1012:lance 821:Latin 401:Egypt 393:Syria 377:Italy 279:Haram 194:Mosul 150:Genoa 119:Egypt 115:Syria 7750:Lyra 7630:silk 7241:Jews 7016:Navy 6961:Late 6801:Army 6768:Wars 6719:Late 6613:Late 6243:Late 6003:ISBN 5977:ISBN 5953:ISBN 5930:ISBN 5903:ISBN 5885:ISBN 5870:ISBN 5846:ISBN 5817:ISBN 5791:ISBN 5769:ISBN 5745:ISBN 5726:ISBN 5707:ISBN 5688:ISBN 5668:ISBN 5641:ISBN 5622:ISBN 5607:ISBN 5586:ISBN 5567:ISBN 5551:ISBN 5530:ISBN 5505:ISBN 5497:The 5484:ISBN 5463:ISBN 4567:ISBN 4542:ISBN 3849:and 3716:The 3364:and 3356:and 3286:Acre 3162:Bari 3152:and 3071:and 2887:and 2362:and 2257:and 1906:mail 1793:myai 1767:and 1731:and 1673:Arms 1548:Alan 1509:Uzes 1367:and 1117:and 1077:doux 1071:doux 1057:doux 1036:navy 785:Size 761:and 575:wars 399:and 354:and 334:The 170:Kiev 126:Size 7547:Art 7251:Law 4239:87. 2374:or 2324:in 2074:or 2046:or 1914:), 1467:or 1173:or 338:or 7987:: 5928:. 3843:, 3352:, 3296:). 2964:, 2849:, 2845:, 2473:. 2332:. 2058:, 1901:. 1848:, 1802:. 1761:, 1515:. 1277:, 1198:. 1195:ēs 1167:, 1161:, 843:. 807:. 757:, 703:. 577:, 538:: 403:. 391:, 387:, 383:, 379:, 375:, 309:, 305:, 301:, 297:, 293:, 289:, 285:, 281:, 277:, 273:, 266:, 262:, 247:, 243:, 239:, 235:, 231:, 227:, 223:, 219:, 215:, 211:, 207:, 192:, 188:, 184:, 180:, 176:, 172:, 168:, 164:, 160:, 156:, 152:, 148:, 117:, 113:, 109:, 105:, 101:, 97:, 93:, 6302:) 6298:– 6286:– 6173:" 6169:" 6057:e 6050:t 6043:v 5961:. 5938:. 5825:. 5799:. 5777:. 5753:. 5734:. 5715:. 5696:. 5649:. 5630:. 5594:. 5575:. 5557:. 5547:. 5538:. 4575:. 4550:. 3303:. 3219:. 3196:( 3093:. 3037:. 2997:. 2409:( 2115:' 1928:( 1918:( 1908:( 1618:s 1311:( 1131:( 951:s 649:e 642:t 635:v 623:) 619:( 589:) 585:( 561:) 552:( 475:) 251:. 196:. 121:. 20:)

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