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45:
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1008:"Granitic Inselbergs: …" is a review that follows the Willis 1936 works and Twidale 1971, a series of papers available in 1970 and rock weathering strata and structure reviewed U.C.W. well worth reading as they show by theory and materials the importance of preceding structures, internal solution, subsurface weathering, slips, exfoliation, basal weathering (Young, A.
532:. Where the soil is too thin or hard to support tree life in large areas, soil trapped by inselbergs can be dense with trees while the surrounding land contains only short grass. Hollows in the rock surfaces provide catchments for rainwater. Many animals have adapted to the use of inselbergs, including the
201:
climates 40% of the time, arid or semi-arid climates 32% of the time, humid-subtropical and arctic 12% of the time, and 6% each in humid-tropical and
Mediterranean climates. A 1972 paper defined inselbergs as "steep-sided isolated hills rising relatively abruptly above gently sloping ground". This
271:
is used to describe a mountain that rises from an area of relatively flat and/or lower terrain. For instance, Mount
Monadnock rises 610 metres (2,000 ft) above its surrounding terrain and stands, at 965 m (3,165 ft), nearly 300 m (1,000 ft) higher than any mountain peak
449:
Summarizing the understanding on the origin of inselbergs in 1974, geomorphologist
Michael Thomas writes "Hypotheses for the development of inselbergs have been advanced, refuted and reiterated over a period of more than seventy years."
689:
194:. At that time, the term applied only to arid landscape features. However, it has since been used to describe a broader geography and range of rock features, leading to confusion about the precise definition of the term.
613:
214:(koppies) formed of large boulders but with solid rock cores. Thus, the terms monadnock and inselberg may not perfectly match, though some authors have explicitly argued these terms are completely synonymous.
1370:
Maia, Rúbson
Pinheiro; Frêgo Bezerra, Francisco Hilário; Leite Nascimento, Marcos Antônio; Sampaio de Castro, Henrique; de Andrade Meireles, Antônio Jeovah; Rothis, Luis Martin (2015).
1012:), biological effects, plants, solutes and salt plain catena associations, possible lake rise, but mainly the stripping of rock mass leaving resistant units, sometimes volcanic plugs.
730:
157:, though not all bornhardts are inselbergs. An inselberg results when a body of rock resistant to erosion, such as granite, occurring within a body of softer rocks, is exposed by
745:
824:
1187:
317:, which will display the same stratigraphic units as this nearby plateau. However once exposed, the inselbergs are destroyed by marginal collapse of
639:
1608:
Ebert, Karin; Hall, Adrian M.; Hättestrand, Clas (2012). "Pre-glacial landforms on a glaciated shield: The inselberg plains of northern Sweden".
470:, the more resistant rock is left behind as an isolated mountain. The strength of the uneroded rock is often attributed to the tightness of its
858:
1724:
Plains, Steps, Hilly Relief and
Valleys in Northern Sweden--review, Interpretations and Implications for Conclusions on Phanerozoic Tectonics
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666:
715:
1434:
1784:
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551:
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333:
appears. By this association various inselberg fields in Africa and South
America are assumed to be the vestiges of eroded
233:
or a lone mountain that stands above the surrounding area, typically by surviving erosion. Geologists took the name from
1276:
1413:
340:
Clusters of inselbergs, called inselberg fields and inselberg plains, occur in various parts of the world, including
108:
1488:
Ebert, K.; Hall, A.; Hättestrand, C.; Alm, G. (2009). "Multi-phase development of a glaciated inselberg landscape".
1054:
591:
1822:
197:
In a 1973 study examining the use of the term, one researcher found that the term had been used for features in
1275:
Guillocheau, François; Simon, Brendan; Baby, Guillaume; Bessin, Paul; Robin, Cécile; Dauteuil, Olivier (2017).
764:
1235:
1817:
1557:
Olesen, Odleiv; Kierulf, Halfdan Pascal; Brönner, Marco; Dalsegg, Einar; Fredin, Ola; Solbakk, Terje (2013).
1173:" United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved January 6, 2008.
783:
1558:
1129:
843:
1610:
1566:
1202:"The inselberg landscape in Finnish Lapland: a morphological study based on the LiDAR data interpretation"
1731:
864:
1812:
31:
210:-covered concave-convex hills; rock crests over regolith slopes; rock domes with near vertical sides;
931: – Flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet
1718:
1807:
1658:
988:. According to Ollier protuding quartzite hills tend to form ridges rather than "true inselbergs".
353:
1319:
García, Carolina; Hermelin, Michel (2016). "Inselbergs Near Medellín". In
Hermelin, Michel (ed.).
1653:
1490:
430:
1441:
1200:
Nenonen, Keijo; Johansson, Peter; Sallasmaa, Olli; Sarala, Pertti; Palmu, Jukka-Pekka (2018).
1099:
466:, which is more susceptible to erosion. When the less resistant rock is eroded away to form a
627:
17:
285:
1293:
388:
322:
211:
48:
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8:
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44:
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904: – Elevated area of land with a flat top and sides, usually much wider than buttes
896:
808:
707:
677:
313:
or highland, or their remnants. This is especially the case for inselbergs composed of
1722:
1745:
1735:
1698:
1579:
1559:"Deep weathering, neotectonics and strandflat formation in Nordland, northern Norway"
1324:
1284:
1163:
1146:
1078:
890:
365:
318:
187:
789:
1667:
1531:
1520:(1988). "Gross morphology of Fennoskandia: Six complementary ways of explanation".
1503:
1499:
1393:
1383:
1301:
1215:
1125:
919:
910: – Steep-sided residual hill of limestone, marble, or dolomite on a flat plain
752:
486:
314:
306:
226:
73:
1369:
375:
The classification of
Anthony Young (1969) distinguishes six types of inselbergs;
1170:
770:
471:
234:
183:
126:
1344:
953:
1643:"A Dictionary of Ecology" (2004). Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved November 28, 2009
1277:"Planation surfaces as a record of mantle dynamics: The case example of Africa"
893: – Plateaus area that has been severely eroded so that the relief is sharp
850:
455:
138:
1466:
1796:
1773:
1749:
1414:"Production of an agro-ecological zones map of Namibia (first approximation)"
1305:
1220:
1201:
985:
774:
557:
369:
309:. The presence of an inselberg typically indicates the existence of a nearby
238:
38:
1517:
1388:
1371:
1049:
969:
737:
721:
681:
631:
575:
384:
380:
1374:[Geomorphology of inselbergs field of Quixadá, Northeast Brazil].
1348:
1142:
981:
620:
597:
121:
that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding
418:
206:; conical hills with rectilinear sides typically found in arid regions;
190:(1864–1946) to describe the abundance of such features found in eastern
186:, and means "island mountain". The term was coined in 1900 by geologist
1372:"Geomorfologia do Campo de Inselbergues de Quixadá, nordeste do Brasil"
1151:
Written in Stone: A Geologic
History of the Northeastern United States.
949:
913:
525:
345:
298:
290:
158:
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1543:
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957:
878:
756:
703:
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673:
517:
516:
The inselbergs of
Eastern Africa tend to be a refuge for life in the
506:
478:
463:
334:
179:
154:
134:
52:
1656:(1981). "Granitic Inselbergs: Domed, Block-Strewn and Castellated".
1671:
1535:
812:
658:
605:
583:
521:
510:
341:
207:
198:
118:
1467:"Problems concerning the origin of inselbergs in Finnish Lapland"
989:
884:
459:
451:
395:
357:
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310:
294:
146:
1777:
383:, convex-concave hills, rock crest over regolith-covered slope,
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993:
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907:
835:
623:
561:
403:
399:
361:
191:
150:
751:
Cono de Arita, a conical sandstone inselberg in the middle of
1356:
831:
816:
736:
Vinyard Knob (high point 960') in the central portion of the
695:
601:
579:
537:
529:
501:
467:
376:
326:
203:
122:
56:
1556:
1435:"Development of a soil and terrain map/database for Angola"
976:
inselbergs are commonly made of granite rock, sometimes of
928:
901:
533:
230:
79:
1353:
Erosion and Sedimentation by Water: Problems and prospects
1274:
645:
A conical sandstone koppie in the Free State, South Africa
394:
The types of rock of which inselbergs are made of include
97:
1257:
Easterbrook, Don J. (1999). "Chapter Three: Weathering".
1238:. Desert Processes Working Group. Knowledge Sciences, Inc
88:
1487:
1130:
10.1130/0016-7606(1953)64[721:COLE]2.0.CO;2
924:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
280:
1406:
1270:
1268:
1261:(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
724:, an archetypal example of an inselberg in Wyoming, US
1717:
109:
100:
94:
85:
1607:
1343:
255:
242:
91:
27:
Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
1265:
1188:
Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests
881: – A large dome-shaped, steep-sided, bald rock
145:. If the inselberg is dome-shaped and formed from
82:
76:
1164:Vermont Soils with Names of American Indian Origin
948:Albeit its not the usual way of describing it the
117:) is an isolated rock hill, knob, ridge, or small
1032:Webster's New Explorer Dictionary of Word Origins
1794:
489:, examples of this type of inselberg are called
30:"Monadnock" redirects here. For other uses, see
1427:
1550:
1318:
1312:
1193:
619:Houtkop, a 170-metre (560 ft) outcrop of
454:or other processes may give rise to a body of
305:Inselbergs are common in eroded and weathered
1207:Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland
540:, and an abundance of bird and reptile life.
129:a similar formation of granite is known as a
1788:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1597:. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. p. 209.
1593:Young, Anthony (1969). Clayton, K.M. (ed.).
887: – Rock overlying a less resistant type
1256:
916: – Geographic or environmental feature
325:perched at their summits and, over time, a
161:and lowering of the surrounding landscape.
1044:
1042:
1040:
1692:
1686:
1586:
1397:
1387:
1219:
1116:(1953). "Canons of landscape evolution".
409:
1772:
1464:
500:
293:of Namibia, a 670-metre (2,200 ft)
284:
43:
1652:
1633:. The Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 136.
1516:
1037:
1034:(2004). Federal Street Press: New York.
1005:
922: – Raised landform with a flat top
462:, inside a body of softer rock such as
14:
1795:
1628:
1118:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1091:
1072:
1048:
241:. It is thought to derive from either
1592:
1106:
1075:Holmes Principles of Physical Geology
202:definition includes such features as
1730:. Sveriges geologiska undersökning (
1697:(1st ed.). London, UK: Arnold.
1693:Benn, Douglas; Evans, David (1998).
1321:Landscapes and Landforms of Colombia
1136:
1112:
1052:(1960). "The Inselbergs of Uganda".
578:, a large inselberg in the state of
560:, a large inselberg in southeastern
413:
281:Geological and geographical patterns
1465:Kaitanen, Veijo (1 February 1985).
1376:Revista Brasileira de Geomorfologia
1153:Globe Pequot, Chester, Connecticut.
319:joint blocks and exfoliation sheets
261:
248:
24:
657:An inselberg in the rainforest of
37:For the type of water castle, see
25:
1834:
1766:
1236:"Summary: Inselbergs/Hills/Knobs"
867:, Antioquia Department, Colombia
857:
842:
823:
801:
782:
763:
744:
729:
714:
688:
665:
650:
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272:within 48 km (30 mi).
72:
1711:
1646:
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1481:
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1337:
1259:Surface Processes and Landforms
1250:
1228:
999:
963:
942:
698:, an 863-metre (2,831 ft)
364:, and the northern portions of
1504:10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.09.030
1176:
1156:
1103:Routledge: Florence, Kentucky.
1066:
1055:Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie
1025:
992:in northern Sweden is made of
477:Inselbergs can be reshaped by
329:-bordered residual known as a
137:word ("little head") from the
13:
1:
1019:
321:. This process leaves behind
1611:Norwegian Journal of Geology
1567:Norwegian Journal of Geology
1184:Monadnock Guide 4th edition.
217:
169:
164:
7:
1732:Geological Survey of Sweden
872:
10:
1839:
1182:Baldwin, Henry I. (1989).
830:Inselberg in the state of
543:
505:Lion atop a koppie in the
496:
275:
153:, it can also be called a
36:
32:Monadnock (disambiguation)
29:
1695:Glaciers & Glaciation
1526:. A. Physical Geography.
1323:. Springer. p. 219.
1659:The Geographical Journal
1629:Thomas, Michael (1974).
1306:10.1016/j.gr.2017.05.015
1186:Concord, New Hampshire:
935:
738:Knobs Region of Kentucky
265: isolated mountain
1785:Encyclopædia Britannica
1719:Lidmar-Bergström, Karna
1073:Holmes, Arthur (1978).
256:
243:
1823:Mountain geomorphology
1721:; Olvmo, Mats (2015).
1631:Tropical Geomorphology
1389:10.20502/rbg.v16i2.651
1221:10.17741/bgsf/90.2.008
1097:Gerrard, John (1988).
952:of Norway was held by
513:
410:Origin and development
302:
301:rifting and magmatism.
252: smooth mountain
59:
504:
481:much the same way as
297:peak formed by early
288:
229:term for an isolated
47:
1818:Weathering landforms
267:). In this context,
159:differential erosion
49:Pietra di Bismantova
1523:Geografiska Annaler
1359:. pp. 215–225.
1298:2018GondR..53...82G
1100:Rocks and Landforms
225:is derived from an
1169:2009-03-20 at the
972:has noted that in
897:List of inselbergs
708:Northern Territory
514:
429:. You can help by
360:, the interior of
303:
60:
1813:Erosion landforms
1779:"Monadnock"
1741:978-91-7403-308-3
1704:978-0-340-58431-6
1378:(in Portuguese).
1330:978-3-319-11800-0
1285:Gondwana Research
1147:Raymo, Maureen E.
1084:978-0-17-771299-9
891:Dissected plateau
794:Bernal, Querétaro
483:roches moutonnées
447:
446:
188:Wilhelm Bornhardt
16:(Redirected from
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865:Peñón de Guatapé
861:
849:An inselberg in
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387:(sugarloaf) and
354:Northeast Brazil
315:sedimentary rock
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237:in southwestern
141:diminutive word
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425:This section
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1723:
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1666:(1): 54–71.
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1449:. Retrieved
1442:the original
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1345:Sundborg, Å.
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1050:Ollier, C.D.
1031:
1027:
1009:
1001:
970:Cliff Ollier
965:
954:Julius Büdel
944:
722:Devils Tower
682:Burkina Faso
632:South Africa
576:Mount Ledang
515:
490:
476:
448:
438:October 2022
435:
431:adding to it
426:
393:
389:kopje or tor
374:
339:
330:
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268:
222:
221:
196:
175:
173:
142:
130:
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63:
61:
1574:: 189–213.
1518:Rudberg, S.
1421:nbri.org.na
1143:Raymo, Chet
1062:(1): 43–52.
982:amphibolite
621:Drakensberg
598:Mount Madai
524:and in the
509:, northern
244:menonadenak
1803:Inselbergs
1797:Categories
1451:2016-07-11
1399:11336/6639
1124:(7): 721.
1077:. Nelson.
1020:References
950:strandflat
914:Sky island
628:Free State
526:Masai Mara
491:flyggbergs
479:ice sheets
346:Anti-Atlas
335:etchplains
299:Cretaceous
291:Spitzkoppe
1750:943395499
1580:226225485
1242:6 January
958:etchplain
956:to be an
879:Bornhardt
757:Argentina
704:Australia
700:sandstone
674:duricrust
518:Serengeti
507:Serengeti
464:limestone
385:rock dome
269:monadnock
223:Monadnock
218:Monadnock
180:loan word
176:inselberg
174:The word
170:Inselberg
165:Etymology
155:bornhardt
135:Afrikaans
68:monadnock
64:inselberg
53:Apennines
39:Inselburg
1351:(1986).
1349:Rapp, A.
1167:Archived
873:See also
813:Piedmont
796:, México
659:Suriname
606:Malaysia
584:Malaysia
522:Tanzania
511:Tanzania
472:jointing
452:Volcanic
342:Tanzania
257:menadena
208:regolith
199:savannah
119:mountain
1755:29 June
1618:: 1–17.
1294:Bibcode
1149:(1989)
990:Dundret
885:Caprock
626:in the
544:Gallery
497:Ecology
460:erosion
396:granite
366:Finland
358:Namibia
350:Morocco
311:plateau
307:shields
295:granite
276:Geology
262:transl.
249:transl.
227:Abenaki
147:granite
51:in the
1748:
1738:
1701:
1680:633409
1678:
1595:Slopes
1578:
1544:521068
1542:
1471:Fennia
1327:
1292:: 82.
1081:
994:gabbro
978:gneiss
974:Uganda
908:Mogote
836:Brazil
624:basalt
562:Malawi
536:, the
404:gabbro
400:gneiss
377:buttes
370:Sweden
362:Angola
344:, the
204:buttes
192:Africa
184:German
151:gneiss
131:koppie
1728:(PDF)
1676:JSTOR
1576:S2CID
1562:(PDF)
1540:JSTOR
1445:(PDF)
1438:(PDF)
1417:(PDF)
1382:(2).
1357:Ambio
1280:(PDF)
1010:Soils
936:Notes
832:Bahia
817:Italy
696:Uluru
602:Sabah
580:Johor
538:hyrax
530:Kenya
485:. In
468:plain
327:talus
254:) or
182:from
178:is a
143:kopje
139:Dutch
133:, an
125:. In
123:plain
57:Italy
18:Kopje
1757:2016
1746:OCLC
1736:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1325:ISBN
1244:2008
1145:and
1079:ISBN
929:Tuya
902:Mesa
777:, US
678:Dori
534:lion
456:rock
402:and
368:and
323:tors
289:The
231:hill
212:tors
114:-nok
1668:doi
1664:147
1532:doi
1500:doi
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